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Hu Y, Li Y, Li M, Zhao T, Zhang W, Wang Y, He Y, Zhao H, Li H, Wang T, Zhao Y, Wang J, Wang J. Calcium supplementation attenuates fluoride-induced bone injury via PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133411. [PMID: 38181596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of fluoride can cause skeletal fluorosis. Mitophagy has been identified as a novel target for bone disorders. Meanwhile, calcium supplementation has shown great potential for mitigating fluoride-related bone damage. Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the association between mitophagy and skeletal fluorosis and the precise mechanisms through which calcium alleviates these injuries. A 100 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure model in Parkin knockout (Parkin-/-) mice and a 100 mg/L NaF exposure mouse model with 1% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) intervention were established in the current study. Fluoride exposure caused the impairment of mitochondria and activation of PTEN-induced putative kinase1 (PINK1)/E3 ubiquitin ligase Park2 (Parkin)-mediated mitophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis in the bones, which were restored after blocking Parkin. Additionally, the intervention model showed fluoride-exposed mice exhibited abnormal bone trabecula and mechanical properties. Still, these bone injuries could be effectively attenuated by adding 1% calcium to their diet, which reversed fluoride-activated mitophagy and apoptosis. To summarize, fluoride can activate bone mitophagy through the PINK1/Parkin pathway and mitochondrial apoptosis. Parkin-/- and 1% calcium provide protection against fluoride-induced bone damage. Notably, this study provides theoretical bases for the prevention and therapy of animal and human health and safety caused by environmental fluoride contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Tianrui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Haojie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yangfei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jundong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jinming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China.
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2
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Tian X, Wang M, Ying X, Dong N, Li M, Feng J, Zhao Y, Zhao Q, Tian F, Li B, Zhang W, Qiu Y, Yan X. Co-exposure to arsenic and fluoride to explore the interactive effect on oxidative stress and autophagy in myocardial tissue and cell. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114647. [PMID: 36801539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Co-contamination of arsenic and fluoride is widely distributed in groundwater. However, little is known about the interactively influence of arsenic and fluoride, especially the combined mechanism in cardiotoxicity. Cellular and animal models exposure to arsenic and fluoride were established to assess the oxidative stress and autophagy mechanism of cardiotoxic damage using the factorial design, a widely used statistical method for assessing two factor interventions. In vivo, combined exposure to high arsenic (50 mg/L) and high fluoride (100 mg/L) induced myocardial injury. The damage is accompanied by accumulation of myocardial enzyme, mitochondrial disorder, and excessive oxidative stress. Further experiment identified that arsenic and fluoride induced the accumulation of autophagosome and increased expression level of autophagy related genes during the cardiotoxicity process. These findings were further demonstrated through the in vitro model of arsenic and fluoride-treated the H9c2 cells. Additionally, combined of arsenic-fluoride exposure possesses the interactively influence on oxidative stress and autophagy, contributing to the myocardial cell toxicity. In conclusion, our data suggest that oxidative stress and autophagy are involved in the process of cardiotoxic injury, and that these indicators showed interaction effect in response to the combined exposure of arsenic and fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiaodong Ying
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Nisha Dong
- Heping Hospital Affiliated To Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Fengjie Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Ben Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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Wang S, Ning H, Hua L, Ren F, Chen L, Ma Z, Li R, Ge Y, Yin Z. Exposure to fluoride induces apoptosis in the liver, kidney, and heart of Xenopus laevis by regulating the Caspase-8/3 signaling pathway. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:151999. [PMID: 36905872 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.151999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride compounds are abundant and widely distributed in the environment at various concentrations, which can seriously injure the human body. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effects of excessive fluoride exposure on the liver, kidney, and heart tissues of healthy female Xenopus laevis by administering NaF (0, 100, and 200 mg/L) in drinking water for 90 days. The expression level of procaspase-8, cleaved-caspase-8, and procaspase-3 proteins were determined by Western blot. Compared with the control group, the group exposed to NaF exhibited expression levels of procaspase-8, cleaved-caspase-8, and procaspase-3 proteins that were considerably upregulated at a concentration of 200 mg/L in the liver and kidney. The cleaved-caspase-8 protein expression in the group exposed to a high concentration of NaF was lower than that in the control group in heart. Histopathological results by hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that excessive NaF exposure caused necrosis of hepatocytes and vacuolization degeneration. Granular degeneration and necrosis in renal tubular epithelial cells were also observed. Moreover, hypertrophy of myocardial cells, atrophy of myocardial fibers and disorder of myocardial fibers were detected. These results demonstrated that NaF-induced apoptosis and the mediated death receptor pathway activation ultimately damaged the liver and kidney tissues. This finding offers a fresh perspective on the effects of F-induced apoptosis in X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Hongmei Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Liushuai Hua
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Fei Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Lingli Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Rongbo Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Yaming Ge
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Zhihong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China.
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Design of Conjugates Based on Sesquiterpene Lactones with Polyalkoxybenzenes by "Click" Chemistry to Create Potential Anticancer Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238411. [PMID: 36500514 PMCID: PMC9738796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Using the methodology of "click" chemistry, a singular method has been developed for the synthesis of unique conjugates based on sesquiterpene lactones: dehydrocostuslactone and alantolactone with polyalkoxybenzenes. To expand the structural range of the resulting conjugates, the length of the 1,2,3-triazole spacer was varied. For all synthesized compounds, the cytotoxic profile was determined on the cell lines of tumor origin (SH-SY5Y, HeLa, Hep-2, A549) and normal Hek 293 cells. It was found that the compounds based on alantolactone 7a-d with a long spacer and substances containing dehydrocostuslactone 10a-d with a short spacer have the greatest toxic effect. The decrease in cell survival under the action of these conjugates may be due to their ability to cause dissipation of the transmembrane potential of mitochondria and inhibit the process of glycolysis, leading to cell death. The obtained results confirm the assumption that the development of conjugates based on sesquiterpene lactones and polyalkoxybenzenes can be considered as a promising strategy for the search for potential antitumor agents.
