1
|
Zhang J, Han Y, Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Lei D, Wilcke W. Sediment record of polycyclic aromatic compounds and black carbon over the last ~400 years in Sanjiaolongwan Maar Lake, northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167438. [PMID: 37778557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Fuel usage is an important catalyst for socio-economic development and human well-being. Human activities have resulted in significant increases in emissions from biomass burning (BB) and fossil fuel (FF) combustion which have significantly adversely affected human, ecosystem, and planetary health in this era of the Anthropocene. Sanjiaolongwan Maar Lake (SJLW), as a typical crater lake, uniquely receives atmospheric deposition from long-distance transport, and thus, its sediments reflect environmental change and human impacts on a broad scale. In this study, the concentrations and compositions of combustion products, including polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs, i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated (OPAHs) and nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives (AZAs)) and black carbon (BC and its constituents char and soot), in SJLW over the past 400 years were investigated. The results showed that the PACs and soot concentrations and fluxes in SJLW have rapidly increased since 1950. The concentrations of the total PACs increased ~4 times after the 1950s. Such a fast increase is consistent with the rapid industrialization after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which has further accelerated beginning with the implementation of the reform and opening up policy of the PRC in 1978. Moreover, the variations in the compositions of PACs, as well as the decrease in the char/soot ratio, demonstrate a transition in energy usage from BB to FF combustion. The decrease in the benzo[e]pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene ratio indicated an increase in local emissions (because of increasing industrialization in northeast China). The temporal profile of perylene concentrations, fluxes, and perylene/5-ring PAHs ratios strongly suggest that perylene mainly originated from non-pyrogenic sources. The records of PACs and BC in SJLW offer valuable perspectives on human impacts and provide important references for the start of the Anthropocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dewen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Satpati GG, Gupta S, Biswas RK, Choudhury AK, Kim JW, Davoodbasha M. Microalgae mediated bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Strategies, advancement and regulations. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140337. [PMID: 37797901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pervasive in the atmosphere and are one of the emerging pollutants that cause harmful effects in living systems. There are some natural and anthropogenic sources that can produce PAHs in an uncontrolled way. Several health hazards associated with PAHs like abnormality in the reproductive system, endocrine system as well as immune system have been explained. The mutagenic or carcinogenic effects of hydrocarbons in living systems including algae, vertebrates and invertebrates have been discussed. For controlling PAHs, biodegradation has been suggested as an effective and eco-friendly process. Microalgae-based biosorption and biodegradation resulted in the removal of toxic contaminants. Microalgae both in unialgal form and in consortium (with bacteria or fungi) performed good results in bioaccumulation and biodegradation. In the present review, we highlighted the general information about the PAHs, conventional versus advanced technology for removal. In addition microalgae based removal and toxicity is discussed. Furthermore this work provides an idea on modern scientific applications like genetic and metabolic engineering, nanomaterials-based technologies, artificial neural network (ANN), machine learning (ML) etc. As rapid and effective methods for bioremediation of PAHs. With several pros and cons, biological treatments using microalgae are found to be better for PAH removal than any other conventional technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gour Gopal Satpati
- Department of Botany, Bangabasi Evening College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata- 700009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shalini Gupta
- University School of Environment and Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Delhi- 110078, India
| | - Rohan Kr Biswas
- Phycology Lab, Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata-700118, India
| | - Avik Kumar Choudhury
- Phycology Lab, Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata-700118, India
| | - Jung-Wan Kim
- Research Centre for Bio Material and Process Development, Incheon National Univeristy, Republic of Korea; Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - MubarakAli Davoodbasha
- Research Centre for Bio Material and Process Development, Incheon National Univeristy, Republic of Korea; Centre for Surface Technology and Applications, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, 10540, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaur R, Gupta S, Tripathi V, Chauhan A, Parashar D, Shankar P, Kashyap V. Microbiome based approaches for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A current perception. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139951. [PMID: 37652248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Globally, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution is primarily driven by their release into the air through various combustion processes, including burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas in motor vehicles, power plants, and industries, as well as burning organic matter like wood, tobacco, and food in fireplaces, cigarettes, and grills. Apart from anthropogenic pollution sources, PAHs also occur naturally in crude oil, and their potential release during oil extraction, refining processes, and combustion further contributes to contamination and pollution concerns. PAHs are resistant and persistent in the environment because of their inherent features, viz., heterocyclic aromatic ring configurations, hydrophobicity, and thermostability. A wide range of microorganisms have been found to be effective degraders of these recalcitrant contaminants. The presence of hydrocarbons as a result of numerous anthropogenic activities is one of the primary environmental concerns. PAHs are found in soil, water, and the air, making them ubiquitous in nature. The presence of PAHs in the environment creates a problem, as their presence has a detrimental effect on humans and animals. For a variety of life forms, PAH pollutants are reported to be toxic, carcinogenic, mutation-inducing, teratogenic, and immune toxicogenics. Degradation of PAHs via biological activity is an extensively used approach in which diverse microorganisms (fungal, algal, clitellate, and protozoan) and plant species and their derived composites are utilized as biocatalysts and biosurfactants. Some microbes have the ability to transform and degrade these PAHs, allowing them to be removed from the environment. The goal of this review is to provide a critical overview of the existing understanding of PAH biodegradation. It also examines current advances in diverse methodologies for PAH degradation in order to shed light on fundamental challenges and future potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vishal Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arjun Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Prem Shankar
