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Wu D, Wang J, Du X, Cao Y, Ping K, Liu D. Cucurbit[8]uril-based supramolecular theranostics. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:235. [PMID: 38725031 PMCID: PMC11084038 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Different from most of the conventional platforms with dissatisfactory theranostic capabilities, supramolecular nanotheranostic systems have unparalleled advantages via the artful combination of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. Benefiting from the tunable stimuli-responsiveness and compatible hierarchical organization, host-guest interactions have developed into the most popular mainstay for constructing supramolecular nanoplatforms. Characterized by the strong and diverse complexation property, cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) shows great potential as important building blocks for supramolecular theranostic systems. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of CB[8]-based supramolecular theranostics regarding the design, manufacture and theranostic mechanism. Meanwhile, the current limitations and corresponding reasonable solutions as well as the potential future development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Du
- Bethune First Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunmin Ping
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahai Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
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Alonso P, Blas J, Amaro F, de Francisco P, Martín-González A, Gutiérrez JC. Cellular Response of Adapted and Non-Adapted Tetrahymena thermophila Strains to Europium Eu(III) Compounds. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:285. [PMID: 38785768 PMCID: PMC11117543 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Europium is one of the most reactive lanthanides and humans use it in many different applications, but we still know little about its potential toxicity and cellular response to its exposure. Two strains of the eukaryotic microorganism model Tetrahymena thermophila were adapted to high concentrations of two Eu(III) compounds (EuCl3 or Eu2O3) and compared to a control strain and cultures treated with both compounds. In this ciliate, EuCl3 is more toxic than Eu2O3. LC50 values show that this microorganism is more resistant to these Eu(III) compounds than other microorganisms. Oxidative stress originated mainly by Eu2O3 is minimized by overexpression of genes encoding important antioxidant enzymes. The overexpression of metallothionein genes under treatment with Eu(III) compounds supports the possibility that this lanthanide may interact with the -SH groups of the cysteine residues from metallothioneins and/or displace essential cations of these proteins during their homeostatic function. Both lipid metabolism (lipid droplets fusing with europium-containing vacuoles) and autophagy are involved in the cellular response to europium stress. Bioaccumulation, together with a possible biomineralization to europium phosphate, seems to be the main mechanism of Eu(III) detoxification in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Carlos Gutiérrez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.); (J.B.); (F.A.); (P.d.F.); (A.M.-G.)
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3
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Pan H, Deng M, Zhang B, Fang T, Liu Y. Transcriptome analysis of Tetrahymena thermophila response to exposure with dihydroartemisinin. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14069. [PMID: 36923843 PMCID: PMC10008979 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a derivative of artemisinin and is toxic to parasites. We used the Tetrahymena thermophila (T. thermophila) as a model to explore DHA toxicity. Results showed that low concentration of DHA (20 μmol/L) promoted cell proliferation, whereas high concentrations of DHA (40-1280 μmol/L) inhibited that. Appearance of nucleus was pycnosis by laser scanning confocal microscope. DHA significantly elevated activities of SOD and GSH-Px (P < 0.01) and MDA was markedly increased at high level but decreased at low level (P < 0.01). Further results of transcriptome in T. thermophila treated with different concentration DHA group (0, 20, 160 μmol/L) showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in oxidation-reduction and metabolism of exogenous substances indicated oxidative stress stimulation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that DEGs were involved in the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of exogenous substances, glutathione metabolism and ABC transport. Remarkably, DNA replication was significantly enriched in low concentration DHA, energy metabolism related pathways and necrotic process were considerably enriched in high concentration DHA. The results of RT-qPCR of 13 DEGs were the same as that of transcriptome, in which the expression of GST and GPx family genes were significantly altered after exposed to high-DHA group. DHA induced oxidative stress damage through disturbing with energy. However, detoxification pathways in T. thermophila to resist oxidative damage and cell alleviated low concentration DHA stress by regulating antioxidant enzyme. This study provides good practice on pharmacological mechanism of artemisinin-based drugs in antiparasitic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjun Pan
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Meiling Deng
