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Heo H, Park MK, Cho IG, Kim J, Shin ES, Chang YS, Choi SD. Assessment of polychlorinated naphthalenes in Korean foods: Levels, profiles, and dietary intake. Food Chem 2024; 451:139498. [PMID: 38703730 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Concerns about dioxin-like compounds have increased; however, the monitoring of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in food and the assessment of dietary intake remain limited. In this study, various foods were collected from Korean markets and analyzed for PCNs. Fishery products exhibited the highest mean concentration (48.0 pg/g ww) and toxic equivalent (TEQ) (0.0185 pg-TEQ/g ww). Agricultural products were the largest contributors (35.7%) to the total dietary intake of PCNTEQ, followed by livestock products (33.6%), fishery products (20.2%), and processed foods (10.5%). The mean intake of PCNTEQ for the Korean population was 0.901 pg-TEQ/day for males and 0.601 pg-TEQ/day for females. Generally, males and younger groups had higher daily intakes of PCNTEQ, but they did not exceed the tolerable weekly intakes. Nonetheless, it is important to manage potential health risks associated with PCNs and other dioxin-like compounds by identifying major food items contributing to PCN exposure and considering age and gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeji Heo
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Cho
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchul Kim
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Shin
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Gebru TB, Li Y, Dong C, Yang Y, Yang R, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Spatial and temporal trends of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the Arctic atmosphere at Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163023. [PMID: 36990243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants that can even be found in the most remote region of the Arctic. However, temporal trend analysis and reports on mono- to octa-CN in the Arctic air are still scarce. In the present study, 8 years of atmospheric monitoring data of PCNs on Svalbard was investigated using XAD-2 resin passive air samplers (PASs) from 2011-2019. The concentrations of ∑75 PCNs in the Arctic air ranged from 4.56 to 85.2 pg/m3, with a mean of 23.5 pg/m3. The mono-CNs and di-CNs were the dominant homologue groups accounting for 80 % of the total concentrations. The most abundant congeners were PCN-1, PCN-2, PCN-24/14, PCN-5/7, and PCN-3, respectively. A declining time trend of PCN concentration was observed from 2013 to 2019. The reduction in PCN concentrations is likely due to declining global emissions and banned production. However, no significant spatial difference was observed among the sampling sites. The total PCN toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere ranged from 0.043 to 1.93 fg TEQ/m3 (mean 0.41 fg TEQ/m3). The fraction of combustion-related congeners to ∑PCNs (tri- to octa-CN) analysis results indicated that the sources of PCNs in the Arctic air were contributed mainly from reemissions of historical Halowax mixtures and combustion-related sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research to report all 75 PCN congeners and homologue groups in Arctic air. Therefore, this study provides data on recent temporal trend analysis as well as all the 75 PCN congeners in the Arctic atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Bekele Gebru
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Cheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes in ambient air by isotope dilution gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Se Pu 2022; 40:644-652. [PMID: 35791603 PMCID: PMC9404119 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
环境空气中的多氯萘(PCNs)一般为痕量水平(pg/m3),要实现其准确定量必然对分析方法的提取、净化和仪器分析提出较高要求。研究通过考察提取溶剂种类、净化流程和色谱-质谱参数,建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-多层硅胶复合中性氧化铝柱的净化方法,并利用同位素稀释气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)对环境空气中的多氯萘进行测定。同时,通过在采样、提取和进样分析前分别添加同位素内标,开展质量控制和保证。结果表明,在2~100 ng/mL范围内3~8氯萘的平均相对响应因子(RRF)的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于16%。PCNs同类物的方法检出限为1~3 pg/m3(以样品体积为288 m3计算)。采用基质加标法评价了方法对环境空气样品中PCNs测定的精密度和准确度,低、中、高加标水平下3 ~8氯萘的平均加标回收率分别为89.0%~119.4%、98.6%~122.5%和93.7%~124.5%,测定结果的平均相对标准偏差分别为1.9%~7.0%、1.6%~6.6%和1.0%~4.8%。整个分析过程中,采样内标和提取内标的平均回收率分别为136.2%~146.0%和42.4%~78.1%, RSD分别为5.6%~7.5%和2.7%~17.5%,满足痕量分析的要求且平行性较好。方法的灵敏度和准确度高,精密度良好,适用于环境空气中3~8氯萘的准确定量测定,可在一定程度上缓解多氯萘监测对高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱的依赖,为实现多氯萘的国际履约提供方法支持。