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX-77555, USA
| | - Vivek Kashyap
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu J, Li Y, Li J, Jing S, An T, Luo H, Ma C, Wang H, Fu Q, Huang C. An online method for monitoring atmospheric intermediate volatile organic compounds with a thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463299. [PMID: 35853419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As one of important precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs) have attracted much attention in recent years. Most of the previous studies however largely focused on characteristics of IVOCs from different emission sources, while data from field observations to study their temporal variations was limited for lacking the sufficient time resolution monitoring data. In this study, an online thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method was developed to generate monitor data with a three-hour time resolution for gaseous atmospheric IVOCs. The method used two multi-sorbent traps that alternated for conducting sample collection and sample analysis. Compounds of C12C22 n-alkanes and 2-4 ring PAHs were chosen as surrogates to evaluate the performance of this method. Regression coefficients of external calibration curves were greater than 0.93 and 0.96 for all individual n-alkanes and PAHs, respectively. Average relative standard deviation (RSD) values among replicate samples spiked at 3 ng for each individual standard were 9% ± 5%. The detection limits of this method for individual n-alkanes and PAHs were 3.1-16.2 ng/m3 and 1.0-2.7 ng/m3, respectively. Atmospheric IVOCs were continuously monitored from September 28 to 30 and October 22 to November 9 in 2018, in an urban area of Shanghai. Besides targeted n-alkanes and PAHs, unspeciated complex mixtures (UCM) of IVOCs as well as total-IVOCs concentrations in the atmosphere were also determined. Measured concentrations and compositions of gaseous IVOCs in the atmosphere in this study were comparable to other similar studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Jie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Taikui An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Heng Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Changwen Ma
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang J, Feng L, Zhao Y, Hou C, Gu Q. Health risks of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metals (PPAH&HM) during the replacement of central heating with urban natural gas in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2495-2514. [PMID: 34291374 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the health effects of fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5)-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) before and after the implementation of the Urban Natural Gas Heating Project (UNGHP), the lifetime cancer risks, hazard quotients (HQs) of heavy metals and PAHs were calculated. Seven kinds of heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni and Se) and 12 kinds of PAHs including acenaphthylene (ANY), acenaphthene (ANA), fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR), chrysene (CHR), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), benzo[ghi]perylene (BPE) and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IPY) were analyzed and used for the health risk assessments. It was found that HQ of Mn fell from 1.09 in the coal-burning period to 0.72 in the gas-burning period in the suburban area. And lifetime cancer risks of PAHs fell from 35.7 × 10-6 in the coal-burning period to 17.22 × 10-6 in the gas-burning period in the urban area. It could be concluded that, during the gas-burning period, downward trends were observed for the lifetime cancer risks and HQs of most kinds of heavy metals and PAHs in all regions of Tianjin compared to those during the coal-burning period. The UNGHP was effective, and we should also take other measures to control the pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihong Feng
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China
| | - Changchun Hou
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China.
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No.22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bateni F, Mehdinia A, Lundin L, Hashtroudi MS. Distribution, source and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of northern part of the Persian Gulf. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133859. [PMID: 35149014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of 43 compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial sediments of the Persian Gulf were investigated. The sediments were sampled from 60 offshore stations during an oceanographic cruise in the winter of 2012. Gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the PAHs determinations in sediment samples. The concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs and 4 nitrated PAHs were 9.0-201.5 ng g-1 dw, 3.3-60.3 ng g-1 dw, 15.2-172.7 ng g-1 dw and 0.1-8.3 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Among 21 parental PAHs, naphthalene (29.35 ng g-1 dw), phenanthrene (4.6 ng g-1 dw), and pyrene (3.18 ng g-1 dw) were the most abundant compound. 1-acenaphthenone (43.41 ng g-1 dw) and 2-methylnaphthalene (7.15 ng g-1 dw) showed the highest concentration in the oxy- and methyl-PAHs, respectively. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs were between not detected to 4 ng g-1 dw. According to the ecological risk assessment, the calculated total toxicity of PAHs was at below the lethal level on benthic organisms in all stations in the Persian Gulf, but there is risk of toxicity for the benthic organism in the Gulf of Oman (from the Strait of Hormuz to Jask). In general, nitrogenated and oxygenated derivatives did not show a significant risk in the study area. Based on the diagnostic ratios, the mixed sources (both petrogenic and pyrogenic) and pyrogenic sources have been identified for PAHs. Biomass combustion source has been identified for the stations near flares and gas fields. Principle component analysis-multivariate linear regression analysis for source identification shows that maritime traffic, abundant flares that burn the gas in oil, gas fields and dust storms have a major impact on the production of PAHs in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bateni
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran.
