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Hernández-Sánchez B, Santacruz-Juárez E, Figueroa-Martínez F, Castañeda-Antonio D, Portillo-Reyes R, Viniegra-González G, Sánchez C. A novel and efficient strategy for the biodegradation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by Fusarium culmorum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:94. [PMID: 38212966 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer that is used worldwide and raises concerns because of its prevalence in the environment and potential toxicity. Herein, the capability of Fusarium culmorum to degrade a high concentration (3 g/L) of DEHP as the sole carbon and energy source in solid-state fermentation (SSF) was studied. Cultures grown on glucose were used as controls. The biodegradation of DEHP by F. culmorum reached 96.9% within 312 h. This fungus produced a 3-fold higher esterase activity in DEHP-supplemented cultures than in control cultures (1288.9 and 443.2 U/L, respectively). In DEHP-supplemented cultures, nine bands with esterase activity (24.6, 31.2, 34.2, 39.5, 42.8, 62.1, 74.5, 134.5, and 214.5 kDa) were observed by zymography, which were different from those in control cultures and from those previously reported for cultures grown in submerged fermentation. This is the first study to report the DEHP biodegradation pathway by a microorganism grown in SSF. The study findings uncovered a novel biodegradation strategy by which high concentrations of DEHP could be biodegraded using two alternative pathways simultaneously. F. culmorum has an outstanding capability to efficiently degrade DEHP by inducing esterase production, representing an ecologically promising alternative for the development of environmental biotechnologies, which might help mitigate the negative impacts of environmental contamination by this phthalate. KEY POINTS: • F. culmorum has potential to tolerate and remove di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) • Solid-state fermentation is an efficient system for DEHP degradation by F. culmorum • High concentrations of DEHP induce high levels of esterase production by F. culmorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Hernández-Sánchez
- PhD program in Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Ericka Santacruz-Juárez
- Polytechnic University of Tlaxcala, San Pedro Xalcatzinco, 90180, Tepeyanco, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | | | - Dolores Castañeda-Antonio
- Research Centre for Microbiological Sciences, Institute of Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 72590, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Roberto Portillo-Reyes
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 72570, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Viniegra-González
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Carmen Sánchez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, 90120, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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La Y, Zhang L, Zhao N, Ye H, Zeng Q, Zhao L, Wang Z, Lin D, Wang R. The microplastics distribution characteristics and their impact on soil physicochemical properties and bacterial communities in food legumes farmland in northern China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134282. [PMID: 38657509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pose a threat to farmland soil quality and crop safety. MPs exist widely in food legumes farmland soil due to the extensive use of agricultural film and organic fertilizer, but their distribution characteristics and their impact on soil environment have not been reported. The abundance and characteristics of MPs, soil physical and chemical properties, and bacterial community composition were investigated in 76 soil samples from five provinces in northern China. The results showed that the abundance of MPs ranged from 1600 to 36,200 items/kg. MPs in soil were mostly fibrous, less than 0.2 mm, and white. Rayon, polyester and polyethylene were the main types of MPs. The influences of MPs on soil physicochemical properties and bacterial communities mainly depended on the type of MPs. Notably, polyethylene significantly decreased the proportion of silt particles, and increased the nitrate nitrogen content as well as the abundance of MPs-degrading bacteria Paenibacillus (p < 0.05). Moreover, bacteria were more sensitive to polyesters in soil with low concentration of organic matter. This study indicated that MPs in food legumes farmland soil presented a higher-level. And, they partially altered soil physicochemical properties, and soil bacteria especially in soil with low organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng La
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Huike Ye
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zhengjun Wang
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Dasong Lin
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Li X, Jiang N, Zhang J, Yao X, Liu W, Wang Q, Ding J, Hu Z, Zhu L, Wang J, Wang J. Soil health hazards of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate: New perspectives on earthworms from different ecological niches DNA damage, gut microbial disruption and soil enzyme changes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133700. [PMID: 38325098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is perceived an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystem, however, clear and accurate studies to fully understander ecotoxicity and underlying mechanisms of DEHP on the soil fauna remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study conducted a microcosm experiment of two earthworm ecotypes to investigate the ecological hazards of DHEP from multiple perspectives. The results showed that DEHP significantly increased the 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content both in Eisenia foetida (13.76-133.0%) and Metaphire guillelmi (11.01-49.12%), leading to intracellular DNA damage. Meanwhile, DEHP negatively affected the expression of functional genes (ATP-6, NADH1, COX), which may be detrimental to mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress at the gene level. The two earthworm guts shared analogous dominant bacteria however, the incorporation of DEHP drastically suppressed the homogeneity and diversity of the gut microbes, which further disrupted the homeostasis of the gut microbial ecological network. The keystone species in the gut of E. foetida decreased under DEHP stress but increased in the gut of M. guillelmi. Moreover, DEHP presented detrimental effects on soil enzyme activity, which is mainly associated with pollutant levels and earthworm activity. Collectively, the findings expand the understanding of soil ecological health and reveal the underlying mechanisms of the potential exposure risk to DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A& F University, Yangling 712000, PR China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jin'an 250100, PR China
| | - Xiangfeng Yao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China
| | - Wenrong Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China
| | - Jia Ding
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China
| | - Zhuran Hu
- Shandong Green and Blue Bio-technology Co. Ltd, Tai'an 271000, PR China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, PR China.