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Park MK, Cho HK, Cho IG, Lee SE, Choi SD. Contamination characteristics of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the agricultural soil of two industrial cities in South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129721. [PMID: 33517113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the contamination characteristics of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the rice paddy soils of two industrial cities (Pohang and Ulsan) in South Korea. The paddy soils were collected from 40 sites in the paddy fields near industrial complexes in both cities. The mean concentration of Σ55 PCNs was 145.9 ± 101.7 pg/g and 95.4 ± 41.4 pg/g for the soils in Pohang and Ulsan, respectively. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of Σ28 PCNs ranged from 0.007 pg-TEQ/g to 0.069 pg-TEQ/g in Pohang, and 0.015 pg-TEQ/g to 0.046 pg-TEQ/g in Ulsan. The PCN profiles were dominated by lower chlorinated homologues such as tetra- and tri-CNs for both cities, which are associated with the historical use of technical products, or more specifically, Halowaxes (HW 1099, 1031, 1013, and 1001). The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that the historical residues from the technical products contributed to the PCN contamination, but the influence of combustion sources was also observed with a high fraction of combustion-related congeners. Based on this study, we can expect that rice grown in these paddy fields will accumulate PCNs and other combustion-related pollutants, strongly suggesting the necessity for multimedia (e.g., air, soil, water, and rice) monitoring and human exposure assessments of PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Kyung Cho
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Gyu Cho
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Niu S, Tao W, Chen R, Hageman KJ, Zhu C, Zheng R, Dong L. Using Polychlorinated Naphthalene Concentrations in the Soil from a Southeast China E-Waste Recycling Area in a Novel Screening-Level Multipathway Human Cancer Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6773-6782. [PMID: 33900727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) concentrations in the soil at an e-waste recycling area in Guiyu, China, were measured and the associated human cancer risk due to e-waste-related exposures was investigated. We quantified PCNs in the agricultural soil and used these concentrations with predictive equations to calculate theoretical concentrations in outdoor air. We then calculated theoretical concentrations in indoor air using an attenuation factor and in the local diet using previously published models for contaminant uptake in plants and fruits. Potential human cancer risks of PCNs were assessed for multiple exposure pathways, including soil ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and dietary ingestion. Our calculations indicated that local residents had a high cancer risk from exposure to PCNs and that the diet was the primary pathway of PCN exposure, followed by dermal contact as the secondary pathway. We next repeated the risk assessment using concentrations for other carcinogenic contaminants reported in the literature at the same site. We found that polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and PCNs caused the highest potential cancer risks to the residents, followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The relative importance of different exposure pathways depended on the physicochemical properties of specific chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan 84322, United States
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wuqun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan 84322, United States
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan 84322, United States
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ran Zheng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102202, China
| | - Liang Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
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Kang Q, Bao S, Chen B. Phototransformation of three polychlorinated naphthalenes on surface of atmospheric particulate matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124895. [PMID: 33418299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are a new class of persistent organic pollutants. Photoconversion is an important pathway for their transformation in the environment. In this work, silica gel was used to simulate atmospheric mineral particles, and the photochemical reaction of three PCNs 1-chloronaphthalene (CN-1), 2-chloronaphthalene (CN-2) and 2,3-dichloronaphthalene (CN-10)) on silica gel surface was studied under the irradiation of high-pressure mercury lamp, the phototransformation intermediates and pathways of PCNs were investigated, effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS, ·OH, 1O2 and O2-·) were proved by free radical scavenging method and the effects of co-existing components (water, inorganic ions and fulvic acid) were examined. The results showed that all the three PCNs could be photochemical degraded on silica gel surface. The order of the apparent rate constants was CN-2 ≈ CN-1 > CN-10. ROS accelerated the photochemical reaction. The three PCNs didn't produce completely identical photoproducts, but all underwent a series of reactions such as reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation, oxidation, decarboxylation and ring opening. In addition, for the photoconversion of CN-1, the presence of water, NO3- or fulvic acid all promoted the photochemical transformation, while the presence of Cu2+ had an inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Kang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Siqi Bao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
