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Saleh L, Lin Z, Ersan MS, Coutanceau C, Westerhoff P, Croué JP. Effect of electrolyte composition on electrocatalytic transformation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in high pH medium. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142879. [PMID: 39033861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Recent regulatory actions aim to limit per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in drinking water and wastewaters. Regenerable anion exchange resin (AER) is an effective separation process to remove PFAS from water but will require PFAS post-treatment of the regeneration wastestream. Electrocatalytic (EC) processes using chemically boron-doped diamond electrodes, stable in a wide range of chemical compositions show potential to defluorinate PFOA in drinking water and wastewater treatments. Chemical composition and concentration of mineral salts in supporting electrolytes affect AER regeneration efficiency, and play a crucial role in the EC processes. Their impact on PFAS degradation remains understudied. This study investigates the impact of 17 brine electrolytes with different compositions on perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) degradation in an alkaline medium and explores the correlation between the rate of PFOA degradation and the solution's conductivity. Results show that higher electrolyte concentrations and conductivity lead to faster PFOA degradation rates. The presence of chloride anions have negligible impact on the degradation rate. However, the presence of nitrate salts reduce PFOA degradation efficiency. Additionally, the use of mixed electrolytes may be a promising approach for reducing the cost of EC operations. PFOA degradation was not influenced by the pH of the bulk solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Saleh
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux, Université de Poitiers, France.
| | - Zunhui Lin
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Christophe Coutanceau
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux, Université de Poitiers, France; French Research Network on Hydrogen (FRH2), CNRS, France.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux, Université de Poitiers, France.
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2
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Mandal P, Gupta AK, Dubey BK. Simultaneous ammonia and organics degradation from municipal landfill leachate by electrochemical oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38471068 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2323554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The two primary issues for wide implementation of the electrochemical oxidation of wastewater are the significant cost of electrode and high energy consumption. On the other side, conventional biological processes and membrane technology have several drawbacks for recalcitrant landfill leachate (LL) treatment. To address these issues, graphite/PbO2 anode was used to treat medium to mature age (biodegradability index, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand: 0.25) LL. To reduce the cost of the oxidation process and maximize the efficiency, operating conditions were optimized. The optimum parameter values were obtained as 24.7 mA cm-2, 180 ± 3 rpm, and 1.9 cm of current density, stirring rate, and electrode gap, respectively. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia-N removal efficiencies of 55 ± 1.4%, 81 ± 1.9%, and 56 ± 3% were obtained after 8 h of degradation at optimum conditions. The decrease in aromatic substances and ultraviolet (UV) quenching materials were evaluated by UV-Visible spectroscopy and Specific UV absorbance. The conversion of aromatic compounds into simpler molecule compounds was also verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The lab-scale anode synthesis cost was evaluated as 0.42 USD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubali Mandal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani, India
| | - Ashok K Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Brajesh K Dubey
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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3
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Kim JG, Kim HB, Jeong WG, Lee KH, Baek K. Electrochemical oxidation and mechanism of sulfanilamide from groundwater in a flow-through system using carbon fiber (CF) anode. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140817. [PMID: 38040260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based anodes have been used for a long time in the electrochemical oxidation processes to remediate groundwater. However, the high cost of this technique as well as the release of potentially toxic metals (ex, lead), are major barriers being fully implemented. As an alternative of metal-based anodes, in recent years, carbon-based anodes have been paid attention due to their eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness. This study evaluated the oxidation performance of carbon fiber (CF) anode in a flow-through system. The CF anode degraded 45-87% of the target pollutant (sulfanilamide), depending on the current intensity applied. However, no further degradation of sulfanilamide was observed after the cathode, indicating that sulfanilamide degradation occurred mainly at the anode. This study also determined the effect of electrolytes on electrochemical oxidation using chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate (CO3-), and synthetic groundwater. Cl- and SO42- electrolytes were converted electrochemically into active species, thereby enhancing sulfanilamide degradation, while the bicarbonate and groundwater electrolytes inhibited oxidation performance by scavenging hydroxyl radicals. A series of scavenger tests and characterization showed that the direct oxidation and hydroxyl radicals involved the sulfanilamide degradation. Especially, the production of hydroxyl radicals is more favorable in high currents than in low currents. That is, CF anode contributed to the degradation by direct oxidation of carbon-based electrodes and generation of hydroxyl radicals. In summary, this study highlights how a CF anode is capable of effectively degrading organic pollutants via anodic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA; Department of Environment and Energy (BK21 FOUR) and Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gune Jeong
- Department of Environment and Energy (BK21 FOUR) and Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Heon Lee
- Humas Co. Ltd., 26-77 Gajeongbuk-ro, Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environment and Energy (BK21 FOUR) and Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Hughes K, Pineda M, Omanovic S, Yargeau V. Study on the importance of the reductive degradation of GenX in its overall electrochemical degradation process on different cathode materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168415. [PMID: 37944604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoro alkylated substances (PFAS) are well known for their recalcitrant nature caused by the abundance of CF bonds. It has been proven that electrochemical degradation is a potentially suitable technique for treating PFAS; however, most studies solely focus on electrochemical oxidation, with limited attention given to electrochemical reduction, and the relative contribution of the two towards the total PFAS degradation has not yet been elucidated. This manuscript reports an investigation on the contribution of electroreduction to the overall electrodegradation of a target PFAS, HFPO-DA (i.e. GenX), using a boron doped diamond (BDD) anode and different cathode materials (Cu, Ti, Au). The oxidation and reduction reactions were successfully decoupled from each other and studied simultaneously using an electrochemical H-cell with an agar membrane. It was determined that reduction plays a significant role in the overall degradation of GenX for each of the cathodes studied, with its contribution ranging from 52 % for the Ti cathode, to 66 % for Cu, and to 92 % for Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Hughes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Marco Pineda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sasha Omanovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mosur Nagarajan A, Subramanian A, Prasad Gobinathan K, Mohanakrishna G, Sivagami K. Electrochemical-based approaches for the treatment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118385. [PMID: 37392690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, emerging contaminants (ECs) like pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater have become a major concern in the environment. Electrochemical treatment technologies proved to be more efficient to degrade or remove PPCPs present in the wastewater. Electrochemical treatment technologies have been the subject of intense research for the past few years. Attention has been given to electro-oxidation and electro-coagulation by industries and researchers, indicating their potential to remediate PPCPs and mineralization of organic and inorganic contaminants present in wastewater. However, difficulties arise in the successful operation of scaled-up systems. Hence, researchers have identified the need to integrate electrochemical technology with other treatment technologies, particularly advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Integration of technologies addresses the limitation of indiviual technologies. The major drawbacks like formation of undesired or toxic intermediates, s, energy expenses, and process efficacy influenced by the type of wastewater etc., can be reduced in the combined processes. The review discusses the integration of electrochemical technology with various AOPs, like photo-Fenton, ozonation, UV/H2O2, O3/UV/H2O2, etc., as an efficient way to generate powerful radicals and augment the degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants. The processes are targeted for PPCPs such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, polyparaben and carbamezapine. The discussion concerns itself with the various advantages/disadvantages, reaction mechanisms, factors involved, and cost estimation of the individual and integrated technologies. The synergistic effect of the integrated technology is discussed in detail and remarks concerning the prospects subject to the investigation are also stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mosur Nagarajan
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; Faculty of Process and Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aishwarya Subramanian
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; School of Process Engineering, Technische Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Krishna Prasad Gobinathan
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; School of Process Engineering, Technische Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunda Mohanakrishna
- Center for Energy and Environment (CEE), School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubli, India.