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Tiantian Fang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yuguo Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
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Zhou X, Gao S, Yue M, Zhu S, Liu Q, Zhao XE. Recent advances in analytical methods of oxidative stress biomarkers induced by environmental pollutant exposure. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Li C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Li X. β-Cyclodextrin/Azobenzene Microspheres Loaded with Paraquat Are Safe and Effective. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:638-646. [PMID: 36542801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although paraquat is a widely used herbicide, it is toxic to humans if ingested or absorbed through an open wound. To improve the safety of paraquat, a new formulation of paraquat based on photoresponsive polymers was exploited. Photoresponsive β-cyclodextrin polymer microspheres (AZO-CD) were synthesized via a host-guest interaction between β-cyclodextrin and azobenzene. AZO-CD were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, circular dichroism, ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, and thermogravimetric analysis, and their photoresponsiveness was also evaluated. AZO-CD were used to load paraquat, which yielded photoresponsive paraquat-loaded microspheres. For the paraquat-loaded microspheres, irradiation with UV light or sunlight induced the isomerization of azobenzene into the cis form. Then, the cis-azobenzene was liberated from the cavities of the β-cyclodextrin. The paraquat-loaded microspheres released paraquat continuously over time. Furthermore, under UV light, the herbicidal capacity of the paraquat-loaded microspheres against barnyard grass was comparable to that of free paraquat at the same dose. Our findings show that loading paraquat into AZO-CD provides a safe and environmentally friendly herbicide formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Li
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Bio Pesticide and Formulating Processing, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha410128, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Bio Pesticide and Formulating Processing, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha410128, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Bio Pesticide and Formulating Processing, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha410128, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Bio Pesticide and Formulating Processing, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha410128, China
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Rodríguez-Martín D, Murciano A, Herráiz M, de Francisco P, Amaro F, Gutiérrez JC, Martín-González A, Díaz S. Arsenate and arsenite differential toxicity in Tetrahymena thermophila. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128532. [PMID: 35248958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of toxicities of both arsenic forms (arsenite and arsenate) in the model eukaryotic microorganism Tetrahymena thermophila (ciliate protozoa) has shown the presence of various detoxification mechanisms and cellular effects comparable to those of animal cells under arsenic stress. In the wild type strain SB1969 arsenate is almost 2.5 times more toxic than arsenite. According to the concentration addition model used in binary metallic mixtures their toxicities show an additive effect. Using fluorescent assays and flow cytometry, it has been detected that As(V) generates elevated levels of ROS/RNS compared to As(III). Both produce the same levels of superoxide anion, but As(V) also causes greater increases in hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. The mitochondrial membrane potential is affected by both As(V) and As(III), and electron microscopy has also revealed that mitochondria are the main target of both arsenic ionic forms. Fusion/fission and swelling mitochondrial and mitophagy, together with macroautophagy, vacuolization and mucocyst extruction are mainly associated to As(V) toxicity, while As(III) induces an extensive lipid metabolism dysfunction (adipotropic effect). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of some genes encoding antioxidant proteins or enzymes has shown that glutathione and thioredoxin metabolisms are involved in the response to arsenic stress. Likewise, the function of metallothioneins seems to be crucial in arsenic detoxification processes, after using both metallothionein knockout and knockdown strains and cells overexpressing metallothionein genes from this ciliate. The analysis of the differential toxicity of As(III) and As(V) shown in this study provides cytological and molecular tools to be used as biomarkers for each of the two arsenic ionic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Murciano
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Herráiz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Francisco Amaro
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Gutiérrez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Martín-González
