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Wilschnack M, Homer B, Cartmell E, Yates K, Petrie B. Targeted multi-analyte UHPLC-MS/MS methodology for emerging contaminants in septic tank wastewater, sludge and receiving surface water. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:709-720. [PMID: 38214144 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01201h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Septic tanks treat wastewater of individual houses and small communities (up to 2000 people in Scotland) in rural and semi-urban areas and are understudied sources of surface water contamination. A multi-analyte methodology with solid phase extraction (SPE), ultra-sonic extraction, and direct injection sample preparation methods was developed to analyse a comprehensive range of emerging contaminants (ECs) including prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals and related metabolites, natural and synthetic hormones, and other human wastewater marker compounds in septic tank influent and effluent, river water, suspended solids, and septic tank sludge by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The number of quantifiable compounds in each matrix varied from 68 in septic tank wastewater to 59 in sludge illustrating its applicability across a range of matrices. Method quantification limits were 2.9 × 10-5-1.2 μg L-1 in septic tank influent, effluent and river water, with ≤0.01 μg L-1 achieved for 60% of ECs in all three water matrices, and 0.080-49 μg kg-1 in sludge. The developed method was applied to a septic tank (292 population equivalents) and the receiving river in the North-East of Scotland. Across all samples analysed, 43 of 68 ECs were detected in at least one matrix, demonstrating the method's sensitivity. The effluent concentrations suggest limited removal of ECs in septic tanks and a potential impact to river water quality for some ECs. However, further monitoring is required to better appreciate this. The developed methodology for a wide variety of ECs in a range of liquid and solid phases will allow, for the first time, a comprehensive assessment of ECs fate and removal in septic tanks, and their impact to surface water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Wilschnack
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | - Bess Homer
- Scottish Water, 55 Buckstone Terrace, Edinburgh EH10 6XH, UK
| | - Elise Cartmell
- Scottish Water, 55 Buckstone Terrace, Edinburgh EH10 6XH, UK
| | - Kyari Yates
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | - Bruce Petrie
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
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Kumar A, Basu D. Parametric optimization of hexavalent chromium removal by electrocoagulation technology with vertical rotating cylindrical aluminum electrodes using Taguchi and ANN model. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2023; 21:255-275. [PMID: 37159735 PMCID: PMC10163206 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-023-00859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the performance of rotating aluminum electrodes in the electrocoagulation reactor for removing hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from synthetic tannery wastewater. Taguchi and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based models were developed to obtain the optimum condition for maximum Cr6+ removal. The optimum working condition obtained by Taguchi approach for the maximum Cr6+ removal (94%) was: Initial Cr6+ concentration (Cr6+ i) = 15 mg/L; Current Density (CD) = 14.25 mA/cm2; Intial pH = 5; Rotational Speed of Electrode (RSE) = 70 rpm. In contrast, the optimal condition for maximum Cr6+ ions removal (98.83%) obtained from the BR-ANN model was: Cr6+ i = 15 mg/L; CD = 14.36 mA/cm2; pHi = 5.2; RSE = 73 rpm. Compared to the Taguchi model, the BR-ANN model outperformed in terms of providing higher Cr6+ removal (+ 4.83%); reduced energy demand (-0.035 KWh/gm Cr6+ remove); lower error function value (χ2 = -7.9674 and RMSE = -3.5414); and highest R2 value (0.9991). The data for the conditions 91,007 < Re < 227,517 and Sc = 102.834 were found to fit the equation for the initial Cr6+ concentration of 15 mg/l; Sh = 3.143Re0.125 Sc0.33. The Cr6+ removal kinetics was best described by Pseudo 2nd Order model, as validated by high R2 and lower error functions value. The SEM and XRF analysis confirmed that Cr6+ was adsorbed and precipitated along with metal hydroxide sludge. The rotating electrode led to lower SEEC (10.25 kWh/m3), as well as maximum Cr6+ removal (98.83%), compared to EC process with stationary electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabd, Prayagraj, 211004 India
| | - D. Basu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabd, Prayagraj, 211004 India
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Microwave-assisted synthesis of cross-linked chitosan-metal oxide nanocomposite for methyl orange dye removal from unary and complex effluent matrices. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:53-67. [PMID: 35926672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Textile/Dyeing industries have been considered as one of the intense water-consuming units, resulting in the generation of a large volume of dye(s) contaminated effluent posing a heavy burden on the receiving water bodies. Therefore, the identification of methods to synthesize bulk quantity of adsorbent(s) and further their evaluation for the efficient treatment of effluent is one of the most prominent topics. Hence, microwave-assisted method was proposed for the rapid synthesis of nanocomposite (C-CS@ZnO) from natural biomolecule (chitosan-CS), a well-known crosslinker (tripolyphosphate) and metal-oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Detailed characterization was performed to identify the structure (SEM, XRD) and composition (FT-IR, XPS) of the sorbent. Sorption experiments with methyl orange (MO) dye solution were carried out under different pH (2.0-12.0), dye concentrations (150-350 mg L-1), reaction times (0-210 min) and temperature (25-45 °C) to establish the adsorbent at the lab-scale. The maximum sorption capacity (185.2 mg g-1) was obtained because of the ligand-exchange, Yoshida H-bonding and electrostatic interactions and was best elucidated by Freundlich (R2 ≥ 0.99) and pseudo-second-order (R2 ≥ 1) models. To simulate the field conditions, the effects of co-existing ions (anions/cations), cocktail dyes/ions mixture and regenerant were also studied. The obtained results suggest its promising applicability at a large scale for textile effluent treatment.
