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Li M, Ma M, Zhao Z, Bao M, Zhang N, Zhou Y, Zheng Y. Simultaneous degradation of binary fluoroquinolone antibiotics by B and N in-situ self-doped guar gum hydrogel. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140197. [PMID: 37717915 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Using guar gum (GG) as the raw material and borax (B) as the cross-linker, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was in-situ loaded into the 3D network of GG hydrogel, forming a highly efficient catalytic material GG-B-ZIF-8 combined with a subsequent low-temperature calcination process. In GG-B-ZIF-8 activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system, binary norfloxacin (NOR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) could be removed simultaneously, with the degradation efficiency of >99.9% within 1 h. This system was adaptable to a wide pH range of 3.0-9.0, and was also highly resistant to 5-20 mM Cl- and 10-40 mg/L humic acid. The degradation process was dominated by free radical O2•-, non-radical 1O2 and electron transfer, with eleven degradation products identified for NOR and nine for CIP via eight possible degradation pathways. Finally, the potential eco-toxicity of NOR, CIP and degradation intermediates was evaluated using the ECOSAR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mengling Ma
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mingkun Bao
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Radiation Environmental Monitoring Station of Hainan Province, Haikou, 571126, China.
| | - Yian Zheng
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Ghimici L, Ghiorghiță CA, Năfureanu MM. Abatement of some commercial fungicide content from model dispersions by a new thiourea-graft-polyethyleneimine derivative. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:67539-67551. [PMID: 37115448 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A new derivative of polyethyleneimine (PEI) with 9% degree of substitution of its primary and secondary amino groups with thiourea moieties (TU9-PEI) has been synthesized and investigated as flocculant in model suspensions of commercial fungicide formulations Dithane M45, Melody Compact 49 WG, Cabrio®Top, and their mixtures. The structure of TU9-PEI, obtained by an aqueous one-pot strategy involving formaldehyde mediated coupling of PEI and TU, was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as the streaming potential measurements. The settling time, polymer dose, and fungicide type and concentration were the parameters used for assessing the flocculation ability of the new polycation sample. The UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements revealed a good removal efficiency of TU9-PEI for all of the fungicides investigated, between 88 and 94%. Slightly higher removal percent was found for greater fungicide concentrations. The charge neutralization was indicated by zeta potential measurements (values close to zero recorded at the optimum polymer dose) as the main mechanism which contributed to the Dithane and Cabrio®Top particle removal and a combined effect of the TU9-PEI/fungicide particle electrostatic attractions and hydrogen bonds between both the amine and thiourea groups of the polycation chains and the hydroxyl ones on the copper oxychloride particles (negative values) in case of the Melody Compact 49 WG particle separation. Particle size and surface morphology analysis data gave supplementary evidences regarding the TU9-PEI ability to separate the fungicides investigated from simulated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminita Ghimici
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487, Iasi, Romania.
| | | | - Maria-Magdalena Năfureanu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487, Iasi, Romania
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Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Iravani S, Varma RS. Starch, cellulose, pectin, gum, alginate, chitin and chitosan derived (nano)materials for sustainable water treatment: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:116986. [PMID: 33142558 PMCID: PMC8648070 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural biopolymers, polymeric organic molecules produced by living organisms and/or renewable resources, are considered greener, sustainable, and eco-friendly materials. Natural polysaccharides comprising cellulose, chitin/chitosan, starch, gum, alginate, and pectin are sustainable materials owing to their outstanding structural features, abundant availability, and nontoxicity, ease of modification, biocompatibility, and promissing potentials. Plentiful polysaccharides have been utilized for making assorted (nano)catalysts in recent years; fabrication of polysaccharides-supported metal/metal oxide (nano)materials is one of the effective strategies in nanotechnology. Water is one of the world's foremost environmental stress concerns. Nanomaterial-adorned polysaccharides-based entities have functioned as novel and more efficient (nano)catalysts or sorbents in eliminating an array of aqueous pollutants and contaminants, including ionic metals and organic/inorganic pollutants from wastewater. This review encompasses recent advancements, trends and challenges for natural biopolymers assembled from renewable resources for exploitation in the production of starch, cellulose, pectin, gum, alginate, chitin and chitosan-derived (nano)materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohaddeseh Sajjadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, 37185-359, Iran