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Zhang Y, Dong F, Wang Z, Xu B, Zhang T, Wang Q, Lin Q. Fluoride Exposure Provokes Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis and Increases Mitophagy in Osteocytes via Increasing ROS Production. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03450-w. [PMID: 36255553 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03450-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is a persistent environmental pollutant, and its excessive intake causes skeletal and dental fluorosis. However, few studies focused on the effects of fluoride on osteocytes, making up over 95% of all bone cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of fluoride on osteocytes in vitro, as well as explore the underlying mechanisms. CCK-8, LDH assay, fluorescent probes, flow cytometry, and western blotting were performed to examine cell viability, apoptosis, mitochondria changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS), and protein expressions. Results showed that sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure (4, 8 mmol/L) for 24 h inhibited the cell viability of osteocytes MLO-Y4 and promoted G0/G1 phase arrest and increased cell apoptosis. NaF treatment remarkably caused mitochondria damage, loss of MMP, ATP decrease, Cyto c release, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increase and elevated the activity of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Furthermore, NaF significantly upregulated the expressions of LC-3II, PINK1, and Parkin and increased autophagy flux and the accumulation of acidic vacuoles, while the p62 level was downregulated. In addition, NaF exposure triggered the production of intracellular ROS and mtROS and increased malondialdehyde (MDA); but superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content were decreased. The scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly reversed NaF-induced apoptosis and mitophagy, suggesting that ROS is responsible for the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and mitophagy induced by NaF exposure. These findings provide in vitro evidence that apoptosis and mitophagy are cellular mechanisms for the toxic effect of fluoride on osteocytes, thereby suggesting the potential role of osteocytes in skeletal and dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fanhe Dong
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Wang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Xu
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Lin
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
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6
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Babu S, Manoharan S, Ottappilakkil H, Perumal E. Role of oxidative stress-mediated cell death and signaling pathways in experimental fluorosis. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110106. [PMID: 35985521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and other oxidants have enticed the interest of researchers in the fields of biology and medicine, owing to their role in several pathophysiological conditions, including fluorosis (Fluoride toxicity). Radical species affect cellular biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, resulting in oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative stress is a common denominator in fluoride toxicity. Fluorosis is a global health concern caused by excessive fluoride consumption over time. Fluoride alters the cellular redox homeostasis, and its toxicity leads to the activation of cell death mechanisms like apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Even though a surfeit of signaling pathways is involved in fluorosis, their toxicity mechanisms are not fully understood. Thus, this review aims to understand the role of reactive species in fluoride toxicity with an outlook on the effects of fluoride in vitro and in vivo models. Also, we emphasized the signal transduction pathways and the mechanism of cell death implicated in fluoride-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srija Babu
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suryaa Manoharan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harsheema Ottappilakkil
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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7
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Avila-Rojas SH, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Sanchez-Guerra MA, Barbier OC. Effects of fluoride exposure on mitochondrial function: Energy metabolism, dynamics, biogenesis and mitophagy. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103916. [PMID: 35738460 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is ubiquitous in the environment. Furthermore, drinking water represents the main source of exposure to fluoride for humans. Interestingly, low fluoride concentrations have beneficial effects on bone and teeth development; however, chronic fluoride exposure has harmful effects on human health. Besides, preclinical studies associate fluoride toxicity with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. On the other hand, it is well-known that mitochondria play a key role in reactive oxygen species production. By contrast, fluoride's effect on processes such as mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and mitophagy are little known. These processes modulate the size, content, and distribution of mitochondria and their depuration help to counter the reactive oxygen species production and cytochrome c release, thereby allowing cell survival. However, a maladaptive response could enhance fluoride-induced toxicity. The present review gives a brief account of fluoride-induced mitochondrial alterations on soft and hard tissues, including liver, reproductive organs, heart, brain, lung, kidney, bone, and tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Hazael Avila-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Departamento de Toxicología (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col., San Pedro Zacatenco, México CP 07360, Mexico.
| | | | - Marco Antonio Sanchez-Guerra
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Mexico 1100, Mexico.
| | - Olivier Christophe Barbier
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Departamento de Toxicología (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col., San Pedro Zacatenco, México CP 07360, Mexico.