| | - Krishnasamy Sivagami
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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6
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Ghaffarian Khorram A, Fallah N, Nasernejad B, Afsham N, Esmaelzadeh M, Vatanpour V. Electrochemical-based processes for produced water and oily wastewater treatment: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139565. [PMID: 37482313 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The greatest volume of by-products produced in oil and gas recovery operations is referred to as produced water and increasing environmental concerns and strict legislations on discharging it into the environment cause to more attention for focusing on degradation methods for treatment of produced water especially electrochemical technologies. This article provides an overview of electrochemical technologies for treating oily wastewater and produced water, including: electro-coagulation, electro-Fenton, electrochemical oxidation and electrochemical membrane reactor as a single stage and combination of these technologies as multi-stage treatment process. Many researchers have carried out experiments to examine the impact of various factors such as material (i.e, electrode material) and operational conditions (i.e., potential, current density, pH, electrode distance, and other factors) for organic elimination to obtain the high efficiency. Results of each method are reviewed and discussed according to these studies, comprehensively. Furthermore, several challenges need to be overcome and perspectives for future study are proposed for each method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narges Fallah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Nasernejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Afsham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Esmaelzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Turkey.
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7
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Duinslaeger N, Doni A, Radjenovic J. Impact of supporting electrolyte on electrochemical performance of borophene-functionalized graphene sponge anode and degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120232. [PMID: 37352674 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Graphene sponge anode functionalized with two-dimensional (2D) boron, i.e., borophene, was applied for electrochemical oxidation of C4-C8 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Borophene-doped graphene sponge outperformed boron-doped graphene sponge anode in terms of PFASs removal efficiencies and their electrochemical degradation; whereas at the boron-doped graphene sponge anode up to 35% of the removed PFASs was recovered after the current was switched off, the switch to a 2D boron enabled further degradation of the electrosorbed PFASs. Borophene-doped graphene sponge anode achieved 32-77% removal of C4-C8 PFASs in one-pass flow-through mode from a 10 mM phosphate buffer at 230 A m-2 of anodic current density. Higher molarity phosphate buffer (100 mM) resulted in lower PFASs removal efficiencies (11-60%) due to the higher resistance of the graphene sponge electrode in the presence of phosphate ions, as demonstrated by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses. Electro-oxidation of PFASs was more efficient in landfill leachate despite its high organic loading, with up to 95% and 75% removal obtained for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), versus 77% and 57% removal in the 10 mM phosphate buffer, respectively. Defluorination efficiencies as determined relative to the electrooxidized fraction of PFASs indicated up to 69% and 82% of defluorination of PFOS and PFOA in 10 mM phosphate buffer, which was decreased to 16 and 29% defluorination, respectively, for higher buffer molarity (100 mM) due to the worsened electrochemical performance of the sponge. In landfill leachate, relative defluorination efficiencies of PFOS and PFOA were 33% and 45%, respectively, indicating the inhibiting effect of complex organic and inorganic matrix of landfill leachate on the C-F bond breakage. This study demonstrates that electrochemical degradation of PFASs is possible to achieve in complex and brackish streams using a low-cost graphene sponge anode, without forming toxic chlorinated byproducts even in the presence of >7 g L-1 of chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Duinslaeger
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec, 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Ariadni Doni
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541, 24, Greece
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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8
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Zhang C, Gao C, Yang S, He X, Chen Y, Qin X, Tang Y. Electrochemical oxidation of chloramphenicol by modified Sm-PEG-PbO 2 anodes: Performance and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138518. [PMID: 37001761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol (CAP) is used extensively in industry and daily life, but its abuse has seriously affected the environment and public health. In this paper, a new composite PbO2 electrode was obtained through the modification Sm and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and an electrocatalytic oxidation technology of CAP degradation was investigated. The results showed that the catalytic degradation ability and industrial service life of the PEG-Sm-PbO2 composite electrode were significantly enhanced. Co-doping inhibited the growth of grains, resulting in the formation of refined pyramidal grains on the surface of the electrode, which increased the number of active spots. The industrial service life of the modified electrode was improved by 87.0%. In addition, the degradation effect under different conditions and mechanism of CAP were also explored. The optimal conditions for CAP degradation were explored, at which time the CAP degradation rate reached 99.1%. The degradation process was in accordance with the primary reaction kinetics, and the apparent rate constant of CAP at the PEG-Sm-PbO2 electrode was raised by 57.1% in comparison with the unmodified electrode, indicating that the modification facilitated the degradation of CAP in the electrode. Finally, two possible CAP degradation pathways were deduced. The results will provide technical support and a theoretical basis for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Treatment for Towns in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Conghao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Treatment for Towns in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Treatment for Towns in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Hebei Haikuo Environmental Protection Technology Co., LTD, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yulin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Treatment for Towns in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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9
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Dolatabadi M, Ehrampoush MH, Pournamdari M, Ebrahimi AA, Fallahzadeh H, Ahmadzadeh S. Enhanced electrocatalytic elimination of fenitrothion, trifluralin, and chlorothalonil from groundwater and industrial wastewater using modified Cu-PbO2 electrode. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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10
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Liu Y, Lu MY, Bao J, Shao LX, Yu WJ, Hu XM, Zhao X. Periodically reversing electrocoagulation technique for efficient removal of short-chain perfluoroalkyl substances from contaminated groundwater around a fluorochemical facility. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:138953. [PMID: 37196788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Widespread distributions of short-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been recognized as a crucial environmental issue. However, multiple treatment techniques were ineffective due to their high polarity and mobility, contributing to a never-ending existence in the aquatic environment ubiquitously. The present study revealed potential technique of periodically reversing electrocoagulation (PREC) to perform efficient removal of short-chain PFASs including experimental factors (in the conditions of 9 V for voltage, 600 r/min of stirring speed, 10 s of reversing period, and 2 g/L of NaCl electrolyte), orthogonal experiments, actual application, and removal mechanism. Accordingly, based upon the orthogonal experiments, the removal efficiencies of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) in simulated solution could achieve 81.0% with the optimal parameters of Fe-Fe electrode materials, addition of 665 μL H2O2 per 10 min, and pH at 3.0. The PREC was further applied for treating the actual groundwater around a fluorochemical facility, consequently the removal efficiencies for typical short-chain perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), PFBS, and perfluoropentane sulfonate (PFPeS) were 62.5%, 89.0%, 96.4%, 90.0%, and 97.5%, respectively. The other long-chain PFASs contaminants had superior removal with the removal efficiencies up to 97%-100%. In addition, a comprehensive removal mechanism related to electric attraction adsorption for short-chain PFASs could be verified through the morphological analysis of ultimate flocs composition. The oxidation degradation was further revealed as the other removal mechanism by suspect and nontarget screening of intermediates formed in simulated solution, as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculation theory. Moreover, the degradation pathways about one CF2O molecule or CO2 eliminated with one C atom removed in PFBS by ·OH generated from the PREC oxidation process were further proposed. As a result, the PREC would be a promising technique for the efficient removal of short-chain PFASs from severely contaminated water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China.
