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MacKeown H, von Gunten U, Criquet J. Iodide sources in the aquatic environment and its fate during oxidative water treatment - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118417. [PMID: 35452971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a naturally-occurring halogen in natural waters generally present in concentrations between 0.5 and 100 µg L-1. During oxidative drinking water treatment, iodine-containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) can be formed. The formation of I-DBPs was mostly associated to taste and odor issues in the produced tap water but has become a potential health problem more recently due to the generally more toxic character of I-DBPs compared to their chlorinated and brominated analogues. This paper is a systematic and critical review on the reactivity of iodide and on the most common intermediate reactive iodine species HOI. The first step of oxidation of I- to HOI is rapid for most oxidants (apparent second-order rate constant, kapp > 103 M-1s-1 at pH 7). The reactivity of hypoiodous acid with inorganic and organic compounds appears to be intermediate between chlorine and bromine. The life times of HOI during oxidative treatment determines the extent of the formation of I-DBPs. Based on this assessment, chloramine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate are of the highest concern when treating iodide-containing waters. The conditions for the formation of iodo-organic compounds are also critically reviewed. From an evaluation of I-DBPs in more than 650 drinking waters, it can be concluded that one third show low levels of I-THMs (<1 µg L-1), and 18% exhibit concentrations > 10 µg L-1. The most frequently detected I-THM is CHCl2I followed by CHBrClI. More polar I-DBPs, iodoacetic acid in particular, have been reviewed as well. Finally, the transformation of iodide to iodate, a safe iodine-derived end-product, has been proposed to mitigate the formation of I-DBPs in drinking water processes. For this purpose a pre-oxidation step with either ozone or ferrate(VI) to completely oxidize iodide to iodate is an efficient process. Activated carbon has also been shown to be efficient in reducing I-DBPs during drinking water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Justine Criquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France.
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Li L, Guo R, Zhang S, Yuan Y. Sustainable and effective degradation of aniline by sodium percarbonate activated with UV in aqueous solution: Kinetics, mechanism and identification of reactive species. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112176. [PMID: 34637757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, sodium percarbonate (SPC) has been widely applied as a solid replacement for H2O2 in advanced oxidation process (AOPs). In this study, ultraviolet (UV) light was utilized for SPC activation to investigate the aniline degradation performance. The effects of SPC dosages and UV irradiation on aniline degradation were elaborated. The removal efficiency was significantly improved by increasing either the SPC dosage or UV irradiation intensity. Moreover, scavenging experiments showed that •OH, CO3•-, and O2•- were the predominant reactive species for aniline degradation. Meanwhile, the variation in the amount of •OH in the UV/SPC system was monitored, which revealed the dominant role of •OH. As a result, the mechanism of aniline degradation by the UV/SPC system was demonstrated based on confirmed free radicals. Furthermore, aniline degradation by the UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/Na2CO3 system were compared with the UV/SPC system, and an enhancement by the addition of Fe(II) in the UV/SPC system was verified. Aniline degradation was not significantly affected by the initial pH or the presence of Cl-, SO42- while NO3-, HCO3- and humid acid (HA) suppressed the reaction. In general, the UV/SPC system is a novel, green, and promising technology for aniline removal from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Ruoning Guo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Yiming Yuan
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
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Ye T, Zhang TY, Tian FX, Xu B. The fate and transformation of iodine species in UV irradiation and UV-based advanced oxidation processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117755. [PMID: 34695669 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) formed in water treatment are of emerging concern due to their high toxicity and the tase-and-odor problems associated with iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs). Iodoacetic acid and dichloroiodomethane are currently regulated in Shenzhen, China and the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China has also been considering regulating I-DBPs. Iodide (I-), organoiodine compounds (e.g., iodinated X-ray contrast media [ICM]), and iodate (IO3-) are the three common iodine sources in aquatic environment that lead to I-DBP formation. While UV irradiation effectively inactivate a wide range of microorganisms in water, it induces the transformation of these iodine sources, enabling the formation of I-DBPs. This review focuses on the fate and transformation of these iodine sources in UV-based water treatment (i.e., UV irradiation and UV-based advanced oxidation processes [UV-AOPs]) and the formation of I-DBPs in post-disinfection. I- released in UV-based treatments of ICM and can be oxidized in subsequent disinfection to hypoiodous acid (HOI), which reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) to produce I-DBPs. Both UV and UV-AOPs are not able to fully mineralize ICM and completely oxidize the released I- to (except UV/O3). Results reveal that UV and UV-AOPs are adequate for I-DBP degradation but require high UV doses. While the ideal I-DBP mitigation strategy awaits to be developed, understanding their sources and formation pathways aids in informed selections of water treatment processes, empowers water suppliers to meet drinking water standards, and minimizes consumers' exposure to I-DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fu-Xiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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4