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8
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Pan M, Cheng ZW, Huang CG, Ye ZQ, Sun LJ, Chen H, Fu BB, Zhou K, Fang ZR, Wang ZJ, Xiao QZ, Liu XS, Zhu FQ, Gao S. Long-term exposure to copper induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in mouse hearts. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 234:113329. [PMID: 35255253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a trace element necessary for the normal functioning of organisms, but excessive copper contents may be toxic to the heart. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of excessive copper accumulation in mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis inhibition. In vivo, the heart copper concentration and cardiac troponin I (c-TnI) and N-terminal forebrain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) levels increased in the copper-laden model group compared to those of the control group. Histopathological and ultrastructural observations revealed that the myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF), perivascular collagen area (PVCA) and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (CSA) were markedly elevated in the copper-laden model group compared with the control group. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the mitochondrial double-layer membrane was incomplete in the copper-laden model groups. Furthermore, cytochrome C (Cyt-C) expression was downregulated in mitochondria but upregulated in the cytoplasm in response to copper accumulation. In addition, Bcl-2 expression decreased, while Bax and cleaved caspase-3 levels increased. These results indicate that copper accumulation in cardiomyocyte mitochondria induces mitochondrial injury, and Cyt-C exposure and induces apoptosis, further resulting in heart damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Zi-Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chen-Guang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li-Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bei-Bei Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhi-Rui Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zi-Jian Wang
- Clinic Medical School of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 230031, China
| | - Qing-Zhong Xiao
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Xue-Sheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, China
| | - Feng-Qin Zhu
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Li M, Feng J, Cheng Y, Dong N, Tian X, Liu P, Zhao Y, Qiu Y, Tian F, Lyu Y, Zhao Q, Wei C, Wang M, Yuan J, Ying X, Ren X, Yan X. Arsenic-fluoride co-exposure induced endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in apoptosis in rat heart and H9c2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132518. [PMID: 34637859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic (As) or fluoride (F) has been shown to cause cardiovascular disease (CVDs). However, evidence about the effects of co-exposure to As and F on myocardium and their mechanisms remain scarce. Our aim was to fill the gap by establishing rat and H9c2 cell exposure models. We determined the effects of As and/or F exposure on the survival rate, apoptosis rate, morphology and ultrastructure of H9c2 cells; in addition, we tested the related genes and proteins of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis in H9c2 cells and rat heart tissues. The results showed that As and/or F exposure induced early apoptosis of H9c2 cells and caused endoplasmic reticulum expansion. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRP78, PERK and CHOP in H9c2 cells were higher in the exposure groups than in the control group, and could be inhibited by 4-PBA. Furthermore, we found that As and/or F exposure increased the expression level of GRP78 in rat heart tissues, but interestingly, the expression level of CHOP protein was increased in the F and As groups, while significantly decreased in the co-exposure group. Overall, our results suggested that ERS-induced apoptosis was involved in the damage of myocardium by As and/or F exposure. In addition, factorial analysis results showed that As and F mainly play antagonistic roles in inducing myocardial injury, initiating ERS and apoptosis after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Nisha Dong
- Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Fengjie Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yi Lyu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Cailing Wei
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jiyu Yuan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xiaodong Ying
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China.
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10
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Zhang X, Wang Q, Zhang J, Song M, Shao B, Han Y, Yang X, Li Y. The Protective Effect of Selenium on T-2-Induced Nephrotoxicity Is Related to the Inhibition of ROS-Mediated Apoptosis in Mice Kidney. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:206-216. [PMID: 33547999 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is produced by the Fusarium genus. Ingestion of food or feed contaminated by T-2 toxin will cause damage to kidney. Selenium (Se), an essential trace element, showed the significant protective effects against kidney and renal cell damage induced by toxic substances. To explore the protective effects and mechanisms of Se against T-2-induced renal lesions, forty-eight male Kunming mice were exposed to T-2 toxin (1.0 mg/kg) and/or Se (0.2 mg/kg) for 28 days. In this study, we found that Se alleviated T-2-induced nephrotoxicity, presenting as increasing the body weight and kidney coefficient, relieving the renal structure injury, decreasing the contents of renal function-related biomarkers, decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increasing the mitochondrial membrane potential in T-2 toxin-treated mice. In addition, inhibition of renal cell apoptosis by Se was associated with blocking the mitochondrial pathway in T-2 toxin-treated mice, presenting as decreasing the protein expression of cytochrome-c, activities of caspase-3/9, as well as regulating the protein and mRNA expressions of Bax and Bcl-2. These results documented that the alleviating effect of Se on T-2-induced nephrotoxicity is related to the inhibition of ROS-mediated renal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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11
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Recent advances in cellular effects of fluoride: an update on its signalling pathway and targeted therapeutic approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5661-5673. [PMID: 34254226 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is a natural element essential in minute quantities in human's to maintain dental and skeletal health. However, the disease fluorosis manifests itself due to excessive fluoride intake mostly through drinking water and sometimes through food. At the cellular energetics level, fluoride is a known inhibitor of glycolysis. At the tissue level, the effect of fluoride has been more pronounced in the musculoskeletal systems due to its ability to retain fluoride. Fluoride alters dentinogenesis, thereby affecting the tooth enamel formation. In bones, fluoride alters the osteogenesis by replacing calcium, thus resulting in bone deformities. In skeletal muscles, high concentration and long term exposure to fluoride causes loss of muscle proteins leading to atrophy. Although fluorosis is quite a familiar problem, the exact molecular pathway is not yet clear. Extensive research on the effects of fluoride on various organs and its toxicity was reported. Indeed, it is clear that high and chronic exposure to fluoride causes cellular apoptosis. Accordingly, in this review, we have highlighted fluoride-mediated apoptosis via two vital pathways, mitochondrial-mediated and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. This review also elaborates on new cellular energetic, apoptotic pathways and therapeutic strategies targeted to treat fluorosis.