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Estoppey N, Castro G, Slinde GA, Hansen CB, Løseth ME, Krahn KM, Demmer V, Svenni J, Tran TVAT, Asimakopoulos AG, Arp HPH, Cornelissen G. Exposure assessment of plastics, phthalate plasticizers and their transformation products in diverse bio-based fertilizers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170501. [PMID: 38307289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Bio-based fertilizers (BBFs) produced from organic waste have the potential to reduce societal dependence on limited and energy-intensive mineral fertilizers. BBFs, thereby, contribute to a circular economy for fertilizers. However, BBFs can contain plastic fragments and hazardous additives such as phthalate plasticizers, which could constitute a risk for agricultural soils and the environment. This study assessed the exposure associated with plastic and phthalates in BBFs from three types of organic wastes: agricultural and food industry waste (AgriFoodInduWaste), sewage sludge (SewSludge), and biowaste (i.e., garden, park, food and kitchen waste). The wastes were associated with various treatments like drying, anaerobic digestion, and vermicomposting. The number of microplastics (0.045-5 mm) increased from AgriFoodInduWaste-BBFs (15-258 particles g-1), to SewSludge-BBFs (59-1456 particles g-1) and then to Biowaste-BBFs (828-2912 particles g-1). Biowaste-BBFs mostly contained packaging plastics (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate), with the mass of plastic (>10 g kg-1) exceeding the EU threshold (3 g kg-1, plastics >2 mm). Other BBFs mostly contained small (< 1 mm) non-packaging plastics in amounts below the EU limit. The calculated numbers of microplastics entering agricultural soils via BBF application was high (107-1010 microplastics ha-1y-1), but the mass of plastic released from AgriFoodInduWaste-BBFs and SewSludge-BBFs was limited (< 1 and <7 kg ha-1y-1) compared to Biowaste-BBFs (95-156 kg ha-1y-1). The concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP; < 2.5 mg kg-1) and phthalate transformation products (< 8 mg kg-1) were low (< benchmark of 50 mg kg-1 for DEHP), attributable to both the current phase-out of DEHP as well as phthalate degradation during waste treatment. The Biowaste-BBF exposed to vermicomposting indicated that worms accumulated phthalate transformation products (4 mg kg-1). These results are overall positive for the implementation of the studied AgriFoodInduWaste-BBFs and SewSludge-BBFs. However, the safe use of the studied Biowaste-BBFs requires reducing plastic use and improving sorting methods to minimize plastic contamination, in order to protect agricultural soils and reduce the environmental impact of Biowaste-BBFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Estoppey
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gabriela Castro
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7024 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gøril Aasen Slinde
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline Berge Hansen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Engvig Løseth
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Viona Demmer
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Svenni
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet, 0176 Oslo, Norway
| | - Teresa-Van-Anh Thi Tran
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet, 0176 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7024 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
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5
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Wang L, Dou Z, Ma C, Jia X, Wang H, Bao W, Wang L, Qu J, Zhang Y. Remediation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) contaminated black soil by freeze-thaw aging biochar. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:681-692. [PMID: 37778838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a complex structure with high toxicity, is a common organic pollutant. This study investigated the effects of fresh biochar (FBC), and freeze-thaw cycled aged biochar (FTC-BC) on DEHP-contaminated soils using a pot experiment. The specific surface area of FBC increased from 145.20 to 303.50 m2/g, and oxygen-containing functional groups increased from 1.26 to 1.48 mol/g after freeze-thaw cycles, greatly enhancing the adsorption of DEHP by biochar in the soil. The comprehensive radar chart evaluation showed that FBC and FTC-BC reduced DEHP growth stress and improved the soil properties. Compared with FBC, FTC-BC performed better in protecting the normal growth of pakchoi and improving soil properties. In addition, the application of biochar increased the diversity and abundance of bacteria in the DEHP-contaminated soil and changed the composition of the soil bacterial community. The partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) showed that adding biochar as a soil remediation agent significantly positively impacted soil nutrients and indirectly reduced the DEHP levels in soil and plants by increasing soil microbial diversity. Compared with FBC, FTC-BC creates a more satisfactory living environment for microorganisms and has a better effect on the degradation of DEHP in the soil. This study provides a theoretical basis for future biochar remediation of DEHP-contaminated soils in cold high-latitude regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zeyu Dou
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chaoran Ma
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaochen Jia
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongye Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wenjing Bao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianhua Qu
