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Shang Y, Liu Y, Tian J, Liu C, Zhu X, Wang J, Chen D, Tao W. Heterogeneous kinetics of the OH-initiated degradation of fenthion and parathion. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 133:161-170. [PMID: 37451785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fenthion and parathion are two representative kinds of organophosphorus pesticides and widely used in agriculture. They are directly or indirectly released into the atmosphere by spraying or volatilization processes. However, their heterogeneous reactivity toward OH radicals has not yet been well understood. Therefore, this work investigated the heterogeneous kinetics of the OH-initiated degradation of surface-bound fenthion and parathion using a flow reactor. The results showed that OH radicals played an important role in the atmospheric degradation of fenthion and parathion. Their average rate constants were (7.20 ± 0.77) × 10-12 and (10.40 ± 0.60) × 10-12 cm3/(mol· sec) at a relative humidity (RH) and temperature of 35% and 20 °C, respectively, suggesting that they have relatively short lifetimes in the atmosphere. In addition, a negative RH dependence and a positive temperature dependence of the rate constants were observed. The Arrhenius expressions of fenthion and parathion were k2 = (1.34 ± 0.48) × 10-9exp[-(1432.59 ± 105.29)/T] and k2 = (1.96 ± 1.38) × 10-9exp[-(1619.98 ± 222.02)/T], respectively, and their overall activation energy was estimated to be (11.88 ± 0.87) and (13.48 ± 1.83) kJ/mol. The experimental results will update the kinetic data of fenthion and parathion in the atmosphere and be helpful to further understand their atmospheric transportation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Shang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jinfeng Tian
- Medical College, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Changgeng Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China.
| | - Xuejun Zhu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
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2
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Zhang B, Shen Z, He K, Sun J, Huang S, Xu H, Li J, Ho SSH, Cao JJ. Insight into the Primary and Secondary Particle-Bound Methoxyphenols and Nitroaromatic Compound Emissions from Solid Fuel Combustion and the Updated Source Tracers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14280-14288. [PMID: 37706300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols and nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) have strong atmospheric radiative forcing effects and adverse effects on human health. They are emitted from the incomplete combustion of solid fuels and are secondarily formed through photochemical reactions. Here, an on-site study was conducted to determine the primary emission and secondary formation of particulate phase products from a variety of solid fuels through a potential aerosol mass-oxidation flow reactor. Emission factors for total quantified methoxyphenols and NACs (i.e., EF∑Methoxyphenols and EF∑NACs) varied by 2 orders of magnitude among different fuels, which were greatly influenced by volatile matter, incomplete combustibility, flame intensity, and combustion temperature. Guaiacol and 4-nitro-2-vinylphenol were used as tracers for primary organic aerosol due to the low aged-to-fresh ratios (0.21-0.97), while 4-methyl-guaiacol, 4-ethyl-guaiacol, eugenol, 4-methyl-syringol, isoeugenol, acetovanillone, syringaldehyde, homovanillin acid, vanillin acid, and syringic acid were identified as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (aged-to-fresh ratios between 1.90 and 4.20). During simulated aging, the -CHO group reacted with the hydroxyl radical (•OH) to form the -COOH group, but there was no correlation between syringol and 4-nitrosyringol, implying that •OH is the main reactant rather than the nitriate radical (•NO3) in the atmospheric aging processes of methoxyphenols. Aging caused substantially different emission profiles due to variable photochemical reaction properties. The fresh EFs for guaiacol emitted from the biomass burning ranged from 3.80 ± 0.44 to 26.2 ± 5.40 mg·kg-1, which were much higher than those in coal combustions (of 0.03 ± 0.01 to 1.42 ± 0.28 mg·kg-1). However, the aged EFs (EFaged) for guaiacol was 1.02 ± 0.06 to 1.61 ± 0.11 mg·kg-1 in most biomass combustions, which were comparable with those of the bituminous chunk (1.20 ± 0.16 mg·kg-1). Therefore, guaiacol, a traditional biomass marker, is not an ideal tracer for aged PM2.5 emitted from biomass burning. Indeed, the syringol/guaiacol and syringol/4-nitrosyringol ratios were found to be more suitable and efficient to be used in source characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kun He
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery, Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Divison of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno NV89512, United States
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
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3