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12
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Song C, Shi D, Chang K, Li X, Dong Q, Ma X, Wang X, Guo Z, Liu Y, Wang J. Sodium fluoride activates the extrinsic apoptosis via regulating NOX4/ROS-mediated p53/DR5 signaling pathway in lung cells both in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:137-148. [PMID: 33857626 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An extensive body of research has demonstrated that pulmonary toxicity induced by fluoride is related to cell apoptosis. Although induction of death receptor-initiated extrinsic apoptosis by sodium fluoride (NaF) has been reported, its mechanism of action is still not clearly defined. Herein, we found that NaF treatment induced activation of caspase-8 in BEAS-2B cells, resulting in apoptosis, which was markedly reduced by blocking caspase-8 using small interfering RNA (siRNA). In this study, we report that death receptor 5 (DR5), a major component of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, is markedly induced upon NaF stimulation. Enhanced DR5 induction was necessary for the apoptotic effects of NaF, inasmuch as transfected BEAS-2B cells with DR5 siRNA attenuated NaF-induced caspase-8 activation in lung cells. Mechanism investigation indicated that the induction of DR5, following NaF exposure, was mediated by tumor protein 53 (p53)-dependent transcriptional activation. Notably, we demonstrated that NaF could induce a significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level derived from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4). Specifically, NOX4 knockdown inhibited NaF-induced the activation of p53/DR5 axis by reducing NOX4-derived ROS production. Further in vivo investigation demonstrated that NOX4 deficiency markedly attenuates NaF-induced lung injury, apoptosis, and ROS levels in the lung. Moreover, the expressions of p53 and DR5 were significantly reduced after NaF treatment in NOX4 knockout mice compared with the wild type mice. Taken together, our findings provide a novel insight into for the pulmonary apoptosis in response to NaF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Kaiwen Chang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Probes, Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xianghui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xia Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Zhenhuan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yonglu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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13
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Xie J, Zhao Y, Dong N, Tian X, Feng J, Liu P, Li M, Wang M, Ying X, Yuan J, Li B, Tian F, Qiu Y, Yan X. Proteomics and transcriptomics jointly identify the key role of oxidative phosphorylation in fluoride-induced myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 218:112271. [PMID: 33932654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of mitochondrial function, which is dominated by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOs), is important in fluoride induced cardiovascular disease. Based on the previous study of fluoride-induced mitochondrial structure and membrane potential abnormalities, this study integrated ITRAQ protein quantification and RNA-Seq methods to analyze the sequencing data of rat myocardial tissue under fluoride exposure (0, 30, 60 and 90 mg/L). A total of 22 differentially expressed genes associated with the OXPHOs pathway were screened by Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) co-enrichment analysis, and were localizated by Interaction Network and calculated inter-genes and inter-omics correlations by Pearson correlation. In general, fluoride exposure can down-regulate genes related OXPHOs, particularly affecting the assembly of the complex I including Ndufa10, resulting in abnormal mitochondrial ATP synthesis and reduced myocardial energy supply. Most importantly, this study shows that the enriched information from the proteomics can explain the change process of energy production, but the specific molecules involved in energy supply cannot be obtained via transcriptomics information alone. Based on the results of transcriptional and protein analysis, our findings contribute to an innovative understanding of the pathways and molecular changes of myocardial injury induced by fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Xie
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Nisha Dong
- Heping Hospital Affiliated To Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Ying
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiyu Yuan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ben Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Fengjie Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
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14
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Li M, Zhao Y, Tian X, Liu P, Xie J, Dong N, Feng J, Gao Y, Fan Y, Qiu Y, Tian F, Yan X. Fluoride Exposure and Blood Pressure: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:925-934. [PMID: 32602052 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride exposure may cause changes in blood pressure, but this conclusion is controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis aims to investigate the potential relationship between fluoride exposure and blood pressure or hypertension. PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANFANG MED ONLINE, and Chinese Scientific Journals Full-Text Databases (VIP) were searched; in addition, two related studies were added manually. In total, 7 observational studies were identified, the pooled odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension between high and reference fluoride exposure groups were calculated, and the pooled standardized weighted mean difference (SMD) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was estimated using an inverse-variance weighted random-effects model; next, sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were used to assess potential sources of heterogeneity; furthermore, publication bias was assessed using the Begg and Egger test. In brief, there were no statistical differences between exposure groups and control groups in terms of blood pressure or hypertension when all included studies considered. However, subgroup analysis indicated that blood pressure will rise with the increase of fluoride exposure concentrations in endemic fluorosis areas. The corresponding pooled SMD estimates were 0.31 (95% CI 0.11, 0.51) and 0.27 (95% CI 0.11, 0.43) for SBP and DBP. Funnel plots suggested no asymmetry. Our findings support the possibility of a positive correlation between fluoride exposure and blood pressure in endemic fluorosis areas. Additional evidence is needed to assess the dose-response relationship between fluoride exposure and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Xie
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Nisha Dong
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Human Disease Animal Models, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Gao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ye Fan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Fengjie Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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15
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Gao J, Tian X, Yan X, Wang Y, Wei J, Wang X, Yan X, Song G. Selenium Exerts Protective Effects Against Fluoride-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress and Altered the Expression of Bcl-2/Caspase Family. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:682-692. [PMID: 32613488 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is widely distributed in nature, and at high concentrations, it targets the kidney and especially proximal tubule epithelial cells. Selenium is a typical trace element beneficial to humans, and the role of selenium in the prevention and treatment of fluoride-induced organ damage is an important research topic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible protective effects of selenium against fluoride-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat renal tubular epithelial cells. We showed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and total antioxidant capacity were significantly reduced in NaF-treated normal rat kidney cells (NRK-52E), whereas the levels of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased. Moreover, the number of apoptotic cells, mRNA expression of Bax, Bad, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, and protein expression of Bax were elevated, while mitochondrial membrane potential and the protein expression of Bcl-2 were reduced. Compared with the NaF group, pretreatment with selenium enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial membrane potential, and protein expression of Bcl-2, while the levels of NO and MDA, number of apoptotic cells, mRNA expression of Bax, Bad, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, and protein expression of Bax were decreased. In conclusion, selenium exerted remarkable protective effect against NaF-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis and altered the expression of Bcl-2/caspase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoru Yan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jianing Wei
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaotang Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Guohua Song