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Chen S, Wang M, Russo FM, Gobler CJ, Mao X. Efficient nitrogen removal from onsite wastewater by a novel continuous flow biofilter. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134642. [PMID: 35439482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil-based passive biofiltration system is an economically feasible technology for nitrogen removal from onsite wastewater. However, the conventional design requires a large system footprint with limited treatment capacity. In this study, a novel continuous flow biofilter (CFB) with adjustable recirculation and continuous flow pattern was developed for onsite wastewater treatment with a small footprint. Efficient total nitrogen removal (80.1-97.5%) was observed at various hydraulic loadings (0.03-0.12 m3 m-2 d-1), nitrogen loadings (1.1-8.6 g N m-2 d-1) and recycle ratios (2-3) when treating septic tank effluent (STE), with low effluent TN (0.7-13.6 mg N L-1). Nitrous oxide was observed in the denitrification effluent indicating incomplete denitrification at elevated dissolved oxygen levels (3.3-5.8 mg L-1). Nitrogen removal rate (2.9-7.0 g N m-2 d-1) and ammonium removal rate (2.4-7.2 g N m-2 d-1) were positively correlated with nitrogen loadings increase (1.1-8.6 g N m-2 d-1) but were not significantly impacted by the hydraulic loading rate change (0.08-0.12 m3 m-2 d-1). The total biomass abundance and nitrifying microorganisms decreased significantly as the nitrification columns depth increased, while homogeneous microbial distribution was observed in the denitrification columns. The abundance of ammonium oxidizing archaea (AOA) increased significantly at increased hydraulic and nitrogen loading rate, while the ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance remained steady. The abundance of functional genes involved in denitrification process (nirS, nirK and nosZ) responded differently when hydraulic and nitrogen loading rate changes. Collectively, this study suggested the CFB could efficiently remove nitrogen from onsite wastewater with fluctuating influent compositions and various hydraulic loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Mian Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Frank M Russo
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Xinwei Mao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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Comparative Evaluation of Membrane Filtration on the Tertiary Treatment of Synthetic Secondary Effluent. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater reuse is essential for sustainable water management. However, it requires tertiary treatment within the plant to ensure suitable water quality. This project aims to investigate the comparative performance of conventional tertiary treatment (sand filtration) against membrane filtration technology to demonstrate the viability of membrane treatment for wastewater reuse. Sand filtration along with two membrane filtrations, Nano Filtration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO), were tested for their efficiency in removing the target pollutants: chromium, phosphate, and UV-254 from secondary effluent. Standard medium-sized laboratory setups were used. Synthetic secondary effluent was used for comparison among the different treatment processes. The synthetic effluent was compared to the real wastewater to demonstrate the reliability of using synthetic effluent. Evaluation of the role of time and pressure on the treatment efficiency was also examined. Based on the experimental results, RO had the highest removal efficiency for all pollutants with more than 90% removal. The experimental results also showed that synthetic wastewater was reliable in representing the treatability of real wastewater. Time did not seem to have an impact on the quality of filtration. Moreover, as pressure increased there was a slight increase in the efficiency. This trend was observed in all pollutants except UV-254. ANOVA showed different results of the effect of pressure on the removal efficiency in both RO and NF as well as time in NF.
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Comparative Metagenomics of Anaerobic Digester Communities Reveals Sulfidogenic and Methanogenic Microbial Subgroups in Conventional and Plug Flow Residential Septic Tank Systems. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
On-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are primarily monitored using physiochemical factors, including chemical oxygen demand (COD) and residual total suspended solids (TSS), which are indirect measures of the microbial action during the anaerobic digestion process. Changes in anaerobic digester microbial communities can alter the digester performance, but this information cannot be directly obtained from traditional physicochemical indicators. The potential of metagenomic DNA sequencing as a tool for taxonomic and functional profiling of microbial communities was examined in both common conventional and plug flow-type anaerobic digesters (single-pass and recirculating). Compared to conventional digesters, plug flow-type digesters had higher relative levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio spp.) and hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanospirillum spp.). In contrast, recirculating anaerobic digesters were enriched with denitrifier bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, and both were significantly correlated with physicochemical factors such as COD and TSS. Stratification of microbial communities was observed along the digester treatment process according to hydrolytic, acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic subgroups. These results indicate that the high-throughput DNA sequencing may be useful as a monitoring tool to characterize the changes in bacterial communities and the functional profile due to differences in digester design in on-site systems.
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Hayward JL, Huang Y, Hansen LT, Yost CK, Lake C, Jamieson RC. Fate and distribution of determinants of antimicrobial resistance in lateral flow sand filters used for treatment of domestic wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:145481. [PMID: 33636762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Residuals of antimicrobial products from anthropogenic uses can create a selective environment in domestic wastewater treatment systems and receiving environments and contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). On-site wastewater treatment systems are widely used for domestic wastewater management in rural and remote regions, but the fate of determinants of AMR in these types of environments has received little attention. In this study, the mechanisms responsible for the attenuation of determinants of AMR in lateral flow sand filters were explored using a combination of lab, field and modeling investigations. The degradation kinetics and adsorption potential in the sand filter medium of three antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs; sul1, tetO, and ermB) and culturable bacteria resistant to sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and erythromycin were measured using lab experiments. The spatial distribution of ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria were also assessed in field scale sand filters, and mechanistic modeling was conducted to characterize filtration processes. The results indicated that the primary mechanisms responsible for AMR attenuation within the sand filters were degradation and filtration. The spatial distribution of AMR determinants illustrated that attenuation was occurring along the entire length of each filter. This study provides new insights on primary mechanisms of AMR attenuation in on-site wastewater treatment systems and supports the use of conservative design guidelines and separation distances for reducing AMR transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hayward
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Yannan Huang
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | | | - Christopher K Yost
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Craig Lake
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Rob C Jamieson
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Knisz J, Shetty P, Wirth R, Maróti G, Karches T, Dalkó I, Bálint M, Vadkerti E, Bíró T. Genome-level insights into the operation of an on-site biological wastewater treatment unit reveal the importance of storage time. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144425. [PMID: 33418265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-site wastewater treatment systems are gaining popularity in areas where centralized wastewater treatment is not available. In the current case study a domestic activated sludge system was investigated, where treated effluent was stored in a short-term (1 week turn-over time) and a long-term (over 2-3 months) storage tank and was then used for irrigation. This design provided a unique opportunity to assess the chemical and microbial changes of the effluent upon storage. Long-term storage greatly improved both the chemical quality and the degradation efficiency of most organic micropollutants examined, including petroleum hydrocarbons and the pesticide diethyltoluamide. Taxonomic profile of the core microbiome of the effluent was also influenced upon storage. Relative abundance values of the members of Azoarcus and Thauera genera, which are important in degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compounds, clearly indicated the biodegrading activity of these microbes across samples. The abundance of xenobiotics degradation functions correlated with the observed organic micropollutant degradation values indicating efficient microbial decomposition of these contaminants. Functions related to infectious diseases also had the highest abundance in the short-term storage tank corresponding well with the relative abundance of indicator organisms and implying to the significance of storage time in the elimination of pathogens. Based on these results, small, on-site wastewater treatment systems could benefit from long-term storage of wastewater effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Knisz
- Faculty of Water Sciences, National University of Public Service, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 12-14., 6500 Baja, Hungary
| | - P Shetty
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - R Wirth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - G Maróti
- Faculty of Water Sciences, National University of Public Service, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 12-14., 6500 Baja, Hungary; Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - T Karches
- Faculty of Water Sciences, National University of Public Service, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 12-14., 6500 Baja, Hungary
| | - I Dalkó
- Faculty of Water Sciences, National University of Public Service, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 12-14., 6500 Baja, Hungary
| | - M Bálint
- Bálint Analitika Ltd, Fehérvári út 144, 1116 Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Vadkerti
- Faculty of Water Sciences, National University of Public Service, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 12-14., 6500 Baja, Hungary
| | - T Bíró
- Faculty of Water Sciences, National University of Public Service, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 12-14., 6500 Baja, Hungary.