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Chemical Methods and Treatment Branch, Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Evaluation of Larvicidal and Repellent Activity of Nanocrystal Emulsion Synthesized from F. glomerata and Neem Oil Against Mosquitoes. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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de Andrade LC, Coelho FF, Hassan SM, Morris LA, de Oliveira Camargo FA. Sediment pollution in an urban water supply lake in southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 191:12. [PMID: 30539359 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and anthropogenic activities create many environmental issues in urban water supply reservoirs, especially in metropolitan regions. Thus, this study was carried out aiming to evaluate the variance in the physical-chemical characteristics of bottom sediment along the Lake Guaíba, Brazil. Lake Guaíba is a freshwater lake situated in a metropolitan region in southern Brazil, being the main water supply to the region. Surface sediment was evaluated to pH, electrical conductivity, particle-size, total organic carbon and nitrogen, metals and inorganic elements (Fe, Al, Ca, Ba, Sr, Co, Tl, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Hg), and organic compounds. The sediments in the Lake Guaíba show a wide range in the physical-chemical characteristics. Metals Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni appear in higher concentrations near to the margin of southern Porto Alegre, where there was also more clay plus silt. Sediments of Lake Guaíba have physical-chemical variability by the settle tendency and water flow from the riverine to lacustrine areas. The sediment in Lake Guaíba had a median of: Zn, 132; Cu, 78; Cr, 42; Ni, 28; Pb, 33; Cd, 0.3; and Hg, 0.07 μg/g. Bed sediments of Lake Guaíba are polluted with Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni, major in the east margin (near to Porto Alegre). The potential toxic metals and organic compounds found in Lake Guaíba are commonly reported in urban regions around the world. Those elements and compounds derive from many anthropic activities, as industries, sewage, and vehicles. With diffuse sources in the region, the pollution control in Lake Guaíba is very complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Capeleto de Andrade
- Laboratory of Soil Bioremediation, Soil Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Sayed M Hassan
- Laboratory for Environmental Analysis, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lawrence A Morris
- Laboratory for Environmental Analysis, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Aziz A, Agamuthu P, Fauziah SH. Effective removal of p-tert-Butylphenol and Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)- from landfill leachate using locust bean gum. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2018; 36:1146-1156. [PMID: 30067147 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x18789062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in landfill leachate is problematic due to their acute toxicity, carcinogenicity and genotoxicity effects, which could be detrimental to public health and ecological systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effective removal of POPs - namely, p-tert-Butylphenol and Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)- - from landfill leachate using locust bean gum (LBG), and in comparison with commonly used alum. The response surface methodology coupled with a Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the operating factors for optimal POPs removal. A quadratic polynomial model was fitted into the data with the R2 values of 0.97 and 0.96 for the removal of p-tert-Butylphenol and Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl), (S)-, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics of the flocs produced by LBG and alum were evaluated with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The infrared spectra of LBG-treated floc were identical with LBG powder, but there was some variation in the peaks of the functional groups, signifying the chemical interactions between flocculants and pollutant particles resulting from POPs removal. The results showed that p-tert-Butylphenol and Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)- obtained 96% and 100% removal using 500 mg/L of LBG at pH 4. pH have a significant effect on POPs removal in leachate. It is estimated that treating one million gallons of leachate using alum (at 1 g/L dosage) would cost US$39, and using LBG (at 500 mg/L dosage) would cost US$2. LBG is eco-friendly, biodegradable and non-toxic and, hence, strongly recommended as an alternative to inorganic coagulants for the treatment of POPs in landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aziz
- 1 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 2 Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
- 3 Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P Agamuthu
- 1 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 3 Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S H Fauziah
- 1 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 3 Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Aziz A, Agamuthu P, Fauziah SH. Removal of bisphenol A and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from landfill leachate using plant- based coagulant. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2018; 36:975-984. [PMID: 30058954 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x18790360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely, bisphenol A (BPA) and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, which exceed the permissible limits. Thus, such landfill leachate must be treated before it is released into natural water courses. This article reports on investigations about the removal efficiency of POPs such as BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from leachate using locust bean gum (LBG) in comparison with alum. The vital experimental variables (pH, coagulant dosage and stirring speed) were optimised by applying response surface methodology equipped with the Box-Behnken design to reduce the POPs from leachate. An empirical quadratic polynomial model could accurately model the surface response with R2 values of 0.928 and 0.954 to reduce BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed on treated flocs for further understanding. FTIR analysis revealed that the bridging of pollutant particles could be due to the explicit adsorption and bridging via hydrogen bonding of a coagulation mechanism. SEM micrographs indicated that the flocs produced by LBG have a rough cloudy surface and numerous micro-pores compared with alum, which enabled the capture and removal of POPs from leachate. Results showed that the reduction efficiencies for BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol at pH 7.5 were 76% and 84% at LBG dosage of 500 mg·L-1 and 400 mg·L-1, respectively. Coagulant dosage and pH variation have a significant effect on POPs reduction in leachate. Coagulation/flocculation using LBG could be applied for POPs reduction in leachate as a pre-treatment prior to advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aziz
- 1 Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