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mehri Seyed Hashtroudi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin C, Huang RJ, Duan J, Zhong H, Xu W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from cooking emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151700. [PMID: 34798089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution studies have often overlooked the contribution from cooking to the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient environment, despite cooking emissions have been identified as an important source of organic aerosol in most urban areas, known as the cooking-like organic aerosol factor (i.e., COA). In this study, a Long-Time-of-Flight (LToF) soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was deployed to evaluate the impact of cooking emissions on outdoor particle-bound PAHs levels during a summer campaign in 2019 in Xi'an China. Combined with the robust receptor model, cooking emission was found to be the major source of ambient PAHs, on average, accounting for 90% of PAHs, 9 times higher than traffic (10%). The ambient cooking PAH profile was well correlated (r2 of 0.87) with that for frying oil fume, suggesting cooking oil was the major source of PAHs instead of the food being cooked. We further evaluated the health risk associated with the cooking PAHs and estimated the cooking PAH levels in some of the major cities in the world where COA factor has been reported. The results show the particle-bound PAHs from cooking can be an important source of ambient PAHs in most Chinese cities. The findings from this study hold important implications for public health and are informing for policymakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao L, Song S, Li P, Liu J, Zhang J, Wang L, Ji Y, Liu J, Guo L, Han J. Fine particle-bound PAHs derivatives at mountain background site (Mount Tai) of the North China: Concentration, source diagnosis and health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 109:77-87. [PMID: 34607676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ten nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) and 4 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oPAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples from Mount Tai were analyzed during summer (June to August), 2015. During the observation campaign, the mean concentration of total nPAHs and oPAHs was 31.62 pg/m3 and 0.15 ng/m3, respectively. Two of the monitored compounds, namely 9-nitro-anthracene (9N-ANT) (6.86 pg/m3) and 9-fluorenone (9FO) (0.05 ng/m3) were the predominant compounds of nPAHs and oPAHs, respectively. The potential source and long-range transportation of nPAHs and oPAHs were investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods. The results revealed that biomass/coal burning, gasoline vehicle emission, diesel vehicle emission and secondary formation were the dominant sources of nPAHs and oPAHs, which were mainly from Henan province and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Bohai sea. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the exposure risk of nPAHs and oPAHs for three group people (infant, children and adult), and the values of ILCR were 7.02 × 10-10, 3.49 × 10-9 and 1.41 × 10-8 for infant, children and adults, respectively. All these values were lower than the standard of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (<10-6), indicating acceptable health risk of nPAHs and oPAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shanjun Song
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Easy Clear (Tianjin) Environment Protection Science & Technology Co., Itd, Tianjin 300380, China; Tianjin SF-Bio Industrial Bio-Tec Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300462, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hebei research center for Geoanalysis, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Liqiong Guo
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinbao Han
- College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lei Y, Shen Z, He K, Li L, Qin Y, Zeng Y, Li J, Xu H, Ma Y, Zhang T, Yang L, Zhang N, Cao J. The formation and evolution of parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during a severe winter haze-fog event over Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9165-9172. [PMID: 33128714 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 3- or 4-h high time-resolved PM2.5 was observed during a severe winter haze-fog event (1 to 6 January 2017) to investigate the formation and evolution of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in Xi'an, a typical city in northwestern China. Three episodes (episode I, episode II, and rainy day (EI, EII, and RD)) have been identified during this haze-fog event. Nine water-soluble ions, 8 carbonaceous fractions, 18 pPAHs, and 3 OPAHs in PM2.5 were measured. pPAHs showed two peaks at around 12:00 local standard time (LST) and 24:00 LST and two troughs at around 2:00 LST and 18:00 LST during EI. However, the OPAHs presented highest at around 18:00 LST and lowest at around 2:00 LST. During EII, pPAHs and OPAHs displayed similar diurnal variations with the highest values at noon but lowest values at around 2:00-5:00 LST. In addition, no obvious diurnal variations of pPAHs and OPAHs were observed during RD were absent during RD. Diurnal variations of pPAH ring distributions demonstrated coal combustion, and vehicle emissions contributed to pPAHs for three episodes, which is further confirmed by diagnostic ratio results. High oxygenation (Ro) rates were found during the sampling time, which favored OPAH formation. The study herein indicates that OPAH formation through complex atmospheric reactions provides us new insights into the severe haze-fog events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Kun He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yongjing Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu C, Gao L, Zheng M, Qiao L, Wang K, Huang D, Wang S. Nontarget Screening of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:109-119. [PMID: 33171047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic. 16 PAHs as priority pollutants listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency were usually monitored. Therefore, multiple potentially toxic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are not monitored. In this study, atmospheric particulate matter samples from Beijing were analyzed using atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight (GC × GC-TOF) mass spectrometry. The FT-ICR data detected high molecular weight PAHs, alkylated PAHs (APAHs) and heteroatom PAHs. The GC × GC-TOF data tentatively identified 386 PACs in five categories of identification confidence. Twenty-one spectra in the unknown class were manually resolved. Eighty-two PACs with high identification confidence were proposed for further research. The identities of five PAHs and five APAHs that are currently not regulated were confirmed using available standards and quantified in some samples. Some of these PACs, such as dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (C22H14) and 1-methylpyrene (C17H12), should be of concern because of their contamination levels and the high toxicities of themselves and/or their derivatives. This study highlights the possibility of expanding the traditional lists of PAHs to improve pollution control and risk assessment accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang T, Liu P, Sun X, Zhang C, Wang M, Xu J, Pu S, Huang L. Application of an advanced spatiotemporal model for PM 2.5 prediction in Jiangsu Province, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125563. [PMID: 31884232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Either long- or short-term of fine particle (PM2.5) exposure is associated with adverse health effects especially for children. Primary school students spend much time in schools whereas PM2.5 prediction for such fine-scale places remains a demanding task, let alone a combined prediction with high temporal resolution. The study aimed to estimate PM2.5 levels of different time scales for primary schools in Jiangsu Province, China. Hourly PM2.5 measurements within the academic year (Sept. 2016-June 2017) were collected from 72 routine monitoring sites. Together with PM2.5 emission inventory and dozens of geographic variables, an advanced spatiotemporal land use regression (LUR) model was employed to estimate PM2.5 concentrations of biweekly, seasonal and academic year levels in Jiangsu Province at 2457 primary school locations. 