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Franco ME, Stroski KM, Sims JL, Burket SR, Ashcroft C, Luers M, Brooks BW, Lavado R. Plasma Vitellogenin Reveals Potential Seasonal Estrogenicity in Fish from On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems in Semi-Arid Streams Influenced by Snowmelt. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:692-698. [PMID: 33040230 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from on-site wastewater treatment systems can influence surface water quality, particularly when infrastructure is aging, malfunctioning, and improperly installed. Municipal wastewater often contains chemical compounds that can lead to adverse biological effects, such as reproductive impairment, in organisms that are chronically exposed. A significant number of these compounds are endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Water quality influences of on-site systems are poorly studied in semi-arid regions where instream flows are seasonally dependent on snowmelt, and when instream dilution of wastewater effluents is minimal during other times of the year. Here we examined surface water estrogenicity in low order tributaries of two unique semi-arid streams with on-site wastewater treatment systems, for which seasonal instream flow fluctuations occur in Park City, UT, USA. Water samples were collected from a total of five locations along two lotic systems downstream from active on-site treatment systems. Samples were extracted for targeted chemical analyses and to perform in vivo and in vitro bioassays with juvenile rainbow trout. Estrogenic activity was measured by quantifying the concentration and expression of vitellogenin (VTG) in plasma and liver, respectively. Plasma VTG presented elevated levels in fish exposed to water samples collected at the two sites in close proximity to on-site systems and during seasons with low stream discharge, though the levels observed did not suggest severe endocrine disruption. However, long-term exposure to these surface water could compromise the fish populations. While the sensitivity of in vitro bioassays was low and targeted chemical analyses did not identify causative compounds, the use of complementary lines of evidence (e.g., in vivo biological models) was advantageous in identifying estrogenic activity in waters influenced by effluents from on-site wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Kevin M Stroski
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Jaylen L Sims
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - S Rebekah Burket
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
| | - Craig Ashcroft
- Carollo Engineers, Inc. Midvale, Midvale, UT, 84047, USA
| | - Michael Luers
- Snyderville Basin Water Reclamation District, Park City, UT, 84098, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science and Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, Texas, 76798, USA.
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Schneider MY, Furrer V, Sprenger E, Carbajal JP, Villez K, Maurer M. Benchmarking Soft Sensors for Remote Monitoring of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10840-10849. [PMID: 32706580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
On-site wastewater treatment plants (OSTs) are usually unattended, so failures often remain undetected and lead to prolonged periods of reduced performance. To stabilize the performance of unattended plants, soft sensors could expose faults and failures to the operator. In a previous study, we developed soft sensors and showed that soft sensors with data from unmaintained physical sensors can be as accurate as soft sensors with data from maintained ones. The monitored variables were pH and dissolved oxygen (DO), and soft sensors were used to predict nitrification performance. In the present study, we use synthetic data and monitor three plants to test these soft sensors. We find that a long solids retention time and a moderate aeration rate improve the pH soft-sensor accuracy and that the aeration regime is the main operational parameter affecting the accuracy of the DO soft sensor. We demonstrate that integrated design of monitoring and control is necessary to achieve robustness when extrapolating from one OST to another in the absence of plant-specific fine-tuning. Additionally, we provide a unique labeled dataset for further feature and data-driven soft-sensor development. Our benchmarking results indicate that it is feasible to monitor OSTs with unmaintained sensors and without plant-specific tuning of the developed soft sensors. This is expected to drastically reduce monitoring costs for OST-based sanitation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Yvonne Schneider
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Furrer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Sprenger
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Pablo Carbajal
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Energy Technology, University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, 8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Kris Villez
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Max Maurer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Brooks BW, Gerding JA, Landeen E, Bradley E, Callahan T, Cushing S, Hailu F, Hall N, Hatch T, Jurries S, Kalis MA, Kelly KR, Laco JP, Lemin N, McInnes C, Olsen G, Stratman R, White C, Wille S, Sarisky J. Environmental Health Practice Challenges and Research Needs for U.S. Health Departments. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:125001. [PMID: 31799881 PMCID: PMC6957286 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental health (EH) professionals, one of the largest segments of the public health workforce, are responsible for delivery of essential environmental public health services. The challenges facing these professionals and research needs to improve EH practice are not fully understood, but 26% of EH professionals working in health departments of the United States plan to retire in 5 y, while only 6% of public health students are currently pursuing EH concentrations. OBJECTIVES A groundbreaking initiative was recently launched to understand EH practice in health departments of the United States. This commentary article aims to identify priority EH practice challenges and related research needs for health departments. METHODS A horizon scanning approach was conducted in which challenges facing EH professionals were provided by 1,736 respondents working at health departments who responded to a web-based survey fielded in November 2017. Thematic analyses of the responses and determining the frequency at which respondents reported specific issues and opportunities identified primary EH topic areas. These topic areas and related issues informed focus group discussions at an in-person workshop held in Anaheim, California. The purpose of the in-person workshop was to engage each of the topic areas and issues, through facilitated focus groups, leading to the formation of four to five related problem statements for each EH topic. DISCUSSION EH professionals are strategically positioned to diagnose, intervene, and prevent public health threats. Focus group engagement resulted in 29 priority problem statements partitioned among 6 EH topic areas: a) drinking water quality, b) wastewater management, c) healthy homes, d) food safety, e) vectors and public health pests, and f) emerging issues. This commentary article identifies priority challenges and related research needs to catalyze effective delivery of essential environmental public health services for common EH program areas in health departments. An unprecedented initiative to revitalize EH practice with timely and strategic recommendations for student and professional training, nontraditional partnerships, and basic and translational research activities is recommended. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Brooks
- Environmental Health Science Program, Dept. of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Justin A Gerding
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Eric Bradley
- Scott County Health Department, Davenport, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Cushing
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fikru Hailu
- Marion County Public Health Department, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nancy Hall
- Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Timothy Hatch
- Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, Alabama, USA
| | - Sherise Jurries
- Public Health-Idaho North Central District, Lewiston, Idaho, USA
| | - Martin A Kalis
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaitlyn R Kelly
- Environmental Health Science Program, Dept. of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph P Laco
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Niki Lemin