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Hung CM, Chen CW, Huang CP, Dong CD. Pretreatment of marine sediment for the removal of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by sulfite in the presence of sorghum distillery residue-derived biochar and its effect on microbiota response. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140571. [PMID: 38303388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanism behind the oxidation di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in marine sediment by coupling sulfite using biochar prepared from sorghum distillery residue (SDRBC). The rationale for this investigation stems from the need to seek effective methods for DEHP-laden marine sediment remediation. The aim is to assess the feasibility of sulfite-based advanced oxidation processes for treating hazardous materials such as DEHP containing sediment. To this end, the sediment in question was treated with 2.5 × 10-5 M of sulfite and 1.7 g L-1 of SDRBC700 at acidic pH. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the combination of SDRBC/sulfite with a bacterial system enhances DEHP removal. Thermostilla bacteria were enriched, highlighting their role in sediment treatment. This study concludes that sulfite-associated sulfate radicals-driven carbon advanced oxidation process (SR-CAOP) offers sustainable sediment pretreatment through the SDRBC/sulfite-mediated microbial consortium, in which the SO3•- and 1O2 were responsible for DEHP degradation. SDRBC/sulfite offers an effective and environmentally friendly method for removing DEHP. Further, these results can be targeted at addressing industry problems related to sediment treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mao Hung
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Pao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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7
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Lin B, Tan B, Liu X, Li M, Peng H, Zhang Q, Chen J, Shen H, He Q. Elucidating the roles of Cr(VI)-Cu(II) Co-pollution in the stress of aniline degradation stress: Insights into metabolic pathways and functional genes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129613. [PMID: 37544539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine the impact of Cu(II)-Cr(VI) co-pollution in printing and dyeing wastewater on the aniline biodegradation system (ABS), loading experiments were conducted on ABS at varying concentrations of Cu(II)-Cr(VI). The synergistic stress imposed by Cu(II)-Cr(VI) accelerated the deterioration of the systems, with only the C2-3 (2 mg/L Cr(VI)-3 mg/L Cu(II)) sustaining stable operation for 42 days. However, its nitrogen removal performance remained significantly impaired, resulting in a total nitrogen (TN) removal rate below 40%. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed a stronger correlation between Cr(VI) and microbial diversity compared to Cu(II). Metagenomic sequencing results demonstrated that Cu(II) emerged as the dominant factor influencing the distribution of dominant bacteria in C2-3, as well as its contribution to contaminant degradation. The complex co-pollution systems hindered aniline degradation and nitrogen metabolism through the combined bio-toxicity of heavy metals and aniline, thereby disrupting the transport chain within the systems matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lin
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Tan
- CCCC Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Hainan 572024, China
| | - Haojin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Hainan 572024, China.
| | - Jiajing Chen
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haonan Shen
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi He
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zhu CL, Lü HX, Huang YH, Cheng JL, Li H, Li YW, Mo CH, Zhao HM, Xiang L, Cai QY. Rice genotypes and root-associated niches shifted bacterial community in response to pollution of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for promoting DEHP removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131227. [PMID: 37004445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants influenced root-associated bacterial community. However, the response variation of root-associated bacterial community among different rice genotypes exposed to phthalates (PAEs) and their removal mechanism remains unknown. Here, bacterial community and PAE-degrading genes in root-associated niches were analyzed between low (Fengyousimiao) and high (Hhang) PAE-accumulating rice cultivars exposed to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). DEHP dissipation percentages in rhizosphere of Hhang were significantly higher than those of Fengyousimiao. The bacterial community diversities (including Chao1 and Shannon index) significantly decreased along bulk soil - rhizosphere - rhizoplane - endosphere. The bacterial community structures were shaped mainly by root-associated niches, DEHP pollution and rice genotypes, with significant differences in rhizosphere and rhizoplane between Fengyousimiao and Hhang. Rhizosphere enriched more PAE-degrading bacteria than in bulk soil, and exhibited significantly higher expression of PAE-degrading genes (hydrolase 65, phtab, phtC, pcaF and pcaI) than in bulk soil. Furthermore, rhizosphere of Hhang demonstrated significantly stronger bacterial functions related to xenobiotics biodegradation and higher expression of PAE-degrading genes than those of Fengyousimiao, leading to significantly higher DEHP dissipation percentages in rhizosphere of Hhang. The findings demonstrate that Hhang shaped specific root-associated bacterial community with higher abundances of PAE-degrading bacteria and genes than Fengyousimiao to promote DEHP degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Lan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui-Xiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu-Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ji-Liang Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Chen Y, Zhen Z, Li G, Li H, Wei T, Huang F, Li T, Yang C, Ren L, Liang Y, Lin Z, Zhang D. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) degradation and microbial community change in mangrove rhizosphere gradients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162022. [PMID: 36775151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a widespread persistent organic pollutant in the environment. As an ultimate barrier preventing pollutant entry into the ocean, mangrove plays an important role in coastal ecosystem. However, little information is known about DEHP degradation in mangrove rhizosphere. In this study, a rhizobox was used to separate four consecutive rhizosphere compartments with distance of 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, and > 6 mm to the rhizoplane of Kandelia obovata and investigate DEHP gradient degradation behavior in rhizosphere. Sediments closer to the rhizoplane exhibited higher DEHP degradation efficiencies (74.4 % in 0-2 mm layer). More precisely, mangrove rhizosphere promoted the benzoic acid pathway and non-selectively accelerated the production of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, phthalic acid and benzoic acid. Higher sediment organic matter content, lower pH and less humus in rhizosphere benefited DEHP hydrolysis. In addition, rhizosphere significantly increased microbial biomass and activities comparing to bulk sediments. Some bacterial lineages with potential DEHP degradation capability exhibited a distance-dependent pattern that decreased with the distance to the rhizoplane, including Bacillales, Acidothermaceae, Gammaproteobacteria, and Sphingobacteriales. Our findings suggested that mangrove rhizosphere could accelerate DEHP degradation by altering sediment physicochemical properties and microbial composition, showing positive effects on coastal ecosystem services for eliminating phthalate acid ester contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Chen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Gaoyang Li
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Huijun Li
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Ting Wei
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Fengcheng Huang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Changhong Yang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Lei Ren
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Zhong Lin
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, PR China.
| | - Dayi Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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10
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Ningthoujam R, Satiraphan M, Sompongchaiyakul P, Bureekul S, Luadnakrob P, Pinyakong O. Bacterial community shifts in a di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-degrading enriched consortium and the isolation and characterization of degraders predicted through network analyses. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136730. [PMID: 36209845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an extensively used and toxic phthalate plasticizer that is widely reported in marine environments. Degradation of DEHP by bacteria from several environments have been studied, but little is known about marine sediment bacteria that can degrade DEHP and other phthalate plasticizers. Therefore, in this study, we enriched a bacterial consortium C10 that can degrade four phthalate plasticizers of varying alkyl chain lengths (DEHP, dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and dimethyl phthalate) from marine sediment. The major bacterial genera in C10 during degradation of the phthalate plasticizers were Glutamicibacter, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Methylophaga. Growth of C10 on DEHP intermediates (mono-ethylhexyl phthalate, 2-ethylhexanol, phthalic acid, and protocatechuic acid) was studied and these intermediates enhanced the Brevibacterium, Ochrobactrum, Achromobacter, Bacillus, Sporosarcina, and Microbacterium populations. Using a network-based approach, we predicted that Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Microbacterium interacted cooperatively and were the main degraders of phthalate plasticizers. Through selective isolation techniques, we obtained twenty isolates belonging to Bacillus, Microbacterium, Sporosarcina, Micrococcus, Ochrobactrum, Stenotrophomonas, Alcaligenes, and Cytobacillus. The best DEHP-degraders were Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila OR13, Microbacterium esteraromaticum OR16, Sporosarcina sp. OR19, and Cytobacillus firmus OR20 (83.68%, 59.1%, 43.4%, and 40.6% degradation of 100 mg/L DEHP in 8 d), which agrees with the prediction of key degraders. This is the first report of DEHP degradation by all four bacteria and, thus, our findings reveal as yet unknown PAE-degradation capabilities of marine sediment bacteria. This study provides insights into how bacterial communities adapt to degrade or resist the toxicities of different PAEs and demonstrates a simple approach for the prediction and isolation of potential pollutant degraders from complex and dynamic bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Ningthoujam
- International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Meyawee Satiraphan