10-fold cross-validation verified high prediction ability with squared correlations RCV2 of 0.72 for temporal and 0.71 for spatial changes. PM2.5 levels in primary schools in Nanjing and Nantong were >10% higher than that of the corresponding cities while pollution levels in primary schools in Xuzhou were >20% lower. For 10 out of the 13 cities in Jiangsu, PM2.5 levels for primary schools surpassed 70 μg/m3 in winter. Schools in Lianyungang, Zhenjiang and Huai'an suffered the most. This study demonstrated the fine-scale prediction ability of the novel spatiotemporal LUR model, as well as the potential and necessity to apply it in epidemiological studies. It also verified the emergency of pollution control for primary schools from cities such as Lianyungang and Zhenjiang.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of the Earth Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Qixia, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shengyan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, 1 Dongsanlu, Erxianqiao, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dreij K, Lundin L, Le Bihanic F, Lundstedt S. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban soils of Stockholm City: Occurrence, sources and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108989. [PMID: 31835119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous pollutants that are found everywhere in our environment, including air, soil and water. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations, distribution, sources and potential health risk of 43 PACs in soils collected from 25 urban parks in Stockholm City, Sweden. These PACs included 21 PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, and 4 azaarenes whose concentrations ranged between 190 and 54 500, 30.5-5 300, 14.9-680, and 4.17-590 ng/g soil, respectively. Fluoranthene was found at the highest levels ranging between 17.7 and 9800 ng/g, benzo[a]pyrene between 9.64 and 4600 ng/g, and the highly potent carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene up to 740 ng/g. The most abundant oxy-PAH was 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (2.09-2300 ng/g). Primary sources of PAHs were identified by use of diagnostic ratios and Positive Matrix Factorization modelling and found to be pyrogenic including vehicle emissions and combustion of biomass. Estimating the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS) associated with exposure to PAHs in these soils indicated that the PAH levels in some parks constitute a considerable increased risk level for adults and children (total ILCR > 1 × 10-4). Compared to worldwide urban parks contamination, we conclude that the PAC soil levels in parks of Stockholm City in general are low, but that some parks are more heavily contaminated and should be considered for clean-up actions to limit human health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Laboratoire EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Université de Bordeaux, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Staffan Lundstedt
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå Univeristy, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu H, Ma S, Zhang X, Yu Y. Application of thermal desorption methods for airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon measurement: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113018. [PMID: 31419659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption (TD) is a universal solvent-free pre-concentration technique. It is often used to pre-concentrate semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds in various sample types. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread contaminants from incomplete combustion of organic matter and fossil fuel, which have carcinogenic effects on human health. Conventional methods for determining PAHs, represented by solvent extraction, are gradually being replaced by solvent-free methods, typically the TD technique, because of TD's many advantages, including time savings and environmentally friendly treatment. This work presents an extensive review of the universal methods used to determine PAHs in the atmosphere based on the TD technique. The methods currently used for collection and detection of both gas- and particle-phase PAHs in the air are critically reviewed. In addition, the operating parameters of the TD unit are summarized and discussed. The design shortcomings of existing studies and the problems that researchers should address are presented, and promising alternatives are suggested. This paper also discusses important parameters, such as reproducibility and limit of detection, that form a crucial part of quality assurance. Finally, the limitations and the future prospects of the TD technique for use in airborne PAH analyses are addressed. This is the first review of the latest developments of the TD technique for analysis of PAHs and their derivatives in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ling S, Hui L. Evaluation of the complexity of indoor air in hospital wards based on PM2.5, real-time PCR, adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence assay, microbial culture and mass spectrometry. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:646. [PMID: 31324234 PMCID: PMC6642494 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to establish a set of assessment methods suitable for evaluating the complex indoor environment of hospital wards and to ascertain the composition of bacteria and microbial ecology of hospital wards. Methods Colony-forming units (CFUs), PM2.5 detection, real-time PCR, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay were employed to evaluate the complexity of indoor air in 18 wards of nine departments in a hospital and two student dormitories in a university. Subsequently, the microbial samples were quantified and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Results Although the studied indices were relatively independent, the PM2.5 content was correlated with bacterial CFUs determined by passive sedimentation method, bacterial and fungal counts measured by real-time PCR, and ATP bioluminescence assay. The composition of microorganisms in the air of hospital wards differed from that in the air of student dormitories. The dominant genera in hospital wards were Staphylococcus (39.4%), Micrococcus (21.9%), Corynebacterium (11.7%), Kocuria (4.4%), Bacillus (2.9%), Streptococcus (1.6%), Moraxella (1.6%), and Enterococcus (1.3%), and the microbial ecology differed between Respiration Dept. III and other hospital departments. Additionally, 11.1 and 27.3% of bacteria in hospital wards and student dormitories were not identified, respectively. Conclusions Assessment of environmental quality of hospital wards should be based on comprehensive analysis with multiple indicators. There may be imbalances in the microbial diversity in the hospital wards, therefore, monitoring of the environmental quality of hospitals is important in the prevention of nosocomial infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4249-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao Ling