- Franklin County Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Carol McInnes
- Boulder County Public Health, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Greg Olsen
- City of Evanston Health and Human Services Department, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert Stratman
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Chandler, Arizona, USA
| | - Carolyn White
- Kansas City Health Department, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven Wille
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - John Sarisky
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Rosenmai AK, Lundqvist J, Gago-Ferrero P, Mandava G, Ahrens L, Wiberg K, Oskarsson A. Effect-based assessment of recipient waters impacted by on-site, small scale, and large scale waste water treatment facilities - combining passive sampling with in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17200. [PMID: 30464315 PMCID: PMC6249289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste water treatment facilities are a major sources of organic micropollutants (MPs) in surface water. In this study, surface water samples were collected from seven sites along a river system in Uppsala, Sweden, during four seasons and evaluated based on the occurrence of MPs in the samples and bioactivity using in vitro bioassays. The sampling sites were differentially impacted by on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs), small scale, and large scale waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). The bioassays used included activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogen receptor (ER), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and androgen receptor (AR). Occurrence of 80 MPs, were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Most water samples induced AhR activity, and all sampling sites showed a similar profile regarding this activity. With the exception of one water sample, we did not detect any NFkB, Nrf2 or AR activity of the water samples. The exception was a sample impacted by OSSFs, which showed an activity in multiple bioassays, but the activity could not be explained by the occurrence of target MPs. The occurrence of MPs showed a spatial trend, with the highest number and amount of MPs detected in the samples collected downstream of the WWTPs, where up to 47 MPs were detected in one single sample. A seasonal variation was observed with highest levels of MPs and highest AhR activities in samples collected in June and September 2015. However, neither the seasonal activity nor the on-site activity could be explained by the measured MPs, suggesting unknown contributory agents in the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kjerstine Rosenmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Geeta Mandava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Elliott SM, Erickson ML, Krall AL, Adams BA. Concentrations of pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants in groundwater downgradient from large on-site wastewater discharges. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206004. [PMID: 30403721 PMCID: PMC6221291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Large subsurface treatment systems (LSTS) and rapid infiltration basins (RIB) are preferred onsite wastewater treatments compared to direct discharge of treated wastewater to streams and adjacent facilities. Discharge of these wastewater treatments may result in contaminant loading to aquifers that also serve as drinking water sources downgradient from the discharge site. Until recently, few studies have characterized the contribution of micropollutants (e.g. pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flame retardants, etc.) to receiving aquifers. We conducted a pilot project to characterize the occurrence of micropollutants in groundwater downgradient from 7 on-site treatment systems in Minnesota, USA: 5 community LSTS and 2 municipal RIB. One downgradient monitoring well was sampled three times at each facility over one year. Of 223 micropollutants analyzed, 35 were detected. Total sample concentrations ranged from 90 to 4,039 ng/L. Sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic) was detected in all samples at concentrations from 7 to 965 ng/L. Other pharmaceuticals (0.12–1,000 ng/L), organophosphorus flame retardants (10–500 ng/L), and other anthropogenic chemicals (4–775 ng/L) were also detected. The numbers and concentrations of micropollutants detected were inversely related to dissolved oxygen and depth to water. Ratios of pharmaceutical concentrations to human-health screening values were <0.10 for most samples. However, concentrations of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole exceeded screening values at two sites. Study results illustrate that large on-site wastewater systems designed to discharge to permeable soil or shallow groundwater effectively deliver pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants to groundwater aquifers and could contribute micropollutants to drinking water via water supply wells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Elliott
- U.S. Geological Survey, Mounds View, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Aliesha L. Krall
- U.S. Geological Survey, Mounds View, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Byron A. Adams
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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14
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Ejhed H, Fång J, Hansen K, Graae L, Rahmberg M, Magnér J, Dorgeloh E, Plaza G. The effect of hydraulic retention time in onsite wastewater treatment and removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones and phenolic utility substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:250-261. [PMID: 29128774 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, hormones and phenolic utility chemicals in sewage water are considered to be an emerging problem because of increased use and observed adverse effects in the environment. The study provides knowledge on the removal efficiency of micropollutants with a range of physical and chemical properties in three commercially available onsite wastewater treatment facilities (OWTFs), tested on influent wastewater collected from 2500 person equivalents in Bildchen, Germany. A longer hydraulic retention time would in theory be expected to have a positive effect, and this study presents results for three different OWTFs in full-scale comparable tests under natural conditions. A range of 24 different pharmaceuticals, five phenols and three hormones were analyzed. Flow-proportional consecutive sampling was performed in order to determine the removal efficiency. Twenty-eight substances were detected in the effluent wastewater out of 32 substances included. Average effluent concentrations of Simvastatin, Estrone, Estradiol and Ethinylestradiol were above the indicative critical-effect concentration of pharmacological effect on fish in all facilities. Average effluent concentrations of both Diclofenac and Estradiol were higher than the Environmental Quality Standards applied in Sweden (190-240 times and 9-35 times respectively). The removal efficiency of micropollutants was high for substances with high logKow, which enhance the adsorption and removal with sludge. Low removal was observed for substances with low logKow and acidic characteristics, and for substances with stabilizing elements of the chemical structure. Facilities that use activated sludge processes removed hormones more efficiently than facilities using trickling filter treatment technique. Moreover, longer hydraulic retention time increased the removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones, turbidity and total nitrogen. Removal of Caffeine, Ibuprofen, Estrone, Naproxen and Estradiol, was strongly correlated to the sludge and particles removal. Thus, the efficiency of the tested OWTFs could be improved by adjusting the technical methods and increasing the hydraulic retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ejhed
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - J Fång
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hansen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Graae
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Rahmberg
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Magnér
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Dorgeloh
- PIA- Prüfinstitut für Abwassertechnik GmbH at RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - G Plaza
- IETU Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland
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15