| | - Meng-Yuan Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Jia Bao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China.
| | - Li-Xin Shao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yu
- School of Water Resources & Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Min Hu
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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11
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Zhang K, Kujawski D, Spurrell C, Wang B, Crittenden JC. Screening ionic liquids for efficiently extracting perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFACs) from wastewater. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:866-874. [PMID: 36522114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using ionic liquids (ILs)-based methods to remove perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFACs), such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), from wastewater, is an important strategy. However, the lack of physicochemical and LLE data limits the selection of the most suitable ILs for the extraction of PFACs. In this work, 1763 ILs for PFACs extraction from water were systematically screened using COSMOtherm to estimate the infinite dilution activity coefficient (lnγ∞)of PFOA and PFOS in water and ILs. To evaluate the accuracy of COSMOtherm, 8 ILs with various lnγ∞ values were selected, and their extraction efficiency (E) and distribution coefficient (Dexp) were measured experimentally. The results showed that the predicted lnγ∞ decreased as the increase of experimental extraction efficiency of PFOA or PFOS, while the tendency of predicted distribution coefficient (Dpre) was consistent with the experimental (Dexp) results. This work provides an efficient basis for selecting ILs for the extraction of PFACs from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihang Zhang
- Brook Byers Institute of Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - David Kujawski
- Refinery Water Engineering and Associates, Hydrocarbon Processing Water and Waste Technology, Inc., Houston, TX 77042, USA
| | | | - Bing Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110000, China.
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute of Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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12
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Zango ZU, Khoo KS, Garba A, Kadir HA, Usman F, Zango MU, Da Oh W, Lim JW. A review on superior advanced oxidation and photocatalytic degradation techniques for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) elimination from wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115326. [PMID: 36690243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been identified as the most toxic specie of the family of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). It has been widely distributed and frequently detected in environmental wastewater. The compound's unique features such as inherent stability, rigidity, and resistance to harsh chemical and thermal conditions, due to its multiple and strong C-F bonds have resulted in its resistance to conventional wastewater remediations. Photolysis and bioremediation methods have been proven to be inefficient in their elimination, hence this article presents intensive literature studies and summarized findings reported on the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and photocatalytic degradation techniques as the best alternatives for the PFOA elimination from wastewater. Techniques of persulfate, photo-Fenton, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic degradation have been explored and their mechanisms for the degradation and defluorination of the PFOA have been demonstrated. The major advantage of AOPs techniques has been centralized on the generation of active radicals such as sulfate (SO4•-) hydroxyl (•OH). While for the photocatalytic process, photogenerated species (electron (e) and holes (h + vb)) initiated the process. These active radicals and photogenerated species possessed potentiality to attack the PFOA molecule and caused the cleavage of the C-C and C-F bonds, resulting in its efficient degradation. Shorter-chain PFCAs have been identified as the major intermediates detected and the final stage entails its complete mineralization to carbon dioxide (CO2) and fluoride ion (F-). The prospects and challenges associated with the outlined techniques have been highlighted for better understanding of the subject matter for the PFOA elimination from real wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Abdurrahman Garba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Haliru Aivada Kadir
- Department of Quality Assurance and Control, Dangote Cement Plc, Kogi, Nigeria
| | - Fahad Usman
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Muttaqa Uba Zango
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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13
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Sivagami K, Sharma P, Karim AV, Mohanakrishna G, Karthika S, Divyapriya G, Saravanathamizhan R, Kumar AN. Electrochemical-based approaches for the treatment of forever chemicals: Removal of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160440. [PMID: 36436638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical based approaches for the treatment of recalcitrant water borne pollutants are known to exhibit superior function in terms of efficiency and rate of treatment. Considering the stability of Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are designated as forever chemicals, which generating from various industrial activities. PFAS are contaminating the environment in small concentrations, yet exhibit severe environmental and health impacts. Electro-oxidation (EO) is a recent development that treats PFAS, in which different reactive species generates at anode due to oxidative reaction and reductive reactions at the cathode. Compared to water and wastewater treatment methods those being implemented, electrochemical approaches demonstrate superior function against PFAS. EO completely mineralizes (almost 100 %) non-biodegradable organic matter and eliminate some of the inorganic species, which proven as a robust and versatile technology. Electrode materials, electrolyte concentration pH and the current density applying for electrochemical processes determine the treatment efficiency. EO along with electrocoagulation (EC) treats PFAS along with other pollutants from variety of industries showed highest degradation of 7.69 mmol/g of PFAS. Integrated approach with other processes was found to exhibit improved efficiency in treating PFAS using several electrodes boron-doped diamond (BDD), zinc, titanium and lead based with efficiency the range of 64 to 97 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sivagami
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
| | - Pranshu Sharma
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ansaf V Karim
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Gunda Mohanakrishna
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubli 580031, India.
| | - S Karthika
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - G Divyapriya
- Swiss Government Excellence Postdoctoral Scholar, Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Saravanathamizhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. College of Technology, Anna University, India
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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14
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Yang N, Yang S, Ma Q, Beltran C, Guan Y, Morsey M, Brown E, Fernando S, Holsen TM, Zhang W, Yang Y. Solvent-Free Nonthermal Destruction of PFAS Chemicals and PFAS in Sediment by Piezoelectric Ball Milling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:198-203. [PMID: 37034438 PMCID: PMC10074478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the destruction of solid per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) chemicals and PFAS-laden solid wastes significantly lag behind the urgent social demand. There is a great need to develop novel treatment processes that can destroy nonaqueous PFAS at ambient temperatures and pressures. In this study, we develop a piezoelectric-material-assisted ball milling (PZM-BM) process built on the principle that ball collisions during milling can activate PZMs to generate ∼kV potentials for PFAS destruction in the absence of solvents. Using boron nitride (BN), a typical PZM, as an example, we successfully demonstrate the complete destruction and near-quantitative (∼100%) defluorination of solid PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) after a 2 h treatment. This process was also used to treat PFAS-contaminated sediment. Approximately 80% of 21 targeted PFAS were destroyed after 6 h of treatment. The reaction mechanisms were determined to be a combination of piezo-electrochemical oxidation of PFAS and fluorination of BN. The PZM-BM process demonstrates many potential advantages, as the degradation of diverse PFAS is independent of functional group and chain configurations and does not require caustic chemicals, heating, or pressurization. This pioneering study lays the groundwork for optimizing PZM-BM to treat various PFAS-laden solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyang Yang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
| | - Shasha Yang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
- Institute
for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson
University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
| | - Qingquan Ma
- John
A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey07102, United States
| | - Claudia Beltran
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
| | - Yunqiao Guan
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
| | - Madison Morsey
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson
University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
| | - Thomas M. Holsen
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
| | - Wen Zhang
- John
A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey07102, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York13699, United States
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15
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Li Z, Luo ZM, Huang Y, Wang JW, Ouyang G. Recent trends in degradation strategies of PFOA/PFOS substitutes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137653. [PMID: 36581124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global elimination and restriction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), respectively, have urged manufacturers to shift production to their substitutes which still pose threat to the environment with their bioaccumulation, toxicity and migration issues. In this context, efficient technologies and systematic mechanistic studies on the degradation of PFOA/PFOS substitutes are highly desirable. In this review, we summarize the progress in degrading PFOA/PFOS substitutes, including four kinds of mainstream methods. The pros and cons of the present technologies are analyzed, which renders the discussion of future prospects on rational optimizations. Additional discussion is made on the differences in the degradation of various kinds of substitutes, which is compared to the PFOA/PFOS and derives designing principles for more degradable F-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizi Li