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Liu Hui
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Xu H, Wang J, Ho SSH, He K, Shen Z, Ning Z, Sun J, Li L, Lei R, Zhang T, Lei Y, Yang L, Cao Y, Cao J. Personal exposure to PM 2.5-bound organic species from domestic solid fuel combustion in rural Guanzhong Basin, China: Characteristics and health implication. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:53-62. [PMID: 30981970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Domestic solid fuels combustion produces a mass of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). PM2.5-bound organics, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs) and hopanes, were quantified in indoor, outdoor and personal exposure samples collected in rural Guanzhong Basin, China. The average concentration of total quantified PAHs in personal exposure samples was 310 ± 443 ng m-3, 1.5 times of those of indoor (211 ± 120 ng m-3) and outdoor (189 ± 115 ng m-3). Similar observations were found for the OPAHs and PAEs, i.e., much higher concentrations were seen in personal exposure samples. Hopanes average personal exposure concentration (13 ± 9.7 ng m-3) was comparable to indoors (15 ± 9.7 ng m-3) and outdoors (13 ± 9.6 ng m-3). Among four common heating ways applied in Chinese dwelling, the highest exposure levels to PAHs, OPAHs and PAEs were found for indoor coal chunks stoves. Concentration under electric power was 1.2-4.5 folds lower than those with solid fuels in this study, proved to be the cleanest energy for the household heating. The exposures to PM2.5 on cell viabilities were also investigated. The largest reduction of 70% on cell viabilities was seen for indoor coal chunks stove housewives, indicating that the emissions from coal combustion had the greatest cytotoxic effects. The results evidenced that the heating ways in rural area could greatly impact on the housewife health in northwestern China. Advanced heating technology and protection should be conducted to reduce the personal exposures to PM2.5 from domestic solid fuel combustions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- NICU, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Kailai He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Ronghui Lei
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongxiao Cao
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang T, Sun L, Yang Z, Lin Y, Chen Y, Mao H. Characterization of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (nitro-and oxy-PAHs) emissions from two ship engines under different operating conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:43-52. [PMID: 30856474 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from ship exhaust have been recognized as an important source of air pollution in coastal areas. To investigate the impacts of engine type, fuel and operating conditions on polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) emissions, particle matter (PM2.5) samples emitted from an inland-river bulk freighter (BF) using marine diesel oil (MDO) and an ocean-going passenger vessel (PV) using heavy fuel oil (HFO) were collected under five operation conditions (preheating, leaving, cruising, entering and berthing). The concentrations of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) and 4 oxygenated-PAHs species were determined. The concentrations of ΣPAHs, ΣNPAHs and ΣOPAHs measured on the BF and PV exhausts ranged from 1.95 to 417 μg/m3, 86.5 to 6.89 × 103 ng/m3 and 2.00-102 μg/m3, respectively. Both ships showed a high proportion of four-ring PAHs, while the BF had more three-ring PAHs (34.00-70.38%) and the PV had more five-ring PAHs (30.02-35.95%). The calculation of indicatory PACs are able to increase the precision of source appointment. The emission factors (EFs) of PACs under maneuvering (including preheating, leaving, entering and berthing) was much higher than those under cruising, which might be due to the engine load, fuel consumption, and secondary reactions. Compared with HFO, combustion with MDO decreased the power-based ΣPAH EFs by 82-99%, power-based ΣNPAH EFs by 86-98%, and power-based ΣOPAHs EFs by 50-82%. These data highlight the importance of quantifying and monitoring ship emissions in close proximity to port area, and are useful for enhancing the relevant databases and improving the accuracy of ship emission inventories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhao
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Luna Sun
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yingchao Lin
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunyue Chen
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yan D, Wu S, Zhou S, Tong G, Li F, Wang Y, Li B. Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of airborne particulate PAHs in Chinese cities: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:804-814. [PMID: 30851590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds composed of at least two benzene rings. This paper reviews the characteristics, sources and health risk of airborne particulate PAHs in Chinese cities. The airborne particulate PAH concentrations varied from 3.35 to 910 ng m-3, with an average of 75.0 ng m-3, and the pollution level of PAHs in northern cities was generally higher than that in southern cities. The PAH concentrations in different cities underwent similar seasonal variations, with high concentrations in the winter and relatively low concentrations in the summer. Many factors, such as meteorological conditions and source emissions, influenced the spatiotemporal pattern of PAHs. High temperatures, frequent flow exchanges, abundant rainfall and strong solar radiation reduced the level of particulate PAHs in the atmosphere. The historical changes in the level of airborne particulate PAHs in four cities were analyzed. The PAH concentrations in Beijing and Taiyuan presented a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, while the level of particulate PAHs in Nanjing and Guangzhou had a decreasing tendency from year 2000-2015. The airborne particulate PAHs in cities were derived from several sources, including coal combustion, vehicle emissions, coking industries, biomass burning and petroleum volatilization. The results of a health risk assessment indicated that the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for people in the northern cities was higher than that for people in the other regions, especially during the cold season. Moreover, adults were at greater risk than people in other age groups, and the health risk to females was slightly higher than that to males. The potential risk of airborne particulate PAH exposure was relatively high in some cities, and controlling PAH emissions at the source should be required to prevent pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daohao Yan
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shaohua Wu
- Institute of Land and Urban-Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, 18 Xueyuan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Guijie Tong
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Fufu Li
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yuanmin Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Baojie Li