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Penjai Sompongchaiyakul
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sujaree Bureekul
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pontipa Luadnakrob
- Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center/Training Department, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Onruthai Pinyakong
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Program on Remediation Technologies for Petroleum Contamination, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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11
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Tran HT, Lin C, Lam SS, Le TH, Hoang HG, Bui XT, Rene ER, Chen PH. Biodegradation of high di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) concentration by food waste composting and its toxicity assessment using seed germination test. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120640. [PMID: 36403881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer derived from phthalate ester, is used as an additive in industrial products such as plastics, paints, and medical devices. However, DEHP is known as an endocrine-disrupting chemical, causing cancers and adverse effects on human health. This study evaluated DEHP biodegradation efficiency via food waste composting during 35 days of incubation. At high DEHP concentrations (2167 mg kg-1) in food waste compost mixture, the DEHP biodegradation efficiency was 99% after 35 days. The highest degradation efficiency was recorded at the thermophilic phase (day 3 - day 11) with the biodegradation rate reached 187 mg kg-1 day-1. DEHP was metabolized to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and would be oxidized to benzyl alcohol (BA) and mineralized into CO2 and water via various metabolisms. Finally, the compost's quality with residual DEHP was evaluated using Brassica chinensis L. seeds via 96 h of germination tests. The compost (at day 35) with a trace amount of DEHP as the end product showed no significant effect on the germination rate of Brassica chinensis L. seeds (88%) compared to that without DEHP (94%), indicating that the compost can be reused as fertilizer in agricultural applications. These results provide an improved understanding of the DEHP biodegradation via food waste composting without bioaugmentation and hence facilitating its green remediation and conversion into value-added products. Nevertheless, further studies are needed on DEHP biodegradation in large-scale food waste composting or industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Tuan Tran
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Thi Hieu Le
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Giang Hoang
- Faculty of Medicine, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, 76100, Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P. O. Box 3015, 2601DA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Po Han Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
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12
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Jiang L, Zhu X, Luo C, Song D, Song M. The synergistic toxicity effect of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and plant growth disturbs the structure and function of soil microbes in the rhizosphere. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107629. [PMID: 36395556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a dominant phthalic acid ester in the environment and commonly occurs at high concentration in agricultural soils. Its influence on the soil microbial community has been widely reported, while research related to its effects on microbial structure, function, and interactions in the rhizosphere, a microbial hotspot region in the terrestrial ecosystem, is still limited. This study investigated the response of microbes in the rhizosphere to DEHP contamination. DEHP reduced microbial quantity, shifted the microbial community structure, and enriched the soil bacteria with potential DEHP degraders. Although the rhizosphere can alleviate DEHP toxicity, DEHP still played an important role in microbial community construction in the rhizosphere. Interestingly, some microbes were influenced by the synergistic toxicity effect of DEHP addition and plant growth, and there were significant differences in their relative abundance and alpha diversity in soil treated with both DEHP and planting compared to soils with just DEHP spiking or planting. The genes related to cell motility, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, protein families, genetic information processing, and replication and repair pathways changed only in soil treated with both DEHP and planting further proved the existence of synergistic toxicity. Anyway, the impact of DEHP on microbial function in the rhizosphere was important with 52.42‰ of the genes being changed. The change in cell motility, biofilm formation, and genes related to the quorum sensing pathway might affect the relationship between microbes, which play a crucial role in ecosystem function. This was further proven by changes in the microbial co-occurrence pattern. Our results can benefit risk evaluation of DEHP to microbial community in the rhizosphere, which is important for the effective function of terrestrial ecosystems and soil health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- The Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Joint Institute of Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Dandan Song
- Joint Institute of Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengke Song
- Joint Institute of Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, China.