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Gago-Ferrero P, Gros M, Ahrens L, Wiberg K. Impact of on-site, small and large scale wastewater treatment facilities on levels and fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, artificial sweeteners, pesticides, and perfluoroalkyl substances in recipient waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1289-1297. [PMID: 28605847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the main risks associated with effluents from both wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs) is the release of micropollutants (MPs) in receiving water bodies. However, the impact of MPs present in the effluents of OSSFs in the aquatic environment has not been studied so far. The current study evaluates the impact of the effluents of OSSFs and small-to-large scale WWTPs on natural waters. The discharge of 74 MPs was assessed including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, artificial sweeteners and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The sampling was carried out within a Swedish catchment and included three sites that are exclusively affected by OSSFs and other sites that are mainly affected by WWTPs or a mixture of sources (7 sites, 28 samples). Results show that although OSSFs serve a much smaller total number of people, the MPs emitted from OSSFs reached the aquatic environment in significant quantities (concentrations of >150ngL-1 of ∑MPs). The composition profiles for sites affected by WWTPs were similar and were dominated by sucralose (27% of the ∑MPs), caffeine (27% of the ∑MPs), lamotrigine (10% of the ∑MPs), desvenlafaxine (5% of the ∑MPs), and diclofenac (4% of the ∑MPs). In contrast, the sites affected by OSSFs showed high variability, exhibiting a different profile from those affected by WWTPs and also from each other, demonstrating that OSSFs are not homogeneous sources of MPs. Some specific compounds, such as diethyltoluamide (DEET) and caffeine, were proportionally much more important at sites affected by OSSFs than at sites affected by WWTPs (representing a much higher percentage of the ∑MPs in the OSSFs). In contrast, PFASs did not show high concentration variation among the different sampling sites and the composition profiles were relatively similar, indicating that these substances follow different routes of entry into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Schaider LA, Rodgers KM, Rudel RA. Review of Organic Wastewater Compound Concentrations and Removal in Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7304-7317. [PMID: 28617596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Onsite wastewater treatment systems, such as septic systems, serve 20% of U.S. households and are common in areas not served by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) globally. They can be sources of nutrients and pathogen pollution and have been linked to health effects in communities where they contaminate drinking water. However, few studies have evaluated their ability to remove organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) such as pharmaceuticals, hormones, and detergents. We synthesized results from 20 studies of 45 OWCs in conventional drainfield-based and alternative onsite wastewater treatment systems to characterize concentrations and removal. For comparison, we synthesized 31 studies of these same OWCs in activated sludge WWTPs. OWC concentrations and removal in drainfields varied widely and depended on wastewater sources and compound-specific removal processes, primarily sorption and biotransformation. Compared to drainfields, alternative systems had similar median and higher maximum concentrations, reflecting a wider range of system designs and redox conditions. OWC concentrations and removal in drainfields were generally similar to those in conventional WWTPs. Persistent OWCs in groundwater and surface water can indicate the overall extent of septic system impact, while the presence of well-removed OWCs, such as caffeine and acetaminophen, may indicate discharges of poorly treated wastewater from failing or outdated septic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Schaider
- Silent Spring Institute , 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, Massachusetts 02460 United States
| | - Kathryn M Rodgers
- Silent Spring Institute , 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, Massachusetts 02460 United States
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute , 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, Massachusetts 02460 United States
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17
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Gros M, Blum KM, Jernstedt H, Renman G, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Haglund P, Andersson PL, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Screening and prioritization of micropollutants in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 328:37-45. [PMID: 28076771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive screening of micropollutants was performed in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs) and urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sweden. A suspect screening approach, using high resolution mass spectrometry, was developed and used in combination with target analysis. With this strategy, a total number of 79 micropollutants were successfully identified, which belong to the groups of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pesticides, phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Results from this screening indicate that concentrations of micropollutants are similar in influents and effluents of OSSFs and WWTPs, respectively. Removal efficiencies of micropollutants were assessed in the OSSFs and compared with those observed in WWTPs. In general, removal of PFASs and PFRs was higher in package treatment OSSFs, which are based on biological treatments, while removal of PPCPs was more efficient in soil bed OSSFs. A novel comprehensive prioritization strategy was then developed to identify OSSF specific chemicals of environmental relevance. The strategy was based on the compound concentrations in the wastewater, removal efficiency, frequency of detection in OSSFs and on in silico based data for toxicity, persistency and bioaccumulation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Gros
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Henrik Jernstedt
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunno Renman
- Dept. of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering (SEED), Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Karin Wiberg
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Laaksonen P, Sinkkonen A, Zaitsev G, Mäkinen E, Grönroos T, Romantschuk M. Treatment of municipal wastewater in full-scale on-site sand filter reduces BOD efficiently but does not reach requirements for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11446-11458. [PMID: 28316046 PMCID: PMC5393105 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A traditional sand filter for treatment of household wastewater was constructed in the fall of 2012 at Biolinja 12, Turku, Finland. Construction work was led and monitored by an authorized wastewater treatment consultant. The filter was placed on a field bordered by open ditches from all sides in order to collect excess rain and snowmelt waters. The filter was constructed and insulated from the environment so that all outflowing water was accounted for. Untreated, mainly municipal, wastewater from Varissuo suburb was pumped from a sewer separately via three septic tanks (volume = 1 m3 each) into the filters. Normally, wastewater was distributed to ground filters automatically according to pre-programmed schedule. Initially, the daily flow was 1200 L day-1 to reflect the average organic load of a household of five persons (load: ca 237 g day-1 BOD; 73 g day-1 total N; and 10.4 g day-1 total P). Later in the test, the flow rate was decreased first to 900 and then to 600 L day-1 to better reflect the average volume produced by five persons. Volumes of inlet wastewater as well as treated water were monitored by magnetic flow meters. Samples were withdrawn from the inlet water, from the water entering the filters after the third septic tank, and from the outflowing water. After an initial adaption time, the reductions in BOD and chemical oxygen demand were constantly between 92 and 98%, showing that the biological degradation process in the filters functioned optimally and clearly comply with the national and EU standards. The reduction in total nitrogen and total phosphorus, however, reached required levels only during the first months of testing, apparently when buildup of microbial biomass was still ongoing. After this initial period of 3 months showing satisfactory reduction levels, the reduction of total nitrogen varied between 5 and 25% and total phosphorus mostly between 50 and 65%. Nitrification was efficient in the filter, but as indicated by high nitrate levels and poor nitrogen reductions, denitrification was inefficient or absent. During the winter period, the temperature in the filter dropped to near freezing, but at all time points, the flow of water was unaffected by freezing. During snowmelt and heavy rain, occasional flooding was observed. Such situations may lead to dilution rather than purification of the wastewater. In conclusion, the sand filter tested worked well for reduction of the organic load in municipal wastewater but failed to sufficiently reduce nitrogen and phosphorus levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