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals at the Air-Solid Interface. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2900-2909. [PMID: 36561198 PMCID: PMC9762487 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning emissions contain abundant phenolic aldehydes (e.g., syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenaldehyde) that are oxidized during atmospheric transport, altering the physicochemical properties of particulates. Herein, the oxidative processing of thin films made of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenaldehyde is studied at the air-solid interface under a variable O3(g) molar ratio (410 ppbv-800 ppmv) and relative humidity (0-90%). Experiments monitored the absorption changes of C=C, C=O, and -COOH vibration changes during the oxidation of thin films by transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Selected spectroscopic features of aromatic ring cleavage by O3(g) revealed the production of carboxylic acids. Instead, monitoring O-H stretching provided a comparison of a hydroxylation channel from in situ produced hydroxyl radical. The overall oxidation reactivity trend syringaldehyde > vanillin > 4-hydroxybenzladehyde can be explained based on the additional electron density from methoxide substituents to the ring. The reactive uptake coefficient of O3(g) increases for higher relative humidity, e.g., for syringaldehyde by 18 and 215 times at 74% and 90% relative humidity (RH), respectively, as compared to dry conditions. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism fits well the kinetics of oxidation under a variable O3(g) molar ratio at 74% RH, providing useful information that should be included in atmospheric chemistry models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
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4
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Surface Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes: Fragmentation, Functionalization, and Coupling Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6502-6516. [PMID: 36070234 PMCID: PMC9512012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substantial amounts of phenolic aldehydes, represented by the structures of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, are emitted to the atmosphere during biomass burning. The oxidative transformation of phenolic aldehydes during atmospheric transport has the potential to modify the physicochemical properties of particulates, which play a vital role in Earth's climate and human health. Herein, thin solid films made of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde are oxidized in contact with O3(g) under a relative humidity of 74% representative of average global conditions. New physical insights into the surface reactions are achieved by analyzing isopropanol-extracted films before and during oxidation by multiple techniques. Changes in electronic transitions at 220, 310, and 350-400 nm registered by UV-vis spectroscopy show that the oxidized films have enhanced mass absorption coefficients at λ > 300 nm. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) and ion chromatography with conductivity and MS detection of extracted oxidized films confirm aromatic ring cleavage of syringaldehyde and vanillin by O3(g) with the production of carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids were observed as anions ([M - H]-) at m/z 45 (formic acid), 73 (glyoxylic acid), 75 (glycolic acid), 89 (oxalic acid), 115 (maleic acid), 117 (mesoxalic acid), 119 (tartronic acid), and 129 (maleic acid monomethyl ester), while other polyfunctional products were registered by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography with UV-vis and MS detection. In situ production of hydroxyl radicals is confirmed by demethoxylation products and ipso attack at the C1 ring position holding the -C(H)═O group. The order of reactivity increased with the number of methoxy substituents that donate electron density to the aromatic ring. Combined oxidation mechanisms for the three compounds are proposed based on all of the experimental observations and explain the contribution of aged biomass burning material to secondary organic aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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5
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Al-Jabiri MH, Hazrah AS, Jäger W. Conformers of Vanillic Acid and Its Monohydrate: A Rotational Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6686-6694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad H. Al-Jabiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Arsh S. Hazrah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Jäger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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6
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Wei B, Niu C, Zhou G, Sun J, Mei Q, An Z, Li M, He M. Nonmetal doped carbon nitride nanosheet as photocatalyst for degradation of 4, 5-dichloroguaiacol. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112623. [PMID: 34990610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free photocatalysts for high efficient photocatalytic degradation of pollutants have attracted growing concern in recent years. Herein, relying on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, boron and phosphorus doped C2N layers were explored for the potential of utilization as photocatalysts for 4, 5-dichloroguaiacol (4, 5-DCG) removal. Our computations revealed that the adsorption energy of 4, 5-DCG on B@N-doped C2N layers were 26.56 kcal mol-1, and the ΔG≠ of initial reactions of 4, 5-DCG with OH were also reduced onto the B@N-doped C2N substrates. The band gap of B@N-doped C2N was 2.27 eV. The obtained results showed that the doping of boron atom into C2N layer narrows bandgap, and retains well catalytic performance and adsorption properties. Hence, B@N-doped C2N layer is a promising photocatalyst for organic pollutants removal. Possible degradation pathways of 4, 5-DCG and aquatic toxicity assessment during degradation were also carried out. Products with higher toxicity would be formed and the transformation products were still toxic to three nutrient levels of aquatic organisms (green algae, fish, and daphnia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Chenxi Niu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China
