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Li M, Wu Z, Yu Q, Fang M, Liu X, Cao W, Wen S, Li J, Wu Y, Liu X. High-sensitivity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantitative for alkyl imidazolium ionic liquids in human serum: Advancing biomonitoring of human exposure concerns. Talanta 2024; 276:126257. [PMID: 38781913 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Alkyl imidazolium ionic liquids (Cn[MIM]), initially heralded as eco-friendly green solvents for diverse industrial applications, have increasingly been recognized fortheir biodegradability challenges and multiple biotoxicity. Despite potential health risks, research into the effects of Cn[MIM] on human health remains scarce, particularly regarding their detection in biological serum samples. This study validated a matrix-matched calibration quantitative method that utilizes solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The method was used to analyze the presence of 10 ionic liquids (ILs) with varying alkyl carbon chain lengths (C2-C12) across 300 human serum samples. Efficient separation was achieved using optimized SPE conditions and a BEH C18 column with an appropriate mobile phase. Results demonstrated a strong linear relationship (0.05-100 ng/mL; R2 = 0.995-0.999), with detection and quantification limits with detection and quantification limits ranging from 0.001 to 0.107 ng/mL and 0.003-0.355 ng/mL, respectively. Intraday and inter-day precisions were 0.85-6.99 % and 1.50-7.46 %, with recoveries between 82 and 113 %. The validated method detected C6MIM in 19 % of samples and C8MIM in 8.3 % of samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 111.70 μg/L and 0.09-16.99 μg/L, respectively, suggesting a potential risk of human exposure. This underscores the importance of robust detection methods in monitoring environmental and human health impacts of alkyl imidazolium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ziji Wu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qingqing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Fang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, PR China
| | - WenCheng Cao
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, PR China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, PR China; Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Peking Union Medical College, Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, PR China; Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Peking Union Medical College, Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, PR China.
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Lépori CMO, Luna MA, Challier C, Beassoni PR, Correa NM, Falcone RD. Exploring the Properties of Unilamellar Vesicle Bilayers Formed by Ionic Liquid Surfactants for Future Applications in Nanomedicine. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38956449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Two ionic liquids (ILs) with amphiphilic properties composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dioctylsulfosuccinate (bmim-AOT) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium dioctylsulfosuccinate (hmim-AOT) form unilamellar vesicles spontaneously simply by dissolving the IL-like surfactant in water. These novel vesicles were characterized using two different and highly sensitive fluorescent probes: 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylaminonaphthalene) (PRODAN) and trans-4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide (HC). These fluorescent probes provide information about the physicochemical properties of the bilayer, such as micropolarity, microviscosity, and electron-donor capacity. In addition, the biocompatibility of these vesicles with the blood medium was evaluated, and their toxicity was determined using Dictyostelium discoideum amoebas. First, using PRODAN and HC, it was found that the bilayer composition and the chemical structure of the ions at the interface produced differences between both amphiphiles, making the vesicles different. Thus, the bilayer of hmim-AOT vesicles is less polar, more rigid, and has a lower electron-donor capacity than those made by bmim-AOT. Finally, the results obtained from the hemolysis studies and the growth behavior of unicellular amoebas, particularly utilizing the D. discoideum assay, showed that both vesicular systems do not produce toxic effects up to a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL. This elegant assay, devoid of animal usage, highlights the potential of these newly organized systems for the delivery of drugs and bioactive molecules of different polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian M O Lépori
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - M Alejandra Luna
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC., Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Challier
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Paola R Beassoni
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y de la Salud (INBIAS), CONICET-UNRC, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - N Mariano Correa
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC., Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - R Dario Falcone
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC., Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Mikuni-Mester P, Robben C, Witte AK, Linke K, Ehling-Schulz M, Rossmanith P, Grunert T. Antimicrobial Ionic Liquids: Ante-Mortem Mechanisms of Pathogenic EPEC and MRSA Examined by FTIR Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4705. [PMID: 38731923 PMCID: PMC11083031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have gained considerable attention due to their versatile and designable properties. ILs show great potential as antibacterial agents, but understanding the mechanism of attack on bacterial cells is essential to ensure the optimal design of IL-based biocides. The final aim is to achieve maximum efficacy while minimising toxicity and preventing resistance development in target organisms. In this study, we examined a dose-response analysis of ILs' antimicrobial activity against two pathogenic bacteria with different Gram types in terms of molecular responses on a cellular level using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In total, 18 ILs with different antimicrobial active motifs were evaluated on the Gram-negative enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results showed that most ILs impact bacterial proteins with increasing concentration but have a minimal effect on cellular membranes. Dose-response spectral analysis revealed a distinct ante-mortem response against certain ILs for MRSA but not for EPEC. We found that at sub-lethal concentrations, MRSA actively changed their membrane composition to counteract the damaging effect induced by the ILs. This suggests a new adaptive mechanism of Gram-positive bacteria against ILs and demonstrates the need for a better understanding before using such substances as novel antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mikuni-Mester
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Food Microbiology, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- FFoQSI—Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety & Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Christian Robben
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Anna K. Witte
- HTK Hygiene Technologie Kompetenzzentrum GmbH, Buger Str. 80, 96049 Bamberg, Germany;
| | - Kristina Linke
- ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, Dresdner Str. 89/18, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Centre of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology Division, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.E.-S.); (T.G.)
| | - Peter Rossmanith
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Food Microbiology, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Tom Grunert
- Centre of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology Division, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.E.-S.); (T.G.)