| | | | - Esa Mäkinen
- Tekno-Forest Ltd, Kynttilätie 3, 11710 Riihimäki, Finland
| | - Timo Grönroos
- Turun Rakentajapalvelu, Puolaajankuja 13, 20660 Littoinen, Finland
| | - Martin Romantschuk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
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19
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Blum KM, Andersson PL, Renman G, Ahrens L, Gros M, Wiberg K, Haglund P. Non-target screening and prioritization of potentially persistent, bioaccumulating and toxic domestic wastewater contaminants and their removal in on-site and large-scale sewage treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:265-275. [PMID: 27744155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
On-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs), which are used to reduce nutrient emissions in rural areas, were screened for anthropogenic compounds with two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS). The detected compounds were prioritized based on their persistence, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicity, removal efficiency, and concentrations. This comprehensive prioritization strategy, which was used for the first time on OSSF samples, ranked galaxolide, α-tocopheryl acetate, octocrylene, 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol, several chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants and linear alkyl benzenes as the most relevant compounds being emitted from OSSFs. Twenty-six target analytes were then selected for further removal efficiency analysis, including compounds from the priority list along with substances from the same chemical classes, and a few reference compounds. We found significantly better removal of two polar contaminants 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol (p=0.0003) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (p=0.005) in soil beds, a common type of OSSF in Sweden, compared with conventional sewage treatment plants. We also report median removal efficiencies in OSSFs for compounds not studied in this context before, viz. α-tocopheryl acetate (96%), benzophenone (83%), 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole (64%), 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol (33%), and a range of organophosphorus flame retardants (19% to 98%). The environmental load of the top prioritized compounds in soil bed effluents were in the thousands of nanogram per liter range, viz. 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol (3000ngL-1), galaxolide (1400ngL-1), octocrylene (1200ngL-1), and α-tocopheryl acetate (660ngL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Blum
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Gunno Renman
- Dept. of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Pitarch E, Cervera MI, Portolés T, Ibáñez M, Barreda M, Renau-Pruñonosa A, Morell I, López F, Albarrán F, Hernández F. Comprehensive monitoring of organic micro-pollutants in surface and groundwater in the surrounding of a solid-waste treatment plant of Castellón, Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 548-549:211-220. [PMID: 26802349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The solid-waste treatment plant of RECIPLASA is located in the municipality of Onda (Castellón province), which is an important agricultural area of Spain, with predominance of citrus crops. In this plant, all urban solid wastes from the town of Castellón (around 200,000 inhabitants) and other smaller towns as Almassora, Benicàssim, Betxí, Borriana, L'Alcora, Onda and Vila-Real are treated. In order to evaluate the potential impact of this plant on the surrounding water, both surface and groundwater, a comprehensive monitoring of organic pollutants has been carried out along 2011, 2012 and 2013. To this aim, an advanced analytical strategy was applied for wide-scope screening, consisting on the complementary use of liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) with quadrupole (Q)-time of flight analyser (TOF). A generic solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridges was applied prior to the chromatographic analysis. The screening included more than 1500 organic pollutants as target compounds, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs, drugs of abuse, UV-filters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), among others. Pesticides, mainly herbicides, were the compounds more frequently detected. Other compounds as antioxidants, cosmetics, drugs of abuse, PAHs, pharmaceuticals and UV filters, were also identified in the screening though at much lower frequency. Once the screening was made, quantitative analysis focused on the compounds more frequently detected was subsequently applied using LC coupled to tandem MS with triple quadrupole analyser. In this way, up to 24 pesticides and transformation products (TPs), 7 pharmaceuticals, one drug of abuse and its metabolite could be quantified at sub-ppb concentrations. Along the three years of study, ten compounds were found at concentrations higher than 0.1μg/L. Most of them were pesticides and TPs, a fact that illustrates that the main source of pollution seems to be the agricultural activities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pitarch
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María Inés Cervera
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Mercedes Barreda
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Arianna Renau-Pruñonosa
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morell
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Francisco López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Fernando Albarrán
- RECIPLASA, Reciclados de Residuos La Plana, S.A., E-12200 Onda, Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
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21
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Low efficiency of sewage treatment plants due to unskilled operations in India. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10311-016-0551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Kozminykh P, Heistad A, Ratnaweera HC, Todt D. Impact of organic polyelectrolytes on coagulation of source-separated black water. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:1723-1732. [PMID: 26672384 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1130175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Household wastewater is originated from common people's activities and has a potential harmful impact on the environment if discharged directly without proper treatment. Toilet wastewater or black water (BW) contains urine, faeces, toilet paper and flushing water and it contains the majority of pollutants obtained from a single household. In this study, the focus was on BW treatment using chemical methods. The main goal of current research was to define the possibility and applicability of conventional coagulants and flocculants in direct chemical treatment of vacuum-collected BW to remove particles, organic matter and phosphorous. After the definition of dosing ranges, based on the equivalent doses in conventional municipal and industrial wastewater treatment data, aluminium and iron coagulants, organic polyelectrolytes (polymers with anionic, neutral and cationic charge with different molecular weights) and their various combinations were tested using the well-known jar-test laboratory method to study aggregation and solid-liquid separation processes in raw BW. The most important process parameter during the coagulation was pH level, dependent on the type and doses of metal salts. Some side processes were found to occur while using iron-based coagulants. Dosing of either single coagulants or single polymers did not give satisfactory results, while a combination of aluminium salts and cationic polymers showed high removal rates in total suspended solids, total chemical oxygen demand and ortho-phosphates, reaching 97.8%, 92% and 98.6%, respectively, with the optimal doses of chemicals. Cationic polymers with the lowest molecular weight and highest charge density were the most efficient in combination with aluminium coagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Kozminykh
- a Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Aas , Norway
| | - Arve Heistad
