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Milani NBL, van Gilst E, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography- A discussion on recent innovations. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300304. [PMID: 37654057 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Although comprehensive 2-D GC is an established and often applied analytical method, the field is still highly dynamic thanks to a remarkable number of innovations. In this review, we discuss a number of recent developments in comprehensive 2-D GC technology. A variety of modulation methods are still being actively investigated and many exciting improvements are discussed in this review. We also review interesting developments in detection methods, retention modeling, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino B L Milani
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gilst
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Rimayi C, Madikizela LM. Utility of an alternative method (to USEPA Method 1613) for analysis of priority persistent organic pollutants in soil from mixed industrial-suburban areas of Durban, South Africa. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:749-762. [PMID: 35993344 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the adequacy of a USEPA Method 1613 alternative analytical method for analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soil from the immediate vicinity of industrialized areas in the eThekwini municipal area in South Africa. The objective of this study is in line with the Stockholm Convention Article 11 on research, development, and monitoring. Furthermore, it became imperative to find an alternative analytical procedure to USEPA Method 1613 that could cater to studies conducted in Africa where recent reviews have indicated that most African countries lack the technical and instrumental capacity for performing analysis of dioxin-like compounds according to USEPA Method 1613, which entails the use of high-resolution chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry instrumentation. The study aimed to ascertain the utility of an alternative two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry method for analysis of trace-level priority POPs in soil, along with a fast single quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The analytical methods were applied to the analysis of POPs on soil samples from industrial areas with oil refineries and a pulp and paper manufacturing company, while other samples were collected near the electricity substations and a landfill site. Analytical results showed BDE 209 as the dominant contaminating polybrominated diphenyl ether (concentration ranges from 0.006 to 5.71 ng g-1 ). Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) 9, 10, and 49 were the dominant PBBs detected in 78% of the sites tested, although their concentrations were below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls detected could not be quantified above their respective LOQs, indicating that the Durban area has low priority pollutant contamination levels compared to other regions around the world. The methods developed are a starting point that will inform considerations for routine evaluation and management of soil contamination, which plays a vital role in environmental management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:749-762. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Systems (RQIS), Roodeplaat, South Africa
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, South Africa
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3
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Kruger A, Pieters R, Horn S, van Zijl C, Aneck-Hahn N. The role of effect-based methods to address water quality monitoring in South Africa: a developing country's struggle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84049-84055. [PMID: 36229735 PMCID: PMC9646548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Water is an important resource, and it is a worldwide struggle to provide water of good quality to the whole population. Despite good governing laws and guidelines set in place to help protect the water resources and ensure it is of good quality for various consumers, the water quality in South Africa is worsening due to lack of management. The deteriorating infrastructure is becoming progressively worse, due to corruption and insufficient funds. The ever-increasing number of toxicants, as well as the identification of emerging chemicals of concern, are also challenges South Africa is facing. Chemical analysis cannot determine the total biological effect of a mixture of chemical compounds, but this shortcoming can be addressed by adding effect-based methods (EBMs) to water quality monitoring programmes. In this paper, the current status of water quality monitoring in South Africa is discussed, as well as the capacity of the country to add EBMs to its water quality monitoring programmes to protect and improve human and animal life. Created in Biorender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruger
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Rialet Pieters
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Suranie Horn
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Catherina van Zijl
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Natalie Aneck-Hahn
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Rimayi C, Odusanya D, Chimuka L. Survey of bioavailable PCDDs, PCDFs, dioxin-like PCBs, and PBBs in air, water, and sediment media using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) deployed in the Hartbeespoort Dam area, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:117. [PMID: 35072821 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A survey of bioavailable polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) from ambient air, water and sediment was performed in the Hartbeespoort Dam area in South Africa, a region where data on highly toxic Stockholm Convention persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is scanty. The sampling was designed to simulate POP bioaccumulation in benthic and aquatic dwelling organisms as well as ambient air for estimation of ecological risk. The objective was to survey the spatiotemporal distribution and fate of bioavailable priority persistent organic compounds in the Hartbeespoort Dam in summer, autumn and winter seasons and to validate the utility of a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF) method for PCDD/F, PCB, and PBB analysis. The highest detection rates for bioavailable priority POPs were for PCB 77 and PCB 126 which were detected in 15 and 16 of the 22 samples, though the majority of the detections were < LOQ for PCB 77. Overall, PCB 126, PBB 10 and PBB 49 recorded the highest quantified bioavailable concentrations per site in SPMDs deployed in the Hartbeespoort Dam. The SPMDs deployed in air at the Magalies River site in winter recorded the highest toxic equivalency quotient (TEQ) of 29.77 pg TEQ SPMD-1. The highest TEQs recorded for SPMDs deployed in the sediment phase were 10.2, 3.3, and 3.2 pg TEQ SPMD-1, recorded at the Harbour site in summer, Dam wall in summer and Harbour in winter respectively. In water, SPMDs deployed at the Crocodile River site recorded the highest TEQ of 0.81 pg TEQ SPMD-1 in summer. TEQ data shows that air carries significant bioavailable dl-toxicity compared to the water phase, and sediment generally carries the highest dl-toxicity. Detection rates for bioavailable PBBs were generally very low, with < 3 detections being quantified above the LOQ for the majority of the sites. Statistical analysis of TEQs computed at all sites, using AVOVA shows that the dispersion of TEQs in the Hartbeespoort Dam is largely homogenous as the differences between the TEQs were insignificant (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Systems (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - David Odusanya