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Egorova KS, Kibardin AV, Posvyatenko AV, Ananikov VP. Mechanisms of Biological Effects of Ionic Liquids: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4679-4733. [PMID: 38621413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The review presents a detailed discussion of the evolving field studying interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) and biological systems. Originating from molten salt electrolytes to present multiapplication substances, ILs have found usage across various fields due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, including excellent tunability. However, their interactions with biological systems and potential influence on living organisms remain largely unexplored. This review examines the cytotoxic effects of ILs on cell cultures, biomolecules, and vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Our understanding of IL toxicity, while growing in recent years, is yet nascent. The established findings include correlations between harmful effects of ILs and their ability to disturb cellular membranes, their potential to trigger oxidative stress in cells, and their ability to cause cell death via apoptosis. Future research directions proposed in the review include studying the distribution of various ILs within cellular compartments and organelles, investigating metabolic transformations of ILs in cells and organisms, detailed analysis of IL effects on proteins involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlation studies between IL doses, exposure times and resulting adverse effects, and examination of effects of subtoxic concentrations of ILs on various biological objects. This review aims to serve as a critical analysis of the current body of knowledge on IL-related toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it can guide researchers toward the design of less toxic ILs and the informed use of ILs in drug development and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kibardin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Posvyatenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Zhuo Y, Cheng HL, Zhao YG, Cui HR. Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:151. [PMID: 38276519 PMCID: PMC10818567 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique properties of ionic liquids (ILs), such as structural tunability, good solubility, chemical/thermal stability, favorable biocompatibility, and simplicity of preparation, have led to a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. ILs can not only speed up the chemical reaction process, improve the yield, and reduce environmental pollution but also improve many problems in the field of medicine, such as the poor drug solubility, product crystal instability, poor biological activity, and low drug delivery efficiency. This paper presents a systematic and concise analysis of the recent advancements and further applications of ILs in the pharmaceutical field from the aspects of drug synthesis, drug analysis, drug solubilization, and drug crystal engineering. Additionally, it explores the biomedical field, covering aspects such as drug carriers, stabilization of proteins, antimicrobials, and bioactive ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China;
| | - He-Li Cheng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Yong-Gang Zhao
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Hai-Rong Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
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6
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Baghel D, Kumar Banjare M. Host-guest complexation between β-cyclodextrin and phosphonium-based ionic liquid and influence of its inclusion complex on the binding property of paracetamol drug. J Mol Liq 2023; 389:122867. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.122867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
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7
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Li M, Xia Z, Chen S, Liu X, Wang Q, Liu Y, Wu Y, Wen S, Gong Z. Insight into the negative effect and lipid profile alterations in liver of mice exposed to methylimidazolium ionic liquids, a novel "green" solvent. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:884-894. [PMID: 37915492 PMCID: PMC10615802 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as potential environmentally friendly solvents; however, their potential toxicity to living organisms warrants thorough investigation, particularly for novel-generation ILs in mammalian models. Methods In this study, we examined the hepatic effects and disruption of lipid metabolism in mice exposed to 1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C7[MIM]Cl), a novel ILs. After four weeks of oral administration at different dosages (2.38, 5.95, and 11.9 mg/kg b.w.), we conducted clinical chemistry analysis and histopathological examination of the liver to assess biochemical and structural changes. Results The low-dose C7[MIM]Cl group exhibited a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were elevated in both low-dose and high-dose groups without statistical significance. Histopathological examination showed inflammatory cell infiltration and red blood cell aggregation in the livers of mice exposed to C7[MIM]Cl, particularly in the high-dose group. Oxidative stress levels showed moderate changes in response to C7[MIM]Cl exposure. Notably, hepatic biochemical parameters revealed a dose-dependent increase in triglycerides (TG) levels with statistically significant differences compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.01). Targeted lipidomic analysis revealed notable alterations in liver lipids of mice exposed to C7[MIM]Cl, with lysophosphatidylethanolamine (18:0), phosphatidylcholines (18:0), and phosphatidylcholines (19:0) identified as critical lipids associated with C7[MIM]Cl exposure. Furthermore, metabolic pathway analyses demonstrated significant disturbances in the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway. Conclusion These findings provide valuable insights into the hepatic effects of C7[MIM]Cl exposure and novel perspectives on the disruption of lipid metabolism underlying ILs toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Zhunan Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), No. 37, Guangqu Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 35 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu South Road, Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
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Baghel D, Banjare MK. Influence of phosphonium-based ionic liquid on the micellization behavior of surfactants system and potential application in paracetamol drug aggregation. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023; 100:101077. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2023.101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
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Khan AS, Sakina, Nasrullah A, Ullah S, Ullah Z, Khan Z, Khan NA, Khan SZ, Din IU. An Overview on Phytotoxic Perspective of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Role of Chemical Structure in the Phytotoxicity. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sada Khan
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Sakina
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Asma Nasrullah
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Department of Chemistry 25000 Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Saadat Ullah
- Hazara University Department of Chemistry Mansehra Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Ullah
- Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS) Department of Chemistry Takatu Campus 87100 Quetta Pakistan
| | - Zahid Khan
- American University of Sharjah Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- University of Sharjah Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine University City 27272 Sharjah Unites Arab Emirates
- Istinye University Istinye Faculty of Medicine 34396 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Shahan Zeb Khan
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Israf Ud Din
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities P.O. Box 173 Al-Kharj Saudi Arabia
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Wang H, Wang X, Jia J, Qin Y, Chen S, Wang S, Martyniuk CJ, Yan B. Comparative toxicity of [C 8mim]Br and [C 8py]Br in early developmental stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) with focus on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neurotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 92:103864. [PMID: 35430362 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing production and usage of ionic liquids (ILs) have raised global ecotoxicological concerns regarding their release into the environment. While the effects of side chains on the IL-induced toxicity in various aquatic organisms have been well-recognized, the role of cationic cores in determining their ecotoxicity remains to be elucidated. Herein, the comparative bioavailability and toxicity of two ILs with different cationic cores but the same anion and side chain in zebrafish embryos were determined. 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) has higher accumulation in zebrafish, and triggered developmental toxicity by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Meanwhile, 1-octyl-1-methylpyridium bromide ([C8py]Br) enhanced SOD activity and upregulated anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene expression, contributing to its much lower neurodevelopmental toxicity. Our study demonstrates the vital role of cationic core in determining the developmental toxicity of ILs and highlights the need for further investigations into the toxicity of imidazolium and pyridinium based ILs in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangyingzi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jianbo Jia
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yingju Qin
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Siying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shenqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences in Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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New EK, Tnah SK, Voon KS, Yong KJ, Procentese A, Yee Shak KP, Subramonian W, Cheng CK, Wu TY. The application of green solvent in a biorefinery using lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 307:114385. [PMID: 35104699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high dependence on crude oil for energy utilization leads to a necessity of finding alternative sustainable resources. Solvents are often employed in valorizing the biomass into bioproducts and other value-added chemicals during treatment stages. Unfortunately, despite the effectiveness of conventional solvents, hindrances such as expensive solvents, unfavourable environmental ramifications, and complicated downstream separation systems often occur. Therefore, the scientific community has been actively investigating more cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives and possess the excellent dissolving capability for biomass processing. Generally, 'green' solvents are attractive due to their low toxicity, economic value, and biodegradability. Nonetheless, green solvents are not without disadvantages due to their complicated product recovery, recyclability, and high operational cost. This review summarizes and evaluates the recent contributions, including potential advantages, challenges, and drawbacks of green solvents, namely ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, water, biomass-derived solvents and carbon dioxide in transforming the lignocellulosic biomass into high-value products. Moreover, research opportunities for future developments and potential upscale implementation of green solvents are also critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kein New
