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Koch N, Jennotte O, Lechanteur A, Deville M, Charlier C, Cardot JM, Chiap P, Evrard B. An Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Study of Cannabidiol Solutions in Piglets through the Application of a Validated Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of CBD and Its Carboxylated Metabolite in Plasma. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:140. [PMID: 38276510 PMCID: PMC10820640 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) has multiple therapeutic benefits that need to be maximized by optimizing its bioavailability. Numerous formulations are therefore being developed and their pharmacokinetics need to be studied, requiring analytical methods and data from intravenous administration. As CBD is susceptible to hepatic metabolism, the requirement of any method is to quantify metabolites such as 7-COOH-CBD. We demonstrated that CBD and 7-COOH-CBD could be simultaneously and correctly quantified in piglet plasma by using an UHPLC-MS/MS technique. The validated method allowed for an accurate bioanalysis of an intravenously injected solution consisting of CBD-HPβCD complexes. The experimental pharmacokinetic profile of CBD showed multi-exponential decay characterized by a fast apparent distribution half-life (0.25 h) and an elimination half-life of two hours. The profile of 7-COOH-CBD was not linked with the first-pass metabolism, since 80% of the maximum metabolite concentration was reached at the first sampling time point, without any decrease during the period of study. A two-compartment model was optimal to describe the experimental CBD profile. This model allowed us to calculate macro-micro constants and volumes of distribution (Vss = 3260.35 ± 2286.66 mL) and clearance (1514.5 ± 261.16 mL·h-1), showing that CBD is rapidly distributed to peripheral tissues once injected and slowly released into the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Koch
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.J.); (A.L.); (B.E.)
| | - Olivier Jennotte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.J.); (A.L.); (B.E.)
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.J.); (A.L.); (B.E.)
| | - Marine Deville
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Academic Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.D.); (C.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Academic Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.D.); (C.C.); (P.C.)
| | | | - Patrice Chiap
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Academic Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.D.); (C.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.J.); (A.L.); (B.E.)
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Critical review of analytical methods for the determination of flame retardants in human matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:338828. [PMID: 35058002 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is a powerful approach in assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Flame retardants (FRs) are of particular concern due to their wide distribution in the environment and adverse health effects. This article reviews studies published in 2009-2020 on the chemical analysis of FRs in a variety of human samples and discusses the characteristics of the analytical methods applied to different FR biomarkers of exposure, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), novel halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs), bromophenols, incl. tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and organophosphorous flame retardants (PFRs). Among the extraction techniques, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) were used most frequently due to the good efficiencies in the isolation of the majority of the FR biomarkers, but with challenges for highly lipophilic FRs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is mainly applied in the instrumental analysis of PBDEs and most NHFRs, with recent inclusions of GC-MS/MS and high resolution MS techniques. Liquid chromatography-MS/MS is mainly applied to HBCD, bromophenols, incl. TBBPA, and PFRs (including metabolites), however, GC-based analysis following derivatization has also been used for phenolic compounds and PFR metabolites. Developments are noticed towards more universal analytical methods, which enable widening method scopes in the human biomonitoring of FRs. Challenges exist with regard to sensitivity required for the low concentrations of FRs in the general population and limited sample material for some human matrices. A strong focus on quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) measures is required in the analysis of FR biomarkers in human samples, related to their variety of physical-chemical properties, low levels in most human samples and the risk of contamination.