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Xu S, Liu W, Liu GB, Wang S, Li C, Pan K. Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated Naphthalenes, and Metals in Atmosphere Around Industrial Parks in Jiangsu, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:683-689. [PMID: 33590262 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected around industrial parks in Jiangsu, China, to allow the concentrations, profiles, and risk assessment of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and metals to be investigated. The concentrations of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were 1324.26-2080.98 fg/m3 (11.35-42.57 fg I-TEQ/m3) and 10,404.9-29,322.9 fg/m3 (1.32-7.19 fg I-TEQ/ m3), respectively. The highest concentration of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were observed at site C. PBDD/Fs were mainly dominated by PBDFs. The main contributor to the ΣPBDD/Fs in all samples was 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF, which accounted for 25.75%-39.4%. For PCNs, the predominating homologues were tetra-, tri- and penta-CNs, which contributed 30.7%-43.3%, 24.7%-31.0%, and 10.6%-21.6%, respectively. As for metals, the pollution of As, Mn, Cr, and Ni in most samples exceeded National Ambient Air Quality Standards of China. Assessing the risk of inhalation exposure showed that there were potential carcinogenic risks to local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guang-Bing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Yang X, Wu J, Li M, Qi M, Wang R, Hu J, Jin J. Particle size distributions and health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes in atmospheric particles around two secondary copper smelters in Shandong Province, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128742. [PMID: 33127115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen samples of atmospheric particles in four size fractions (diameter: > 10 μm, 5-10 μm, 2.5-5 μm, and <2.5 μm) were collected around two secondary copper smelters in Shandong Province, China. The levels, particle size distributions, and potential health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in these samples were analyzed. The concentration ranges for the PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs were 3.13-5.77 pg m-3, 0.43-0.56 pg m-3, and 4.76-9.89 pg m-3, respectively. All of the compounds accumulated strongly in the particles with diameters of <2.5 μm. The congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in particles of various sizes were similar, and were consistent with those in stack gases from local secondary copper smelters. However, the congener profiles of dl-PCBs and PCNs in the particles with diameters of <2.5 μm differed from those for the other particle size fractions. The proportion of highly chlorinated homologs in particles with diameters of <2.5 μm was much higher than that of particles with diameters of >2.5 μm. The results of a risk assessment indicated that the contribution of PCDD/Fs to the total carcinogenic risk (PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs + PCNs) was >95%. For the PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs, 78%, 71%, and 86% of the carcinogenic risk was associated with the <2.5 μm fraction, respectively. This study improves our understanding of the particle size distributions and human health risks of exposure to PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs in the atmosphere around secondary copper smelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meihong Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Qi
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
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Die Q, Lu A, Li C, Li H, Kong H, Li B. Occurrence of dioxin-like POPs in soils from urban green space in a metropolis, North China: implication to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5587-5597. [PMID: 32974823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban green space is a special space for urban life and natural contact and has an important impact on human health. However, little information is available on dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the soils from the specific areas. We measured the concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the soils from urban green space in a metropolis, North China, and found total concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in the range of 11.5-91.4, 14.7-444, and 82.5-848 pg/g, respectively. It was worth to notice that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in public park soil from urban center were significantly higher than those in the road greenbelts and resident lawns (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.004). The source analysis indicated that sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants were important sources of PCNs and PCDD/Fs in urban green land soils, and atmospheric deposition from municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) also play an important role in PCDD/F sources. The rough exposure risk evaluation showed that the residents were at a safe level with the daily doses being 0.172-3.144 fg/kg BW/day for children and 0.022-0.406 fg/kg BW/day for adult. Due to the complex and variable sources of PCDD/Fs in urban areas, dioxin-like POPs in urban green land should be given more attention to weaken human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Haifeng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongling Kong