| | - Gang Zhou
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Qiong Mei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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7
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Liu C, Chen D, Chen X. Atmospheric Reactivity of Methoxyphenols: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2897-2916. [PMID: 35188384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols emitted from lignin pyrolysis are widely used as potential tracers for biomass burning, especially for wood burning. In the past ten years, their atmospheric reactivity has attracted increasing attention from the academic community. Thus, this work provides an extensive review of the atmospheric reactivity of methoxyphenols, including their gas-phase, particle-phase, and aqueous-phase reactions, as well as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Emphasis was placed on kinetics, mechanisms, and SOA formation. The reactions of methoxyphenols with OH and NO3 radicals were the predominant degradation pathways, which also had significant SOA formation potentials. The reaction mechanism of methoxyphenols with O3 is the cycloaddition of O3 to the benzene ring or unsaturated C═C bond, while H-abstraction and radical adduct formation are the main degradation channels of methoxyphenols by OH and NO3 radicals. Based on the published studies, knowledge gaps were pointed out. Future studies including experimental simulations and theoretical calculations of other representative kinds of methoxyphenols should be systematically carried out under complex pollution conditions. In addition, the ecotoxicity of their degradation products and their contribution to SOA formation from the atmospheric aging of biomass-burning plumes should be seriously assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgeng Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao'e Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, P.R. China
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8
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Sun Y, Liu L, Li M, Chen X, Xu F. Theoretical investigation on the mechanisms and kinetics of OH/NO 3-initiated atmospheric oxidation of vanillin and vanillic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132544. [PMID: 34648789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin and vanillic acid are two kinds of lignin pyrolysis products that are generated by biomass combustion. The gas-phase oxidation mechanisms of vanillin and vanillic acid initiated by OH/NO3 radicals were investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) at M06-2X/6-311+G(3df,2p)//M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) level. The initial reactions of vanillin and vanillic acid with OH/NO3 radicals can be divided into two patterns: OH/NO3 addition and H-atom abstraction. For vanillin reacted with OH radical, the OH addition mainly occurs at C2-position to produce highly chemically activated intermediate (IM2). The oxidation products 3,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde, malealdehyde, methyl hydrogen oxalate, methylenemalonaldehyde, carbonyl and carbonyl compounds are formed by the subsequent reactions of IM2. H-atom abstracting from aldehyde group occurs more easily than from the other positions. In addition, vanillin reacting with NO3 radicals principally proceeds via NO3-addition at C1 sites and H-atom abstracting from OH group (C1) to generate HNO3. The primary reaction mechanisms of vanillic acid with OH/NO3 radicals were similar to vanillin. The Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory was performed to calculate the rate constants of the significant elementary reactions. The total rate constants for OH-initiated oxidation of vanillin and vanillic acid are 5.72 × 10-12 and 5.40 × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K and 1 atm. The atmospheric lifetimes were predicted to be 48.56 h and 51.44 h, respectively. As a supplement, the kinetic calculations of NO3 radicals with two reactants were also discussed. This work investigates the atmospheric oxidation processes of vanillin and vanillic acid, and hopes to provide useful information for further experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
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9