- a Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Aas , Norway
| | - Harsha C Ratnaweera
- a Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Aas , Norway
| | - Daniel Todt
- a Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Aas , Norway
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23
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Herrera-Cárdenas J, Navarro AE, Torres E. Effects of porous media, macrophyte type and hydraulic retention time on the removal of organic load and micropollutants in constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:380-388. [PMID: 26817393 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1120512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands in the removal of micropollutants from a wastewater treatment plant effluent was evaluated at mesocosm level. Fifteen mesocosms were studied following a modified Latin Square experimental design with six additional points. Three variables at three levels were studied: porous media -PM- (river gravel, fine volcanic gravel and coarse volcanic gravel), macrophyte type -M- (Thypa latiffolia, Phragmites australis, and Cyperus papyrus) and hydraulic retention time -HRT- (1, 3 and 5 days). As response variables the removal percentages of the total organic load of the effluent (BOD5) and the loads of several micropollutants (caffeine, galaxolide, tonalide, alkylphenols and their monoethoxylates and diethoxylates, methyl dihydrojasmonate, sunscreen UV-15 and parsol) were used. The results showed that the systems remove between 70% and 75% of the organic load and that all the micropollutants were degraded at different extents, from 55% to 99%. The HRT was the variable that showed major effects on the treatment process, while M and PM showed no statistically significant differences in the used experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Herrera-Cárdenas
- a Postgraduate in Environmental Sciences, Institute of Sciences of the Autonomous University of Puebla , Puebla , México
- b Food and Environmental Technology Deparment , Technological University of Izúcar de Matamoros , Izúcar de Matamoros , México
| | - Amado E Navarro
- b Food and Environmental Technology Deparment , Technological University of Izúcar de Matamoros , Izúcar de Matamoros , México
| | - Eduardo Torres
- a Postgraduate in Environmental Sciences, Institute of Sciences of the Autonomous University of Puebla , Puebla , México
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Jałowiecki Ł, Chojniak JM, Dorgeloh E, Hegedusova B, Ejhed H, Magnér J, Płaza GA. Microbial Community Profiles in Wastewaters from Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Technology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147725. [PMID: 26807728 PMCID: PMC4725721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the potential of community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) methodology as an assay for characterization of the metabolic diversity of wastewater samples and to link the metabolic diversity patterns to efficiency of select onsite biological wastewater facilities. Metabolic fingerprints obtained from the selected samples were used to understand functional diversity implied by the carbon substrate shifts. Three different biological facilities of onsite wastewater treatment were evaluated: fixed bed reactor (technology A), trickling filter/biofilter system (technology B), and aerated filter system (the fluidized bed reactor, technology C). High similarities of the microbial community functional structures were found among the samples from the three onsite wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as shown by the diversity indices. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the diversity and CLPPs of microbial communities depended on the working efficiency of the wastewater treatment technologies. This study provided an overall picture of microbial community functional structures of investigated samples in WWTPs and discerned the linkages between microbial communities and technologies of onsite WWTPs used. The results obtained confirmed that metabolic profiles could be used to monitor treatment processes as valuable biological indicators of onsite wastewater treatment technologies efficiency. This is the first step toward understanding relations of technology types with microbial community patterns in raw and treated wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jałowiecki
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Elmar Dorgeloh
- Development and Assessment Institute in Waste Water Technology at RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Berta Hegedusova
- Development and Assessment Institute in Waste Water Technology at RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helene Ejhed
- Natural resources &Environmental Effects, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Magnér
- Natural resources &Environmental Effects, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grażyna Anna Płaza
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland
- * E-mail:
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25
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Phillips PJ, Schubert C, Argue D, Fisher I, Furlong ET, Foreman W, Gray J, Chalmers A. Concentrations of hormones, pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants in groundwater affected by septic systems in New England and New York. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:43-54. [PMID: 25613769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Septic-system discharges can be an important source of micropollutants (including pharmaceuticals and endocrine active compounds) to adjacent groundwater and surface water systems. Groundwater samples were collected from well networks tapping glacial till in New England (NE) and sandy surficial aquifer New York (NY) during one sampling round in 2011. The NE network assesses the effect of a single large septic system that receives discharge from an extended health care facility for the elderly. The NY network assesses the effect of many small septic systems used seasonally on a densely populated portion of Fire Island. The data collected from these two networks indicate that hydrogeologic and demographic factors affect micropollutant concentrations in these systems. The highest micropollutant concentrations from the NE network were present in samples collected from below the leach beds and in a well downgradient of the leach beds. Total concentrations for personal care/domestic use compounds, pharmaceutical compounds and plasticizer compounds generally ranged from 1 to over 20 μg/L in the NE network samples. High tris(2-butoxyethyl phosphate) plasticizer concentrations in wells beneath and downgradient of the leach beds (>20 μg/L) may reflect the presence of this compound in cleaning agents at the extended health-care facility. The highest micropollutant concentrations for the NY network were present in the shoreline wells and reflect groundwater that is most affected by septic system discharges. One of the shoreline wells had personal care/domestic use, pharmaceutical, and plasticizer concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 5.7 μg/L. Estradiol equivalency quotient concentrations were also highest in a shoreline well sample (3.1 ng/L). Most micropollutant concentrations increase with increasing specific conductance and total nitrogen concentrations for shoreline well samples. These findings suggest that septic systems serving institutional settings and densely populated areas in coastal settings may be locally important sources of micropollutants to adjacent aquifer and marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D Argue
- US Geological Survey, Pembroke, NH, USA
| | - I Fisher
- US Geological Survey, Coram, NY, USA
| | | | - W Foreman
- US Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J Gray
- US Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - A Chalmers
- US Geological Survey, Montpelier, VT, USA
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26