- 2 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 3 Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P Agamuthu
- 2 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 3 Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S H Fauziah
- 2 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 3 Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Shabbir M, Singh M, Maiti S, Kumar S, Saha SK. Removal enactment of organo-phosphorous pesticide using bacteria isolated from domestic sewage. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 263:280-288. [PMID: 29753261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three bacteria (MS I, II and III) i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KY781886), Enterobactor ludwigii (KX881423) and Enterobacter cloacae (KX881513) isolated from domestic sewage were identified on the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing and are capable to growth in the presence of organo-phosphorous pesticide (chlorpyrifos). The mega plasmid size >23 kb was found in MS I and III. Biosurfactants of the significant amount were produced by three isolates. The ability of the isolates to degrade pesticide over 3 days in the presence of pesticides containing chlorpyrifos as the active component was estimated. Results of UV-visible, FTIR spectroscopy and GC-MS studies confirmed the removal of chlorpyrifos rather than degradation. Pesticide uptake results showed chlorpyrifos in intracellular components and bound to the cell surface in its native state. Removal of pesticide from soil was also recorded by these bacteria. Microbial treated pesticide did not have any effect on Vigna radita seedlings and goat erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shabbir
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721 657, Hatiberia, West Bengal, India; Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Mukesh Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721 657, Hatiberia, West Bengal, India.
| | - Swati Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721 657, Hatiberia, West Bengal, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Samar K Saha
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
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Liu Y, Lv C, Ding J, Qian P, Yu Y, Ye S, Chen Y. Characterization of a hybrid polyacrylamide and its flocculation properties in cyanide tailing suspensions. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:2482-2493. [PMID: 29144306 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An inorganic-organic hybrid flocculant Al(OH)3-polyacrylamide (Al-PAM) with narrow molecular weight distribution was synthesized using inverse microemulsion polymerization. The hybrid polymer Al-PAM was characterized by Infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and it was found that it had a 'star-like' structure in which Al(OH)3 colloidal particles acted as cores linking PAM chains. The properties of Al-PAM were investigated in flocculating 10 wt% cyanide tailing suspensions. It was found that as the amount of Al-PAMM1 with high molecular weight and aluminum content increased, the initial settling rate of particles accelerated, achieving the maximum 6.6 m/h, 17.3 times the rate of the control without flocculants. The turbidity of the supernatant decreased to 35 ± 2 NTU accordingly, compared to 353 ± 2 NTU of that in the control, which meant that 90.0% of turbidity was removed from the cyanide tailing suspensions. The flocculation mechanism was further explored by floccule size and ζ potential measurements. The superior performance of cationic Al-PAM in flocculating negatively charged particles compared to commercial non-ionic GG indicated that electrostatic repulsion between tailing particles was a crucial factor in deciding the flocculation performance of the polymer. The study demonstrated that both charge neutralization and bridge adsorption were conductive to the particle flocculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. BOX 353, Beijing 100190, China E-mail: ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuicui Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. BOX 353, Beijing 100190, China E-mail: ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. BOX 353, Beijing 100190, China E-mail: ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. BOX 353, Beijing 100190, China E-mail:
| | - Yang Yu
- Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Shufeng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. BOX 353, Beijing 100190, China E-mail:
| | - Yunfa Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. BOX 353, Beijing 100190, China E-mail:
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Kanmani P, Aravind J, Kamaraj M, Sureshbabu P, Karthikeyan S. Environmental applications of chitosan and cellulosic biopolymers: A comprehensive outlook. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 242:295-303. [PMID: 28366689 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are substances naturally produced by living organisms and are hence considered to be eco-friendly and sustainable. Chitosan and cellulose are of specific significance owing to their abundant availability, ease of modification, and application potential. On the environmental front, their coagulating and flocculating effects have helped in wastewater clarification, while minimizing the dependability on synthetic polyelectrolytes. Biopolymer based hydrogels and nanocomposite films have functioned as effective biosorbents in removing an array of organic and inorganic pollutants, including xenobiotics, from wastewater. Specifically, they have been vastly harnessed for heavy metal and dye adsorption. They have also played a pivotal part in other environmental applications including anti-desertification, natural bio-sealants for preventing concrete leaks and proton conducting membranes in electrochemical devices. Such recent research on the environmental applications of biopolymers has been comprehensively analysed, thus providing a fresh insight into the future prospects of research in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kanmani
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - J Aravind
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia.
| | - M Kamaraj
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
| | - P Sureshbabu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
| | - S Karthikeyan
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
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