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An Z, Sun J, Han D, Mei Q, Wei B, Wang X, Xie J, Zhan J, He M. Effect of pH on ·OH-induced degradation progress of syringol/syringaldehyde and health effect. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126893. [PMID: 32402872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Syringol and syringaldehyde are widely present pollutants in atmosphere and wastewater due to lignin pyrolysis and draining of pulp mill effluents. The hydroxylation degradation mechanisms and kinetics and health effect assessment of them under high and low-NOx regimes in atmosphere and wastewater have been studied theoretically. The effect of pH on reaction mechanisms and rate constants in their ·OH-initiated degradation processes has been fully investigated. Results have suggested that aqueous solution played a positive role in the ·OH-initiated degradation reactions by decreasing the energy barriers of most reactions and changing the reactivity order of initial reactions. For Sy- and Sya- (anionic species of syringol and syringaldehyde), most initial reaction routes were more likely to occur than that of HSy and Hsya (neutral species of syringol and syringaldehyde). As the pH increased from 1 to 14, the overall rate constants (at 298 K) of syringol and syringaldehyde with ·OH in wastewater increased from 5.43 × 1010 to 9.87 × 1010 M-1 s-1 and from 3.70 × 1010 to 1.14 × 1011 M-1 s-1, respectively. In the NOx-rich environment, 4-nitrosyringol was the most favorable product, while ring-opening oxygenated chemicals were the most favorable products in the NOx-poor environment. On the whole, the NOx-poor environment could decrease the toxicities during the hydroxylation processes of syringol and syringaldehyde, which was the opposite in a NOx-rich environment. ·OH played an important role in the methoxyphenols degradation and its conversion into harmless compounds in the NOx-poor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Dandan Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, 274015, PR China
| | - Qiong Mei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Bo Wei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Jinhua Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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10
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Liu C, He Y, Chen X. Kinetic study on the heterogeneous degradation of coniferyl alcohol by OH radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125088. [PMID: 31629237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coniferyl alcohol derived from lignin pyrolysis, is a potential tracer for wood burning emissions, but its atmospheric stability toward OH radicals is not well known. In this work, the degradation kinetics of coniferyl alcohol by OH radicals was studied using a flow reactor at different OH concentrations, temperatures, and relative humidity (RH). The results showed that coniferyl alcohol could be degraded effectively by OH radials, and the average second-order rate constant (k2) was (11.6 ± 0.5) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at the temperature and RH of 25 °C and 40%, respectively. Additionally, increasing temperature facilitated the degradation of coniferyl alcohol and the Arrhenius equation could be expressed as k2 = (1.7 ± 0.3) × 10-9exp [-(1480.2 ± 55.6)/T] at 40% RH. Meanwhile, increasing RH had a negative impact on the degradation of coniferyl alcohol. According to the k2 obtained under different conditions, the atmospheric lifetime of coniferyl alcohol was in the range of 13.5 ± 0.4 h to 22.9 ± 1.4 h. The results suggested that the atmosphere lifetime of coniferyl alcohol was predominantly controlled by OH radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgeng Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, PR China.
| | - Yucan He
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, PR China
| | - Xiao'e Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, PR China
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11
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Kroflič A, Schaefer T, Huš M, Phuoc Le H, Otto T, Herrmann H. OH radicals reactivity towards phenol-related pollutants in water: temperature dependence of the rate constants and novel insights into the [OH-phenol]˙ adduct formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1324-1332. [PMID: 31850419 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substituted phenols are known to readily react with the hydroxyl radical (OH˙), which is the most powerful atmospheric oxidant and is also most often used in advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for wastewater treatment. We report temperature-dependent (278.15-318.15 K) second order kinetic rate constants for the aqueous-phase reactions of OH˙ with phenol and four substituted phenols: catechol, phloroglucinol, pyrogallol and 3-methylcatechol, with the last two measured for the first time. The constructed Hammett plots for mono- and di-substituted phenols have the potential to be further applied for predicting the reaction rate constants of other substituted phenols at 298.15 K. This will significantly facilitate the optimization of AOP and improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric multiphase models in the future. Moreover, an advancement in the understanding of the underlying mechanism, i.e. OH˙ addition to the aromatic ring is made by theoretical calculations at the M06-2X level. We demonstrate that the position of substituents on the aromatic ring is important for the [OH-phenol]˙ adduct formation, which is supported by the experiment and theoretical calculations. Adjacent and nonadjacent electron donor/acceptor substituents differently impact the interplay between the activation energy and entropy. We also show that explicit solvation has to be accounted for in theoretical models in order to explicitly describe the formation of the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. and National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matej Huš
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hoa Phuoc Le
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Otto