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Subedi B, Codru N, Dziewulski DM, Wilson LR, Xue J, Yun S, Braun-Howland E, Minihane C, Kannan K. A pilot study on the assessment of trace organic contaminants including pharmaceuticals and personal care products from on-site wastewater treatment systems along Skaneateles Lake in New York State, USA. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:28-39. [PMID: 25466637 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs or septic systems) are designed to treat and dispose effluents on the same property that produces the wastewater. Approximately 25% of the U.S. population is served by such facilities. Nevertheless, studies on the treatment efficiency and discharge of organic contaminants through septic effluents are lacking. This pilot study showed the occurrence of organic contaminants including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), perfluoroalkyl surfactants (PFASs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in septic effluents, adjacent lake water samples, household drinking water in homes that use lake water or a well adjacent to the lake as a source of drinking water, and offshore lake water samples. Septic effluent as well as lake and tap water samples were collected from several households with OWTSs around Skaneateles Lake located in central New York. The advanced on-site systems were installed in some households for the purpose of limiting nutrient levels in the effluent to protect the local surface water. Additionally, because many of these systems serve homes with limited land, advanced treatment systems were needed. The median concentrations of ten PPCPs (ranged from 0.45 to 388 ng/L) and eleven PFASs (ranged from 0.20 to 14.6 ng/L) in septic water were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) than in lake water samples. The median concentrations of PPCPs and PFASs in lake and tap water samples were not significantly different (p ≥ 0.65). The median concentrations of ∑PBDEs in septic, lake, and tap water samples were 7.47, 3.49, and 2.22 ng/L, respectively, and those for ∑PCBs were 33.1, 29.2, and 28.6 ng/L, respectively. The mass flux of PPCPs (i.e. the mass flow of PPCPs per unit area per unit time) through the disposal of treated septic effluent from textile biofilter and aerobic treatments to the dispersal unit ranged from 12 (carbamazepine) to 66900 μg/m(2)/day (caffeine) whereas that for PFASs ranged from 7.0 (perfluorobutanesulfonate) to 833 μg/m(2)/day (perfluorooctanoic acid). Based on the ratio of measured concentrations and method detection limit, triclocarban, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctanesulfonate have the potential to be used as chemical tracers of septic water contamination in Skaneateles Lake. The median concentrations of atenolol, a beta-blocker drug, in septic water were significantly (ρ = 0.86, p = 0.01) correlated with enterococci counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Subedi
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Neculai Codru
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Water Supply Protection, Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower - 1110, Albany, NY 12237, United States
| | - David M Dziewulski
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Water Supply Protection, Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower - 1110, Albany, NY 12237, United States; University at Albany, State University of New York, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Lloyd R Wilson
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Water Supply Protection, Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower - 1110, Albany, NY 12237, United States; University at Albany, State University of New York, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Sehun Yun
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Ellen Braun-Howland
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; University at Albany, State University of New York, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Christine Minihane
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; University at Albany, State University of New York, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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27
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Heub S, Tscharner N, Monnier V, Kehl F, Dittrich PS, Follonier S, Barbe L. Automated and portable solid phase extraction platform for immuno-detection of 17β-estradiol in water. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Diniz MS, Salgado R, Pereira VJ, Carvalho G, Oehmen A, Reis MAM, Noronha JP. Ecotoxicity of ketoprofen, diclofenac, atenolol and their photolysis byproducts in zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:282-289. [PMID: 25461029 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater treatment plants and surface waters has been detected worldwide, constituting a potential risk for aquatic ecosystems. Adult zebrafish, of both sexes, were exposed to three common pharmaceutical compounds (atenolol, ketoprofen and diclofenac) and their UV photolysis by-products over seven days. The results show that diclofenac was removed to concentrations<LOD after 5 min of UV irradiation. The oxidative stress response of zebrafish to pharmaceuticals and their photolysis by-products was evaluated through oxidative stress enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) and lipid peroxidation. Results suggest that the photolysis by-products of diclofenac were more toxic than those from the other compounds tested, showing an increase in GST and CAT levels, which are also supported by higher MDA levels. Overall, the toxicity of waters containing atenolol and ketoprofen was reduced after the parent compounds were transformed by photolysis, whereas the toxicity increased significantly from the by-products generated through diclofenac photolysis. Therefore, diclofenac photolysis would possibly necessitate higher irradiation time to ensure that the associated by-products are completely degraded to harmless form(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Diniz
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - R Salgado
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; ESTS-IPS, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Rua Vale de Chaves, Campus do IPS, Estefanilha, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal.
| | - V J Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Av. da República (EAN), 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB)-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Estação Agronómica Nacional, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - G Carvalho
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Av. da República (EAN), 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - A Oehmen
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - M A M Reis
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - J P Noronha
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Du B, Price AE, Scott WC, Kristofco LA, Ramirez AJ, Chambliss CK, Yelderman JC, Brooks BW. Comparison of contaminants of emerging concern removal, discharge, and water quality hazards among centralized and on-site wastewater treatment system effluents receiving common wastewater influent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:976-84. [PMID: 23988745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A comparative understanding of effluent quality of decentralized on-site wastewater treatment systems, particularly for contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), remains less understood than effluent quality from centralized municipal wastewater treatment plants. Using a novel experimental facility with common influent wastewater, effluent water quality from a decentralized advanced aerobic treatment system (ATS) and a typical septic treatment system (STS) coupled to a subsurface flow constructed wetland (WET) were compared to effluent from a centralized municipal treatment plant (MTP). The STS did not include soil treatment, which may represent a system not functioning properly. Occurrence and discharge of a range of CECs were examined using isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry during fall and winter seasons. Conventional parameters, including total suspended solids, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand and nutrients were also evaluated from each treatment system. Water quality of these effluents was further examined using a therapeutic hazard modeling approach. Of 19 CECs targeted for study, the benzodiazepine pharmaceutical diazepam was the only CEC not detected in all wastewater influent and effluent samples over two sampling seasons. Diphenhydramine, codeine, diltiazem, atenolol, and diclofenac exhibited significant (p<0.05) seasonal differences in wastewater influent concentrations. Removal of CECs by these wastewater treatment systems was generally not influenced by season. However, significant differences (p<0.05) for a range of water quality indicators were observed among the various treatment technologies. For example, removal of most CECs by ATS was generally comparable to MTP. Lowest removal of most CECs was observed for STS; however, removal was improved when coupling the STS to a WET. Across the treatment systems examined, the majority of pharmaceuticals observed in on-site and municipal effluent discharges were predicted to potentially present therapeutic hazards to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Du
- The Institute of Ecological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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