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13
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Wang C, Guo Y, Feng L, Pang W, Yu J, Wang S, Qiu C, Li C, Wang Y. Fate of phthalates in a river receiving wastewater treatment plant effluent based on a multimedia model. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:2124-2137. [PMID: 36378170 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) can enter environment media by secondary effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) into receiving rivers, thus posing a threat to ecosystem health. A level III fugacity model was established to simulate the fate and transfer of four PAEs in a study area in Tianjin, China, and to evaluate the influence of WWTP discharge on PAEs levels in the receiving river. The results show that the logarithmic residuals of most simulated and measured values of PAEs are within one order of magnitude with a good agreement. PAEs in the study area were mainly distributed in soil and sediment phases, which accounted for 84.66%, 50.26%, 71.96% and 99.09% for dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), respectively. The upstream advection accounted for 77.90%, 93.20%, 90.21% and 90.93% of the total source of DMP, DEP, DBP and DEHP in the river water, respectively, while the contribution of secondary effluent discharge was much lower. Sensitivity analysis shows that emission and inflow parameters have greater influences on the multimedia distributions of PAEs than physicochemical and environmental parameters. Monte Carlo analysis quantifies the uncertainties and verifies the reliability of the simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaqi Guo
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
| | - Lixia Feng
- Tianjin United Environmental Protection Engineering Design Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Weiliang Pang
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jingjie Yu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shaopo Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chunsheng Qiu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chaocan Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
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14
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Chen J, Yang Y, Ke Y, Chen X, Jiang X, Chen C, Xie S. Anaerobic sulfamethoxazole-degrading bacterial consortia in antibiotic-contaminated wetland sediments identified by DNA-stable isotope probing and metagenomics analysis. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3751-3763. [PMID: 35688651 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic degradation has been demonstrated as an important pathway for the removal of sulfonamide (SA) in contaminated environments, and identifying the microorganisms responsible for the degradation of SA is a key step in developing bioaugmentation approaches. In this study, we investigated the anaerobic degradation activity of three SA [sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)] and the associated bacterial community in wetland sediments contaminated by aquaculture (in Fujian Province, coded with FJ), livestock farming (in Sichuan Province, coded with SC), or rural wastewaters (in Guangdong Province, coded with GD). Additionally, the combination of DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) with metagenomics was further applied to assess the active SA-degrading microbes using SMX as a model SA. Among SDZ, SMZ and SMX, only SMX could be effectively dissipated, and the degradation of SMX was relatively fast in the microcosms of sediments with higher levels of SA contamination (FJ and SC). The anaerobic biotransformation pathway of SMX was initiated by hydrogenation with the cleavage of the N-O bond on the isoxazole ring. DNA-SIP revealed that the in situ active anaerobic SMX-degraders (5, 18 and 3 genera in sediments FJ, SC and GD respectively) were dominated by Proteobacteria in sediments FJ and SC, but by Firmicutes (two Family XVIII members) in sediment GD. Mycobacterium, unclassified Burkholderiaceae and Rhodocyclaceae were identified as the dominant active SMX-degrading bacteria in both sediments FJ and SC. Higher proportions of antibiotic resistance gene and genes involved in various functional categories were observed in sediments FJ and SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuyin Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences (SCIES), Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yanchu Ke
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinshu Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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15
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Yin Q, Yan H, Guo X, Liang Y, Wang X, Nian Y, Wang H. Diversity of microbial community structure and their association with phthalic acid esters and physicochemical parameters in informal landfills. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:2467-2477. [PMID: 33517864 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1882585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Informal landfill is a common waste treatment method employed in rural areas of China, and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are one of the typical pollutants in landfill leachate. However, there is no corresponding theoretical basis for whether microbial treatment technology can be used to reduce environmental risk of PAEs in informal landfills. Thus, a typical informal landfill site in northern China was selected and approximately 1,133,023 effective sequences were obtained from 21 samples collected from three layers (different deposit depths) of the landfill. This research explored the correlation between PAEs and the composition and distribution of microbial community in specific environments of informal landfill sites. Here we found that dis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were positively and significantly correlated with Bhargavaea, Planococcus, Virgibacillus, and Oceanobacillus, respectively. The redundancy analysis demonstrated that moisture content, pH, NO2--N, and SUVA254 among the seven physicochemical factors (pH, TN, NO3--N,NO2--N,NH4+-N, SUVA254, and moisture content) significantly affected bacterial communities. The research conclusion can provide theoretical basis for the degradation technology of PAEs by microorganism and research basis for the treatment of informal landfill sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yin
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Pollution Control Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihong Yan
- State key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Pollution Control Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Guo
- State key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Pollution Control Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liang
- State key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Pollution Control Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhi Wang
- State key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Pollution Control Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuegang Nian
- State key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Pollution Control Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Pollution Control Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Zheng Y, Zhou K, Tang J, Liu C, Bai J. Impacts of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on Folsomia candida (Collembola) assessed with a multi-biomarker approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113251. [PMID: 35121260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is extensively used as an additive to produce plastics, but it may damage non-target organisms in soil. In this study, the effects of DEHP on Folsomia candida in terms of survival, reproduction, enzyme activities, and DNA damage were investigated in spiked artificial soil using a multi-biomarker strategy. The 7-day LC50 (median lethal concentration) and 28-day EC50 (median effect concentration) values of DEHP were 1256.25 and 19.72 mg a.i. (active ingredient) kg-1 dry soil, respectively. Biomarkers involved in antioxidant defense including catalase (CAT-catalase), glutathione S-transferases (GST), detoxifying enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and peroxidative damage (LPO-lipid peroxide) were also measured (EC10, EC20, and EC50) after exposure for 2, 4, 7, and 14 days. The Comet assay was also applied to assess the level of genetic damage. The activity of CAT and LPO was drastically enhanced by the highest dose (EC50) of DEHP on day two. The activities of GST and AChE in DEHP treatment groups were found to be blocked. In contrast, the activity of CYP450 was significantly enhanced compared to the respective control groups during the first four days of incubation. The Comet assay in F.candida demonstrated that DEHP (EC50) could induce DNA damage. The obtained multi-biomarker data were analyzed using an integrated biomarker response (IBR) index, indicating that limited-time exposure triggered higher stress than long-term exposure at low concentrations of DEHP. These results demonstrate that DEHP may cause biochemical and genetic toxicity to F. candida, which illustrated the potential risks of DEHP in the soil environment and might affect soil ecosystem processes. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the toxic mechanisms of DEHP on other non-target organisms in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China; Hunan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Field Weeds Control, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China.
