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Smythe TA, Su G, Bergman Å, Letcher RJ. Metabolic transformation of environmentally-relevant brominated flame retardants in Fauna: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107097. [PMID: 35134713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, production trends of the flame retardant (FR) industry, and specifically for brominated FRs (BFRs), is for the replacement of banned and regulated compounds with more highly brominated, higher molecular weight compounds including oligomeric and polymeric compounds. Chemical, biological, and environmental stability of BFRs has received some attention over the years but knowledge is currently lacking in the transformation potential and metabolism of replacement emerging or novel BFRs (E/NBFRs). For articles published since 2015, a systematic search strategy reviewed the existing literature on the direct (e.g., in vitro or in vivo) non-human BFR metabolism in fauna (animals). Of the 51 papers reviewed, and of the 75 known environmental BFRs, PBDEs were by far the most widely studied, followed by HBCDDs and TBBPA. Experimental protocols between studies showed large disparities in exposure or incubation times, age, sex, depuration periods, and of the absence of active controls used in in vitro experiments. Species selection emphasized non-standard test animals and/or field-collected animals making comparisons difficult. For in vitro studies, confounding variables were generally not taken into consideration (e.g., season and time of day of collection, pollution point-sources or human settlements). As of 2021 there remains essentially no information on the fate and metabolic pathways or kinetics for 30 of the 75 environmentally relevant E/BFRs. Regardless, there are clear species-specific and BFR-specific differences in metabolism and metabolite formation (e.g. BDE congeners and HBCDD isomers). Future in vitro and in vivo metabolism/biotransformation research on E/NBFRs is required to better understand their bioaccumulation and fate in exposed organisms. Also, studies should be conducted on well characterized lab (e.g., laboratory rodents, zebrafish) and commonly collected wildlife species used as captive models (crucian carp, Japanese quail, zebra finches and polar bears).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Smythe
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Xu L, Wang Y, Song E, Song Y. Nucleophilic and redox properties of polybrominated diphenyl ether derived-quinone/hydroquinone metabolites are responsible for their neurotoxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126697. [PMID: 34329100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a category of brominated flame retardants, which were widely used in industrial products since the 1970 s. Our previous studies indicated quinone-type metabolites of PBDEs (PBDE-Qs) cause neurotoxicity, however, their inherent toxicological mechanism remains unclear. Here, we first synthesized PBDE-Qs and corresponding reduced hydroquinone homologous (PBDE-HQs) with different pattern of bromine substitution. Their nucleophilic and redox properties were investigated. PBDE-Qs react with reduced glutathione (GSH) via Michael addition and bromine displacement reaction, whilst PBDE-HQs lack the ability of reacting with GSH. Of note, the displacement reaction only occurs with bromine on the quinone ring of PBDE-Qs but not phenyl ring. Next, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed the generation of SQ•-, along with their downstream hydroxyl radical (HO•) and methyl radical (•CH3) through a PBDE quinone/semiquinone/hydroquinone (Q/SQ•-/HQ) futile cycle. In addition, a structure-dependent cytotoxicity pattern was found, the exposure of PBDE-Q/HQ with bromine substitution on the quinone ring resulted in higher level of apoptosis and autophagy in BV2 cells. In conclusion, this work clearly demonstrated that the nucleophilic and redox properties of PBDE-Qs/HQs are responsible for their neurotoxicity, and this finding provide better understanding of neurotoxicity of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
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Dong W, Tan Y, Qin Q, Yang B, Zhu Q, Xu L, Liu Z, Song E, Song Y. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Quinone Induces NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy through Selectively Autophagic Degradation of Ferritin. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2509-2516. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Tan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiushuang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
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Boisvert G, Sonne C, Rigét FF, Dietz R, Letcher RJ. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl acids and precursors in East Greenland polar bears and their ringed seal prey. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1335-1343. [PMID: 31252131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of 22 major perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in tissues of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and their major prey species, the ringed seal (Pusa hispida), from the Scoresby Sound region of East Greenland. In polar bear liver the mean Σ4PFSA (perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid) concentration (C4, C6, C8 and C10) was 2611 ± 202 ng/g wet weight (ww; 99% perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)) and two orders of magnitude higher than the 20 ± 3 ng/g ww (89% PFOS) concentration in fat. The mean Σ4PFSAs in seal liver was 111 ± 5 ng/g ww (98% PFOS) and three orders of magnitude higher relative to the 0.05 ± 0.01 ng/g ww concentration in blubber (100% perfluorohexane sulfonate). Perfluoro-1-octane sulfonamide (FOSA) was quantifiable in bear (mean 10 ± 1.4 ng/g ww) and seal (mean 0.6 ± 0.1 ng/g ww) liver but not in fat or blubber. The mean Σ13PFCAs (C4-C18; perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids) in bear liver (924 ± 71 ng/g ww) was much greater than in seal liver (74 ± 6 ng/g ww). In bear fat and seal blubber, the mean Σ13PFCAs were 15 ± 1.9 and 0.9 ± 0.1 ng/g ww, respectively. Longer chain C11 to C14 PFCAs dominated in bear fat and seal blubber (60-80% of Σ13PFCA), whereas shorter-chain C9 to C11 PFCAs dominated in the liver (85-90% of Σ13PFCA). Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were orders of magnitude greater for PFHxS and C9 to C13 PFCAs when based on bear liver to seal blubber rather than bear liver to seal liver, and PFCA (C9 to C13) BMFs decreased with increasing chain length. Seal blubber to bear liver BMFs better reflects the dietary exposure relationship of PFAS between bears and seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Boisvert
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada and the Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada and the Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Zhu N, Yang Y, Xu H, Wang Q, Wei Y, Li M, Li F, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang X, Fang Y. Bioaccumulation of decabromodiphenyl ether affects the antioxidant system in the clam Mactra veneriformis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 68:19-26. [PMID: 30861468 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant enzymes play vital roles against oxidative stress induced by decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), being widespread in marine environment. However, the effect of BDE-209 on antioxidant enzymes remains poorly understood in marine bivalves. In this study, the clams Mactra veneriformis were exposed to 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L BDE-209 for 7 days and then maintained in clean seawater for 3 days as the depuration. The bioaccumulation of BDE-209 and the effects on superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were investigated. BDE-209 accumulation was concentration-dependent and decreased by 36%-52% after recovery. Malondialdehyde contents increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. mRNA expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes changed with different patterns and recovered after depuration. These results suggested that antioxidant systems were triggered to protect the clams from oxidative damage caused by BDE-209. Thus, this research is helpful in elucidating the effect of BDE-209 on antioxidant system in marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Yantai Environmental Monitoring Center, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Fan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
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Dong S, Yang Y, Cheng B, Ren C, Zhang H, Xu H, Zhu N, Wang W, Dang Y, Li M, Chen J, Wang K, Zhang L, Fang Y. Responses of antioxidant defenses in the clam Mactra veneriformis to 2,2',4,4'‑tetrabromodiphenyl ether exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 217:98-105. [PMID: 30528702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant enzymes play essential roles against oxidative stress caused by 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), which is ubiquitous in marine environment and organisms. However, research on antioxidant responses to BDE-47 in marine bivalves is scarce. In this study, we identified the full-length cDNA of catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the clam Mactra veneriformis. Subsequently, the responses of CAT, GPx, and copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD) were investigated in the clams exposed to 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L BDE-47 for 7 days, and then depurated in natural seawater for 3 days. MvCAT and MvGPx contained conserved sequences. The deduced amino acid sequences shared high similarity with CATs and GPxs in other mollusks. M. veneriformis accumulated BDE-47 in a dose-dependent manner and eliminated BDE-47 poorly. BDE-47 induced a time- and dose-dependent increase of malondialdehyde content. Both the dose and the duration had significant effect on mRNA expressions and activities of the three antioxidants. Cu, Zn-SOD responded to BDE-47 earlier than CAT and GPx. The antioxidant responses could recover after depuration. These results suggested that M. veneriformis could accumulate BDE-47 efficiently. Antioxidant enzymes were triggered to counter the oxidative stress generated by BDE-47. Cu, Zn-SOD acted as the first defense against oxidative stress, while CAT and GPx intervened later. This study is therefore helpful in understanding the antioxidant responses to PBDEs in marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihang Dong
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Aquatic Products Quality and Standards Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Chuanbo Ren