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li LJ, Ho SSH, Feng B, Xu H, Wang T, Wu R, Huang W, Qu L, Wang Q, Cao J. Characterization of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and their oxidations in heavy polluted atmosphere: A case study in urban Beijing, China during haze events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:1392-1402. [PMID: 30743933 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Characterizations on polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) during frequent haze periods have been conducted in an urban site of Beijing, China. Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) and other carbonaceous matters were quantified. The average PM2.5 during haze events (256.3 ± 103.7 μg/m3) were one magnitude over than that of clear periods (CRs, 24.7 ± 27.7 μg/m3).The average total quantified PAHs (ΣPAHs) and OPAHs (ΣOPAHs) during haze events were 423.9 ± 178.4 ng/m3 and 581.4 ± 299.8 ng/m3, respectively, which were approximately 10 times higher than those of 40.3 ± 68.2 ng/m3 and 54.4 ± 82.4 ng/m3 in clear days. Four-rings PAHs had the highest compositions. 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride (1,8-NA) is the most abundant OPAHs, accounted for 49.8% of ∑OPAHs, followed by 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-AQ) (13.8%) and benzo(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (BaAQ) (8.31%). In haze events, the contents of 5- to 7-rings PAHs decreased by 2.32% compared with those of clear days, while lower molecular weight fractions of 3- and 4-rings PAHs increased. The relationships between PAHs, OPAHs and relative humidity (RH) were found to be exponential. High oxygenation rate (R0) ratios of OPAH/PAH represents higher rates in secondary formation or degradation and gas- particle conversion for each PAH or OPAH during the wintertime. Significant positive correlation between BeP and OPAHs (r = 0.97), combined with the results of photochemical aging and negatively correlation with O3, suggest that secondary atmospheric reactions of PAHs played an important role in the burden of OPAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Juan Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Baihuan Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongshan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Lai Chi Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gadi R, Sharma SK, Mandal TK. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of organic constituents in fine ambient aerosols (PM 2.5): A complete year study over National Capital Region of India. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:583-596. [PMID: 30665088 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fine ambient aerosols (PM2.5) levels in the atmosphere are continuously worsening over Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR) of India. Complete source profiles are required to be assessed for implementation of proper mitigation measures over the NCR. In this study, emission sources of PM2.5 are reported for the NCR of India for samples collected during December 2016 to December 2017 at three sampling sites in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Organic constituents (n-alkanes, isoprenoid hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, levoglucosan and n-alkanoic acids) in PM2.5 were measured to apportion the sources over the study area. Source apportionment of PM2.5 was performed using organic constituents by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Health risk associated with organic pollutants [PAHs and carcinogen BEHP bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] demonstrated the threat of PM2.5 exposure via inhalation. Transport pathways of air masses were evaluated using 3-day backward trajectories and observed that some air masses originated from local sources along with long-range transport which influenced the PAHs concentration during most of the study period over the NCR. PMF and PCA resulted in the five major emission sources [vehicular emissions (32.2%), biomass burning (30%), cooking emissions (16.8%), plastic burning (13.4%), mixed sources (7.6%) including biogenic and industrial emissions] for PM2.5 over the sampling sites. The present study reveals that transport sector is a major source to be targeted to reduce the vehicular emissions and consequent health risks associated with organic pollutants especially PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Babu AG, Reja SI, Akhtar N, Sultana M, Deore PS, Ali FI. Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Current Practices and Outlook. MICROORGANISMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7462-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
21
|
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in Urumqi, China: Temporal Variations, Health Risk, and Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 samples were simultaneously collected in Urumqi from January to December 2011, and 14 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined. The mean concentrations of total PAHs in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were 20.90~844.22 ng m−3 and 19.65~176.5 ng m−3 respectively, with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. Above 80% of PAHs were enriched in PM2.5, which showed remarkable seasonal variations compared to coarse particles. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were predominant in PM2.5 (46.61~85.13%), whereas the proportions of lower molecular weight (LMW) and HMW PAHs in PM2.5–10 showed a decreasing and an increasing trend, respectively, from spring to winter. The estimated concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic potency (BaPeq) in PM2.5 (10.49~84.52 ng m−3) were higher than that of in PM2.5–10 (1.15~13.33 ng m−3) except in summer. The estimated value of inhalation cancer risk in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were 1.63 × 10−4~7.35 × 10−3 and 9.94 × 10−5~1.16 × 10−3, respectively, far exceeding the health-based guideline level of 10−4. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization results demonstrated that PAHs in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were from similar sources, such as coal combustion, biomass burning, coking, and petroleum combustion, respectively. Coal combustion was the most important source for PAHs both in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10, accounting for 54.20% and 50.29%, respectively.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zeng Y, Shen Z, Lei Y, Zhang T, Zhang Q, Xu H, Wang Q, Cao J, Liu Y. PAHs in fine particles over Xi'an, a typical northwestern city in China: sources, distribution, and controlling factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1262-1272. [PMID: 30132768 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00144h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Levels of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are affected by emission as well as multiple factors. In this study, we investigated the sources, uptake, affinity, and removal mechanism of PAHs in fine particles (PM2.5). The source strength was analyzed with source apportionment, which was conducted by principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF) and diagnostic ratio analysis. The octanol-air and soot-air partitioning model was used to elucidate the partitioning behavior of PM2.5 PAHs. And the chemical reactivity of PM2.5 PAHs was analyzed to explain PAH removal from particles. Coal combustion, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions comprised the major sources of PAHs. The process of partitioning was thermally controlled and component-dependent. Heterogeneous reactions with NO2, OH, and O3, as well as the aqueous reaction, effectively reduced PM2.5 PAH levels. The systematic analysis combined with field observations revealed that the emission strength is the dominant factor controlling PM2.5 PAH distribution. The source strength governed the levels of PM2.5 PAHs, though uptake, partitioning behavior, chemical removal kinetics, and peripheral conditions had a non-ignorable impact. Heterogeneous and aqueous reactions were the dominant mechanisms