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Zhang Y, Cheng M, Gao J, Li J. Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:545-559. [PMID: 36522014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NOx, SO2, NH3, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Liu S, Wang Y, Xu X, Wang G. Effects of NO 2 and RH on secondary organic aerosol formation and light absorption from OH oxidation of ο-xylene. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136541. [PMID: 36150487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ο-xylene is an important aromatic volatile organic compound (VOC) in the atmosphere over urban areas. In this work, the effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration and relative humidity (RH) on the mass concentration of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed from ο-xylene OH oxidization was investigated in a photooxidation chamber. The ο-xylene SOA mass concentration increased from 54.2 μg m-3 to 127.2 μg m-3 during dry conditions, but decreased from 177.7 μg m-3 to 146.5 μg m-3 during high RH conditions when the initial NO2 concentration increased form 0 ppbv to about 900 ppbv. An increase in the ratio of [NO3-]/[Org] and a decrease in the oxidation state of carbon (OSC) of SOA suggested that acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reaction was responsible for enhancing SOA formation with increasing NO2 concentrations in dry conditions. In contrast, in humid conditions, the high molecular diffusion capacity of SOA could promote the reactivity of OH towards the interior of SOA, and the enhancement of nitrous acid (HONO) formation under high NO2 conditions could promote the SOA aging processes and be responsible for the decreasing trend of SOA formation with NO2. Light absorption by SOA was also measured, and both NO2 and RH enhanced the mass absorption coefficient (MACλ = 365 nm) value for the optical properties of ο-xylene SOA. The highest MACλ = 365 nm value of ο-xylene SOA was 0.89 m2 g-1, observed during humid conditions with an initial NO2 concentration of 862 ppbv, which was 3.9 times higher than in the experiment conducted in the absence of NO2 under dry conditions. The formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) and humic-like substances (HULIS) were responsible for the increased MACλ = 365 nm values of ο-xylene derived SOA. This study provides new insight into the effect of NO2 on SOA formation through the change in ο-xylene photooxidation under different RH conditions, and the complex effect of multiple environmental factors on SOA formation was also important and should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Xinbei Xu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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3
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Fan W, Chen T, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yin D. A review of secondary organic aerosols formation focusing on organosulfates and organic nitrates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128406. [PMID: 35149506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are crucial constitution of fine particulate matter (PM), which are mainly derived from photochemical oxidation products of primary organic matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and can induce terrible impacts to human health, air quality and climate change. As we know, organosulfates (OSs) and organic nitrates (ON) are important contributors for SOA formation, which could be possibly produced through various pathways, resulting in extremely complex formation mechanism of SOA. Although plenty of research has been focused on the origins, spatial distribution and formation mechanisms of SOA, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of SOA formation in the atmosphere remains to be detailed explored, especially the most important OSs and ON dedications. Thus, in this review, we systematically summarize the recent research about origins and formation mechanisms of OSs and ON, and especially focus on their contribution to SOA, so as to have a clearer understanding of the origin, spatial distribution and formation principle of SOA. Importantly, we interpret the complex interaction with coexistence effect of SOx and NOx on SOA formation, and emphasize the future insights for SOA research to expect a more comprehensive theory and practice to alleviate SOA burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulve Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
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4
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Liu S, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Wu C, Du W, Wang G. Effect of NOx and RH on the secondary organic aerosol formation from toluene photooxidation. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:1-9. [PMID: 35459475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation mechanism and physicochemical properties can highly be influenced by relative humidity (RH) and NOx concentration. In this study, we performed a laboratory investigation of the SOA formation from toluene/OH photooxidation system in the presence or absence of NOx in dry and wet conditions. The chemical composition of toluene-derived SOA was measured using Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). It was found that the mass concentration of toluene decreased with increasing RH and NOx concentration. However, the change of SOA chemistry composition (f44, O/C) with increased RH was not consistent in the condition with or without NOx. The light absorption and mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the toluene-derived SOA only increased with RH in the presence of NOx. In contrast, MAC is invariant with RH in the absence of NOx. HR-ToF-AMS results showed that, in the presence of NOx, the increased nitro-aromatic compounds and N/C ratio concurrently caused the increase of SOA light absorption and O/C in wet conditions, respectively. The relative intensity of CHON and CHOxN family to the total nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) increased with the increasing RH, and be the major components of NOCs in wet condition. This work revealed a synergy effect of NOx and RH on SOA formation from toluene photooxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Jiang X, Liu D, Xu L, Tsona NT, Du L. Assessing the influence of environmental conditions on secondary organic aerosol formation from a typical biomass burning compound. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:136-148. [PMID: 35459479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric chemistry in complex air pollution remains poorly understood. In order to probe how environmental conditions can impact the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biomass burning emissions, we investigated the photooxidation of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) under different environmental conditions in a smog chamber. It was found that SO2 could promote the formation of SOA and increase the amounts of inorganic salts produced during the photooxidation. The formation rate of SOA and the corresponding SOA mass concentration increased gradually with the increasing DMF/OH ratio. The addition of (NH4)2SO4 seed aerosol accelerated the SOA formation rate and significantly shortened the time for the reaction to reach equilibrium. Additionally, a relatively high illumination intensity promoted the formation of OH radicals and, correspondingly, enhanced the photooxidation of DMF. However, the enhancement of light intensity accelerated the aging of SOA, which led to a gradual decrease of the SOA mass concentration. This work shows that by having varying influence on atmospheric chemical reactions, the same environmental factor can affect SOA formation in different ways. The present study is helpful for us to better understand atmospheric complex pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Glasius M, Thomsen D, Wang K, Iversen LS, Duan J, Huang RJ. Chemical characteristics and sources of organosulfates, organosulfonates, and carboxylic acids in aerosols in urban Xi'an, Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151187. [PMID: 34756911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated speciation and levels of organosulfates, organosulfonates as well as carboxylic acids in aerosol samples collected during summer (2014) and winter (2014/15) in Xi'an, Northwest China, to improve understanding of composition and sources of organic aerosols in this region heavily affected by air pollution. Organosulfates are formed from reactive gas-phase organic compounds and acidic sulfate aerosols, contributing to secondary organic aerosols, SOA. The aerosol samples show a large diversity in organosulfur species in line with other regions of China, reflecting the high levels and complexity of SOA precursors. In summer samples, organosulfates from isoprene are prevalent due to transport of air masses from southern regions with isoprene-emitting mountain forests. During winter, air masses are local or from areas north of the city with low population density and very low temperatures. The estimated levels of organosulfates and organosulfonates in summer (768 ± 346 ng m-3) and winter samples (938 ± 374 ng m-3) are more similar than expected given the high levels of sulfate and organic carbon in winter, indicating the complexity of organosulfur formation processes. We observed an organosulfonate with molecular weight 214 (C6H14O6S) at high estimated levels (254 ± 232 ng m-3) in winter, but much lower concentrations (12 ± 13 ng m-3) in summer. High levels of organosulfur compounds were mainly observed at aerosol pH below about 2.5. Concentrations of carboxylic acids from oxidation of monoterpenes were low (5.2 ± 2.7 ng m-3 in summer). Phthalic acid was as high as 90 ± 29 ng m-3 during winter and correlated highly with organic carbon, chloride and potassium, indicating a common origin, most likely burning of biomass and plastic-containing waste. Further research is needed to elucidate formation and sources of organosulfates and organosulfonates, as well as the impact on aerosol properties affecting e.g. health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Ditte Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | | | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Xu P, Yang Y, Zhang J, Gao W, Liu Z, Hu B, Wang Y. Characterization and source identification of submicron aerosol during serious haze pollution periods in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:25-37. [PMID: 34955209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Submicron aerosol is of extensive concern not only due to its significant impact on air quality but also because it is detrimental to human health. In this study, we investigated the characteristics, sources and chemical processes of submicron aerosol based on real-time online measurements of submicron aerosols (NR-PM1) during December 2015 at an urban site in Beijing. The average mass concentration of NR-PM1 was 92.5±84.9 µg/m3, the hourly maximum was 459.1 µg/m3 during the entire observation. The organic aerosol (OA) (55%) was the largest contributor to NR-PM1. The average mass concentration of PAHs was 0.217±0.247 µg/m3, exhibiting the highest concentration at night and the lowest levels in the daytime. The average mass concentration of organic nitrate was 2.52±2.36 µg/m3 and that of inorganic nitrate was 7.62±8.22 µg/m3, accounting for 36% and 64%, respectively, of the total nitrate mass. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) differentiated the OA into five chemical components including LV-OOA, SV-OOA, COA, HOA and CCOA, accounting for 22%, 16%, 13%, 25% and 24% respectively, of the total OA. The average NR-PM1 mass concentration on the heavy polluted days (HPD) was 182.8±70.2 µg/m3, which was approximately 9 times that on clean days (CD). The enhanced secondary formation of SNA was evident on HPD, especially the rapid increase of sulfate (23%) and nitrate (19%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Liu S, Wang Y, Wang G, Zhang S, Li D, Du L, Wu C, Du W, Ge S. Enhancing effect of NO 2 on the formation of light-absorbing secondary organic aerosols from toluene photooxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148714. [PMID: 34225141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons are one of the major precursors of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) and both abundantly co-exist with NOx in the urban atmosphere especially in winter haze period. However, the impact of NOx on the formation of BrC derived from aromatic hydrocarbons is still not fully understood. In this study, the yield and light absorption of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from toluene photooxidation under various nitrogen oxides (NO2) levels were investigated by using a 5 m3 photooxidation smog chamber. A trend of increase at first and then decrease in the SOA yield with an increasing NO2 concentration was observed. The acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions lead to the increase of SOA yield in the low-NO2 regime. The formation of low-volatility species might be suppressed at high-NO2 conditions is responsible for the decreased SOA yield. In contrast, light absorption and mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the toluene-derived SOA continuously increased with the increasing NO2 concentrations. HR-ToF-AMS results showed that nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) are the main species that lead to the increase of the SOA light absorption. The ratio of CHN family to the total NOCs, which are derived from the nitro compounds, also increased dominantly with the increasing NO2 levels and accounted for more than half of the total NOCs when the NO2 concentration increased to 495 ppbv, indicating that nitro compounds rather than organic nitrates are the major light-absorbing species and preferably formed in the toluene oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ge
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
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Mahilang M, Deb MK, Pervez S. Biogenic secondary organic aerosols: A review on formation mechanism, analytical challenges and environmental impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127771. [PMID: 32799139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The review initiates with current state of information on the atmospheric reaction mechanism of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and its fate in the atmosphere. The plants release BVOCs, i.e., isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, which form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) upon oxidation. These oxidation reactions are primarily influenced by solar radiations along with other meteorological parameters viz.; temperature and relative humidity, therefore, the chemistry behind SOA formation is different during day than the night time. The review throws light upon the day and nighttime formation mechanism of SOA, recent advancements in the analytical techniques available for the measurements, and its impact on the environment. Studies have revealed that day time SOA formation is dominated by OH and O3, however, NOx initiated SOA production is dominated during night. The formation mechanism addresses that the gaseous products of VOCs are firstly formed and then partitioned over the pre-existing particles. New particle formation and biomass-derived aerosols are found to be responsible for enhanced SOA formation. 2-Dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (2D-GC/MS) is observed to be best for the analysis of organic aerosols. Radiative forcing (RF) SOA is observed to be a useful parameter to evaluate the environmental impacts of SOA and reviewed studies have shown mean RF in the ranges of -0.27 to +0.20 W m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Mahilang
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
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Yang Z, Tsona NT, Li J, Wang S, Xu L, You B, Du L. Effects of NO x and SO 2 on the secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene: A new source of organosulfates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114742. [PMID: 32402708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1,3,5-Trimethylbeneze (TMB) is an important constituent of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds that contributes to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). A series of chamber experiments were performed to probe the effects of NOx and SO2 on SOA formation from TMB photooxidation. The molecular composition of TMB SOA was investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-Q-TOFMS). We found that the SOA yield increases notably with elevated NOx concentrations under low-NOx condition ([TMB]0/[NOx]0 > 10 ppbC ppb-1), while an opposite trend is observed in high-NOx experiments ([TMB]0/[NOx]0 < 10 ppbC ppb-1). The increase in SOA yield in low-NOx regime is attributed to the increase of NOx-induced OH concentrations. The formation of low-volatility species might be suppressed, thereby leading to a lower SOA yield in high-NOx conditions. Moreover, SOA formation was promoted in experiment with SO2 addition. Multifunctional products containing carbonyl, acid, alcohol, and nitrate functional groups were characterized in TMB/NOx photooxidation, whereas several organosulfates (OSs) and nitrooxy organosulfates were identified in TMB/NOx/SO2 photooxidation based on HR-Q-TOFMS analysis. The formation mechanism relevant to the detected compounds in SOA were proposed. Based on our measurements, the photooxidation of TMB in the presence of SO2 may be a new source of OSs in the atmosphere. The results presented here also deepen the understanding of SOA formation under relatively complex polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Bo You