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Shen Khang Tnah
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khai Shing Voon
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khai Jie Yong
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Alessandra Procentese
- DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrina Pui Yee Shak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wennie Subramonian
- School of Computing, Engineering & Design Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley, TS1 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Chin Kui Cheng
- Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ta Yeong Wu
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Monash-Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform (MIPO), School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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12
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Yuan J, Zhou N, Wu J, Yin T, Jia Y. Ionic liquids as effective additives to enhance the solubility and permeation for puerarin and ferulic acid. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3416-3422. [PMID: 35425358 PMCID: PMC8979243 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids, especially the cholinium-amino acid-based ionic liquids (CHAAILs), have recently been found to be effective ingredients in formulation of transdermal drug delivery system. In this work, we synthesized six CHAAILs, and investigated their ability to enhance the solubility and permeation of two active pharmaceutic ingredients (APIs), i.e. ferulic acid and puerarin. The solubility measurements showed that a low amount of CHAAILs can significantly increase the solubility of APIs. Moreover, the effective enhancement of permeation of APIs across a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane was achieved at low concentration (4 mg ml−1) of CHAAILs. It is more worthwhile that the presence of CHAAIL brings much less cytotoxicity as compared to traditional types of ionic liquids. Therefore, CHAAILs can be considered as great potential candidates of green and effective additives in transdermal drug delivery systems. Cholinium-animo acid based ionic liquids displayed high efficiency in enhancing the solubility and permeation ability of active pharmaceutic ingredients.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ningning Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jieyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tianxiang Yin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yunbin Jia
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201306, China
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13
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Errazquin D, Mohamadou A, Dupont L, De Gaetano Y, García CB, Lomba L, Giner B. Ecotoxicity interspecies study of ionic liquids based on phosphonium and ammonium cations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65374-65384. [PMID: 34231157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work studies the effects of different bromide-based ionic liquids, with phosphonium and ammonium cations, towards several environmental biomodels: Daphnia magna, Allivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata. Results indicate that toxicity clearly depends on the biomodel, Allivibrio fischeri being the least sensitive one while Daphnia magna is more severely affected in the presence of the studied ionic liquids. In most of the cases, phosphonium moieties are less toxic than ammonium ionic liquids. Furthermore, a prediction about the oral toxicity and carcinogenicity of the studied ionic liquids has been also carried out, showing that these chemical structures may suggest significant toxicity but not present genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Errazquin
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aminou Mohamadou
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR) CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Bâtiment 18 Europol'Agro, 1039, F-51687 CEDEX 2, Reims, BP, France
| | - Laurent Dupont
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR) CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Bâtiment 18 Europol'Agro, 1039, F-51687 CEDEX 2, Reims, BP, France
| | - Yannick De Gaetano
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR) CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Bâtiment 18 Europol'Agro, 1039, F-51687 CEDEX 2, Reims, BP, France
| | - Cristina B García
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Lomba
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Beatriz Giner
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
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14
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de Souza Mesquita LM, Casagrande BP, Santamarina AB, Sertorio MN, de Souza DV, Mennitti LV, Jucá A, Jamar G, Estadella D, Ribeiro DA, Ventura SPM, de Rosso VV, Pisani LP. Carotenoids obtained from an ionic liquid-mediated process display anti-inflammatory response in the adipose tissue-liver axis. Food Funct 2021; 12:8478-8491. [PMID: 34297028 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01429c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as more efficient and sustainable solvents to replace volatile organic solvents (VOSs). However, the drawbacks associated with their use are still limiting the regular application of bioactive compounds obtained from the processes they mediate as food ingredients. It is true that the number of ILs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for food applications is still low and mainly focused on the ones from the quaternary ammonium family. However, this trend is changing, judging from the evidence that industries are surpassing overgeneralization about ILs (on price and toxicity) and starting to consider the potential and performance of ILs as solvents. Despite the examples of industries applying ILs in their processes, the use of bioactive compounds obtained from IL-based processes as ingredients in food formulations is still a big challenge. The positive influence of carotenoids on diseases associated or originating from the inflammatory scenario including, among others, obesity, is not new. Moreover, it is also well known that the poorest population worldwide does not have the recommended intake of carotenoids, especially those pro-vitaminic A. In an attempt to help answer this issue, dietary supplements containing adequate doses of natural carotenoids are expected to be the solution, or at least, part of the solution for a healthier life, but also, to reduce hunger. Thus, complete studies evaluating the toxicological potential and the real viability of adding these bioactive compounds in food formulations proving (or not!) their safety to consumers and handlers are highly demanded. This work proposes to investigate the potential of carotenoids extracted from Bactris gasipaes feedstocks mediated by an ethanolic solution of an imidazolium-based IL. Thus, male Wistar rats were randomized in six different groups, supplemented or not by carotenoids extracted by IL or VOS, and fed by control- and/or high-fat-diets (HFD). The adipose tissue-liver axis was studied as a model to investigate the influence of the carotenoids on the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress markers. The main results showed that animals supplemented with carotenoids extracted with IL displayed improvements in serum parameters, besides lower metabolic efficiency, and antioxidant response on the liver, even when fed with HFD. However, animals supplemented with carotenoids extracted by VOS showed higher levels of pro-inflammatory markers and huge oxidative stress on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M de Souza Mesquita
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil. and CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Breno P Casagrande
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aline B Santamarina
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcela N Sertorio
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Vitor de Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Laís V Mennitti
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Jucá
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Jamar
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Debora Estadella
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Veridiana V de Rosso
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciana P Pisani
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street, 136, Vila Mathias, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Gonçalves AR, Paredes X, Cristino AF, Santos FJ, Queirós CS. Ionic Liquids-A Review of Their Toxicity to Living Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5612. [PMID: 34070636 PMCID: PMC8198260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) were initially hailed as a green alternative to traditional solvents because of their almost non-existent vapor pressure as ecological replacement of most common volatile solvents in industrial processes for their damaging effects on the environment. It is common knowledge that they are not as green as desired, and more thought must be put into the biological consequences of their industrial use. Still, compared to the amount of research studying their physicochemical properties and potential applications in different areas, there is a scarcity of scientific papers regarding how these substances interact with different organisms. The intent of this review was to compile the information published in this area since 2015 to allow the reader to better understand how, for example, bacteria, plants, fish, etc., react to the presence of this family of liquids. In general, lipophilicity is one of the main drivers of toxicity and thus the type of cation. The anion tends to play a minor (but not negligible) role, but more research is needed since, owing to the very nature of ILs, except for the most common ones (imidazolium and ammonium-based), many of them are subject to only one or two articles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carla S.G.P. Queirós
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.R.P.G.); (X.P.); (A.F.C.); (F.J.V.S.)