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bingru Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
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Jipeng Qi, Wang C, Sun J, Li S. TiO2 Assisted Photocatalytic Decomposition of 2-Chloronaphthalene on Iron Nanoparticles in Aqueous Systems: Synergistic Effect and Intermediate Products. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419080119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Fang Y, Nie Z, Yang J, Die Q, He J, Yu H, Zhou Q, Huang Q. Polychlorinated naphthalene emissions to the atmosphere from typical secondary aluminum smelting plants in southwestern China: concentrations, characterization, and risk evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12731-12740. [PMID: 30879233 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aluminum smelting industry, as an important source of polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) in environment, has been concerned in recent years. To figure out the emission characteristics of PCNs and the potential influence on surrounding environment, two typical secondary aluminum smelting plants were selected and PCNs were determined in flue gas, fly ash, aluminum slag, soil, and air samples collected at and around the plants by GC-MS coupled with DFS. PCN emission factors from the flue gas of the two plants (mean 0.006 ng toxic equivalents/t) were found obviously decreased compared with similar smelting process detected in 2010. The stage of feeding material was still the major PCNs discharge period during the whole smelting process. The total PCN concentrations in air were found to be ranked as following: workshops (290-1917 pg/m3), the area near the workshops (62.3-697 pg/m3), and the surrounding areas (29.9-164 pg/m3, mean 64.5 pg/m3). Similar high concentrations of PCNs were found in soil from by the workshop door (983 ng/g dry weight). Soil-air exchange calculations indicated that mono-CN to tetra-CN would volatilize but hepta-CN and octa-CN would be deposited to the soil. Exposure of plant workers and local inhabitants to PCNs through inhalation was found to be acceptable but higher (especially for workers in the workshops) than living areas. The workshop and the nearby area are potential PCNs polluted areas and should be paid attention during the practical operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jinzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qingqi Die
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hongjin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Hu J, Wu J, Xu C, Zha X, Hua Y, Yang L, Jin J. Preliminary investigation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran, polychlorinated naphthalene, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in ambient air in an industrial park at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:935-942. [PMID: 30144761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples collected in an industrial park at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau (China) were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and dioxin-like (dl) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCDD/F, PCN, and dl-PCB concentrations were 1.18-2.18, 21.9-75.1, and 0.49-0.90 pg/m3, respectively. The concentrations of these compounds were clearly higher than that observed at a remote site and were comparable with those found in ambient air in industrial areas in other locations. A principal component analysis indicated that emissions from local industrial sites (a secondary aluminum smelter, a cement kiln, and a lead-zinc smelter) at which thermal processes are performed were the sources of PCDD/Fs to the air. The combustion-related PCN congener profiles suggested that industrial thermal processes strongly affect PCN concentrations in ambient air at the industrial park. The results clearly indicated that the industrial park is a source of environmental PCDD/Fs and PCNs at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Zha
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Hua
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Kang C, Bao S, Wang Y, Xiao K, Zhu L, Liu F, Tian T. Comparison of the photoconversion of 1-chloronaphthalene and 2,3-dichlornaphthalene in water. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:1946-1955. [PMID: 30566098 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the photoconversion of 1-chloronaphthalene (CN-1) and 2,3-dichlornaphthalene (CN-10) under the simulated sunlight had been studied. The results showed that the photoconversion of CN-1 and CN-10 obeyed the first-order kinetics model. NO2 -, NO3 -, Fe3+ and Fe2+ extensively present in natural water can accelerate CN-1 photoconversion via generating ·OH, which may induce indirect photooxidation of CN-1. The photoproducts were treated by the derivatization method and analyzed by GC-MS after being irradiated for 6 h. Ten products were characterized for CN-1 and CN-10, and there were six common products. On this basis, the photoconversion pathways of CN-10 and CN-1 were proposed, and both of them have a similar conversion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Siqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Kunkun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Tao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