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Systems (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Pius C, Koosaletse-Mswela P, Sichilongo K, Dikinya O. Mapping polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in soils around Pugu municipal dump site in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Implications on dermal and soil ingestion exposure for people in the peripheral. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113665. [PMID: 31812523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental data on the contribution of a dump site in Tanzania as a point source of the 17 possible congeners of PCDD/Fs to the environment is presented. Dry and wet season samples were collected around Pugu municipal dump site followed by GCxGC-TOFMS analysis. The dominant congeners were OctaCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HepCDF; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HeptaCDD and 1,2,4,7-PeCDD. The concentrations of the congeners expressed as TEQ WHO2005 ranged from 11.69 to 48.97 pg/g with a mean of 29.44 pg/g for the dry season and TEQ WHO2005 4.13-85.82 pg/g with a mean of 41.51 pg/g for the wet season. These levels were speculated high enough to accumulate in free-range chickens and cause harmful effects to humans that consumed them especially residents around Pugu dump site. Exposure of people to PCDD/Fs through dermal absorption and soil ingestion were estimated using the VLIER-HUMAAN Mathematical model. Exposure through dermal absorption was estimated to be 1.2 × 10-4 and 9.8 × 10-6 ng TEQ/kg day for children and adults respectively while through soil ingestion via consumption of contaminated foods and other sources was 0.0045 and 0.27 ng TEQ/kg day for children and adults respectively. These values however were well below the WHO tolerable daily intake. Generally, there was no significant variation for total PCDD/Fs in the dry and wet season (α = 0.08). Strong positive correlation (r = 0.94) between total PCDD/Fs and organic matter content was observed during the wet season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pius
- Department of Chemistry, Mkwawa University College of Education, P.O Box 2513, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Pulane Koosaletse-Mswela
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Faculty of Science, 00704 Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kwenga Sichilongo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Faculty of Science, 00704 Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Oagile Dikinya
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Faculty of Science, 00704 Gaborone, Botswana
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Ssebugere P, Sillanpää M, Matovu H, Mubiru E. Human and environmental exposure to PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in Africa: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:483-493. [PMID: 30784755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews literature for the last two decades with emphasis on levels, toxic equivalencies and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in Africa. Further, we comprehensively analysed data, interpret differences and identify existing gaps with those from other continents. We observed that high levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were reported in environmental and biological samples near densely populated urban and industrialised areas compared to those in rural settings. In general, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in the blood samples from Africa were in the same range as those from Asia but lower than those from Europe. The concentrations of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in the atmosphere in Africa were comparable to and/or higher than those in developed countries. The reported sources of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in Africa were industrial emissions, obsolete pesticide stockpiles, household heating, recycling of electronic waste, and incineration and combustion of domestic waste. Regional and intercontinental transport of dioxins could not be confirmed because of the lack of sufficient literature on them. Further data about the levels and sources of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in Africa need to be generated to complete the chemical inventories for the continent and to facilitate the implementation of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. The reviewed literature shows that most analyses have been carried out in laboratories outside Africa because of the limited institutional capacity in Africa. More support needs to be given to laboratories in Africa to develop the capacity to accurately quantify dioxins on routine basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Edward Mubiru
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Pius C, Sichilongo K, Koosaletse Mswela P, Dikinya O. Monitoring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Africa since the implementation of the Stockholm Convention-an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:101-113. [PMID: 30414030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl-PCB) are groups of toxic compounds released into the environment as unintentional by-products of combustion. They persist, bioaccumulate through the food chain, and cause adverse health effects. This review attempts to collate available information on the release of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs and other critical data relevant to their monitoring in Africa during the existence of the Stockholm Convention (SC). Much as the implementation of the SC may be lagging, literature showed that there has been encouraging efforts that have been made with respect to PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs monitoring in Africa. Results from a global monitoring study showed that PCDD/Fs released to air in Africa stood at 18-532 fg WHO98 TEQ/M3 while dl-PCBs were 7-278 fg WHO98 TEQ/m3. In human milk, the total concentration of PCDD/Fs, i.e., WHO 2005 TEQ LB has been reported to range from 0.5 ng/g fat to 12 ng/g fat. Fourteen laboratories in Africa participated in inter-laboratory assessments of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with two specifically for PCDD/Fs analysis. This shows that some efforts are being made to boost capacity in Africa. Levels of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs in clay consumed by pregnant women have been reported in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Ĉote d'Ivoire, and Uganda with a maximum concentration of 103 pg TEQ/g. This finding was very significant since women are the most impacted through exposure to POPs, a fact that is acknowledged by the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pius