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanjun Huang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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16
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Ma X, He C, Yan Y, Chen J, Feng H, Hu J, Zhu H, Xia Y. Energy-efficient electrochemical degradation of ciprofloxacin by a Ti-foam/PbO 2-GN composite electrode: Electrode characteristics, parameter optimization, and reaction mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137739. [PMID: 36608891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reducing energy comsuption is crucial to commercialize electrochemical oxidation technologies. In this study, a novel PbO2 composite electrode (Ti-foam/PbO2-GN) was successfully fabricated based on a porous titanium (Ti) foam substrate and a β-PbO2 active layer embedded with multiple graphene (GN) interlayers, and applied as an anode for energy-efficient pulse electrochemical oxidation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). In contrast to PbO2 and Ti-foam/PbO2 electrodes, the Ti-foam/PbO2-GN electrode surface exhibited a more compact structure, smaller crystal grain size, and greater electrochemical active surface area. CIP removal of 89.7% was obtained with a low energy consumption (EE/O) of 6.17 kWh m-3 under pulse electrolysis conditions with a current density of 25.00 mA cm-2, pulse frequency of 5000 Hz, and pulse duty cycle of 50.0%. Up to 70.7% of the energy was saved in the pulse current mode compared to the direct current mode. Narrowing the electrode spacing to 2 cm facilitated the mass transfer process and enhanced oxidation efficiency. According to the intermediates identified, the pulse electrolysis of CIP primarily involved hydroxylation of the quinolone ring, breaking of the piperazine ring, defluorination, and decarboxylation processes, and a possible degradation mechanism of CIP was proposed. The continuous oxidation performance of CIP and the relatively low leaching of Pb2+ suggested that the Ti-foam/PbO2-GN electrode exhibited excellent stability, repeatability, and safety. The degradation results of CIP in real water also exhibits the great potential of environmental application. As a result, pulse electrochemical oxidation using a Ti-foam/PbO2-GN electrode has proven to be an energy-efficient and promising alternative for antibiotic wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjuan Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Cong He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Huajun Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jinfei Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hang Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yijing Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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17
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Chen Y, Hu H, Jiao X, Du M, Wang B, Zhang Y. Enhanced electrochemical oxidation of oxytetracycline on oxygen vacancy-rich MnO@N-doped C anode: Transformation pathway and toxicity assessment. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Qiao Q, Singh S, Patidar R, Wang L, Li Y, Shi J, Chandra Srivastava V, Lo SL. Contribution of electrolyte in parametric optimization of perfluorooctanoic acid during electro-oxidation: Active chlorinated and sulfonated by-products formation and distribution. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137202. [PMID: 36370760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the roles of peroxydisulfate (PDS) radicals and sulfate radicals (SO4•-) that formed from sulfate (SO42-) during electrochemical oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The effect of operating parameters such as different types of electrolytes (NaCl, NaClO4, and Na2SO4), initial pH, current density, dose of electrolyte, and initial concentration of PFOA using electrochemical oxidation for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) decomposition study was investigated. A difference in the removal efficiency with different electrolytes (i.e., Cl-, ClO4-, and SO42-) illustrated an increasing effect of electrooxidation of PFOA in the order of ClO4- < Cl- < SO42-, which suggested that •OH induced oxidation and direct e- transfer reaction continued to play a crucial role in oxidation of PFOA. At the optimum treatment condition of j = 225.2 Am-2, Na2SO4 concentration = 1.5 gL-1, [PFOA]o = 50 mgL-1 and initial pH = 3.8 maximum PFOA removal of 92% and TOC removal of 80% was investigated at 240 min. The formation of three shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylates (i.e., perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and formate (HCOO-) ions were detected as by-products of PFOA electro-oxidation, showing that the C-C bond first broken in C7F15 and then mineralized into CO2, and fluoride ion (F-). The fluorine recovery as F- ions and the organic fluorine as the shorter-chain by-products were also obtained. The degradation kinetic has also been studied using the nth-order kinetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Qiao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nantong College of Science and Technology, Nantong City, Jiangsu, 226007, PR China
| | - Seema Singh
- School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, PR China.
| | - Ritesh Patidar
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, 324010, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lizhang Wang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, 221116, PR China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nantong College of Science and Technology, Nantong City, Jiangsu, 226007, PR China
| | - Jian Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu, 226007, PR China
| | - Vimal Chandra Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, PR China; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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19
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Enhancing laccase-assisted polymerization reactions with perfluorinated compounds. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Saleem M, Tomei G, Beria M, Marotta E, Paradisi C. Highly efficient degradation of PFAS and other surfactants in water with atmospheric RAdial plasma (RAP) discharge. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135800. [PMID: 35931256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric plasma offers a viable approach to new water remediation technologies, best suited for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants such as PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. This paper reports on the remarkable performance of a novel RAdial Plasma (RAP) discharge reactor in treating water contaminated with PFAS surfactants, notably the ubiquitous perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). RAP proved to be versatile and robust, performing very well over a wide range of pollutants concentrations. Thus, PFOA degradation was most satisfactory with regard to all critical indicators, kinetics (≥99% PFOA conversion in less than 2.5 min and 30 min in solutions with initial concentrations of 41 μg/L and 41 mg/L, respectively), byproducts, and energy efficiency (G50 greater than 2000 mg/kWh for 41 μg/L - 4.1 mg/L PFOA initial concentrations). Likewise for PFOS as well as for Triton X-100, a common fluorine-free non-ionic surfactant tested to explore the scope of applicability of RAP to the degradation of surfactants in general. The results obtained with RAP compare most favourably with those reported for state-of-art plasma systems in similar experiments. RAP's excellent performance is attributed to the dense network of radial discharges it generates, randomly spread over the entire exposed surface of the liquid thus establishing an extended highly reactive plasma-liquid interface with both strongly reducing and oxidizing species. Mechanistic insight is offered based on the observed degradation products and on available literature data on the surfactants properties and on their plasma induced degradation investigated in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubbshir Saleem
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giulia Tomei
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Beria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ester Marotta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Cristina Paradisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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21
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Wang Y, Li L, Huang Q. Electrooxidation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in chloride-containing water on surface-fluorinated Ti 4O 7 anodes: Mitigation and elimination of chlorate and perchlorate formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135877. [PMID: 35931258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrooxidation (EO) has been shown effective in degrading per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, but concurrent formation of chlorate and perchlorate in the presence of chloride is of concern due to their toxicity. This study examined EO treatment of three representative PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), in chloride-containing solutions on pristine and surface-fluorinated Ti4O7 anodes having different percentage of surface fluorination. The experiment results indicate that surface fluorination of Ti4O7 anodes slightly inhibited PFAS degradation, while significantly decreased the formation of chlorate and perchlorate. Further studies with spectroscopic and electrochemical characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) computation reveal the mechanisms of the impact on EO performance by anode fluorination. In particular, chlorate and perchlorate formation were fully inhibited when fluorinated Ti4O7 anode was used in reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) under a proper anodic potential range (<3.0 V vs Standard Hydrogen Electrode), resulting from slower intermediate reaction steps and short residence time of the REM system. The results of this study provide a basis for design and optimization of modified Ti4O7 anodes for efficient EO treatment of PFAS while limiting chlorate and perchlorate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaye Wang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States
| | - Lei Li
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States.
