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Yang Y, Ramos NC, Clark JA, Hillhouse HW. Electrochemical oxidation of pharmaceuticals in synthetic fresh human urine: Using selective radical quenchers to reveal the dominant degradation pathways and the scavenging effects of individual urine constituents. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118722. [PMID: 35728493 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of fresh human urine is a promising method to prevent pharmaceuticals from being discharged into the environment. Here, we evaluate the importance of electro-generated oxidants and direct anodic oxidation for degradation of four pharmaceutical (cyclophosphamide (CP), carbamazepine (CBZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ibuprofen (IBP)) accounting for the scavenging effect of urine constituents using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and IrO2 electrodes. Allyl alcohol and tert-butanol were used as selective quenchers for adsorbed and dissolved radicals, respectively. In electrolyte containing only chloride and pharmaceuticals, we found that CBZ and SMX are primarily oxidized by electro-generated Cl2 in the fluid boundary layer , and CP and IBP are primarily oxidized by physisorbed •OH or chemisorbed chlorine (IrO3-Cl). Regarding the effects of other fresh urine constituents, urea, creatinine, and uric acid quench the dissolved reactive chlorine species (Cl•/Cl2•‒, HOCl, Cl2, etc.). However, SO42‒ shows no effect on pharmaceutical degradation while H2PO4‒ and citrate ions quench IrO3-Cl resulting in a mixed kinetic and mass-transfer limiting oxidation of pharmaceuticals on IrO2. Citrate ions only quench the dissolved oxidants (surface adsorbed radicals are the dominant oxidants) leading to the pharmaceutical degradation limited by the mass transfer of pharmaceutical to BDD surface. This work provides an understanding of the significance of various pathways for pharmaceutical degradation, scavenging effect of urine constituents, and strategies for rapid pharmaceutical degradation in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120
| | - Nathanael C Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Clean Energy Institute, Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
| | - James A Clark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Clean Energy Institute, Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
| | - Hugh W Hillhouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Clean Energy Institute, Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750.
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Worldwide Research Analysis on Natural Zeolites as Environmental Remediation Materials. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13116378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Society faces a significant problem in regards to the spread of harmful products in the environment, primarily caused by accelerated growth and resource consumption. Consequently, there is a need for materials to be processed in less harmful ways and to remedy the contaminated sources they generate. Microporous materials have been studied for a long time and are used in waste treatment alternatives. Natural zeolites, on which this study is based, are attractive to the scientific and technological communities, due to their numerous applications as decontaminants and adsorption properties. This study analyzes the intellectual structures of publications related to natural zeolites in environmental remediation, using bibliometric methods to determine their volumes and trends. The methodology comprises of an analysis based on 1582 articles, using VOSviewer software, with data from 1974 to 2020, via the Scopus database. Results reflect a notable increase in publications from the end of the 1990s; the greatest contribution in the area comes from Eurasian countries. The study considers that development in this line of research will continue to increase and serve as a great contribution to preserve the environment in coming years, with themes that focus on water treatment (e.g., drinking water, wastewater, greywater), removal of heavy metals, ammonium, ammonia, and construction.
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Dias R, Sousa D, Bernardo M, Matos I, Fonseca I, Vale Cardoso V, Neves Carneiro R, Silva S, Fontes P, Daam MA, Maurício R. Study of the Potential of Water Treatment Sludges in the Removal of Emerging Pollutants. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041010. [PMID: 33672924 PMCID: PMC7918913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently, water quantity and quality problems persist both in developed and developing countries, and concerns have been raised about the presence of emerging pollutants (EPs) in water. The circular economy provides ways of achieving sustainable resource management that can be implemented in the water sector, such as the reuse of drinking water treatment sludges (WTSs). This study evaluated the potential of WTS containing a high concentration of activated carbon for the removal of two EPs: the steroid hormones 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). To this end, WTSs from two Portuguese water treatment plants (WTPs) were characterised and tested for their hormone adsorbance potential. Both WTSs showed a promising adsorption potential for the two hormones studied due to their textural and chemical properties. For WTS1, the final concentration for both hormones was lower than the limit of quantification (LOQ). As for WTS2, the results for E2 removal were similar to WTS1, although for EE2, the removal efficiency was lower (around 50%). The overall results indicate that this method may lead to new ways of using this erstwhile residue as a possible adsorbent material for the removal of several EPs present in wastewaters or other matrixes, and as such contributing to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Dias
- CENSE—Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (D.S.); (M.A.D.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Diogo Sousa
- CENSE—Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (D.S.); (M.A.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Maria Bernardo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.B.); (I.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Inês Matos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.B.); (I.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Isabel Fonseca
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.B.); (I.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Vitor Vale Cardoso
- EPAL—Empresa Pública de Águas Lives S.A., AdP—Grupo Águas de Portugal, 31700-421 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.V.C.); (R.N.C.); (S.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Rui Neves Carneiro
- EPAL—Empresa Pública de Águas Lives S.A., AdP—Grupo Águas de Portugal, 31700-421 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.V.C.); (R.N.C.); (S.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Sofia Silva
- EPAL—Empresa Pública de Águas Lives S.A., AdP—Grupo Águas de Portugal, 31700-421 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.V.C.); (R.N.C.); (S.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Pedro Fontes
- EPAL—Empresa Pública de Águas Lives S.A., AdP—Grupo Águas de Portugal, 31700-421 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.V.C.); (R.N.C.); (S.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Michiel A. Daam
- CENSE—Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (D.S.); (M.A.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Rita Maurício
- CENSE—Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (D.S.); (M.A.D.); (R.M.)
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