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Mental Health Hosipital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Street Nanshifang 55, Taiyuan City, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
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16
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Meng T, Yu SS, Ji HY, Xu XM, Liu AJ. A novel acid polysaccharide from Boletus edulis: extraction, characteristics and antitumor activities in vitro. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:13-24. [PMID: 33507460 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel cold-water-soluble polysaccharide (BEP), with a molecular weight of 6.0 × 106 Da, was isolated from Boletus edulis. BEP consists of galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, glucuronic, and galacturonic acid in a ratio of 0.34:0.28:0.28:2.57:1.00:0.44. The IR results showed that BEP was an acid polysaccharide, containing α-type and β-type glucoside bonds. MTT assay showed BEP could inhibit cell proliferation significantly. Morphological observation demonstrated that BEP-treated MDA-MB-231 and Ca761 cells exhibited typical apoptotic morphological features. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that BEP caused mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining indicated that BEP induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 and Ca761 cells through cell block in S phase and G0/G1 phase, respectively. Western blot results showed that BEP could increase the Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, promote the release of cytochrome C, and activate the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in MDA-MB-231 and Ca761 cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that BEP could inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells and induce apoptosis through mitochondrial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th street, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Sha-Sha Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th street, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hai-Yu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th street, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.,QingYunTang Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th street, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - An-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th street, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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17
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Efe U, Dede S, Yüksek V, Çetin S. Apoptotic and Oxidative Mechanisms in Liver and Kidney Tissues of Sheep with Fluorosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:136-141. [PMID: 32277396 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was planned to determine the molecular basis and causes of damage to the kidney and the liver, which are the most affected tissues in sheep exposed to chronic fluoride. For this purpose, liver and kidney tissues were obtained from sheep with signs of fluorosis in the age range of 4-6 years. The control group consisted of clinically healthy sheep without fluorosis. The apoptotic and oxidative genes expression of target genes was determined using the real qRT-PCR method. According to the control gene (Gapdh) that was detected that in the liver, the apoptotic genes caspase-8, caspase-9, and Bim increased and caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bak decreased, while in the kidney, caspase-3 and Bax and caspase-8, Bcl-2, Bcl2l-1, Bim, and Bak decreased. According to the 2-ΔCt values of the oxidative stress genes, it was determined that Cygb, Gstp1, and Ncf1 genes increased significantly in the fluorosis group and Gpx1, sod1, and sod2 genes decreased significantly. In the kidney tissue, Cygb and Gpx1 increased in the fluorosis group, while sod1, sod2, Gstp1, Ncf1 and Ccs, and Nos2 were found to decrease significantly. As a result, it was shown that apoptosis and oxidative mechanisms are activated in the liver and the kidney tissues of sheep with fluorosis and these parameters have an important role in understanding the molecular basis of tissue damage in fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Efe
- Faculty of Medicine, Training Hospital, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Semiha Dede
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biochemistry Department, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey.
| | - Veysel Yüksek
- Ozalp Regional High School, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Sedat Çetin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biochemistry Department, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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18
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Wu Z, Xu X, Dai L, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhao H, Lou C. Eupalinolide J induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption and DNA damage in human prostate cancer cells. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:15-23. [PMID: 31932554 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eupalinolide J (EJ) is a new sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. In the present study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity of EJ on cell proliferation in human prostate cancer cells. The MTT results indicated that EJ showed marked anti-proliferative activity in PC-3 and DU-145 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. DAPI staining analysis demonstrated that this effect was mediated by induction of cell apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis indicated a significant increase in apoptotic cells, cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) after EJ treatment. Meanwhile, the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was visibly observed. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the expression levels of γH2AX, p-Chk1 and p-Chk2 were significantly up-regulated, suggesting the induction of DNA damage responses in EJ-treated prostate cancer cells. The above results indicated that EJ exhibited effective anti-cancer activity in vitro. It could be a promising candidate agent for the clinical treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Xintong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Lingjie Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Huajun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Chenghua Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
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19
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Xie J, Yan X, Xu G, Tian X, Dong N, Feng J, Liu P, Li M, Zhao Y, Wei C, Lyu Y, Ma G, Song G, Wang T, Yan X. ITRAQ-based proteomics reveals the potential mechanism of fluoride-induced myocardial contraction function damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110605. [PMID: 32311614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorosis is a worldwide public health problem, and its adverse effects on the heart have been confirmed by many studies. Abnormal myocardial contractions are often associated with impairment of cardiac function as a cause or consequence. We designed two-part experiments to search for biomarkers and clarify the underlying molecular mechanism of fluoride on myocardial contraction. First, we used Pressure-volume Loop analysis to evaluate changes in myocardial function indexes with multiple fluoride exposure levels in mice (0, 30, 70, and 150 mg/L) exposed for 4 weeks. The results showed that fluoride exposure affects the heart pump function and reduces cardiac contractility. Then, we established a rat model of fluoride exposure (0, 30, 60, and 90 mg/L) for 6 months to carry out proteomic analysis of fluoride-induced myocardial contractile injury. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to determine the severity of myocardial injury, and myocardial tissue samples were submitted for isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (ITRAQ) analysis. A total of 1607 proteins were successfully identified with 294 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in fluoride treated groups. According to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, 12 DEPs were confirmed to be involved in pathways related to myocardial contraction. Furthermore, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for these 12 core DEPs to illustrate the role and location of each DEP in the myocardial contraction pathway. The results of this study are helpful for identify a potential mechanism and biomarkers of fluoride-induced myocardial contraction function damage, moreover, which can provide a new insight into the heart toxicity of fluoride in animals at the proteomics level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Xie
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xiaoting Yan
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Human Disease Animal Models, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China; School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Nisha Dong
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Human Disease Animal Models, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Cailing Wei
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yi Lyu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Guijin Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Guohua Song
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Human Disease Animal Models, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China.