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16
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Jeremias G, Jesus F, Ventura SPM, Gonçalves FJM, Asselman J, Pereira JL. New insights on the effects of ionic liquid structural changes at the gene expression level: Molecular mechanisms of toxicity in Daphnia magna. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124517. [PMID: 33199138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the molecular basis of ionic liquids' (ILs) ecotoxicity is critical for the development of these designer solvents as their structure can be engineered to simultaneously meet functionality performance and environmental safety. The molecular effects of ILs were investigated by using RNA-sequencing following Daphnia magna exposure to imidazolium- and cholinium-based ILs: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim]Cl), 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C12mim]Cl) and cholinium chloride ([Chol]Cl)-; the selection allowing to compare different families and cation alkyl chains. ILs shared mechanisms of toxicity focusing e.g. cellular membrane and cytoskeleton, oxidative stress, energy production, protein biosynthesis, DNA damage, disease initiation. [C2mim]Cl and [C12mim]Cl were the least and the most toxic ILs at the transcriptional level, denoting the role of the alkyl chain as a driver of ILs toxicity. Also, it was reinforced that [Chol]Cl is not devoid of environmental hazardous potential regardless of its argued biological compatibility. Unique gene expression signatures could also be identified for each IL, enlightening specific mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Jeremias
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Jesus
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando J M Gonçalves
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge Building, Ostend Science Park 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Joana L Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
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17
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Kumar Sahoo D, Devi Tulsiyan K, Jena S, Biswal HS. Implication of Threonine-Based Ionic Liquids on the Structural Stability, Binding and Activity of Cytochrome c. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2525-2535. [PMID: 33022820 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are useful in pharmaceutical industries and biotechnology as alternative solvents or sources for protein extraction and purification, preservation of biomolecules and for regulating the catalytic activity of enzymes. However, the binding mechanism, the non-covalent forces responsible for protein-IL interactions and dynamics of proteins in IL need to be investigated in depth for the effective use of ILs as alternatives. Herein, we disclose the molecular level understanding of the structural intactness and reactivity of a model protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) in biocompatible threonine-based ILs with the help of experimental techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as molecular docking. Hydrophobic and electrostatic forces are responsible for the structural and conformational integrity of Cyt c in IL. The ITC experiments revealed the Cyt c-IL binding free energies are in the range of 10-14 kJ/mol and the molecular docking studies demonstrated that ILs interact at the surfaces of Cyt c. The results look promising as the ILs used here are non-toxic and biocompatible, and thus may find potential applications in structural biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN-752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhaba National Institute Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN-752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhaba National Institute Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN-752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhaba National Institute Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN-752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhaba National Institute Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
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18
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Yuan J, Wu J, Yin T. Solubility and permeation enhancement of poor soluble drug by cholinium-amino acid based ionic liquids. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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A theoretical investigation on conformers of imidazolinium salts. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Kumari P, Pillai VVS, Benedetto A. Mechanisms of action of ionic liquids on living cells: the state of the art. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:1187-1215. [PMID: 32936423 PMCID: PMC7575683 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a relatively new class of organic electrolytes composed of an organic cation and either an organic or inorganic anion, whose melting temperature falls around room-temperature. In the last 20 years, the toxicity of ILs towards cells and micro-organisms has been heavily investigated with the main aim to assess the risks associated with their potential use in (industrial) applications, and to develop strategies to design greener ILs. Toxicity, however, is synonym with affinity, and this has stimulated, in turn, a series of biophysical and chemical-physical investigations as well as few biochemical studies focused on the mechanisms of action (MoAs) of ILs, key step in the development of applications in bio-nanomedicine and bio-nanotechnology. This review has the intent to present an overview of the state of the art of the MoAs of ILs, which have been the focus of a limited number of studies but still sufficient enough to provide a first glimpse on the subject. The overall picture that emerges is quite intriguing and shows that ILs interact with cells in a variety of different mechanisms, including alteration of lipid distribution and cell membrane viscoelasticity, disruption of cell and nuclear membranes, mitochondrial permeabilization and dysfunction, generation of reactive oxygen species, chloroplast damage (in plants), alteration of transmembrane and cytoplasmatic proteins/enzyme functions, alteration of signaling pathways, and DNA fragmentation. Together with our earlier review work on the biophysics and chemical-physics of IL-cell membrane interactions (Biophys. Rev. 9:309, 2017), we hope that the present review, focused instead on the biochemical aspects, will stimulate a series of new investigations and discoveries in the still new and interdisciplinary field of "ILs, biomolecules, and cells."
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumari
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Visakh V S Pillai
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Antonio Benedetto
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy.
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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21
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Arunkumar R, Abraham AN, Shukla R, Drummond CJ, Greaves TL. Cytotoxicity of protic ionic liquids towards the HaCat cell line derived from human skin. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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A Global Model for the Estimation of Speeds of Sound in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071626. [PMID: 32244826 PMCID: PMC7180493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are newly introduced green solvents that have attracted much attention regarding fundamentals and applications. Of the problems along the way of replacing a common solvent by a DES, is the lack of information on the thermophysical properties of DESs. This is even more accentuated by considering the dramatically growing number of DESs, being made by the combination of vast numbers of the constituting substances, and at their various molar ratios. The speed of sound is among the properties that can be used to estimate other important thermodynamic properties. In this work, a global and accurate model is proposed and used to estimate the speed of sound in 39 different DESs. This is the first general speed of sound model for DESs. The model does not require any thermodynamic properties other than the critical properties of the DESs, which are themselves calculated by group contribution methods, and in doing so, make the proposed method entirely independent of any experimental data as input. The results indicated that the average absolute relative deviation percentages (AARD%) of this model for 420 experimental data is only 5.4%. Accordingly, based on the achieved results, the proposed model can be used to predict the speeds of sound of DESs.
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23
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Fan SY, Hao YN, Zhang WX, Kapasi A, Shu Y, Wang JH, Chen W. Poly(ionic liquid)-Gated CuCo 2S 4 for pH-/Thermo-Triggered Drug Release and Photoacoustic Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9000-9007. [PMID: 32013385 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel hybrid drug nanocarrier is developed with CuCo2S4 nanoparticles as the core to be encapsulated by poly(ionic liquid) (PIL), that is, poly(tetrabutylphosphonium styrenesulfonate) (P[P4,4,4,4][SS]), as the shell. Doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded onto the PIL shell via electrostatic attraction involving amine in DOX and styrenesulfonate in PIL. pH- and thermal-responsive characteristics of P[P4,4,4,4][SS] endow the multifunctional hybrid nanocarrier system DOX-CuCo2S4@PIL with sensitive dual-stimuli-triggered drug release behaviors. The CuCo2S4 core converts near-infrared (NIR) irradiation into thermal energy to trigger the shrinkage of the PIL shell, which subsequently promotes drug release, and the pH-responsive release of DOX involves pH-sensitive electrostatic interaction of the PIL shell with DOX. A favorable controlled release of 90.5% is achieved under pH/thermo dual stimuli. In vitro experiments with MCF-7 cells well demonstrated that the drug release is controlled by the acidic intracellular environment with NIR irradiation. The CuCo2S4 core also serves as a photoacoustic (PA) imaging contrast agent, as demonstrated by in vivo treatment of the MCF-7-carrying mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ying Fan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819 , China
| | - Ya-Nan Hao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819 , China
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819 , China
| | - Aliasger Kapasi