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Binhairoad 72, 266237 Qingdao, China
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12
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Wang H, Zhao X, Zuo C, Ma X, Xu F, Sun Y, Zhang Q. A molecular understanding of the interaction of typical aromatic acids with common aerosol nucleation precursors and their atmospheric implications. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36171-36181. [PMID: 35540604 PMCID: PMC9075000 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic acids, which are generated from numerous anthropogenic emissions and secondary transformations, have been considered to play a crucial role in new particle formation. In this study, we performed theoretical calculations at the PW91PW91/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level to investigate the interaction between typical aromatic acids namely benzoic acid (BA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), phthalic acid (PA), isophthalic acid (mPA), and terephthalic acid (PTA) and common atmospheric nucleation precursors namely sulfuric acid (SA), water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA). The geometric analysis, Gibbs free energy analysis, OH/NH-stretching vibrational frequency calculation, and atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis were conducted to determine the interactions in the complexes. The heterodimers formed a six to eight membered ring through four types of hydrogen bond, and the bond strength could be ranked in descending order: SO-H⋯O > O-H⋯O/N > N-H⋯O. The BA/PAA/mPA/PTA-SA complexes had the lowest Gibbs free energy values. PA was more likely to interact with NH3 or amines rather than SA due to an intra-molecular hydrogen bond. Additionally, the aromatic acids have similar ability to interact with SA and NH3 as monocarboxylic/dicarboxylic acid. The formation potential of the heterodimers from aromatic acids with common nucleation precursors in ambient atmosphere was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetong Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University Shenzhen 518057 P. R. China +86-532-5863198
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Xianwei Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Chenpeng Zuo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University Shenzhen 518057 P. R. China +86-532-5863198
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
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13
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Casimiro FM, Costa CAE, Botelho CM, Barreiro MF, Rodrigues AE. Kinetics of Oxidative Degradation of Lignin-Based Phenolic Compounds in Batch Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa M. Casimiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina A. E. Costa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cidália M. Botelho
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria F. Barreiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Wan X, Kawamura K, Ram K, Kang S, Loewen M, Gao S, Wu G, Fu P, Zhang Y, Bhattarai H, Cong Z. Aromatic acids as biomass-burning tracers in atmospheric aerosols and ice cores: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:216-228. [PMID: 30677666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is one of the largest sources of carbonaceous aerosols with adverse impacts on air quality, visibility, health and climate. BB emits a few specific aromatic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic and dehydroabietic acids) which have been widely used as key indicators for source identification of BB-derived carbonaceous aerosols in various environmental matrices. In addition, measurement of p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids in snow and ice cores have revealed the historical records of the fire emissions. Despite their uniqueness and importance as tracers, our current understanding of analytical methods, concentrations, diagnostic ratios and degradation processes are rather limited and scattered in literature. In this review paper, firstly we have summarized the most established methods and protocols for the measurement of these aromatic acids in aerosols and ice cores. Secondly, we have highlighted the geographical variability in the abundances of these acids, their diagnostic ratios and degradation processes in the environments. The review of the existing data indicates that the concentrations of aromatic acids in aerosols vary greatly with locations worldwide, typically more abundant in urban atmosphere where biomass fuels are commonly used for residential heating and/or cooking purposes. In contrast, their concentrations are lowest in the polar regions which are avoid of localized emissions and largely influenced by long-range transport. The diagnostic ratios among aromatic acids can be used as good indicators for the relative amounts and types of biomass (e.g. hardwood, softwood and herbaceous plants) as well as photochemical oxidation processes. Although studies suggest that the degradation processes of the aromatic acids may be controlled by light, pH and hygroscopicity, a more careful investigation, including closed chamber studies, is highly appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mark Loewen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hemraj Bhattarai
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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