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Liu A, Jia J, Lan J, Zhao Z, Yao P. Distribution, composition, and ecological risk of surface sedimental polychlorinated naphthalenes in the East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:90-94. [PMID: 30301114 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the pollution levels and estimate the ecological risks of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the East China Sea (ECS), seventy-five surface sediment samples were collected and analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. PCN contents ranged from below detection limit to 261.71 ng/g dry weight (d.w.), with an integrally seaward decreasing trend. Mono-, tetra-, and hepta-CNs were the dominant homologs, and CN-2, CN-73, and CN-75 were the major individual components in most samples. CN-2 presented an obvious boundary with lower contents (16.48 ± 3.40 ng/g d.w.) in the center of the study area and higher contents (50.88 ± 10.39 ng/g d.w.) in the north and south of the boundary. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) contents ranged from 0 to 0.212 ng/g, and CN-2 and CN-73 were the predominant contributors to the TEQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jiaojiao Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jing Lan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Peng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Han Y, Liu W, Li H, Lei R, Liu G, Gao L, Su G. Distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the whole blood of typical meat animals. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 72:208-212. [PMID: 30244747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the whole blood of eight typical terrestrial meat animals (chicken, duck, rabbit, pig, cattle, sheep, horse and donkey) consumed daily in our life were investigated. The total concentrations (on a liquid volume basis) of PCNs were in a range from 305 to 987pg/L. Donkey blood contained the highest PCN concentrations. Mono-CNs were the dominant homolog group, accounting for 38%-71% PCNs. Apart from the mono-CNs and tri-CNs homolog groups, two hepta-CNs (mean: 9.5%) contributed most, followed by tetra-CNs (mean: 6.5%). The congeners CN1, 5/7, 24/14, 27/30, 52/60, 66/67, and 73 were the most abundant congeners or congener groups. The highest toxicity equivalencies (TEQs) were observed in cattle blood (117.4fg TEQ/L) then chicken blood (117.1fg TEQ/L). CN73 contributed 65% to total TEQs, followed by CN70 (20%) and CN66/67 (14%). The dietary intakes of PCNs were also estimated. Chicken meat, which forms the second largest component of meat product consumption in China, contributed most to the total TEQs (61%), followed by beef (27%) and pork (5.9%). The consumption of chicken might pose the highest risk from exposure to PCNs than other types of meat to populations who prefer to eat chicken meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongrong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guijin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Dat ND, Chang KS, Chang MB. Characteristics of atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) collected at different sites in northern Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:186-195. [PMID: 29482024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples were collected simultaneously at three sites in northern Taiwan using high-volume samplers during winter and summer to evaluate the atmospheric PCN characteristics including concentration, distribution, potential sources and gas/particle partitioning. The average concentration (Σ73 PCNs from di-to octa-CN) observed at industrial site is the highest (172 ± 111 pg m-3), while PCN levels measured at urban and rural sites are comparable (45.2 ± 8.20 and 45.9 ± 24.4 pg m-3, respectively). The PCN concentrations are higher in summer compared with those measured in winter for all three sampling sites. Gas-phase PCNs predominate in ambient air, accounting for 94 ± 6.0% of total concentration. Homologue distributions of PCNs measured at industrial site are different from two other sites for both gas and particulate phases, suggesting that different sources contribute to PCNs collected at industrial site. Based on the ratios of characteristic PCN congeners and fraction of Σcombustion-related PCNs/ΣPCNs, thermal processes are identified as major sources of PCNs at industrial site. PCNs collected at urban and rural sites are mixed sources of thermal emissions and evaporation, however, more influence of thermal sources in winter and more impact of evaporation sources in summer are observed. Results of the logKp-logPL relationship indicate that both adsorption and absorption govern gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCNs in northern Taiwan. Furthermore, the relationship between logKp and logKOA reveals that absorption is more important in governing gas/particle partitioning of PCNs in winter compared to summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duy Dat
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Siang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Moo-Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan.
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