- Department of Physics , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819 , China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Box 332, Shenyang 110819 , China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
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24
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Santos FM, Barbosa PC, Pereira RF, Silva MM, Gonçalves HM, Nunes SC, Figueiredo FL, Valente AJ, de Zea Bermudez V. Proton conducting electrolytes composed of chondroitin sulfate polysaccharide and citric acid. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Sahoo DK, Jena S, Tulsiyan KD, Dutta J, Chakrabarty S, Biswal HS. Amino-Acid-Based Ionic Liquids for the Improvement in Stability and Activity of Cytochrome c: A Combined Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10100-10109. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Juhi Dutta
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Himansu S. Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Insights on [BMIM][BF4] and [BMIM][PF6] ionic liquids and their binary mixtures with acetone and acetonitrile. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Walker C, Ryu S, Trinh CT. Exceptional solvent tolerance in Yarrowia lipolytica is enhanced by sterols. Metab Eng 2019; 54:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen B, Xue C, Amoah PK, Li D, Gao K, Deng X. Impacts of four ionic liquids exposure on a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at physiological and biochemical levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:492-501. [PMID: 30776620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing applications in various industrial areas, toxicity of ionic liquids (ILs) has gained much attention in recent years. In this work, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([C8mim]NO3), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8mim]Cl), N-octyl-3-metylpyridinium chloride ([C8mpy]Cl) and N-octyl-3-metylpyridinium bromide ([C8mpy]Br) were used to investigate the impacts of different types of cations and anions on their toxicity to a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Results showed that the four ILs had poor degradability under the culture conditions used in this study, and significantly inhibited the growth of this diatom with 96-h EC50 values of 24.0, 33.6, 16.1 and 14.4mgL-1 for [C8mim]NO3, [C8mim]Cl, [C8mpy]Cl and [C8mpy]Br, respectively. The data indicated that types of cations and anions would affect the toxicity of ILs to this diatom. Additionally, photosynthesis of this diatom was inhibited because significant decrease of chlorophyll a content and damage of PSII reaction centers were observed when it was exposed to the four ILs. Remarkable physiological and biochemical responses occurred in the cells of this diatom to alleviate the damaging effects of the four ILs. For example, content of soluble protein and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the cells of this diatom increased significantly to form a protective mechanism against the toxicity of ILs, although they decreased in the cultures with high concentrations of ILs (≥20mgL-1). Thus, these results would not only provide strong evidences for evaluating the ecological risks and toxicity of ILs to marine ecosystem, but also help for understanding their toxic mechanisms to marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunye Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Philip Kwabena Amoah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Kusumahastuti DKA, Sihtmäe M, Kapitanov IV, Karpichev Y, Gathergood N, Kahru A. Toxicity profiling of 24 l-phenylalanine derived ionic liquids based on pyridinium, imidazolium and cholinium cations and varying alkyl chains using rapid screening Vibrio fischeri bioassay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:556-565. [PMID: 30776578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A library of 24 pyridinium-, imidazolium-, and cholinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with varying alkyl chain from C2 to C16 was toxicologically profiled using naturally luminescent marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The toxicity (30-min EC50) of studied ILs to Vibrio fischeri ranged from 7.82 µM (4.2 mg/L) (PyC12Phe) to 3096 µM (1227 mg/L) (ImidC2Phe), i.e. from "toxic" (EC50 1-10 mg/L) to "not harmful" (EC50 > 100 mg/L). Inhibition of the bacterial luminescence upon 30-min exposure to ILs correlated well with bacterial viability (exposure for 4 h). The toxicity of studied ILs was largely driven by the length of the alkyl chain (hydrophobicity) and not the type of cationic part of the IL: starting from C10 all the ILs irrespective of the cationic part proved "toxic". The toxicity of the studied ILs was increasing in parallel to their hydrophobicity up to log Kow = 1 (C8-C10) and then levelling up, being consistent with the previously obtained analogous data sets. The "cut-off" effect reported in this study for longer chain length members of the ILs series leads to the "limit" toxicity level for this type of ILs to be ca. 8 mM. Two open-access online tools (www.molinspiration.com and www.vcclab.org) have been applied for the calculation of the Kow values for the 24 ILs reported in this study and 21 ILs reported in the literature. This lead to plotting two nonlinear monotonic correlations between the values of experimental log (1/EC50) and calculated log Kow. The limitation of the online tools and an effect of the ILs structure on the "cut-off" effect have been discussed. The challenge of developing low microbial toxicity surface active ILs remains a significant task to overcome. Our results shed light on the new approaches for designing environmentally benign ILs and functional surfactants. As the hydrophobicity of the ILs significantly correlated with the toxicity, the Vibrio fischeri assay could be considered a powerful tool in providing toxicity data for building and evaluating the QSAR toxicity models for ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi K A Kusumahastuti
- ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Department of Chemistry, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga 50711, Indonesia
| | - Mariliis Sihtmäe
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Illia V Kapitanov
- ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Yevgen Karpichev
- ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Nicholas Gathergood
- ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia.
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30
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Alavianmehr M, Afshar S, Aparicio S, Haghani A, Hosseini S, Khalifeh R. Experimental and theoretical study of 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate ionic liquid + alcohol mixtures. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Sidat Z, Marimuthu T, Kumar P, du Toit LC, Kondiah PPD, Choonara YE, Pillay V. Ionic Liquids as Potential and Synergistic Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E96. [PMID: 30813375 PMCID: PMC6409523 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) show clear advantages over conventional routes of drug administration. Nonetheless, there are limitations to current TDDS which warrant further research to improve current TDD platforms. Spurred by the synthesis of novel biodegradable ionic liquids (ILs) and favorable cytotoxicity studies, ILs were shown to be a possible solution to overcome these challenges. Their favorable application in overcoming challenges ranging from synthesis, manufacture, and even therapeutic benefits were documented. In this review, said ILs are highlighted and their role in TDDS is reviewed in terms of (a) ILs as permeation enhancers (single agents or combined), (b) ILs in drug modification, and (c) ILs as active pharmaceutical ingredients. Furthermore, future combination of ILs with other chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) is proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Sidat
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Thashree Marimuthu
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Pierre P D Kondiah
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Viness Pillay
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
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32
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Mester P, Robben C, Witte AK, Kalb R, Ehling-Schulz M, Rossmanith P, Grunert T. FTIR Spectroscopy Suggests a Revised Mode of Action for the Cationic Side-Chain Effect of Ionic Liquids. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:90-97. [PMID: 30596487 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained considerable attention from the scientific community because of their versatile and designable properties. As a result, there are numerous IL applications, not only in organic synthesis, catalysis, or extraction but also as active pharmaceutical ingredients or novel antimicrobials. While considerable effort has been put into developing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for IL toxicity prediction, little is known about their actual mode of action. In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to monitor IL induced molecular responses directly at the cellular level. Investigation of the well-known cationic alkyl side-chain effect (increasing side-chain length leads to increasing toxicity) of imidazolium- and ammonium-based ILs on two bacterial pathogens, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), surprisingly revealed two distinct modes of action. Contrary to prior models, it was only for [TMC16A][Cl], where a molecular response in the membrane was found, while ILs with shorter side-chain lengths predominantly affected bacterial proteins. The results of this study highlight the importance of further direct investigations of the impact of ILs at the cellular level to improve toxicity prediction and assess the usefulness of spectroscopic methods, such as FTIR spectroscopy at achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mester
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Robben
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna K. Witte
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Kalb
- Proionic GmbH, Parkring 18, 8074 Grambach, Austria
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Rossmanith
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom Grunert
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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33