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Silvia Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Ding W, Zhang X, Yin X, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Guo C, Chen Y. Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract inducing PHGPx to inhibite membrane lipid hydroperoxides and regulate oxidative stress based on single-cell animal transcriptome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3139. [PMID: 35210474 PMCID: PMC8873301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the single-cell eukaryotic model organism Tetrahymena thermophila was used as an experimental material to reveal the anti-aging mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract. After treatment with the G. lucidum aqueous extract, the logarithmic phase was extended, and the maximum density of T. thermophila increased to 5.5 × 104 cells/mL. The aqueous extract was more effective than the main active monomers of G. lucidum. The membrane integrity in the cell including mitochondria and nucleus appeared improvement after treatment with the G. lucidum aqueous extract, which observed by ammonia silver staining and transmission electron microscopy. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment of the differentially expressed genes in transcriptome showed that the G. lucidum aqueous extract promoted the biological metabolic process of membrane components. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), the glutathione metabolism process was enhanced in both growth phases. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis illustrated that phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) played a key role in the anti-aging mechanism. The results suggested that G. lucidum aqueous extract improved the GPX activity as well as reduced the malondialdehyde content and cell damage. More importantly, the expression of PHGPx was promoted to reduce the oxidation degree of the membrane lipids and enhance the integrity of the membrane to achieve anti-aging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.,College of Biology and Food Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China. .,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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8
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Saraiva AS, Sarmento RA, Gravato C, Rodrigues ACM, Campos D, Simão FCP, Soares AMVM. Strategies of cellular energy allocation to cope with paraquat-induced oxidative stress: Chironomids vs Planarians and the importance of using different species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140443. [PMID: 32887009 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is still used in several countries worldwide as an herbicide for weed control in agricultural production, ponds, reservoirs and irrigation canals. Thus, PQ is frequently found in surface water systems and is potentially toxic to aquatic organisms, since it can cause mitochondrial dysfunction altering in the redox state of cells. This study aimed to investigate the chronic effects of PQ to Chironomus riparius and Girardia tigrina, and compare their physiological strategies to cope with environmental stress. The mean emergence time was the most sensitive endpoint for Chironomids, with the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) being 0.02 for males and 0.1 mg PQ L-1 for females. Moreover, PQ reduced the body weight of male and female imagoes, with LOECs of 0.5 and 2.5 mg PQ L-1, respectively. Paraquat also decreased the respiration rate (LOEC = 2.5 mg PQ L-1) and total glutathione (tGSH) content (LOEC = 0.5 mg PQ L-1). Thus, the aerobic production of energy was not affected and allowed chironomids to cope with oxidative stress induced by PQ, but with consequent physiological costs in terms of development rates and weight of adults. In planarians, PQ decreased the locomotion and feeding activity, and delayed photoreceptor regeneration (LOECs = 2.5 mg PQ L-1 for all endpoints). Despite increased aerobic energy production (LOEC = 0.5 mg PQ L-1), planarians were not able to cope with oxidative stress induced by the highest PQ concentrations, since lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased (LOEC = 2.5 mg PQ L-1) concomitantly with a significant decrease of tGSH (LOEC = 2.5 mg PQ L-1). These results showed that planarians were unable to cope with oxidative stress induced by PQ with consequent impairments of behavior and regeneration despite an increased aerobic energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althiéris S Saraiva
- Departamento de Agropecuária (Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Goiano - Campus Campos Belos, 73840-000 Campos Belos, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Renato A Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970 Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculdade de Ciências & CESAM, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia C M Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana Campos
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima C P Simão