| | - Kedong Zhou
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Jianquan Tang
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Can Liu
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China; Hunan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Field Weeds Control, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
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17
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Ren X, Wang L, Tang J, Sun H, Giesy JP. Combined effects of degradable film fragments and micro/nanoplastics on growth of wheat seedling and rhizosphere microbes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118516. [PMID: 34864099 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sources of microplastics (MPs) in farmland could result in the changing of microbial community and the plant growth. Most studies of MPs in agricultural system have focused on the effects of single types of MPs on growth of plants, while neglect interactions between multiple types of MPs. In this study a pot-experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of multiple types of MPs, including polystyrene beads: M1, 5 μm, M2, 70 nm and degradable mulching film (DMF) fragments on growth of wheat seedlings and associated rhizosphere microbial community. CKD (adding DMF) significantly reduced plant height and base diameter of wheat seedlings. DMF in combination with M2, significantly increased plant height and aboveground biomass, but decreased the base diameter. Actinobacteria was the dominant taxa in the rhizosphere bacterial community in various treatments. PCoA analysis showed that the bacterial composition in M2HD (100 mg kg-1 M2 with DMF) was significantly different from that of CKD and M2LD (10 mg kg-1 M2 with DMF). At the level of genera, the dominant fungi in CKD and M2LD were in the genus Fusarium, which is the cause of wheat fusarium blight and Alternaria, which results in decreased base diameter. In CK (control group) and M2HD, Blastobotrys exhibited the greatest abundance, which assisted wheat seedlings in resisting Verticillium disease. Cluster and PCoA analysis showed the fungal composition in CKD was significantly different from CK, M2LD and M2HD. These findings suggest MPs potentially have selective effects on pathogens that affect growth of plants and potentially safety of the food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, And Toxicology Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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18
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Hu R, Zhao H, Xu X, Wang Z, Yu K, Shu L, Yan Q, Wu B, Mo C, He Z, Wang C. Bacteria-driven phthalic acid ester biodegradation: Current status and emerging opportunities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106560. [PMID: 33866059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) has led to their widespread distribution across various environments. As PAEs pose significant threats to human health, it is urgent to develop efficient strategies to eliminate them from environments. Bacteria-driven PAE biodegradation has been considered as an inexpensive yet effective strategy to restore the contaminated environments. Despite great advances in bacterial culturing and sequencing, the inherent complexity of indigenous microbial community hinders us to mechanistically understand in situ PAE biodegradation and efficiently harness the degrading power of bacteria. The synthetic microbial ecology provides us a simple and controllable model system to address this problem. In this review, we focus on the current progress of PAE biodegradation mediated by bacterial isolates and indigenous bacterial communities, and discuss the prospective of synthetic PAE-degrading bacterial communities in PAE biodegradation research. It is anticipated that the theories and approaches of synthetic microbial ecology will revolutionize the study of bacteria-driven PAE biodegradation and provide novel insights for developing effective bioremediation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Hu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xihui Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- School of Life Science and Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Ke Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Longfei Shu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cehui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhili He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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19
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Integrated Multi-omics Investigations Reveal the Key Role of Synergistic Microbial Networks in Removing Plasticizer Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate from Estuarine Sediments. mSystems 2021; 6:e0035821. [PMID: 34100638 PMCID: PMC8269228 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00358-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most widely used plasticizer worldwide, with an annual global production of more than 8 million tons. Because of its improper disposal, endocrine-disrupting DEHP often accumulates in estuarine sediments in industrialized countries at submillimolar levels, resulting in adverse effects on both ecosystems and human beings. The microbial degraders and biodegradation pathways of DEHP in O2-limited estuarine sediments remain elusive. Here, we employed an integrated meta-omics approach to identify the DEHP degradation pathway and major degraders in this ecosystem. Estuarine sediments were treated with DEHP or its derived metabolites, o-phthalic acid and benzoic acid. The rate of DEHP degradation in denitrifying mesocosms was two times slower than that of o-phthalic acid, suggesting that side chain hydrolysis of DEHP is the rate-limiting step of anaerobic DEHP degradation. On the basis of microbial community structures, functional gene expression, and metabolite profile analysis, we proposed that DEHP biodegradation in estuarine sediments is mainly achieved through