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22
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Veciana M, Bräunig J, Farhat A, Pype ML, Freguia S, Carvalho G, Keller J, Ledezma P. Electrochemical oxidation processes for PFAS removal from contaminated water and wastewater: fundamentals, gaps and opportunities towards practical implementation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128886. [PMID: 35436757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is emerging as one of the most promising methods for the degradation of recalcitrant per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and wastewater, as these compounds cannot be effectively treated with conventional bio- or chemical approaches. This review examines the state of the art of EO for PFASs destruction, and comprehensively compares operating parameters and treatment performance indicators for both synthetic and real contaminated water and wastewater media. The evaluation shows the need to use environmentally-relevant media to properly quantify the effectiveness/efficiency of EO for PFASs treatment. Additionally, there is currently a lack of quantification of sorption losses, resulting in a likely over-estimation of process' efficiencies. Furthermore, the majority of experimental results to date indicate that short-chain PFASs are the most challenging and need to be prioritized as environmental regulations become more stringent. Finally, and with a perspective towards practical implementation, several operational strategies are proposed, including processes combining up-concentration followed by EO destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersabel Veciana
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ali Farhat
- GHD Pty Ltd, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Pype
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gilda Carvalho
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jürg Keller
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pablo Ledezma
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
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23
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Leung SCE, Shukla P, Chen D, Eftekhari E, An H, Zare F, Ghasemi N, Zhang D, Nguyen NT, Li Q. Emerging technologies for PFOS/PFOA degradation and removal: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:153669. [PMID: 35217058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are highly recalcitrant anthropogenic chemicals that are ubiquitously present in the environment and are harmful to humans. Typical water and wastewater treatment processes (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration) are proven to be largely ineffective, while adsorption with granular activated carbon (GAC) has been the chief option to capture them from aqueous sources followed by incineration. However, this process is time-consuming, and produces additional solid waste and air pollution. Treatment methods for PFOS and PFOA generally follow two routes: (1) removal from source and reduce the risk; (2) degradation. Emerging technologies focusing on degradation are critically reviewed in this contribution. Various processes such as bioremediation, electrocoagulation, foam fractionation, sonolysis, photocatalysis, mechanochemical, electrochemical degradation, beams of electron and plasma have been developed and studied in the past decade to address PFAS crisis. The underlying mechanisms of these PFAS degradation methods have been categorized. Two main challenges have been identified, namely complexity in large scale operation and the release of toxic byproducts. Based on the literature survey, we have provided a strength-weakness-opportunity-threat (SWOT) analysis and quantitative rating on their efficiency, environmental impact and technology readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Cheung Edgar Leung
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Pradeep Shukla
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dechao Chen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ehsan Eftekhari
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; Golder Associates Pty Ltd, Level 4, 45 Francis Street, Northbridge, Western Australia 6003, Australia
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Firuz Zare
- School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Garden Point, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Negareh Ghasemi
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dongke Zhang
- Centre for Energy (M473), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Qin Li
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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24
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Hwang JH, Li Sip YY, Kim KT, Han G, Rodriguez KL, Fox DW, Afrin S, Burnstine-Townley A, Zhai L, Lee WH. Nanoparticle-embedded hydrogel synthesized electrodes for electrochemical oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134001. [PMID: 35181416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sliver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) were embedded on poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)/poly (allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) hydrogel fibers for improved electrochemical oxidation (EO) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) removal. The NPs-loaded PAA/PAHs shows the better charge transport compared to the ceramic nanofiber membranes (CNM) electrodes. At 10 mA cm-2 of current density, the Ag-PAA/PAH electrodes showed a faster removal of PFAS compared to the Ag-CNM electrode probably due to large surface area-volume ratio and high porosity from the hydrogel. Among NPs-loaded PAA/PAH electrodes, the Ag/Au-PAA/PAH electrodes showed the highest removal of PFOA (72%) and PFOS (91%) in 2 h with the maximum removal rate of PFOA (0.0046 min-1) and PFOS (0.0093 min-1). The rapid PFOS removal is possibly due to the high activity of electron transfer with a higher redox potential of SO4•- than •OH. The highly stable F- generation was obtained from each electrode during reproducibility (n = 3). The net energy consumption from Ag/Au-PAA/PAH electrode was 164.9 kWh m-3 for 72% PFOA removal and 90 kWh m-3 for 91% PFOS removal, respectively. The developed Au-PAA/PAH electrodes were applied to lake water samples and showed acceptable PFOS removal (65%) with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 10.2% (n = 3) at 10 mA cm-2 of current density. Overall, the NP-embedded hydrogel nanofibers were proven to be a promising sustainable catalyst for the electrochemical PFAS oxidation in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, And Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yuen Yee Li Sip
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Keug Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18323, South Korea
| | - Gaehee Han
- Water Quality Research Center, Waterworks Headquarters of Daegu Metropolitan City, Daegu, 42423, South Korea
| | - Kelsey L Rodriguez
- Department of Civil, Environmental, And Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - David W Fox
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Sajia Afrin
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Alex Burnstine-Townley
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lei Zhai
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Woo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, And Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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25
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Berg C, Crone B, Gullett B, Higuchi M, Krause MJ, Lemieux PM, Martin T, Shields EP, Struble E, Thoma E, Whitehill A. Developing innovative treatment technologies for PFAS-containing wastes. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:540-555. [PMID: 34905459 PMCID: PMC9316338 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.2000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The release of persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into the environment is a major concern for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). To complement its ongoing research efforts addressing PFAS contamination, the U.S. EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) commissioned the PFAS Innovative Treatment Team (PITT) to provide new perspectives on treatment and disposal of high priority PFAS-containing wastes. During its six-month tenure, the team was charged with identifying and developing promising solutions to destroy PFAS. The PITT examined emerging technologies for PFAS waste treatment and selected four technologies for further investigation. These technologies included mechanochemical treatment, electrochemical oxidation, gasification and pyrolysis, and supercritical water oxidation. This paper highlights these four technologies and discusses their prospects and the development needed before potentially becoming available solutions to address PFAS-contaminated waste.Implications: This paper examines four novel, non-combustion technologies or applications for the treatment of persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) wastes. These technologies are introduced to the reader along with their current state of development and areas for further development. This information will be useful for developers, policy makers, and facility managers that are facing increasing issues with disposal of PFAS wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Berg
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Crone
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Gullett
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Higuchi
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Max J. Krause
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul M. Lemieux
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd Martin
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin P. Shields
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ed Struble
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eben Thoma