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Wang Z, Tong S, Chen M, Jing B, Li W, Guo Y, Ge M, Wang S. Study on ozonolysis of asymmetric alkenes with matrix isolation and FT-IR spectroscopy. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126413. [PMID: 32197171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
O3 and alkenes are important reactants in the formation of SOA in the atmosphere. The intermediates and reaction mechanism of ozonation of alkene is an important topic in atmospheric chemistry. In this study, the low-temperature matrix isolation was used to capture the intermediates such as Primary ozonides (POZs), Criegee Intermediates (CIs), and Secondary ozonides (SOZs) generated from ozonation of 2-methyl-1-butene (2M1B) and 2-methyl-2-butene (2M2B). The results have been identified by the vacuum infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculation. Our results show that during the ozonation of asymmetric alkenes, two kinds of CIs and more than two kinds of SOZs were generated due to the different decomposition modes of POZs. The infrared absorption peaks of (CH3)2COO and CH3CH2C(CH3)OO for O-O telescopic vibration was determined to be 889 cm-1 and 913 cm-1, respectively. Using the merged jet method, it was found that a large amount of HCHO was produced during the ozonation of 2M1B, and glyoxal and methylglyoxal were produced in the ozonation of 2M2B. Our findings highlight the importance of asymmetric alkene ozonolysis reactions in producing CIs, further improving the understanding of the generation of CIs from ozonation of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
| | - Meifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; College of Chemistry and Material Science, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China
| | - Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China.
| | - Sufan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China
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Abstract
Background:
The development of viable alternative fuel sources is assuming a new urgency
in the face of climate change and environmental degradation linked to the escalating consumption
of fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass is composed primarily of high-energy structural components
such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The transformation of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels
requires the application of both pretreatment and conversion technologies.
Methods:
Several pretreatment technologies (e.g. physical, chemical and biological) are used to recover
cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from biomass and begin the transformation into biofuels.
This paper reviews the thermochemical (e.g. pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction), hydrothermal
(e.g. subcritical and supercritical water gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction), and biological
(e.g. fermentation) conversion pathways that are used to further transform biomass feedstocks into
fuel products.
Results:
Through several thermochemical and biological conversion technologies, lignocellulosic biomass
and other organic residues can produce biofuels such as bio-oils, biochar, syngas, biohydrogen,
bioethanol and biobutanol, all of which have the potential to replace hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels.
Conclusions:
This review paper describes the conversion technologies used in the transformation of
biomass into viable biofuels. Biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass and organic wastes are a
promising potential clean energy source with the potential to be carbon-neutral or even carbonnegative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav D. Parakh
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonil Nanda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Janusz A. Kozinski
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang P, Chen T, Liu J, Chu B, Ma Q, Ma J, He H. Impacts of Mixed Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants on Secondary Particle Formation during Ozonolysis of Butyl Vinyl Ether. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3909-3919. [PMID: 32108486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To clarify how coexisting atmospheric pollutants affect secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, we investigated the effects of mixed gaseous pollutants (CO and SO2) and mixed organic-inorganic (MOI) particles on SOA formation during n-butyl vinyl ether (BVE) ozonolysis. Higher CO levels (90 ppm) were found to significantly change the chemical composition of SOA (prompting monomers while reducing oligomer formation) without causing much change in the overall SOA mass. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, heterogeneous chemical conversions between preformed and newly formed SOA were the major pathways of SOA formation in the presence of MOI particles. Furthermore, MOI particles had an enhancing effect on SOA formation at 1% relative humidity (RH) but a negligible effect at higher RH (10 and 55%). The enhancing effect was attributed to the formation of multifunctional products resulting from high functionalization of preformed and newly formed SOA. The negligible effect observed was ascribed to the cleavage of unstable oligomers as a result of the reversible oligomerization of preformed and newly formed SOA. Even so, MOI particles could still affect the composition of newly formed SOA. These results highlight the need to account for the significant effect of mixed gaseous and particulate pollutants on both SOA constituents and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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XU J, HUANG MQ. Influence of Inorganic Gases on Formation and Chemical Composition of Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons Secondary Organic Aerosol. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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