synergistic networks between denitrifying proteobacteria. Acidovorax and Sedimenticola are the major degraders of DEHP side chains; the resulting o-phthalic acid is mainly degraded by Aestuariibacter through the UbiD-dependent benzoyl coenzyme A (benzoyl-CoA) pathway. We isolated and characterized Acidovorax sp. strain 210-6 and its extracellular hydrolase, which hydrolyzes both alkyl side chains of DEHP. Interestingly, genes encoding DEHP/mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) hydrolase and phthaloyl-CoA decarboxylase—key enzymes for side chain hydrolysis and o-phthalic acid degradation, respectively—are flanked by transposases in these proteobacterial genomes, indicating that DEHP degradation capacity is likely transferred horizontally in microbial communities. IMPORTANCE Xenobiotic phthalate esters (PAEs) have been produced on a considerably large scale for only 70 years. The occurrence of endocrine-disrupting di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in environments has raised public concern, and estuarine sediments are major DEHP reservoirs. Our multi-omics analyses indicated that complete DEHP degradation in O2-limited estuarine sediments depends on synergistic microbial networks between diverse denitrifying proteobacteria and uncultured candidates. Our data also suggested that the side chain hydrolysis of DEHP, rather than o-phthalic acid activation, is the rate-limiting step in DEHP biodegradation within O2-limited estuarine sediments. Therefore, deciphering the bacterial ecophysiology and related biochemical mechanisms can help facilitate the practice of bioremediation in O2-limited environments. Furthermore, the DEHP hydrolase genes of active DEHP degraders can be used as molecular markers to monitor environmental DEHP degradation. Finally, future studies on the directed evolution of identified DEHP/mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) hydrolase would bring a more catalytically efficient DEHP/MEHP hydrolase into practice.
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20
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Zhang C, Song P, Xia Q, Li X, Wang J, Zhu L, Wang J. Responses of Microbial Community to Di-(2-ethylhcxyl) Phthalate Contamination in Brown Soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:820-827. [PMID: 32424434 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhcxyl) phthalate (DEHP) is applied as plasticizer, which results in the pollution of environment. In this study, the effects of DEHP on soil microbial functions, structure and genetic diversity were investigated. The concentration of DEHP in the soil were 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 50 mg/kg, and the experimental period were 28 days. DEHP reduced the quantity, abundance, species dominance and homogeneity of soil microbes during the first 14 days. In addition, microbial utilization efficiency of carbon (carbohydrates, aliphatics, amino acids, metabolites) was impacted after 28 days, though the effects gradually weakened. Based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analysis, in the presence of DEHP, the dominant microbes in the DEHP-contaminated soil were Sphingomonas and Bacillus, which belonged to the Acidobacteria and Proteobacteriav, respectively. With 0.1 or 1 mg/kg of DEHP, the relative abundances of Acidobacteria were higher, and with 10 or 50 mg/kg of DEHP, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria were higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbing Xia
- Tai'an City Public Security Bureau in Shandong Province, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianxu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Zhu F, Doyle E, Zhu C, Zhou D, Gu C, Gao J. Metagenomic analysis exploring microbial assemblages and functional genes potentially involved in di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate degradation in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:137037. [PMID: 32041058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a plasticizer has caused considerable soil pollution; however, little is known about indigenous microbial communities involved in its degradation in soil. In this study, metagenomic sequencing combined with metabolite determination was used to explore microorganisms and genes potentially involved in DEHP degradation in aerobic and anaerobic soils. The results showed that under both dryland aerobic and flooded anaerobic conditions, DEHP was initially hydrolyzed into mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate which was then hydrolyzed into phthalic acid; benzoic acid was the central intermediate during further metabolism steps. Bacteria were more responsive to DEHP presence than fungi/archaea, and potential degradative genes stimulated by DEHP were predominantly associated with bacteria, reflecting the dominant role of bacteria in DEHP degradation. Members of the Actinomycetales seemed to be the dominant degraders under aerobic conditions, while a number of phyla i.e. Gemmatimonadetes, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes appeared to be involved under anaerobic conditions. Interestingly, ~50% of esterase/lipase/cytochrome P450 genes enriched by DEHP under aerobic conditions were from Nocardioides, a bacterial genus that has not been previously directly linked to phthalate ester degradation. The results indicate that novel degraders may play an important role in DEHP degradation in natural soil environments. This study provides a better understanding of the phthalate ester biodegradation processes occurring in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210003, PR China
| | - Evelyn Doyle
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Changyin Zhu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210003, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210003, PR China
| | - Cheng Gu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210003, PR China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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