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Whitehill
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Xu J, Liu Y, Li D, Li L, Zhang Y, Chen S, Wu Q, Wang P, Zhang C, Sun J. Insights into the electrooxidation of florfenicol by a highly active La-doped Ti4O7 anode. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Niu Y, Yang Z, Wang J, Zhou Y, Wang H, Wu S, Xu R. Decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid from wastewater using coating electrode: efficiency, the anode characteristics and degradation mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Duinslaeger N, Radjenovic J. Electrochemical degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) using low-cost graphene sponge electrodes. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118148. [PMID: 35151089 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Boron-doped, graphene sponge anode was synthesized and applied for the electrochemical oxidation of C4-C8 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Removal efficiencies, obtained in low conductivity electrolyte (1 mS cm-1) and one-pass flow-through mode, were in the range 16.7-67% at 230 A m-2 of anodic current density, and with the energy consumption of 10.1 ± 0.7 kWh m-3. Their removal was attributed to electrosorption (7.4-35%), and electrooxidation (9.3-32%). Defluorination efficiencies of C4-C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and acids were 8-24% due to a fraction of PFAS being electrosorbed only at the anode surface. Yet, the recovery of fluoride was 74-87% relative to the electrooxidized fraction, suggesting that once the degradation of the PFAS is initiated, the C-F bond cleavage is very efficient. The nearly stoichiometric sulfate recoveries obtained for perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (91%-98%) relative to the electrooxidized fraction demonstrated an efficient cleavage of the sulfonate head-group. Adsorbable organic fluoride (AOF) analysis showed that the remaining partially defluorinated byproducts are electrosorbed at the graphene sponge anode during current application and are released into the solution after the current is switched off. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that the developed graphene sponge anode is capable of C-F bond cleavage and defluorination of PFAS. Given that the graphene sponge anode is electrochemically inert towards chloride and does not form any chlorate and perchlorate even in brackish solutions, the developed material may unlock the electrochemical degradation of PFAS complex wastewaters and brines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Duinslaeger
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Yang LH, Yang WJ, Lv SH, Zhu TT, Adeel Sharif HM, Yang C, Du J, Lin H. Is HFPO-DA (GenX) a suitable substitute for PFOA? A comprehensive degradation comparison of PFOA and GenX via electrooxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111995. [PMID: 34492278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the potential hazard of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA, GenX) has become a typical alternative since 2009. However, GenX has recently been reported to have equal or even greater toxicity and bioaccumulation than PFOA. Considering the suitability of alternatives, it is quite essential to study and compare the degradation degree between PFOA and GenX in water. Therefore, in the present study, a comprehensive degradation comparison between them via electrooxidation with a titanium suboxide membrane anode was conducted. The degradation rate decreased throughout for PFOA, while it first increased and then decreased for GenX when the permeate flux increased from 17.3 L to 100.3 L m-2·h-1. The different responses of PFOA and GenX to flux might be attributed to their different solubilities. In addition, the higher kobs of PFOA demonstrated that it had a better degradability than GenX by 2.4-fold in a mixed solution. The fluorinated byproduct perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA) was detected as a GenX intermediate, suggesting that ether bridge splitting was needed for GenX electrooxidation. This study provides a reference for assessing the degradability of GenX and PFOA and indicates that it is worth reconsidering whether GenX is a suitable alternative for PFOA from the point of view of environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hui Yang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Wen-Jian Yang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Si-Hao Lv
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | | | - Cao Yang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Hui Lin
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China.
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30
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Fenti A, Jin Y, Rhoades AJH, Dooley GP, Iovino P, Salvestrini S, Musmarra D, Mahendra S, Peaslee GF, Blotevogel J. Performance testing of mesh anodes for in situ electrochemical oxidation of PFAS. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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31
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A Review of Treatment Techniques for Short-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12041941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing amount of short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) alternatives has been used in industrial and commercial products. However, short-chain PFASs remain persistent, potentially toxic, and extremely mobile, posing potential threats to human health because of their widespread pollution and accumulation in the water cycle. This study systematically summarized the removal effect, operation conditions, treating time, and removal mechanism of various low carbon treatment techniques for short-chain PFASs, involving adsorption, advanced oxidation, and other practices. By the comparison of applicability, pros, and cons, as well as bottlenecks and development trends, the most widely used and effective method was adsorption, which could eliminate short-chain PFASs with a broad range of concentrations and meet the low-carbon policy, although the adsorbent regeneration was undesirable. In addition, advanced oxidation techniques could degrade short-chain PFASs with low energy consumption but unsatisfied mineralization rates. Therefore, combined with the actual situation, it is urgent to enhance and upgrade the water treatment techniques to improve the treatment efficiency of short-chain PFASs, for providing a scientific basis for the effective treatment of PFASs pollution in water bodies globally.
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32
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Suresh Babu D, Mol JMC, Buijnsters JG. Experimental insights into anodic oxidation of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) on boron-doped diamond anodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132417. [PMID: 34606896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
GenX is the trade name of the ammonium salt of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) and is used as a replacement for the banned perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). However, recent studies have found GenX to be more toxic than PFOA. This work deals with the electrochemical degradation of HFPO-DA using boron-doped diamond anodes. For the first time, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the influence of sulfate concentration and other operating parameters on HFPO-DA degradation. Results demonstrated that sulfate radicals were ineffective in HFPO-DA degradation due to steric hindrance by -CF3 branch. Direct electron transfer was found as the rate-determining step. By comparing degradation of HFPO-DA with that of PFOA, it was observed that the steric hindrance by -CF3 branch in HFPO-DA decreased the rate of electron transfer from the carboxyl head group even though its defluorination rate was faster. Conclusively, a degradation pathway is proposed in which HFPO-DA mineralizes to CO2 and F- via formation of three intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Suresh Babu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Josephus G Buijnsters
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Research Group of Micro and Nano Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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33
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Degradation of Azo Dyes with Different Functional Groups in Simulated Wastewater by Electrocoagulation. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to the widespread contamination of azo dyes in water bodies globally. These chemicals can present high toxicity, possibly causing severe irritation of the respiratory tract and even carcinogenic effects. The present study focuses on the periodically reverse electrocoagulation (PREC) treatment of two typical azo dyes with different functional groups, involving methyl orange (MO) and alizarin yellow (AY), using Fe-Fe electrodes. Based upon the comparative analysis of three main parameters, including current intensity, pH, and electrolyte, the optimal color removal rates for MO and AY could be achieved at a rate of up to 98.7% and 98.6%, respectively, when the current intensity is set to 0.6 A, the pH is set at 6.0, and the electrolyte is selected as NaCl. An accurate predicted method of response surface methodology (RSM) was established to optimize the PREC process involving the three parameters above. The reaction time was the main influence for both azo dyes, while the condition of PREC treatment for AY simulated wastewater was time-saving and energy conserving. According to the further UV–Vis spectrophotometry analysis throughout the procedure of the PREC process, the removal efficiency for AY was better than that of MO, potentially because hydroxyl groups might donate electrons to iron flocs or electrolyze out hydroxyl free radicals. The present study revealed that the functional groups might pose a vital influence on the removal efficiencies of the PREC treatment for those two azo dyes.