of PAH removal from particles. This research provides a comprehensive insight into controlling factors on PM2.5 PAH distribution in Xi'an, as well as a theoretical basis for critical steps to control PAH levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Turap Y, Talifu D, Wang X, Aierken T, Rekefu S, Shen H, Ding X, Maihemuti M, Tursun Y, Liu W. Concentration characteristics, source apportionment, and oxidative damage of PM 2.5-bound PAHs in petrochemical region in Xinjiang, NW China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:22629-22640. [PMID: 29846897 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of considerable concern due to their potential as human carcinogens. Thus, determining the characteristics, potential source, and examining the oxidative capacity of PAHs to protect human health is essential. This study investigated the PM2.5-bound PAHs at Dushanzi, a large petrochemical region in Xinjiang as well as northwest China. A total of 33 PM2.5 samples with 13 PAHs, together with molecular tracers (levoglucosan, and element carbon), were analyzed during the non-heating and heating periods. The results showed that the PM2.5 concentrations were 70.22 ± 22.30 and 95.47 ± 61.73 μg/m3, while that of total PAHs were 4.07 ± 2.03 and 60.33 ± 30.80 ng/m3 in sampling period, respectively. The fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[k]fluoranthene were the most abundant (top five) PAHs, accounting for 71.74 and 72.80% of total PAH mass during non-heating and heating periods. The BaP equivalent (BaPeq) concentration exceeded 1 ng/m3 as recommended by National Ambient Air Quality Standards during heating period. The diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization indicated that oil industry, biomass burning, coal combustion, and vehicle emissions are the primary sources. The coal combustion remarkably increased during heating period. The plasmid scission assay (PSA) results showed that higher DNA damage rate was observed during heating period. PAHs in PM2.5 such as Chr, BaP, and IcdP were found to have significantly positive correlations with the plasmid DNA damage rates. Additionally, the relationship among BaPeq and DNA damage rate suggested that synergistic reaction may modify the toxicity of PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusan Turap
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, 830046, China
| | - Dilinuer Talifu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, 830046, China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuergong Aierken
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, 830046, China
| | - Suwubinuer Rekefu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, 830046, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, 830046, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mailikezhati Maihemuti
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, 830046, China
| | - Yalkunjan Tursun
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, 830046, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Environmental Monitoring Station, Dushanzi, 838600, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bao H, Hou S, Niu H, Tian K, Liu X, Wu F. Status, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:18947-18959. [PMID: 29717431 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To identify status, source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils and to assess soil environmental quality in Xi'an City, China, total 45 soil samples were collected from surface layer (0-10 cm) in different functional areas. Total concentrations of 16 US EPA priority PAHs ranged from 149.9 to 5770 μg kg-1, with a mean of 1246 μg kg-1. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs accounted for the majority (42.4-72.2%) of the total PAHs in the urban soils, and phenanthrene (Phe), fluorene (Flo), pyrene (Pyr), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), and chrysene (Chr) were the major compounds. Concentrations of PAHs varied among different functional areas. High level of PAHs was particularly apparent in industrial zones and city road overpass, while low level was recorded in scenic spots and campus. The integration of isomer ratios, principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factor (PMF) indicated that the sources of PAHs in Xi'an urban soils were mainly derived from vehicle emissions and coal combustion. Based on incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) model, the urban soils from the three functional areas (industrial zone, urban road, and city road overpass) posed potential cancer risk, and the cancer risks of direct ingestion for children were apparently higher than that for adolescence and for adult, respectively. Therefore, attention should be paid to the health risk for children exposed to PAHs in the urban soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Bao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaowei Hou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Niu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Tian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Liu
- School of Municipal and Environment Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effect of natural antioxidants on inhibition of parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Chinese fried bread youtiao. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Cui L, Duo B, Zhang F, Li C, Fu H, Chen J. Physiochemical characteristics of aerosol particles collected from the Jokhang Temple indoors and the implication to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:992-1003. [PMID: 29452713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed study on the indoor air pollution in the Jokahng Temple at Tibet Plateau, and its implication to human health. The mean concentrations of PM1.0 and PM2.5 were 435.0 ± 309.5 and 483.0 ± 284.9 μg/m3, respectively. The PM2.5 concentration exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (75 μg/m3) by 6.4 times. The size-segregated aerosols displayed a bimodal distribution. One peak was observed in the fine mode (0.4-2.1 μm) and the other peak appeared in the coarse mode (2.1-9.0 μm). The concentration of the total size-resolved PM was 794.3 ± 84.9 μg/m3. The mass fraction of coarse particles shared by 41.1%, apparently higher than that reported at low altitudes, probably due to incomplete combustion at Tibet Plateau with hypoxic atmospheric environment. The total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was 331.2 ± 60.3 ng/m3, in which the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was 18.5 ± 4.3 ng/m3, over ten times higher than the maximum permissible risk value of 1 ng/m3 on account of carcinogenic potency of particulate PAHs through inhalation. PAHs exhibited a trimodal distribution, of which two peaks were observed in the fine mode and one peak in the coarse mode. With the aromatic rings increasing, the peak intensity increased in the fine mode. Na, Ca, Al, Mg and K dominated the elemental mass profiles, and metals displayed a bimodal distribution with a dominant peak in the coarse range. The total PAH deposition flux was 123.6 and 53.1 ng/h for adults and children, respectively. Coarse particles contributed most deposition flux in the head region, while fine particles contribute most deposition flux in the alveolar region. The increment lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of PAHs ranaged at 10-5-10-4, indicating potential cancer risk to human health. The total deposition flux of metals was estimated at 1.4-13.2 ng/h. With the size increasing, deposition flux increased in the head region while decreased in the alveolar region. The highest ILCR of Cr and Ni were 4.9 × 10-5 and 1.5 × 10-6, respectively, exceeding the permissible risk of 10-6. The hazard quotient (HQ) of Fe (10-5-10-4) and Zn (10-6-10-5) were much lower than the safe level of 1.0, and thus they were not considered as a health concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bu Duo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Chemistry& Environmental Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology(CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Day-Night Differences, Seasonal Variations and Source Apportionment of PM10-Bound PAHs over Xi’an, Northwest China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