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Cubas-Gaona LL, de Francisco P, Martín-González A, Gutiérrez JC. Tetrahymena Glutathione Peroxidase Family: A Comparative Analysis of These Antioxidant Enzymes and Differential Gene Expression to Metals and Oxidizing Agents. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071008. [PMID: 32635666 PMCID: PMC7409322 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, an extensive analysis of the putative glutathione peroxidases (GPx) of the eukaryotic microorganism model Tetrahymena thermophila is carried out. A comparative analysis with GPx present in other Tetrahymena species and other very taxonomically diverse ciliates is also performed. A majority of ciliate GPx have replaced the selenocysteine (Sec) by Cys in its catalytic center, so they can be considered as phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidases (PHGPx). Selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) elements have been detected in several ciliate GPx that do not incorporate Sec in their amino acid sequences, and conversely, in other ciliate GPx with Sec, no SECIS elements are detected. These anomalies are analyzed and discussed. From the phylogenetic analysis using the ciliate GPx amino acid sequences, the existence of extensive intra- and interspecific gene duplications that produced multiple GPx isoforms in each species is inferred. The ancestral character of the selenoproteins is also corroborated. The analysis by qRT-PCR of six selected T. thermophila GPx genes has shown a quantitative differential expression between them, depending on the stressor (oxidizing agents, apoptotic inducer or metals) and the time of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia de Francisco
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Martín-González
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. C/. José Antonio Nováis, 12. Universidad Complutense (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Carlos Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. C/. José Antonio Nováis, 12. Universidad Complutense (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Toxicity, Physiological, and Ultrastructural Effects of Arsenic and Cadmium on the Extremophilic Microalga Chlamydomonas acidophila. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051650. [PMID: 32138382 PMCID: PMC7084474 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of cadmium (Cd), arsenate (As(V)), and arsenite (As(III)) on a strain of Chlamydomonas acidophila, isolated from the Rio Tinto, an acidic environment containing high metal(l)oid concentrations, was analyzed. We used a broad array of methods to produce complementary information: cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation measures, ultrastructural observations, transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (TEM-XEDS), and gene expression. This acidophilic microorganism was affected differently by the tested metal/metalloid: It showed high resistance to arsenic while Cd was the most toxic heavy metal, showing an LC50 = 1.94 µM. Arsenite was almost four-fold more toxic (LC50= 10.91 mM) than arsenate (LC50 = 41.63 mM). Assessment of ROS generation indicated that both arsenic oxidation states generate superoxide anions. Ultrastructural analysis of exposed cells revealed that stigma, chloroplast, nucleus, and mitochondria were the main toxicity targets. Intense vacuolization and accumulation of energy reserves (starch deposits and lipid droplets) were observed after treatments. Electron-dense intracellular nanoparticle-like formation appeared in two cellular locations: inside cytoplasmic vacuoles and entrapped into the capsule, around each cell. The chemical nature (Cd or As) of these intracellular deposits was confirmed by TEM-XEDS. Additionally, they also contained an unexpected high content in phosphorous, which might support an essential role of poly-phosphates in metal resistance.
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Romero I, de Francisco P, Gutiérrez JC, Martín-González A. Selenium cytotoxicity in Tetrahymena thermophila: New clues about its biological effects and cellular resistance mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:850-865. [PMID: 30947056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential micronutrient but at high concentrations can produce severe cytotoxicity and genomic damage. We have evaluated the cytotoxicity, ultrastructural and mitochondrial alterations of the two main selenium inorganic species; selenite and selenate, in the eukaryotic microorganism Tetrahymena thermophila. In this ciliate, selenite is more toxic than selenate. Their LC50 values were calculated as 27.65 μM for Se(IV) and 56.88 mM for Se(VI). Significant levels of peroxides/hydroperoxides are induced under low-moderate selenite or selenate concentrations. Se(VI) exposures induce an immediate mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Selenium treated cells show an intense vacuolization and some of them present numerous discrete and small electrondense particles, probably selenium deposits. Mitochondrial fusion, an intense swelling in peripheral mitochondria and mitophagy are detected in selenium treated cells, especially in those exposed to Se (IV). qRT-PCR analysis of diverse genes, encoding relevant antioxidant enzymes or other proteins, like metallothioneins, involved in an environmental general stress response, have shown that they may be crucial against Se(IV) and/or Se (VI) cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Romero
- Dpto. Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, C/. José Antonio Novais, 12, Universidad Complutense (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia de Francisco
- Dpto. Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, C/. José Antonio Novais, 12, Universidad Complutense (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Gutiérrez
- Dpto. Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, C/. José Antonio Novais, 12, Universidad Complutense (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martín-González
- Dpto. Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, C/. José Antonio Novais, 12, Universidad Complutense (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain..