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Ma J, Chen X, Xin G, Li X. Chronic exposure to the ionic liquid [C 8mim]Br induces inflammation in silver carp spleen: Involvement of oxidative stress-mediated p38MAPK/NF-κB signalling and microRNAs. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:627-638. [PMID: 30343007 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the chronic toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) on the silver carp to further reveal the toxicological mechanisms of ionic liquids. Chronic exposure of silver carp to [C8mim]Br at concentrations of 1.095 and 4.380 mg/L for 60 d was conducted under laboratory conditions. The results revealed that chronic exposure to [C8mim]Br inhibited the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels while markedly increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels in fish spleen, indicating that [C8mim]Br treatment induced oxidative stress. Additionally, long-term exposure to [C8mim]Br markedly upregulated the expressions of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ); altered the levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β); and increased the mRNA levels of p38MAPK, c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc, suggesting that long-term exposure to [C8mim]Br might promote the inflammatory response in fish spleen and that p38MAPK/NF-κB signalling may potentially be involved in this process. Moreover, [C8mim]Br-exposure altered lysozyme activity and complement 3 (C3) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) content, indicating that chronic [C8mim]Br exposure also has immunotoxic effects on silver carp. Furthermore, we also found that [C8mim]Br exposure reduced miR-125b levels, altered miR-143 levels, and upregulated miR-155 and miR-21 levels, suggesting that these miRNAs may be involved in the [C8mim]Br-induced inflammatory response in fish spleen. In summary, the present study indicates that chronic exposure to [C8mim]Br induces inflammation in fish spleen and that oxidative stress-mediated p38MAPK/NF-κB signalling and miRNAs may play a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Guangyuan Xin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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34
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Caparica R, Júlio A, Baby AR, Araújo MEM, Fernandes AS, Costa JG, Santos de Almeida T. Choline-Amino Acid Ionic Liquids as Green Functional Excipients to Enhance Drug Solubility. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040288. [PMID: 30572636 PMCID: PMC6321021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective forms to incorporate poorly soluble drugs into delivery systems remains a problem. Thus, it is important to find alternatives such as finding excipients that increase drug solubility. Ionic liquids (ILs), particularly choline-based ILs, have been studied as solubility enhancers in drug delivery systems. Nonetheless, to acknowledge this property as a functionality, it needs to be proven at non-toxic concentrations. Hence, herein two choline-amino acid ILs were studied as functional excipients by evaluating their influence on the solubility of the poorly water-soluble ferulic acid and rutin, while considering their safety. The solubility of the drugs was always higher in the presence of the ILs than in water. Ionic liquids did not affect the radical scavenging activity of the drugs or the cell viability. Moreover, stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared containing each drug and the ILs, allowing a significantly higher drug loading. Globally, our results suggest that choline-based ILs may act as green functional excipients, since at non-toxic concentrations they considerably improve drug solubility/loading, without influencing the antioxidant activity of the drugs, the cell viability, or the stability of the formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Caparica
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Júlio
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl. 15, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Sofia Fernandes
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Santos de Almeida
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
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35
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Ma J, Li X, Cui M, Li W, Li X. Negative impact of the imidazolium-based ionic liquid [C 8mim]Br on silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Long-term and low-level exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:358-367. [PMID: 30241080 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the chronic toxicity of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) on silver carp to further study the toxicological mechanism of ILs. For this purpose, 60-d chronic exposure at concentrations of 1.09 or 4.38 mg L-1 [C8mim]Br in silver carp was conducted. The results of biochemical assays revealed that [C8mim]Br-treatment remarkably promoted serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities, indicating that [C8mim]Br-exposure caused fish organ damage. Long-term exposure of [C8mim]Br also altered the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the glutathione (GSH) level but increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in fish brain, gill, intestine, kidney, liver, and muscle, suggesting that [C8mim]Br-treatment may cause oxidative stress in fish organs. Further work revealed that [C8mim]Br-treatment increased the activities of erythromycin-N-demethylase (ERND) and glutathione S-transferases (GST), which may participate in the metabolism of [C8mim]Br in fish liver. Moreover, chronic [C8mim]Br-exposure remarkably promoted the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and altered the levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), suggesting that long-term exposure of [C8mim]Br might promote the inflammatory response in fish liver. Additionally, [C8mim]Br-exposure altered succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and promoted caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities in fish liver, suggesting that chronic [C8mim]Br-exposure also induces hepatocellular apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. The results presented here may be helpful to illuminate the chronic toxicity mechanism of imidazolium-based ILs and safe use of ILs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Mengke Cui
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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36
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Ma J, Li X. Insight into the negative impact of ionic liquid: A cytotoxicity mechanism of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1337-1345. [PMID: 30125844 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) as a green replacement for volatile organic solvents are increasingly used in large-scale commercial applications. A good understanding of the toxic mechanisms and environmental impact of ILs is neede to reduce the risk for human health and the environment. For this purpose, we aimed to evaluate the possible impacts of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) exposure on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells as to elucidate the cytotoxic mechanism of [C8mim]Br. Biochemical assays revealed that [C8mim]Br exposure altered the protein levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and HSP90, generally inhibiting total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), depleting heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and increasing transcription and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in HepG2 cells. These results indicated that [C8mim]Br may induce biochemical disturbances and cause oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Moreover, increased phosphorylation of p53, mitochondrial membrane disruption, cyclooxygenase-2 activation, Bcl-2 family protein modulation, cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO release, and inhibition of apoptosis inhibitory protein-2 (c-IAP2) and survivin were also observed in [C8mim]Br-treated cells, suggesting that [C8mim]Br-induced apoptosis might be mediated by the mitochondrial pathway. Further research showed that [C8mim]Br exposure increased tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) transcription and content and promoted the expression of Fas and FasL, indicating that TNF-α and Fas/FasL are involved in the apoptosis induced by [C8mim]Br. Additionally, [C8mim]Br cytotoxicity was partly inhibited by N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), and NAC reversed [C8mim]Br-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and blocked apoptotic events by inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This work first demonstrated that the ROS-mediated mitochondrial and death receptor-initiated apoptotic pathway is involved in [C8mim]Br-induced HepG2 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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Leitch AC, Lakey AF, Hotham WE, Agius L, Kass GEN, Blain PG, Wright MC. The ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI) is an activator of the human estrogen receptor alpha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2167-2172. [PMID: 30086880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent environmental sampling around a landfill site in the UK demonstrated that unidentified xenoestrogens were present at higher levels than control sites; that these xenoestrogens were capable of super-activating (resisting ligand-dependent antagonism) the murine variant 2 ERβ and that the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (M8OI) was present in some samples. To determine whether M8OI was a contributor to the xenoestrogen pool in the soils, activation of human estrogen receptors by M8OI was examined. M8OI activated the human ERα in MCF7 cells in a dose-response manner. These effects were inhibited by the ER antagonist ICI182780; occurred in the absence of any metabolism of M8OI and were confirmed on examination of ER-dependent induction of trefoil factor 1 mRNA in MCF7 cells. M8OI also super-activated the murine variant 2 ERβ in a murine hepatopancreatobiliary cell line. The human ERβ was not activated by M8OI when expressed in HEK293 cells. These data demonstrate that M8OI is a xenoestrogen capable of activating the human ERα and super-activating the murine variant 2 ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Leitch
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne F Lakey
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - William E Hotham
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Loranne Agius
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - George E N Kass
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Peter G Blain
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Institute Cellular Medicine, Health Protection Research Unit, Newcastle University, Level 4 Leech, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE24HH, United Kingdom.