28
|
Wang J, Cao J, Dong Z, Guinot B, Gao M, Huang R, Han Y, Huang Y, Ho SSH, Shen Z. Seasonal variation, spatial distribution and source apportionment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at nineteen communities in Xi'an, China: The effects of suburban scattered emissions in winter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1330-1343. [PMID: 28923340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of PM2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated at urban residential, commercial area, university, suburban region, and industry in Xi'an, during summer and winter time at 2013. Much higher levels of total PAHs were obtained in winter. Spatial distributions by kriging interpolations principle showed that relative high PAHs were detected in western Xi'an in both summer and winter, with decreasing trends in winter from the old city wall to the 2nd-3rd ring road except for the suburban region and industry. Coefficients of diversity and statistics by SPSS method demonstrated that PAHs in suburban have significant differences (t < 0.05) with those in urban residential in both seasons. The positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling indicated that biomass burning (31.1%) and vehicle emissions (35.9%) were main sources for PAHs in winter and summer in urban, which different with the suburban. The coal combustion was the main source for PAHs in suburban region, which accounted for 46.6% in winter and sharp decreased to 19.2% in summer. Scattered emissions from uncontrolled coal combustion represent an important source of PAHs in suburban in winter and there were about 135 persons in Xi'an will suffer from lung cancer for lifetime exposure at winter levels. Further studies are needed to specify the effluence of the scattered emission in suburban to the city and to develop a strategy for controlling those emissions and lighten possible health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhibao Dong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Blown Sand Physics and Desert Environments, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d'Aerologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Meiling Gao
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 50 University Hall 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang P, Zhang Q, Li Y, Matsiko J, Zhang Y, Jiang G. Airborne persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in China: occurrence and its implication associated with air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:983-999. [PMID: 28745352 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, China suffered from extensive air pollution due to the rapidly expanding economic and industrial developments. Its severe impact on human health has raised great concern currently. Persistent toxic substances (PTSs), a large group of environmental pollutants, have also received much attention due to their adverse effects on both the ecosystem and public health. However, limited studies have been conducted to reveal the airborne PTSs associated with air pollution at the national scale in China. In this review, we summarized the occurrence and variation of airborne PTSs in China, especially in megacities. These PTSs included polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. The implication of their occurrence associated with air pollution was discussed, and the emission source of these chemicals was concluded. Most reviewed studies have been conducted in east and south China with more developed economy and industry. Severe contamination of airborne PTSs generally occurred in megacities with large populations, such as Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. However, the summarized results suggested that industrial production and product consumption are the major sources of most PTSs in the urban environment, while unintentional emission during anthropogenic activities is an important contributor to airborne PTSs. It is important that fine particles serve as a major carrier of most airborne PTSs, which facilitates the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of PTSs, and therefore, increases the exposure risk of the human body to these pollutants. This implied that not only the concentration and chemical composition of fine particles but also the absorbed PTSs are of particular concern when air pollution occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kuppusamy S, Thavamani P, Venkateswarlu K, Lee YB, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Remediation approaches for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils: Technological constraints, emerging trends and future directions. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:944-968. [PMID: 27823779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For more than a decade, the primary focus of environmental experts has been to adopt risk-based management approaches to cleanup PAH polluted sites that pose potentially destructive ecological consequences. This focus had led to the development of several physical, chemical, thermal and biological technologies that are widely implementable. Established remedial options available for treating PAH contaminated soils are incineration, thermal conduction, solvent extraction/soil washing, chemical oxidation, bioaugmentation, biostimulation, phytoremediation, composting/biopiles and bioreactors. Integrating physico-chemical and biological technologies is also widely practiced for better cleanup of PAH contaminated soils. Electrokinetic remediation, vermiremediation and biocatalyst assisted remediation are still at the development stage. Though several treatment methods to remediate PAH polluted soils currently exist, a comprehensive overview of all the available remediation technologies to date is necessary so that the right technology for field-level success is chosen. The objective of this review is to provide a critical overview in this respect, focusing only on the treatment options available for field soils and ignoring the spiked ones. The authors also propose the development of novel multifunctional green and sustainable systems like mixed cell culture system, biosurfactant flushing, transgenic approaches and nanoremediation in order to overcome the existing soil- contaminant- and microbial-associated technological limitations in tackling high molecular weight PAHs. The ultimate objective is to ensure the successful remediation of long-term PAH contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Kuppusamy
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea; Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), PO Box 486, Salisbury South, SA5106, Australia.
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), PO Box 486, Salisbury South, SA5106, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515055, India
| | - Yong Bok Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), PO Box 486, Salisbury South, SA5106, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), PO Box 486, Salisbury South, SA5106, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hayakawa K, Tang N, Toriba A. Recent analytical methods for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Japan
| |
Collapse
|