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12
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Xu X, Cui Z, Wang S. Joint toxicity on hepatic detoxication enzymes in goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to binary mixtures of lead and paraquat. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 62:60-68. [PMID: 29986279 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Compared to single exposure, chemical mixtures might induce joint toxicity including additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects on both organisms and environment. Owing to the specific toxicity of oxidative stress and binding to proteins, lead (Pb) is generally recognized a non-essential and threatening heavy metal to animals and human. Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used herbicide in agriculture and can trigger oxidative stress as well as Pb. Little information was available about joint effects of the two chemicals on toxicological responses in organisms, especially in fish. In our present study, goldfish (Carassius auratus) were randomly exposed to single and combined experiments with different concentrations of Pb and PQ for 28 days. Activities of four enzyme biomarkers in liver, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were evaluated in each experimental group on day 14 and 28. The results showed four enzyme levels were markedly reduced with the increase of concentrations in mixtures and prolonged exposure. The inhibitory EROD and BFCOD activities were not significantly changed in goldfish following PQ-treated groups with or without 0.5 mg/L Pb, which indicated PQ has more inhibitory toxicity on CYP450 enzymes than Pb in co-exposure groups. However, the reduced values of GST were observed only in the combinations containing high doses of Pb or PQ during experimental periods. Although the responses of UGT activity were similar to GST on 14th day, all combinations of Pb and PQ generated stronger inhibitions on UGT activities compared to individual Pb and PQ-treated group. These results suggested that combined exposure of Pb and PQ have more inhibitory toxicity on phase I enzymes than phase II enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
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Gao C, Huang Q, Lan Q, Feng Y, Tang F, Hoi MPM, Zhang J, Lee SMY, Wang R. A user-friendly herbicide derived from photo-responsive supramolecular vesicles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2967. [PMID: 30054483 PMCID: PMC6063903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat, as one of the most widely used herbicides globally, is highly toxic to humans, and chronic exposure and acute ingestion leads to high morbidity and mortality rates. Here, we report user-friendly, photo-responsive paraquat-loaded supramolecular vesicles, prepared via one-pot self-assembly of amphiphilic, ternary host-guest complexes between cucurbit[8]uril, paraquat, and an azobenzene derivative. In this vesicle formulation, paraquat is only released upon UV or sunlight irradiation that converts the azobenzene derivative from its trans- to its cis- form, which in turn dissociates the ternary host-guest complexations and the vesicles. The cytotoxicity evaluation of this vesicle formulation of paraquat on in vitro cell models, in vivo zebrafish models, and mouse models demonstrates an enhanced safety profile. Additionally, the PQ-loaded vesicles' herbicidal activity against a model of invasive weed is nearly identical to that of free paraquat under natural sunlight. This study provides a safe yet effective herbicide formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qiaoxian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qingping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Fan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Maggie P M Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Simon M Y Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China.