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20
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Kimsa-Dudek M, Synowiec-Wojtarowicz A, Krawczyk A, Kruszniewska-Rajs C, Gawron S, Paul-Samojedny M, Gola J. Anti-apoptotic effect of a static magnetic field in human cells that had been treated with sodium fluoride. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1141-1148. [PMID: 32586185 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1784655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Static magnetic field (SMF) is widely used in industry, in consumer devices and diagnostic medical equipment, hence the widespread exposure to SMF in the natural environment and in people occupationally exposed to it. In environment and in some workplaces, there is a risk of exposure also to various chemicals. Environmental factors can affect the cellular processes which can be the cause of the development of various pathological conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of SMF on the expression of the apoptosis-related genes in human fibroblast cultures that had been co-treated with fluoride ions. The control and NaF-treated cells were subjected to the influence of SMF with a moderate induction. The flow-cytometric analysis showed that the fluoride ions reduced the number of viable cells and induced early apoptosis. However, exposure to the SMF reduced the number of dead cells that had been treated with fluoride ions. Moreover, specific genes that were involved in apoptosis exhibited a differential expression in the NaF-treated cells and exposure to the SMF yielded a modulation of their transcriptional activity. Our results suggest some beneficial properties of using a moderate-intensity static magnetic field to reduce the adverse effects of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kimsa-Dudek
- Department of Nutrigenomics and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Synowiec-Wojtarowicz
- Department of Nutrigenomics and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Agata Krawczyk
- Department of Nutrigenomics and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Celina Kruszniewska-Rajs
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Stanisław Gawron
- Institute of Electrical Drives and Machines KOMEL, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Paul-Samojedny
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Gola
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
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21
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Mu M, Zhao H, Wang Y, Liu J, Fei D, Xing M. Arsenic trioxide or/and copper sulfate co-exposure induce glandular stomach of chicken injury via destruction of the mitochondrial dynamics and activation of apoptosis as well as autophagy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109678. [PMID: 31557571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic and copper are naturally occurring element. Contamination from natural processes and anthropogenic activities can be discovered all over the world and their unique interactions with the environment lead to widespread toxicity. When the content was excessive, the organism would be hurt seriously. The glandular stomach is an important organ of the poultry gastrointestinal tract. This study was aimed to investigate the toxicity of arsenic trioxide or/and copper sulfate (As or/and Cu) on chicken glandular stomach. Seventy-two 1-day-old Hy-Line chickens were randomly divided into control (C) group, arsenic trioxide (As) group, copper sulfate (Cu) group and arsenic trioxide and copper sulfate (AsCu) group, and exposed to 30 mg/kg arsenic trioxide or/and 300 mg/kg copper sulphates for 12 weeks. The indicators of mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis and autophagy were tested in the glandular stomach. The results showed that exposure to As or/and Cu caused mitochondrial dynamic imbalance. Additionally, the levels of pro-apoptosis and autophagy indicators were increased and the levels of anti-apoptosis indicators were decreased in the treatment groups. Beyond that, in the treatment groups, we could clearly see karyopyknosis and chromatin condensation were associated with increased apoptosis rate, as well as the disappearance of the nuclear membrane, the swelling of mitochondria and the accumulation of autophagosomes were involved in the death of cells. It was worth noting that the glandular stomach lesions were time-dependent, and the combination of As and Cu were worse than the As and Cu alone. Collectively, our results suggest that As or/and Cu aggravate mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and autophagy in a time-dependent manner, and the combined toxicity of As and Cu was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Mu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Dongxue Fei
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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22
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Wang HW, Zhang Y, Tan PP, Jia LS, Chen Y, Zhou BH. Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction mediated by ROS is a primary point of fluoride-induced damage in Hepa1-6 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113359. [PMID: 31614248 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the mechanism of fluoride (F) mitochondrial toxicity, we cultured Hepa1-6 cells with different F concentrations (0, 1 and 2 mmoL/L) and determined cell pathological morphology, mitochondrial respiratory chain damage and cell cycle change. Results showed that the activities and mRNA expression levels of antioxidant enzymes considerably decreased, whereas the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) markedly increased. Breakage of mitochondrial cristae and substantial vacuolated mitochondria were observed by transmission electron microscopy. These results indicate the F-induced oxidative damage in Hepa1-6 cells. The enzyme activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, III and IV were disordered in Hepa1-6 cells treated by excessive F, thereby indicating a remarkable down-regulation. Further research showed that complex subunits also demonstrated the development of disorder, in which the protein expressions levels of NDUFV2 and SDHA were substantially down-regulated, whereas those of CYC1 and COX Ⅳ were markedly up-regulated. Reductions in ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected with the dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle in Hepa1-6 cells was measured via flow cytometry, and the up-regulated protein expressions of Cyt c, caspase 9, caspase 3 and substantial apoptotic cells were determined. In summary, this study demonstrated that ROS-mediated mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction causes F-induced Hepa1-6 cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Pan-Pan Tan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Liu-Shu Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China.