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Montalbán MG, Víllora G, Licence P. Ecotoxicity assessment of dicationic versus monocationic ionic liquids as a more environmentally friendly alternative. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:129-135. [PMID: 29272717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the reasons why ionic liquids have received growing interest from researchers is their environmentally interesting characteristics, such as their negligible vapour pressure and their good chemical and thermal properties. In particular, dicationic ionic liquids whose thermal and electrochemical stability is higher than that of monocationic ionic liquids have begun to gain attention during recent years. In this work, monocationic and dicationic ionic liquids were synthesized, characterized and tested for their toxicity, which was assessed using the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. The results revealed that the toxicity of the ionic liquids mainly depends on the head groups and linkage chain length of their cationic structure. Introduction of a new cationic head decreased the EC50 (concentration which leads to 50% reduction in bioluminescence of the bacteria) of the ionic liquids. The results present a promising picture of dicationic ionic liquids as alternatives with lower environmental impact than their monocationic counterparts and underline the significance of designing particular structures for ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Montalbán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, Campus of Espinardo, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - G Víllora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, Campus of Espinardo, E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | - P Licence
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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He W, Yan F, Jia Q, Xia S, Wang Q. QSAR models for describing the toxicological effects of ILs against Staphylococcus aureus based on norm indexes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:831-838. [PMID: 29289911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hazardous potential of ionic liquids (ILs) is becoming an issue of great concern due to their important role in many industrial fields as green agents. The mathematical model for the toxicological effects of ILs is useful for the risk assessment and design of environmentally benign ILs. The objective of this work is to develop QSAR models to describe the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ILs against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). A total of 169 and 101 ILs with MICs and MBCs, respectively, are used to obtain multiple linear regression models based on matrix norm indexes. The norm indexes used in this work are proposed by our research group and they are first applied to estimate the antibacterial toxicity of these ILs against S. aureus. These two models precisely and reliably calculated the IL toxicities with a square of correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.919 and a standard error of estimate (SE) of 0.341 (in log unit of mM) for pMIC, and an R2 of 0.913 and SE of 0.282 for pMBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensi He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 13St. 29, TEDA, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fangyou Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 13St. 29, TEDA, 300457 Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Qingzhu Jia
- School of Marine and Environmental Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 13St. 29, TEDA, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Shuqian Xia
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the State Education Ministry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 13St. 29, TEDA, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
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Xu J, Zhou Y, Deng G, Ashraf H, Yu ZW. Identifying Different Halogen-/Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction Modes in Binary Systems that Contain an Acetate Ionic Liquid and Various Halobenzenes. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1030-1040. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous, Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous, Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Geng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous, Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Hamad Ashraf
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous, Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wu Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous, Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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Agatemor C, Ibsen KN, Tanner EEL, Mitragotri S. Ionic liquids for addressing unmet needs in healthcare. Bioeng Transl Med 2018; 3:7-25. [PMID: 29376130 PMCID: PMC5773981 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of ionic liquids have opened new applications beyond their traditional use as solvents into other fields especially healthcare. The broad chemical space, rich with structurally diverse ions, and coupled with the flexibility to form complementary ion pairs enables task-specific optimization at the molecular level to design ionic liquids for envisioned functions. Consequently, ionic liquids now are tailored as innovative solutions to address many problems in medicine. To date, ionic liquids have been designed to promote dissolution of poorly soluble drugs and disrupt physiological barriers to transport drugs to targeted sites. Also, their antimicrobial activity has been demonstrated and could be exploited to prevent and treat infectious diseases. Metal-containing ionic liquids have also been designed and offer unique features due to incorporation of metals. Here, we review application-driven investigations of ionic liquids in medicine with respect to current status and future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Agatemor
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138
| | - Kelly N. Ibsen
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138
| | - Eden E. L. Tanner
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138
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Ostadjoo S, Berton P, Shamshina JL, Rogers RD. Scaling-Up Ionic Liquid-Based Technologies: How Much Do We Care About Their Toxicity? Prima Facie Information on 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Acetate. Toxicol Sci 2017; 161:249-265. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Soares RRG, Azevedo AM, Fernandes P, Chu V, Conde JP, Aires-Barros MR. A simple method for point-of-need extraction, concentration and rapid multi-mycotoxin immunodetection in feeds using aqueous two-phase systems. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1511:15-24. [PMID: 28697933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid detection of mycotoxins in feed samples is becoming an increasingly relevant challenge for the food production sector, in order to effectively enforce current regulations and assure food and feed safety. To achieve rapid mycotoxin detection, several biosensing strategies have been published, many reaching assay times of the order of a few minutes. However, the vast majority of these rely on sample preparation based on volatile organic solvents, often comprising complex multi-step procedures and devoid of clean-up and/or concentration effects. Here, a novel sample preparation methodology based on a green, non-toxic and inexpensive polyethylene glycol-sodium citrate aqueous two-phase system is reported, providing single-step extraction and concentration of three target mycotoxins within 20min: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). With point-of-need applications in mind, the extraction procedure was optimized and validated using a rapid multi-toxin microfluidic competitive immunoassay. The assay was successfully tested with spiked complex solid matrices including corn, soy, chickpea and sunflower-based feeds and limits of detection of 4.6ngg-1±15.8%, 24.1ngg-1±8.1% and 129.7ngg-1±53.1% (±CV) were obtained in corn for AFB1, OTA and DON, respectively. These sensitivities are fit-for-purpose at the required regulatory and recommended limits for animal feed, providing an effective and safe semi-quantitative mycotoxin analysis that can be performed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben R G Soares
- IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M Azevedo
- IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Virginia Chu
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João P Conde
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Raquel Aires-Barros
- IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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45
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Costa SPF, Azevedo AMO, Pinto PCAG, Saraiva MLMFS. Environmental Impact of Ionic Liquids: Recent Advances in (Eco)toxicology and (Bio)degradability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2321-2347. [PMID: 28394478 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This Review aims to integrate the most recent and pertinent data available on the (bio)degradability and toxicity of ionic liquids for global and critical analysis and on the conscious use of these compounds on a large scale thereafter. The integrated data will enable focus on the recognition of toxicophores and on the way the community has been dealing with them, with the aim to obtain greener and safer ionic liquids. Also, an update of the most recent biotic and abiotic methods developed to overcome some of these challenging issues will be presented. The review structure aims to present a potential sequence of events that can occur upon discharging ionic liquids into the environment and the potential long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P F Costa