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34
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Strong hydrophobic affinity and enhanced •OH generation boost energy-efficient electrochemical destruction of perfluorooctanoic acid on robust ceramic/PbO2-PTFE anode. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Zhang H, Li P, Zhang A, Sun Z, Liu J, Héroux P, Liu Y. Enhancing Interface Reactions by Introducing Microbubbles into a Plasma Treatment Process for Efficient Decomposition of PFOA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16067-16077. [PMID: 34751567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient destruction of perfluoroalkyl compounds in contaminated waters remains a challenge because of highly stable C-F bonds. In this study, mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with high concentration (∼30 mg/L) was realized in a needle-plate pulsed discharge reactor integrated with a water jet (NPDW) to which microbubbles (MBs) with different carrier gases (air, N2, and Ar) were introduced to enhance interfacial reactions. MBs effectively enrich dispersed PFOA from a bulk solution to a liquid surface to allow enhancing contact with reactive species and also expanding the plasma discharge area and channels. The PFOA removal efficiency in air and Ar discharge reached 81.5 and 95.3% in 2 h, respectively, with a defluorination ratio of no less than 50%. Energy requirements (EE/O) ranged from 216.49 to 331.95 kWh/m3. Aside from fluoride, PFOA was degraded to a range of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids and, to a minor extent, at least 20 other fluorinated transformation products. PFOA degradation mechanisms were proposed, including decarboxylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation reduction, and defluorination reactions. Real water matrices (groundwater, tap water, wastewater effluent, and surface water) showed moderate impact on treatment outcomes, demonstrating the robustness of the treatment process. The study demonstrated an environmentally friendly nonthermal plasma technology for effective PFOA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Pan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 1239, China
| | - Ai Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhuyu Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Paul Héroux
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Yanan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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36
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Kinetics of Aqueous Persulfate-Induced Oxidative Degradation of Heptafluorobutanoate, Pentafluoropropionate, and Trifluoroacetate. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Yang Y, Wei X, Miao J, Zhang R, Xu H, Liu J, Zhu S. Electrochemical Degradation of 4-Fluorophenol in a Moveable Pd-Polypyrrole Catalyst-Mediated Reactor. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Deng Y, Liang Z, Lu X, Chen D, Li Z, Wang F. The degradation mechanisms of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) by different chemical methods: A critical review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131168. [PMID: 34182635 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of artificial compounds comprised of a perfluoroalkyl main chain and a terminal functional group. With them being applied in a wide range of applications, PFASs have drawn increasing regulatory attention and research interests on their reductions and treatments due to their harmful effects on environment and human beings. Among numerous studies, chemical treatments (e.g., photochemical, electrochemical, and thermal technologies) have been proved to be important methods to degradation PFASs. However, the pathways and mechanisms for the degradation of PFASs through these chemical methods still have not been well documented. This article therefore provides a comprehensive review on the degradation mechanisms of two important PFASs (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)) with photochemical, electrochemical and thermal methods. Different decomposition mechanisms of PFOA and PFOS are reviewed and discussed. Overall, the degradation pathways of PFASs are associated closely with their head groups and chain lengths, and H/F exchange and chain shortening were found to be predominant degradation mechanisms. The clear study on the degradation mechanisms of PFOA and PFOS should be very useful for the complete degradation or mineralization of PFASs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- The Pearl River Water Resources Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510611, China
| | - Xingwen Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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39
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Wackett LP. Nothing lasts forever: understanding microbial biodegradation of polyfluorinated compounds and perfluorinated alkyl substances. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:773-792. [PMID: 34570953 PMCID: PMC8913905 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly‐ and perfluorinated chemicals, including perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), are pervasive in today’s society, with a negative impact on human and ecosystem health continually emerging. These chemicals are now subject to strict government regulations, leading to costly environmental remediation efforts. Commercial polyfluorinated compounds have been called ‘forever chemicals’ due to their strong resistance to biological and chemical degradation. Environmental cleanup by bioremediation is not considered practical currently. Implementation of bioremediation will require uncovering and understanding the rare microbial successes in degrading these compounds. This review discusses the underlying reasons why microbial degradation of heavily fluorinated compounds is rare. Fluorinated and chlorinated compounds are very different with respect to chemistry and microbial physiology. Moreover, the end product of biodegradation, fluoride, is much more toxic than chloride. It is imperative to understand these limitations, and elucidate physiological mechanisms of defluorination, in order to better discover, study, and engineer bacteria that can efficiently degrade polyfluorinated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Wackett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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40
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Shi H, Chiang SYD, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liang S, Zhou J, Fontanez R, Gao S, Huang Q. An electrocoagulation and electrooxidation treatment train to remove and degrade per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous solution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147723. [PMID: 34034184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the feasibility of a novel treatment train that combines electrocoagulation (EC) with electrooxidation (EO) treatment to remove and degrade per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from water. Electrocoagulation with a zinc anode could effectively remove PFASs from water, and long-chain PFASs (C7-C10) tended to have a higher removal rate. Foam was generated when a relatively high current density (>1 mA cm-2) was applied to a relatively high PFAS concentration (each PFAS > 0.1 μM) during EC, which promoted the separation of PFASs from the bulk solution, especially for long-chain PFASs. Isotherm-like adsorption results indicated that competitive adsorption on floc occurred between PFASs when no foam was produced in a solution containing 10 different PFASs. Acid dissolution methods could recover and concentrate 10 PFASs in controlled volumes from both the floc and the foam, and it was also successfully applied in groundwater collected from a contaminated site. The concentrated PFASs in the acid solutions were efficiently destructed using EO treatment with a Ti4O7 anode at 10 mA cm-2, and no supplement of electrolyte was needed for the floc dissolved solution. This electrochemical-based process can economically separate, concentrate and destroy PFASs in groundwater and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Shi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
| | | | - Yaye Wang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
| | - Shangtao Liang
- AECOM Technical Services, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30309, United States
| | - Jing Zhou
- AECOM Technical Services, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30309, United States
| | - Raymond Fontanez
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, United States.