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23
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Gong G, Kam H, Tse Y, Lee SM. Cardiotoxicity of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and H9c2 cardiomyocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:153-162. [PMID: 31255755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Forchlorfenuron (CPPU), as a plant growth regulator or herbicide/pesticide, is widely used in agriculture worldwide. It is adopted by most farmers due to its high efficacy for boosting size and improving the quality of fruit. However, CPPU was implicated in, and gained notoriety due to an incident of exploding watermelon that occurred in 2011. Subsequently, the wider community became aware of the potential risks it posed to living organisms and the ecosystem. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CPPU on the survival, cardiac morphology and function, as well as hematopoietic system, of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Notably, CPPU (2.5-12.5 μg/ml) induced cardiac morphology deformation, cardiac contractile dysfunction and erythrocyte reduction in zebrafish. Consistently, the mRNA expression levels of several cardiac and hematopoietic gene markers (myl7, gata4, mef2c, amhc, vmhc and gata1) were altered by CPPU treatment. In addition, CPPU caused cytotoxicity, cytoskeleton destruction and reduced corresponding proteins (Myl7, Gata4 and Mef2c) expression in H9c2 cardiomyocytes in vitro. Taken together, this study has identified the cardiotoxicity of CPPU in different experimental models and enhanced our understanding on the mechanism underlying the toxicity of CPPU to living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hiotong Kam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuchung Tse
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Simon Mingyuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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24
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Gao J, Wang Y, Xu G, Wei J, Chang K, Tian X, Liu M, Yan X, Huo M, Song G. Selenium attenuates apoptosis and p-AMPK expressions in fluoride-induced NRK-52E cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:15685-15697. [PMID: 30949948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is widely distributed in the environment, and excessive fluoride intake can induce cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and cell cycle changes in many tissues and organs, including the kidney. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that selenium (Se) administration ameliorates sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced kidney damage. However, the potentially beneficial effects of Se against NaF-induced cytotoxicity of the kidney and the underlying molecular mechanisms of this protection are not fully understood. At present, in this study, the normal rat kidney cell (NRK-52E) was used to investigate the potentially protective mechanism of Se against NaF-induced apoptosis, by using the methods of pathology, colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot. The experiment was designed with a control group, two NaF-treated groups (NaF, 5, 20 mg/L), two sodium selenite-treated groups (Na2SeO3, 17.1, 34.2 μg/L), and four Se + NaF-treated groups (Na2SeO3, 17.1, 34.2 μg/L; NaF, 5, 20 mg/L). The results indicate that selenium can attenuate apoptosis and AMPK phosphorylation in the NRK-52E cell induced with fluoride. These results imply that selenium is capable to modulate fluoride-induced NRK-52E cell apoptosis via regulating the expression levels of the proteins involved in mitochondrial pathway and changes in p-AMPK expressions may also be a key process in preventing fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jianing Wei
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Kai Chang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Maolin Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Meijun Huo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Guohua Song
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Human Disease Animal Model, Shanxi Medical University, Road Xinjian 56, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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25
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Lappaconitine sulfate induces apoptosis in human colon cancer HT-29 cells and down-regulates PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Shenoy PS, Sen U, Kapoor S, Ranade AV, Chowdhury CR, Bose B. Sodium fluoride induced skeletal muscle changes: Degradation of proteins and signaling mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:534-548. [PMID: 30384060 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is a well-known compound for its usefulness in healing dental caries. Similarly, fluoride is also known for its toxicity to various tissues in animals and humans. It causes skeletal fluorosis leading to osteoporosis of the bones. We hypothesized that when bones are affected by fluoride, the skeletal muscles are also likely to be affected by underlying molecular events involving myogenic differentiation. Murine myoblasts C2C12 were cultured in differentiation media with or without NaF (1 ppm-5 ppm) for four days. The effects of NaF on myoblasts and myotubes when exposed to low (1.5 ppm) and high concentration (5 ppm) were assessed based on the proliferation, alteration in gene expression, ROS production, and production of inflammatory cytokines. Changes based on morphology, multinucleated myotube formation, expression of MyHC1 and signaling pathways were also investigated. Concentrations of NaF tested had no effects on cell viability. NaF at low concentration (1.5 ppm) caused myoblast proliferation and when subjected to myogenic differentiation it induced hypertrophy of the myotubes by activating the IGF-1/AKT pathway. NaF at higher concentration (5 ppm), significantly inhibited myotube formation, increased skeletal muscle catabolism, generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in C2C12 cells. NaF also enhanced the production of muscle atrophy-related genes, myostatin, and atrogin-1. The data suggest that NaF at low concentration can be used as muscle enhancing factor (hypertrophy), and at higher concentration, it accelerates skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sudheer Shenoy
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, University Road, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Utsav Sen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, University Road, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Saketh Kapoor
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, University Road, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Anu V Ranade
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chitta R Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Biology & Genomic Studies, A.B.Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India; School of Health and Life Sciences, Biomedical and Environmental Health Group, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, University Road, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
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27
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Wei Q, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao L. A mini review of fluoride-induced apoptotic pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33926-33935. [PMID: 30338467 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine or fluoride can have toxic effects on bone tissue and soft tissue at high concentrations. These negative effects include but not limited to cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, blood toxicity, and oxidative damage. Apoptosis plays an important role in fluoride-induced toxicity of kidney, liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsil, and cultured cells. Here, apoptosis activated by high level of fluoride has been systematically reviewed, focusing on three pathways: mitochondrion-mediated, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated, and death receptor-mediated pathways. However, very limited reports are focused on the death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathways in the fluoride-induced apoptosis. Therefore, understanding and discovery of more pathways and molecular mechanisms of fluoride-induced apoptosis may contribute to designing measures for preventing fluoride toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural information engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
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28
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Zhao WP, Wang HW, Liu J, Tan PP, Lin L, Zhou BH. JNK/STAT signalling pathway is involved in fluoride-induced follicular developmental dysplasia in female mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:88-95. [PMID: 29913403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fluoride (F) intake decreases the development of potential oocytes by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in female mice in our previous study. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of F-induced follicular developmental dysplasia. Pathomorphological changes in the ovary tissues were observed under light and transmission electron microscopes. DNA damage and proliferation in granulosa cells were analysed by TUNEL staining and BrdU measurement. The protein expression of cell proliferation related regulatory factors including JNK, STAT3, STAT5, CDK2, CDK4, PCNA and Ki67 in the ovary tissues was measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. Results indicated that the structure of granulosa cells in the ovary was seriously damaged by excessive F, evident by the swollen endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria with vacuoles and nucleus shrinkage. F treatment also considerably enhanced the apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of granulosa cells. The number of granulosa cells around the oocyte decreased after F treatment. The expression levels of STAT3, CDK2, CDK4 and Ki67 in the ovary tissues were up-regulated, and STAT5 and PCNA did not change significantly after F treatment, whereas JNK expression was down-regulated with increasing F dose. In summary, changes in the expression levels of JNK, STAT3, STAT5, CDK2, CDK4, PCNA and Ki67 in the JNK/STAT signalling pathway are involved in F-induced follicular dysplasia in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Peng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, PR China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, PR China.