- Department of Chemistry, Mkwawa University College of Education, P.O Box 2513, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Kwenga Sichilongo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Faculty of Science, 00704, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Pulane Koosaletse Mswela
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana Faculty of Science, 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Oagile Dikinya
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana Faculty of Science, 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
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Muscalu AM, Górecki T. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in environmental analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gruber B, Weggler B, Jaramillo R, Murrell K, Piotrowski P, Dorman F. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in forensic science: A critical review of recent trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rimayi C, Odusanya D, Weiss JM, de Boer J, Chimuka L. Contaminants of emerging concern in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment and the uMngeni River estuary 2016 pollution incident, South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:1008-1017. [PMID: 29426120 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative assessment of pollutants of emerging concern in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment area was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to establish the occurrence, source and distribution of 15 environmental pollutants, including 10 pharmaceuticals, 1 pesticide and 4 steroid hormones. Seasonal sampling was conducted in the Hartbeespoort Lake using sub-surface grab sampling to determine the lake's ecological status and obtain data for establishment of progressive operational monitoring. The Jukskei River, which lies upstream of the Hartbeespoort Dam, was sampled in the winter season. Five year old carp (Cyprinus carpio) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were also sampled from the Hartbeespoort Dam to study bioaccumulation in biota as well as to estimate risk associated with fish consumption. In the Jukskei River, the main source of 11 emerging pollutants (EPs) was identified as raw sewage overflow, with the highest ∑11 EP concentration of 593ngL-1 being recorded at the Midrand point and the lowest ∑11 EP concentration of 164ngL-1 at the N14 site located 1km downstream of a large wastewater treatment plant. The Jukskei River was found to be the largest contributor of the emerging contaminants detected in the Hartbeespoort Dam. In the Hartbeespoort Dam EP concentrations were generally in the order efavirenz>nevirapine>carbamazepine>methocarbamol>bromacil>venlafaxine. Water and sediment were sampled from the uMngeni River estuary within 24h after large volumes of an assortment of pharmaceutical waste had been discovered to be washed into the river estuary after flash rainfall on 18 May 2016. Analytical results revealed high levels of some emerging pollutants in sediment samples, up to 81ngg-1 for nevirapine and 4ngg-1 for etilefrine HCL. This study shows that efavirenz, nevirapine, carbamazepine, methocarbamol, bromacil and venlafaxine are contaminants that require operational monitoring in South African urban waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Chemistry, P. Bag 3, Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - David Odusanya
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luke Chimuka
- University of the Witwatersrand, School of Chemistry, P. Bag 3, Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa
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Rimayi C, Chimuka L, Odusanya D, de Boer J, Weiss JM. Source characterisation and distribution of selected PCBs, PAHs and alkyl PAHs in sediments from the Klip and Jukskei Rivers, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:327. [PMID: 28600683 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A study of the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) utilising 16 priority PAHs, benzo(e)pyrene, perylene, 19 alkylated PAHs and 31 ortho substituted PCBs in South Africa is presented. It was aimed to (a) deduce characteristic contamination patterns for both PCBs and PAHs and (b) provide the first comprehensive dataset for establishment of source characterisation of PCBs and PAHs. This is in line with new South African legislation on mandatory monitoring of PCB and PAH emissions. Bar charts, principal component analysis (PCA) and biplots were utilised to identify signature contamination patterns and distribution of PCBs and PAHs within the Jukskei and Klip Rivers. Sediments from the Jukskei and Klip River catchments both showed distinct contamination signatures for hexa to nonachlorinated PCBs, characteristic of contamination by Aroclor 1254 and 1260 technical mixtures. PCB signature patterns in order of abundance were 138 > 180 > 206 > 153 > 187 > 149 and 138 > 153 > 180 > 149 > 187 > 110 > 170 for the Jukskei and Klip River sediments, respectively. The upstream Alberton point had the highest Σ31 PCB and Σ (parent+alkyl) PAH concentrations in the Klip River of 61 and 6000 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. In the Jukskei River, the upstream Marlboro point had the highest Σ31 PCB concentration of 19 μg kg-1 dw and the N14 site recorded the highest Σ (parent+alkyl) PAH concentration of 2750 μg kg-1 dw. PAH concentrations in both the Jukskei and Klip Rivers were significantly higher than the PCB concentrations. Fluoranthene, phenanthrene and pyrene were found in the highest concentrations in both the Jukskei and Klip River sediments. Both the Jukskei and Klip River sediments showed trends of a mixed pyrogenic-petrogenic PAH source contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1087, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luke Chimuka
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - David Odusanya
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1087, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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Megson D, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ, Dorman FL, Robson M, Focant JF. A review of the determination of persistent organic pollutants for environmental forensics investigations. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 941:10-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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