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Zhu Y, Jing L, Li X, Zhou G, Zhang Y, Sang Y, Gao L, Liu S, Shi Z, Sun Z, Ge W, Zhou X. Decabromodiphenyl ether-induced PRKACA hypermethylation contributed to glycolipid metabolism disorder via regulating PKA/AMPK pathway in rat and L-02 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 90:103808. [PMID: 35007761 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BDE-209 is the most prevalent congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and has high bioaccumulation in humans and animals. BDE-209 has been reported to disrupt glycolipid metabolism, but the mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we found that BDE-209 induced liver tissue injury and hepatotoxicity, increased the glucose and total cholesterol levels in the serum of rats, and increased glucose and triglyceride levels in L-02 cells. BDE-209 exposure changed the PKA, p-PKA, AMPK, p-AMPK, ACC, and FAS expression in rats' liver and L-02 cells. Moreover, BDE-209 induced PRKACA-1 hypermethylation in L-02 cells. AMPK activator (AICAR) inhibited the changes of p-AMPK, ACC, and FAS expression and elevation of glucose and triglyceride levels induced by BDE-209. DNA methylation inhibitor (5-Aza-CdR) reversed BDE-209 induced alters of PKA/AMPK/ACC/FAS signaling pathway. These results demonstrated that BDE-209 could disrupt the glycolipid metabolism by causing PRKACA-1 hypermethylation to regulate the PKA/AMPK signaling pathway in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Haidian Maternal&Child Health Hospital, Health Care Department for Women, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Guiqing Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Yujian Sang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Leqiang Gao
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China.
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Palát J, Kukučka P, Codling GP, Price EJ, Janků P, Klánová J. Application of 96-well plate SPE method for analysis of persistent organic pollutants in low volume blood serum samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132300. [PMID: 34563784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Though many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are closely regulated the human population is still exposed to these ubiquitous chemicals from the environment and diet. Safe management and human biomonitoring of POPs is necessary to understand the risk of exposure. Within human biomonitoring the mass of sample is often limited, therefore robust methods using smaller sample amounts are necessary. This study developed a 96-well plate solid phase extraction (SPE) method for determination of selected POPs: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and non-persistent novel flame retardants (NFRs) in low volume blood serum. Non-destructive clean-up coupling Oasis HLB extraction plate with Phree phospholipid removal plate was employed. Extraction efficiency was determined at low and high concentrations in certified reference materials NIST SRM 1957 and 1958, respectively. Target compounds deviated from certified values on average by 15% and 21% for SRM 1957 and SRM 1958, respectively. Observed limit of detections (LODs) ranged from 0.36 pg/mL (PCB 180) to 66.07 pg/mL (δ-HCH). The applicability for real samples is demonstrated on 48 samples from pregnant women enrolled in the pilot phase of the CELSPAC: TNG study. In total, 30 target compounds were detected in at least one sample. The method developed here provides a fast and reliable analysis of human blood serum with possibility to introduce automation for the sample preparation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Palát
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Garry P Codling
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, SK, S7N 5B3, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elliott J Price
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Janků
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
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Bayebila Menanzambi T, Dufour P, Pirard C, Nsangu J, Mufusama JP, Mbinze Kindenge J, Marini Djang'eing'a R, Charlier C. Bio-surveillance of environmental pollutants in the population of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): a small pilot study. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:197. [PMID: 34782023 PMCID: PMC8591802 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental pollutants are known to be ubiquitous and may present toxic effects (endocrine-disruption properties, carcinogenicity …) and represent a real threat to human health. The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the content of environmental pollutants (inorganic, persistent, and non-persistent pollutants) in biological samples (urine, serum, and whole blood), collected from volunteers in Kinshasa, capital of Democratic Republic of Congo, in order to identify pollutants of interest and to design a protocol for a larger scale study. METHODS From randomly selected 15 volunteers living in Kinshasa, aged from 25 to 66 years, (mean age = 43.4 years), including 10 men and 5 women, urine, whole blood, and serum samples were used in this study to estimate the contents in these environmental pollutants, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. RESULTS When compared to data nationally and internationally available, the preliminary outcomes of this study indicated a very high level of exposure to environmental pollutants in the population of Kinshasa, especially for heavy metals, parabens and triclosan. To a lesser extent, contamination measured for glyphosate, phthalates, organochlorine pesticides, pyrethroids and dialkylphosphate pesticides was also significant. In contrast, the investigated population of Kinshasa was found to be weakly exposed to other persistent organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, phenolic organohalogens, and perfluoroalkyl substances. CONCLUSION Although the biologic fluids were collected from a limited number of volunteers (n = 15), the results of the present report clearly indicate that the population of Kinshasa is not spared by the investigated environmental pollutants. Moreover, this study gives us important information to design a larger scale study protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrice Dufour