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, PR China
| | - Pan-Pan Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, PR China
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, PR China.
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29
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Tan PP, Zhou BH, Zhao WP, Jia LS, Liu J, Wang HW. Mitochondria-Mediated Pathway Regulates C2C12 Cell Apoptosis Induced by Fluoride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 185:440-447. [PMID: 29594946 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of excessive fluoride-induced apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated pathway in skeletal muscle cells (C2C12 cells). C2C12 cells were cultured with the fluoride concentrations (0, 1, and 2.5 mmol/L) for 48 h. The morphology and ultrastructural changes of C2C12 cells were observed using a light microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The protein expression levels of apoptosis factors, including Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c (Cyt c), caspase-3, and caspase-9, were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and immunocytofluorescence. The morphology and ultrastructure of C2C12 cells were seriously damaged by fluoride at 1 and 2.5 mmol/L doses, including swollen mitochondria, vacuolization, ridge breakage, and disappearance of the nuclear membrane. Simultaneously, compared with the control group, the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Cyt c, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were up-regulated after fluoride treatment. Excessive fluoride damages the ultrastructure in mitochondria, leading to the release of Cyt c from the mitochondria to cytoplasm in C2C12 cells; thereby, activated caspases cascade apoptosis process through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Tan
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Peng Zhao
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu-Shu Jia
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines, Environment and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Quadri JA, Sarwar S, Pinky, Kar P, Singh S, Mallick SR, Arava S, Nag TC, Roy TS, Shariff A. Fluoride induced tissue hypercalcemia, IL-17 mediated inflammation and apoptosis lead to cardiomyopathy: Ultrastructural and biochemical findings. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:44-57. [PMID: 29800585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
An increased prevalence of cardiac complications has been observed in residents of fluorosis endemic areas chronically exposed to fluoride. Fluoride induces soft tissue injury due to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and mitochondriopathy. It was hypothesized that chronic fluoride exposure induces apoptosis in cardiomyocytes due to inflammation, lysis of extra cellular matrix and altered calcium metabolism. This study was planned to evaluate the effects of chronic fluoride exposure and the mechanism of action in the cardiac muscle. Fifteen week old male Wistar rats were administered a human equivalent dose of fluoride (50 and 100 ppm ad-libitum, HED = 5 & 10 ppm in human) for 75-days. After 75-days of fluoride exposure, the animals were euthanized and fluoride, oxidative stress (SOD, GPX, Catalase activities) and LPO were measured. Histopathological and ultrastructural pathological examinations were conducted on the cardiac tissues using light, atomic force and electron microscopies. The cardiac tissues were also assessed for apoptosis (TUNEL/Caspase assays), and tissue calcium levels (Alizarin-assay and SEM-EDX). Tissue inflammation and expression of IL-17, MMP-9, Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were evaluated. In the fluoride exposed groups, a significant (≤0.05) increase in levels of oxidative stress, LPO and apoptosis were observed. The IL-17, MMP-9 and Caspase-3 were significantly (≤0.05) higher in the cardiac muscle after chronic fluoride exposure. The fluoride seems to have induced inflammation in the cardiac tissues, as well as an increase in tissue calcium (≤0.05). There was significant damage to cardiac muscle fibres including, thinning, distortion and neo-vasculogenesis following chronic fluoride exposure. Mitochondriopathy, lysis of ground substance, oedema, and hyper-vacuolation was seen in fluoride treated groups. Remarkable levels of distortion and bending in Z band were observed under the AFM. Many of these observed changes mimic those occurring in cardiomegaly, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saba Sarwar
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Pinky
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Parmita Kar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - A Shariff
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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31
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Gao Y, Wang Q. Actinidia chinensis planch polysaccharide protects against hypoxia‑induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:193-201. [PMID: 29750308 PMCID: PMC6059669 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is frequently accompanied by ischemic heart disease. Actinidia chinensis planch polysaccharide (ACP) is the main active compound from Actinidia chinensis planch. In the present study, a cardiac hypertrophy model was produced by treating cells with Angiotensin II (Ang II), which was used to investigate whether ACP protected against cardiac hypertrophy in vitro. It was demonstrated that ACP alleviated Ang II‑induced cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, pretreatment with ACP prior to hypoxic culture reduced the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential as investigated by flow cytometry. Cell Counting kit‑8 analysis demonstrated that ACP maintained the cell viability of cardiomyocytes. The flow cytometric analysis revealed that ACP inhibited hypoxia‑induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes treated with Ang II. Additionally, reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assays demonstrated that ACP decreased the expression of apoptosis‑associated genes including apoptosis‑inducing factor mitochondria associated 1, the cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinases caspases‑3/8/9, and cleaved caspases‑3/8/9. The results of the present study also demonstrated that ACP inhibited the activation of the extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways. Furthermore, the specific activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT reversed the apoptotic‑inhibitory effect of ACP. In conclusion, the protective effects of ACP against hypoxia‑induced apoptosis may depend on depressing the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes treated with Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Radiology Department, The 2nd Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110101, P.R. China
| | - Yunfa Xu
- Radiology Department, The 2nd Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110101, P.R. China
| | - Ying Gao
- Radiology Department, The 2nd Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110101, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Radiology Department, The 2nd Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110101, P.R. China
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