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M O Azevedo
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula C A G Pinto
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- A3D-Association for Drug Discovery and Development, Rua do Baixeiro n° 38, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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46
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Weyhing-Zerrer N, Gundolf T, Kalb R, Oßmer R, Rossmanith P, Mester P. Predictability of ionic liquid toxicity from a SAR study on different systematic levels of pathogenic bacteria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:394-403. [PMID: 28189781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), a new class of solvents with unique and tunable physicochemical properties, were initially envisioned as working alternatives to traditional organic solvents. However, they have now proven to have a wide range of alternative chemical and biochemical applications. Due to their increasing use, environmental and toxicity concerns are growing, but resolutions are hindered by the sheer number of possible variants. In order to assess and possibly predict IL-toxicity, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) approach was adopted using defined structural motifs. These included varied cationic alkyl side-chain lengths, cation lipophilicity and diverse anion effects. The predictive powers of such SARs in respect of antibacterial effects were compared using a total of 28 ILs on six Gram-negative and six Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Endpoints were minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). Results indicate that while certain limited IL-toxicity responses in bacteria can be predicted from SARs, they caution that predictions cannot be generalized across species. This study demonstrates the complex species-specific nature of IL-toxicity and the current limitations of SAR predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Gundolf
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Kalb
- Proionic GmbH, Parkring 18, 8074 Grambach, Austria
| | - Rolf Oßmer
- Merck KGaA, Life Science, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Peter Rossmanith
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mester
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Azevedo AMO, Pereira SAP, Passos MLC, Costa SPF, Pinto PCAG, Araujo ARTS, Saraiva MLMFS. Assessment of ionic liquids' toxicity through the inhibition of acylase I activity on a microflow system. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:351-358. [PMID: 28126569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acylase I (ACY I) plays a role in the detoxication and bioactivation of xenobiotics as well in other physiological functions. In this context, an automated ACY I assay for the evaluation of ionic liquids' (ILs) toxicity was developed. The assay was implemented in a sequential injection analysis (SIA) system and was applied to eight commercially available ILs. The SIA methodology was based on the deacetylation of N-acetyl-l-methionine with production of l-methionine, which was determined using fluorescamine. ACY I inhibition in the presence of ILs was monitored by the decrease of fluorescence intensity. The obtained results confirmed the influence of ILs' structural elements on its toxicity and revealed that pyridinium and phosphonium cations, longer alkyl side chains and tetrafluoroborate anion displayed higher toxic effect on enzyme activity. The developed methodology proved to be robust and exhibited good repeatability (RSD < 1.3%, n = 10), leading also to a reduction of reagents consumption and effluents production. Thus, it is expected that the proposed assay can be used as a novel tool for ILs' toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M O Azevedo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah A P Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Avenida Rainha D. Amélia, S/N, 6300-749 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Marieta L C Passos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana P F Costa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula C A G Pinto
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; A3D - Association for Drug Discovery and Development, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - André R T S Araujo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Avenida Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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48
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Egorova KS, Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7132-7189. [PMID: 28125212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 902] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in the form of ionic liquid species. The main aim of this Review is to attract a broad audience of chemical, biological, and medical scientists to study advantages of ionic liquid pharmaceutics. Overall, the discussed data highlight the importance of the research direction defined as "Ioliomics", studies of ions in liquids in modern chemistry, biology, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Stary Petergof 198504, Russia
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Kumar SPJ, Prasad SR, Banerjee R, Agarwal DK, Kulkarni KS, Ramesh KV. Green solvents and technologies for oil extraction from oilseeds. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:9. [PMID: 28123451 PMCID: PMC5258651 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseeds are crucial for the nutritional security of the global population. The conventional technology used for oil extraction from oilseeds is by solvent extraction. In solvent extraction, n-hexane is used as a solvent for its attributes such as simple recovery, non-polar nature, low latent heat of vaporization (330 kJ/kg) and high selectivity to solvents. However, usage of hexane as a solvent has lead to several repercussions such as air pollution, toxicity and harmfulness that prompted to look for alternative options. To circumvent the problem, green solvents could be a promising approach to replace solvent extraction. In this review, green solvents and technology like aqueous assisted enzyme extraction are better solution for oil extraction from oilseeds. Enzyme mediated extraction is eco-friendly, can obtain higher yields, cost-effective and aids in obtaining co-products without any damage. Enzyme technology has great potential for oil extraction in oilseed industry. Similarly, green solvents such as terpenes and ionic liquids have tremendous solvent properties that enable to extract the oil in eco-friendly manner. These green solvents and technologies are considered green owing to the attributes of energy reduction, eco-friendliness, non-toxicity and non-harmfulness. Hence, the review is mainly focussed on the prospects and challenges of green solvents and technology as the best option to replace the conventional methods without compromising the quality of the extracted products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Jeevan Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 721302 India
| | - S Rajendra Prasad
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 721302 India
| | - Rintu Banerjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Dinesh K Agarwal
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 721302 India
| | - Kalyani S Kulkarni
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - K V Ramesh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 721302 India
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Piotrowska A, Syguda A, Wyrwas B, Chrzanowski Ł, Heipieper HJ. Toxicity evaluation of selected ammonium-based ionic liquid forms with MCPP and dicamba moieties on Pseudomonas putida. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:114-119. [PMID: 27716584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Combination of the hydrophilic herbicidal anion with hydrophobic, antimicrobial ammonium cation allows to obtain compounds in ionic liquid form with better properties then conventional herbicides. Both cation and anion can be modified by selection of herbicide and the length of alkyl chains in cation structure. However the knowledge of their potential toxic effects are still limited. Furthermore, the relation between hydrophobicity associated with the length of alkyl chains and toxicity for ionic liquids has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore we investigated toxic effects of herbicidal ionic liquid forms on growth inhibition, given as EC50, of the common soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida. We thereby concentrated on quaternary ammonium salts. Analyzed compounds were composed of dicamba or MCPP moieties and cation with various alkyl chain lengths (n = 6,8,10) We compared them with commercial herbicides, and ammonium-based ionic liquids with neutral anion (Br-). In addition, cis-trans isomerisation of unsaturated membrane fatty acids in Pseudomonas putida was applied as the proxy for toxicity and membrane activity. We showed that toxicity increased with the length of alkyl chains. However, this correlation is only valid for six and eight carbon atom in alkyl chains, where for n = 10 the EC50 values rise by one order of magnitude. In our studies, the herbicidal ionic liquids [C10,C10,C1,C1N][MCPP] and [C10,C10,C1,C1N][dicamba] showed the lowest toxicity among analyzed quaternary ammonium salts and comparable toxicity with corresponding herbicides. No clear increase in toxicity could be followed by changing the anion moieties for ammonium-based ionic liquid forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Syguda
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogdan Wyrwas
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chrzanowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hermann J Heipieper
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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