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean Nsangu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Pierre Mufusama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jérémie Mbinze Kindenge
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roland Marini Djang'eing'a
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M), University of Liege (ULiege), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Martinez G, Niu J, Takser L, Bellenger JP, Zhu J. A review on the analytical procedures of halogenated flame retardants by gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and their levels in human samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117476. [PMID: 34082369 PMCID: PMC8355089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) market is continuously evolving and have moved from the extensive use of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) to more recent introduced mixtures such as Firemaster 550, Firemaster 680, DP-25, DP-35, and DP-515. These substitutes are mainly composed of non-PBDEs HFRs such as 2-ethyl-hexyl tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). Other HFRs commonly being monitored include Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec604), 5,6-dibromo-1,10, 11, 12,13,13-hexachloro- 11-tricyclo[8.2.1.02,9]tridecane (HCDBCO) and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene (OBTMPI). This review aims at highlighting the advances in the past decade (2010-2020) on both the analytical procedures of HFRs in human bio-specimens using gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and synthesizing the information on the levels of these HFRs in human samples. Human specimen included in this review are blood, milk, stool/meconium, hair and nail. The review summarizes the analytical methods, including extraction and clean-up techniques, used for measuring HFRs in biological samples, which are largely adopted from those for analysing PBDEs. In addition, new challenges in the analysis to include both PBDEs and a wide range of other HFRs are also discussed in this review. Review of the levels of HFRs in human samples shows that PBDEs are still the most predominant HFRs in many cases, followed by DP. However, emerging HFRs are also being detected in human despite of the fact that both their detection frequencies and levels are lower than PBDEs and DP. It is clearly demonstrated in this review that people working in the industry or living close to the industrial areas have higher HFR levels in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Martinez
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jianjun Niu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Phillipe Bellenger
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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González-Rubio S, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Asimakopoulos AG, Jaspers VLB. A review on contaminants of emerging concern in European raptors (2002-2020). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143337. [PMID: 33190891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Raptors (birds of prey and owls) have been widely used as suitable bioindicators of environmental pollution. They occupy the highest trophic positions in their food chains and are documented to bioaccumulate high concentrations of persistent pollutants such as toxic metals and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs).Whereas raptors played a critical role in developing awareness of and policy for chemical pollution, they have thus far played a much smaller role in current research on contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Given the critical knowledge obtained from monitoring 'legacy contaminants' in raptors, more information on the levels and effects of CECs on raptors is urgently needed. This study critically reviews studies on raptors from Europe reporting the occurrence of CECs with focus on the investigated species, the sampled matrices, and the bioanalytical methods applied. Based on this, we aimed to identify future needs for monitoring CECs in Europe. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), novel flame retardants (NFRs), and to a lesser extent UV-filters, neonicotinoids, chlorinated paraffins, parabens and bisphenols have been reported in European raptors. White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) were the most frequently studied raptor species. Among matrices, eggs, feathers and plasma were the most widely employed, although the potential role of the preen gland as an excretory organ for CECs has recently been proposed. This review highlights the following research priorities for pollution research on raptors in Europe: 1) studies covering all the main classes of CECs; 2) research in other European regions (mainly East Europe); 3) identification of the most suitable matrices and species for the analysis of different CECs; and 4) the application of alternative sample treatment strategies (e.g. QuEChERS or pressurized liquid extraction) is still limited and conventional solvent-extraction is the preferred choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad González-Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Lee JE, Oh HB, Im H, Han SB, Kim KH. Multiresidue analysis of 85 persistent organic pollutants in small human serum samples by modified QuEChERS preparation with different ionization sources in mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461170. [PMID: 32505276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a multiresidue analytical method was developed, validated, and applied for quantifying 85 persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including 38 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 23 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 24 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from 200 μL of human serum. A modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method was applied to minimize the required sample amount and optimize various conditions including the extraction solvent and the number of extractions. The extraction efficiency was optimized using double extraction with an ethyl acetate/hexane/acetone mixture. Gas chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry was used for analysis, and two different ionization sources, electron impact ionization (EI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), were used to compare their sensitivity. The APCI source employed soft ionization at atmospheric pressure, producing abundant molecular ion formation with minimal fragmentation, in contrast to extensive fragmentation caused by EI. Of the 85 POPs analyzed, 59 target compounds (69.4%) showed lower limits of detection that were two- to fifty-fold lower in APCI than those determined using EI. The developed method was validated for its detection limit (0.5-10 pg/mL for PCBs, 2-20 pg/mL for PBDEs, and 2-40 pg/mL for OCPs), precision (0.8%-34.3% of coefficient of variation), recovery (49.6%-77.1%), matrix effect (46.7%-156.9%), and accuracy (81.2%-113.1% for PCBs, 85.8%-112.2% for PBDEs, and 55.2%-113.9% for OCPs). Its linearity was R2 > 0.99 for 84 compounds, and 96% average accuracy (for APCI) was obtained using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials (NIST 1957 and 1958). These ionization methods were compared by analyzing 25 real human serum samples. The observed species were 1.1-24.6 pg/mL of 28 PCBs, 2.5 pg/mL of BDE-47, and 6.5-195.1 pg/mL of 6 organochlorine pesticides (median concentration for each species), and only 11 compounds were detected with APCI owing to its enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Eun Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea; Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Hosub Im
- Institute for Life & Environmental Technology, Smartive Corporation, Dobong-ro 110na-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul, 01454, Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea.
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Yu Y, Yin H, Peng H, Lu G, Dang Z. Proteomic mechanism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) biodegradation by Microbacterium Y2 and its potential in remediation of BDE-209 contaminated water-sediment system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121708. [PMID: 31806441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of BDE-209 degradation by Microbacterium Y2 under different condition was conducted. Cell membrane permeability, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), membrane potential (MP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were altered under BDE-209 stress. Eleven debrominated congeners were identified, suggesting that BDE-209 biodegradation by Microbacterium Y2 was dominantly a successive debromination process. Proteome analysis showed that the overexpression of haloacid dehalogenases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters might occupy important roles in BDE-209 biotransformation. Meanwhile, heat shock proteins (HSPs), ribonuclease E, oligoribonuclease (Orn) and ribosomal protein were activated to counter the BDE-209 toxicity. The up-regulated pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component beta subunit and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase suggested that the pyruvate metabolism pathway was activated. Bioaugmentation of BDE-209 polluted water-sediments system with Microbacterium Y2 could efficiently improve BDE-209 removal. The detection of total 16S rRNA genes in treatment system suggested that Microbacterium (25.6 %), Luteimonas (14.3 %), Methylovorus (12.6 %), Hyphomicrobium (9.2 %) were the dominant genera and PICRUSt results further revealed that the diminution of BDE-209 was owed to cooperation between the introduced bacteria and aboriginal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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Dufour P, Pirard C, Petrossians P, Beckers A, Charlier C. Association between mixture of persistent organic pollutants and thyroid pathologies in a Belgian population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108922. [PMID: 31759644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous years, the incidence of autoimmune thyroid diseases has increased worldwide. The presence of many pollutants in the environment suspected to be thyroid disruptors may have contributed to the observed increase. Unfortunately, the results from epidemiological studies assessing the association between pollution and thyroid disorders remain inconsistent, maybe due to a nearly complete neglect of the mixture effect. The blood levels of 12 brominated flame retardants, 3 polychlorinated biphenyls, 16 organochlorine pesticides, 7 perfluoroalkyl substances and 16 phenolic organohalogens were measured in 35 hypothyroid and 44 hyperthyroid volunteers and in 160 individuals from the general population designed as controls. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regressions were performed to compute indexes representing the mixture of POPs, and we assessed the relations with thyroid disorders. Nineteen pollutants were detected in more than 40% of the individuals and were thus included in the WQS indexes. The WQS index was statistically significantly associated with an increased odds of hypothyroidism (odds ratio (OR) = 98.1; 95% CI: 5.51-1747) with the highest weights attributed to PCB 138 (w = 0.210), 3-OH-CB 180 (w = 0.197), 4-OH-CB 146 (w = 0.188), 4',4-DDE (w = 0.156) while there were no evidence of a relation with increased odds of hyperthyroidism. Given the relative low number of individuals included in the present investigation, standard WQS methodology could not be used, this study should thus be considered as a preliminary, hypothesis-generating study. Nevertheless, these results highlighted the importance of considering the potential effect of chemical mixture when studying endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Dufour
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Patrick Petrossians
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Liege (ULg), CHU (BE 035), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Liege (ULg), CHU (BE 035), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
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11
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Xiong P, Yan X, Zhu Q, Qu G, Shi J, Liao C, Jiang G. A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13551-13569. [PMID: 31682424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has been reduced due to adverse effects of these chemicals. Several novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), such decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), have been developed as replacements for PBDEs. NBFRs are used in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. This article reviews occurrence and fate of a select group of NBFRs in the environment, as well as their human exposure and toxicity. Occurrence of NBFRs in both abiotic, including air, water, dust, soil, sediment and sludge, and biotic matrices, including bird, fish, and human serum, have been documented. Evidence regarding the degradation, including photodegradation, thermal degradation and biodegradation, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification of NBFRs is summarized. The toxicity data of NBFRs show that several NBFRs can cause adverse effects through different modes of action, such as hormone disruption, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, and behavioral modification. The primary ecological risk assessment shows that most NBFRs exert no significant environmental risk, but it is worth noting that the result should be carefully used owing to the limited toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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12
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Wang Y, Chen T, Sun Y, Zhao X, Zheng D, Jing L, Zhou X, Sun Z, Shi Z. A comparison of the thyroid disruption induced by decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:224-235. [PMID: 30844666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a new alternative flame retardant to the decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209), is widely used in a variety of products. Previous studies have indicated that DBDPE, like BDE-209, could disrupt thyroid function. However, compared with BDE-209, the degrees of thyrotoxicosis induced by DBDPE were not clear. In addition, the mechanism of thyrotoxicosis induced by DBDPE or BDE-209 was still under further investigation. In this study, male rats as a model were orally exposed to DBDPE or BDE-209 by 5, 50, 500 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days. Then, we assessed the thyrotoxicosis of DBDPE versus BDE-209 and explored the mechanisms of DBDPE and BDE-209-induced thyrotoxicosis. Results showed that decreased free triiodothyronine (FT3) and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in serum were observed in both 500 mg/kg bw/day BDE-209 and DBDPE group. Decreased total thyroxine (TT4), total T3 (TT3), and free T4 (FT4) were only observed in BDE-209 group but not in DBDPE group. Histological examination and transmission electron microscope examination showed that high level exposure to BDE-209 and DBDPE both caused significant changes in histological structure and ultrastructure of the thyroid gland. Additionally, oxidative damages of thyroid gland (decreased SOD and GSH activities, and increased MDA content) were also observed in both BDE-209 and DBDPE groups. TG contents in the thyroid gland was reduced in BDE-209 group but not in DBDPE group. Both BDE-209 and DBDPE affected the expression of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis related genes. These findings suggested that both BDE-209 and DBDPE exposure could disrupt thyroid function in the direction of hypothyroidism and the underlying mechanism was likely to be oxidative stress and perturbations of HPT axis. However, DBDPE was found to be less toxic than BDE-209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanmin Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Jing
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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