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41
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Gu H, Xie W, Du A, Pan D, Guo Z. Overview of electrocatalytic treatment of antibiotic pollutants in wastewater. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2021.1960009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Gu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Xie
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duo Pan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Integrated Composites Lab (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Lab (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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42
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Liu L, Liu Y, Che N, Gao B, Li C. Electrochemical adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid on a novel reduced graphene oxide aerogel loaded with Cu nanoparticles and fluorine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125866. [PMID: 33894436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely concerned because its serious toxicity to the environment and ecosystems. In order to effectively and conveniently remove PFOA from aqueous solutions, reduced graphene oxide aerogel modified by Cu nanoparticles and fluorine (Cu/F-rGA) was prepared by the microbubble template method as an electrode in electrosorption. The removal capacity of Cu/F-rGA electrode to PFOA was 489% and 45.9% higher at + 0.8 V than that of open circuit and unmodified electrode, respectively. These significant improvements can be attributed to the advantages of Cu/F-rGA in ligand exchange reaction and electrostatic attraction under voltage assistance. The regeneration of Cu/F-rGA electrode maintained 75.51% capacity after 10 times electrosorption-desorption by applying reverse voltage. These properties provided potential for the reuse and application of Cu/F-rGA electrode. The electrosorption isotherm and model results showed that PFOA tended to be parallel to the adsorption site at low temperature and perpendicular at high temperature. The number of PFOA molecules connected to each adsorption site was 0.72-1.76, and the number of adsorption layers of PFOA on the electrode was between 1.46 and 2.87. Findings from this study provide a green and effective strategy to remove PFOA from aqueous solutions with low energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Naiju Che
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Chengliang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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43
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Marks RG, Kerpen K, Diesing D, Telgheder U. Electrochemical degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid in aqueous solution by boron-doped diamond electrodes under pulsed voltage conditions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Shende T, Andaluri G, Suri R. Power density modulated ultrasonic degradation of perfluoroalkyl substances with and without sparging Argon. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 76:105639. [PMID: 34175810 PMCID: PMC8237577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The power density modulates the dynamics of the chemical reactions during the ultrasonic breakdown of organic compounds. We evaluated the ultrasonic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) at various power densities (30 W/L-262 W/L) with and without sparging Argon. We observed pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics at an initial PFASs concentration of 100 nM over a range of power density. The rate kinetics of degradation shows a non-linear increase with an increase in power density. We proposed a four-parameter logistic regression (4PLR) equation that empirically fits the degradation rate kinetics with the power density. The 4PLR equation predicts that the maximum achievable half-life of PFOA and PFOS sonochemical degradation are 1 and 10 min under a given set of experimental conditions. The high bulk-water temperature (i.e., 30 °C) of the aqueous sample helps increase the degradation rate of PFOA and PFOS. The addition of oxidants such as iodate and chlorate help enhance PFOA degradation in an argon environment at an ultrasonic frequency of 575 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takshak Shende
- NSF - Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Gangadhar Andaluri
- NSF - Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rominder Suri
- NSF - Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.
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45
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Zweigle J, Bugsel B, Schmitt M, Zwiener C. Electrochemical Oxidation of 6:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diester-Simulation of Transformation Pathways and Reaction Kinetics with Hydroxyl Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11070-11079. [PMID: 34327989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) are widely used for paper and cardboard impregnation and discharged via waste streams from production processes and consumer products. To improve the knowledge about the environmental fate of diPAPs, electrochemical oxidation (EO) was used to characterize the transformation pathways and reaction kinetics. 6:2 diPAP was transformed electrochemically to perfluorocarboxylic acids (C5-C7 PFCAs) and two intermediates (6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, FTCA, and 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid, FTUCA). EO of potential intermediates 6:2 monoPAP and 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) showed similar transformation products but with different ratios. We show that 6:2 diPAP is initiated by OH radical (•OH) reactions, as evidenced by the measured steady-state concentrations of •OH with the probe molecule terephthalic acid, quenching experiments, and pH dependency of the reaction. PFHpA was the main product of 6:2 diPAP oxidation, and it was formed in a pseudo-first-order reaction for which a bimolecular rate constant was estimated to be k O • H , diPAP form PFHpA = 9.4(±1.4) × 107 M-1 s-1 by an initial rate approach. This can be utilized to estimate the environmental half-life of 6:2 diPAP for the reaction with •OH and the formation kinetics of persistent PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitt
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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46
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Wang L, Nickelsen M, Chiang SY, Woodard S, Wang Y, Liang S, Mora R, Fontanez R, Anderson H, Huang Q. Treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids in concentrated wastes from regeneration of spent ion exchange resin by electrochemical oxidation using Magnéli phase Ti4O7 anode. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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47
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Zhang W, Pang S, Lin Z, Mishra S, Bhatt P, Chen S. Biotransformation of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors from various environmental systems: advances and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115908. [PMID: 33190976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely used in industrial production and daily life because of their unique physicochemical properties, such as their hydrophobicity, oleophobicity, surface activity, and thermal stability. Perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) are the most studied PFAAs due to their global occurrence. PFAAs are environmentally persistent, toxic, and the long-chain homologs are also bioaccumulative. Exposure to PFAAs may arise directly from emission or indirectly via the environmental release and degradation of PFAA precursors. Precursors themselves or their conversion intermediates can present deleterious effects, including hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, and genetic toxicity. Therefore, exposure to PFAA precursors constitutes a potential hazard for environmental contamination. In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental fate and effects of PFAA precursors and their connection with PFSAs and PFCAs, we review environmental biodegradability studies carried out with microbial strains, activated sludge, plants, and earthworms over the past decade. In particular, we review perfluorooctyl-sulfonamide-based precursors, including perfluroooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and its N-ethyl derivative (EtFOSA), N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (EtFOSE), and EtFOSE-based phosphate diester (DiSAmPAP). Fluorotelomerization-based precursors are also reviewed, including fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH), fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSA), and a suite of their transformation products. Though limited information is currently available on zwitterionic PFAS precursors, a preliminary review of data available for 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide betaine (FTAB) was also conducted. Furthermore, we update and refine the recent knowledge on biotransformation strategies with a focus on metabolic pathways and mechanisms involved in the biotransformation of PFAA precursors. The biotransformation of PFAA precursors mainly involves the cleavage of carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds and the degradation of non-fluorinated functional groups via oxidation, dealkylation, and defluorination to form shorter-chained PFAAs. Based on the existing research, the current problems and future research directions on the biotransformation of PFAA precursors are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shimei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Jiang Y, Zhao H, Liang J, Yue L, Li T, Luo Y, Liu Q, Lu S, Asiri AM, Gong Z, Sun X. Anodic oxidation for the degradation of organic pollutants: Anode materials, operating conditions and mechanisms. A mini review. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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49
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Bolan N, Sarkar B, Yan Y, Li Q, Wijesekara H, Kannan K, Tsang DCW, Schauerte M, Bosch J, Noll H, Ok YS, Scheckel K, Kumpiene J, Gobindlal K, Kah M, Sperry J, Kirkham MB, Wang H, Tsang YF, Hou D, Rinklebe J. Remediation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soils - To mobilize or to immobilize or to degrade? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123892. [PMID: 33113753 PMCID: PMC8025151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals, which are introduced to the environment through anthropogenic activities. Aqueous film forming foam used in firefighting, wastewater effluent, landfill leachate, and biosolids are major sources of PFAS input to soil and groundwater. Remediation of PFAS contaminated solid and aqueous media is challenging, which is attributed to the chemical and thermal stability of PFAS and the complexity of PFAS mixtures. In this review, remediation of PFAS contaminated soils through manipulation of their bioavailability and destruction is presented. While the mobilizing amendments (e.g., surfactants) enhance the mobility and bioavailability of PFAS, the immobilizing amendments (e.g., activated carbon) decrease their bioavailability and mobility. Mobilizing amendments can be applied to facilitate the removal of PFAS though soil washing, phytoremediation, and complete destruction through thermal and chemical redox reactions. Immobilizing amendments are likely to reduce the transfer of PFAS to food chain through plant and biota (e.g., earthworm) uptake, and leaching to potable water sources. Future studies should focus on quantifying the potential leaching of the mobilized PFAS in the absence of removal by plant and biota uptake or soil washing, and regular monitoring of the long-term stability of the immobilized PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthi Bolan
- The Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Marina Schauerte
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Julian Bosch
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Noll
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kirk Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kapish Gobindlal
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
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50
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Mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid by combined aerated electrocoagulation and Modified peroxi-coagulation methods. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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