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Xu X, Cui Z, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang S. Toxicological responses on cytochrome P450 and metabolic transferases in liver of goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to lead and paraquat. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:161-169. [PMID: 29353166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), both lead (Pb) and paraquat (PQ) can generate serious oxidative stress in target organs which result in irreversible toxic effects on organisms. They can disturb the normal catalytic activities of many enzymes by means of different toxicity mechanism. The changed responses of enzymes are frequently used as the biomarkers for indicating the relationship between toxicological effects and exposure levels. In this work, goldfish was exposed to a series of test groups containing lead and paraquat in the range of 0.05-10mg/L, respectively. Four hepatic enzyme activities, including 7-ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD), 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were determined after 1, 7, 14, 28 days exposure. The results showed that the activities of EROD and BFCOD in fish were significantly inhibited in response to paraquat at all exposure levels during the whole experiment. Similarly, the inhibitory effects of lead exposure on BFCOD activity were found in our study, while different responses of lead on EROD were observed. There were no significant differences on EROD activity under lower concentrations of lead (less than 0.1mg/L) before 14 days until an obvious increase was occurred for the 0.5mg/L lead treatment group at day 14. Furthermore, lead showed stronger inhibition on GST activity than paraquat when the concentrations of the two toxicants were more than 0.5mg/L. However, the similar dose and time-dependent manners of UGT activity were found under lead and paraquat exposure. Our results indicated that higher exposure levels and longer accumulations caused inhibitory effects on the four enzymes regardless of lead or paraquat stress. In addition, the responses of phase I enzymes were more sensitive than that of phase II enzymes and they may be served as the acceptable biomarkers for evaluating the toxicity effects of both lead and paraquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Xinlei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xixin Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Su Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
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15
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Wang C, Pan X, Fan Y, Chen Y, Mu W. The oxidative stress response of oxytetracycline in the ciliate Pseudocohnilembus persalinus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:35-42. [PMID: 28881225 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is commonly employed in fish farms to prevent bacterial infections in China, and because of their widely and intensive use, the potential harmful effects on organisms in aquatic environment are of great concern. Ciliates play an important role in aquatic food webs as secondary producers, and Pseudocohnilembus persalinus, is one kind of them which are easily found in fish farms, surviving in polluted water. Therefore, using P. persalinus as experimental models, this study investigated the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on the growth, antioxidant system and morphological damage in pollution-resistant ciliates species. Our results showed that the 96-h EC50 values for OTC of P. persalinus was 21.38mgL-1. The increased level of SOD and GSH during 96h OTC stress was related to an adaptive response under oxidative stress induced in ciliates. Additionally, sod1, sod2 and sod3 exhibited a significant increased expression level compared to control group at 24h treatment, indicating a promoting of dense system in ciliates at this exposure time. However, only sod1 and sod2 showed raised expression level at 48h stress, showing the different sensitive of gene isoforms to some extent. With OTC treatment, damage of regular wrinkles, shrunk, twisted on the cell surface, even forming cyst of scuticociliatid ciliate cells were firstly observed by SEM (scanning electron microscope) in this study. Overall, physiological, molecular and morphological information on the toxicological studies of ciliates and more information on possibility of ciliates as indicators of contamination were provided in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongnv Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xuming Pan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yawen Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China.
| | - Weijie Mu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China.
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Dong H, Peng X, Qiu Z. A rare case of epilepsy and acute pancreatitis induced by severe paraquat poisoning. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:163. [PMID: 28480199 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat can lead to injury of multiple organs. As there is no specific treatment for paraquat poisoning, it represents a serious clinical problem. Antioxidants are required to treat oxidative stress in paraquat poisoning and paraquat-induced injury. In this study, we report on successful treatment of a rare case of epilepsy and acute pancreatitis caused by paraquat poisoning. A 29-year-old woman at our hospital presented with a 13-day history of nausea and vomiting after ingesting 20 mL of paraquat (20% W/V). After therapies, the symptoms were controlled. The patient remained asymptomatic during 1 year of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Poisoning, Beijing 307 Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaobo Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Poisoning, Beijing 307 Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zewu Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Poisoning, Beijing 307 Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
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Stress and Protists: No life without stress. Eur J Protistol 2016; 55:39-49. [PMID: 27365178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a summary of the symposium "Stress and Protists: No life without stress", which was held in September 2015 on the VII European Congress of Protistology in partnership with the International Society of Protistologists (Seville, Spain). We present an overview on general comments and concepts on cellular stress which can be also applied to any protist. Generally, various environmental stressors may induce similar cell responses in very different protists. Two main topics are reported in this manuscript: (i) metallic nanoparticles as environmental pollutants and stressors for aquatic protists, and (ii) ultraviolet radiation - induced stress and photoprotective strategies in ciliates. Model protists such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Tetrahymena thermophila were used to assess stress caused by nanoparticles while stress caused by ultraviolet radiation was tested with free living planktonic ciliates as well as with the symbiont-bearing model ciliate Paramecium bursaria. For future studies, we suggest more intensive analyses on protist stress responses to specific environmental abiotic and/or biotic stressors at molecular and genetic levels up to ecological consequences and food web dynamics.
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