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Yantai Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Na Zhu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Wansheng Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yongjian Dang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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Koch C, Sures B. Environmental concentrations and toxicology of 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:706-713. [PMID: 29126092 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Tribromophenol is the most widely produced brominated phenol. In the present review, we summarize studies dealing with this substance from an environmental point of view. We cover concentrations in the abiotic and biotic environment including humans, toxicokinetics as well as toxicodynamics, and show gaps of the current knowledge about this chemical. 2,4,6-Tribomophenol occurs as an intermediate during the synthesis of brominated flame retardants and it similarly represents a degradation product of these substances. Moreover, it is used as a pesticide but also occurs as a natural product of some aquatic organisms. Due to its many sources, 2,4,6-tribromophenol is ubiquitously found in the environment. Nevertheless, not much is known about its toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. It is also unclear which role the structural isomer 2,4,5-tribromophenol and several degradation products such as 2,4-dibromophenol play in the environment. Due to new flame retardants that enter the market and can degrade to 2,4,6-tribromophenol, this compound will remain relevant in future years - not only in aquatic matrices, but also in house dust and foodstuff, which are an important exposure route for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co. KG, 45966 Gladbeck, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Krieger LK, Szeitz A, Bandiera SM. Hepatic microsomal metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 by lesser snow geese and Japanese quail. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:559-566. [PMID: 28525869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the oxidative biotransformation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) by liver microsomes from wild lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) and domesticated Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Formation of hydroxy-metabolites was analyzed using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based method. Incubation of BDE-47 with avian liver microsomes produced sixteen hydroxy-metabolites, eight of which were identified using authentic standards. The major metabolites formed by liver microsomes from individual lesser snow geese were 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-42), 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-47), and 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4'-OH-BDE-49). By comparison, 4-OH-BDE-42 and 4'-OH-BDE-49, but not 3-OH-BDE-47, were major metabolites of Japanese quail liver microsomes. Unidentified metabolites included monohydroxy- and dihydroxy-tetrabromodiphenyl ethers. Incubation of BDE-99 with avian liver microsomes produced seventeen hydroxy-metabolites, twelve of which were identified using authentic standards. The major metabolites formed by lesser snow goose liver microsomes were 2,4,5-tribromophenol, 3-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-49, 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-90), and 5'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (5'-OH-BDE-99). By comparison, the major metabolites produced by liver microsomes from Japanese quail included 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47) and 2-hydroxy-2',3,4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (2-OH-BDE-123), but not 3-OH-BDE-47. Unidentified metabolites consisted of monohydroxy-pentabromodiphenyl ethers, monohydroxy-tetrabromodiphenyl ethers and dihydroxy-tetrabromodiphenyl ethers. Another difference between the two species was that formation rates of BDE-47 and BDE-99 metabolites were greater with liver microsomes from male than female Japanese quail, but a sex difference was not observed with lesser snow geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Krieger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - András Szeitz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stelvio M Bandiera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Reger L, Gallistl C, Skírnisson K, Vetter W. Analysis and Characterization of Polychlorinated Hydroxybornanes as Metabolites of Toxaphene Using a Polar Bear Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8335-8342. [PMID: 28686017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic transformation of toxaphene (camphechlor) results in the selective enrichment of recalcitrant congeners while other, less persistent compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) are degraded. Until now, there has been little knowledge on oxidation transformation of toxaphene. For instance, the existence of hydroxylated CTTs (OH-CTTs) in authentic environmental and food samples has not been proven. For this reason, we synthesized a mixture consisting of tetra- to heptachlorinated OH-CTTs and simplified it by countercurrent chromatography (CCC). Thus, 227 OH-CTTs were detected in the CCC fractions (12 tetra-, 117 penta-, 81 hexa-, and 17 heptachlorinated OH-CTTs), which was >50% more than detected before the fractionation. One CCC fraction consisting of only 18 OH-CTTs was used to develop a sample cleanup method which aimed to remove CTTs, isobaric PCBs, and sample matrix. The final cleanup procedure consisted of (i) gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and adsorption chromatography using (ii) deactivated and (iii) activated silica gel. Hence, up to 320 and 4350 μg/kg lipid weight of octa- and nonachlorinated CTTs were detected in four liver samples and adipose tissue of polar bears, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of one hexachlorinated OH-CTT isomer could be verified in the samples, which was about 1% of the octachlorinated CTTs determined in the liver samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Reger
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Gallistl
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl Skírnisson
- University of Iceland, Keldur, Institute for Experimental Pathology , IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Chen YP, Zheng YJ, Liu Q, Ellison AM, Zhao Y, Ma QY. PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) pose a risk to captive giant pandas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:174-181. [PMID: 28431316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Qinling subspecies of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis), is highly endangered; fewer than 350 individuals still inhabit Qinling Mountains. Previous research revealed captive pandas were exposed to bromine, so we hypothesized that captive pandas were exposed to and affected by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). To test this hypothesis, we tested blood and feces of captive and wild pandas, their drinking water, food (bamboo leaves) from SWARC (Shaanxi Wild Animal Research Center)and FNNR (Foping National Nature Reserve) and supplemental feedstuff given to captive panda at SWARC. We found 13 congeners of PBDEs in fecal samples, of which BDE47, BDE66, BDE71, BDE99, and BDE154 were the dominant, total PBDE concentration in feces of captive pandas was 255% higher than in wild pandas. We found nine PBDEs congeners in blood samples: BDE153 and BDE183 were the predominant congers. PBDEs in blood from captive pandas were significantly higher than in wild pandas. The total concentration of PBDEs were 5473 and 4835 (pg.g) in Fargesia qinlingensis, were 2192 and 1414 (pg.g) in Bashannia fargesii (2192, 1414 pg g), 0.066, 0.038 (pg/ml) in drinking water, and 28.8 (pg.g) in supplemental feedstuff for captive and wild pandas, which indicate that the PBDEs came from its bamboo feed, especially from Bashannia fargesii. Our results demonstrate that BDE99 and BDE47 could be threatening the pandas' health especially for captive panda and there are potential health risks from PBDEs for pandas. In the short term, this risk may be ameliorated by strict control of food quality. In the long term, however, reducing air, water and soil contamination so as to improve environmental quality can best reduce these risks to meet the international standard such as Stockholm Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Chen
- SKLLQG (State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology), Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710075, China; College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ying-Juan Zheng
- SKLLQG (State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology), Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- SKLLQG (State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology), Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Aaron M Ellison
- Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA 01368, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- SKLLQG (State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology), Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Qing-Yi Ma
- Shaanxi Wild Animal Research Center, Zhouzhi, Xi'an 710402, China
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Routti H, Andersen MS, Fuglei E, Polder A, Yoccoz NG. Concentrations and patterns of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) from Svalbard. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:264-272. [PMID: 27267742 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and patterns of hydroxylated (OH) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in liver from arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) sampled from Svalbard 1997-2011 (n = 100). The most important OH-PBDE in the arctic foxes was 6-OH-BDE47 detected in 24% of the samples. Relationships between 6-OH-BDE47, δ(13)C and BDE47 suggest that 6-OH-BDE47 residues in arctic foxes are related to marine dietary input, while the relative importance of the metabolic/natural origin of this compound remains unclear. 4-OH-CB187 and 4-OH-CB146 were the main OH-PCBs among the analyzed compounds. The OH-PCB pattern in the present arctic foxes indicates that arctic foxes have a capacity to biotransform a wide range of PCBs of different structures. Formation and retention of OH-PCBs was tightly related to PCB exposure. Furthermore, ΣOH-PCB concentrations were four times higher in the leanest compared to the fattest foxes. Concentrations of 4-OH-CB187 and 4-OH-CB146 among the highest contaminated arctic foxes were similar to the previously reported concentrations for polar bears. Given the high endocrine disruptive potential of OH-PCBs, we suggest that endocrine system may be affected by the relatively high OH-PCB residues in the Svalbard arctic fox population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Martin S Andersen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anuschka Polder
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Nigel G Yoccoz
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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