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Du J, Wang C, Zhao Z, Cui F, Ou Q, Liu J. Role of oxygen and superoxide radicals in promoting H2O2 production during VUV/UV radiation of water. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alderete BL, da Silva J, Godoi R, da Silva FR, Taffarel SR, da Silva LP, Garcia ALH, Júnior HM, de Amorim HLN, Picada JN. Evaluation of toxicity and mutagenicity of a synthetic effluent containing azo dye after Advanced Oxidation Process treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128291. [PMID: 33297233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20% industrial water pollution comes from textile dyeing process, with Azo dyes being a major problem in this scenario and requiring new forms of efficient treatment. Effluent treatments using the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are justified by the potential of application in the dyed effluent treatments once they can change the Azo dye chemical structure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and mutagenic capacity of a synthetic effluent containing Amido Black 10B (AB10B) azo dye before treatment with AOP, named Gross Synthetic Effluent (GSE), and after the AOP, named Treated Synthetic Effluent (TSE). Daphnia magna and Allium cepa tests were used to evaluate acute toxicity effects and chromosomal mutagenesis, respectively. The Salmonella/microsome assay was performed to evaluate gene mutations. In silico assays were also performed aiming to identify the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of the degradation byproducts of AB10B. There was 100% immobility to D. magna after 24 h and 48 h of treatments with TSE, showing EC50 values around 5%, whereas GSE did not show acute toxicity. However, GSE induced chromosomal mutations in A. cepa test. Both GSE and TSE were not able to induce gene mutations in S. typhimurium strains. These effects can be associated with two byproducts generated with the cleavage of the azo bonds of AB10B, 4-nitroaniline and -2-7-triamino-8-hydroxy-3-6-naphthalinedisulfate (TAHNDS). In conclusion, AOP is an efficient method to reduce the mutagenicity of synthetic effluent containing AB10B and additional methods should be applied aiming to reduce the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Lopes Alderete
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil; La Salle University, Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGSDH (Professional Master's Degree in Health and Human Development) and Academic Master in Environmental Impact Assessment, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Godoi
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil; La Salle University, Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGSDH (Professional Master's Degree in Health and Human Development) and Academic Master in Environmental Impact Assessment, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rabaioli da Silva
- La Salle University, Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGSDH (Professional Master's Degree in Health and Human Development) and Academic Master in Environmental Impact Assessment, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvio Roberto Taffarel
- La Salle University, Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGSDH (Professional Master's Degree in Health and Human Development) and Academic Master in Environmental Impact Assessment, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pisoni da Silva
- La Salle University, Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGSDH (Professional Master's Degree in Health and Human Development) and Academic Master in Environmental Impact Assessment, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Leticia Hilario Garcia
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Horst Mitteregger Júnior
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, SENAI, Institute of Technology in Leather and the Environment, 93600-000, Estância Velha, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology. PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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Zhu Y, Ling Y, Peng Z, Zhang N. Formation of emerging iodinated disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment based on ozonation processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140805. [PMID: 32758847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) generated by ballast water treatment pose a potential threat to marine environment which aroused widespread concern. In recent years, emerging iodinated DBPs have attracted widespread attention because of their stronger cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than brominated/chlorinated DBPs. In this study, the effects of different natural organic matter species, total residual oxidant (TRO) concentrations, storage time, temperature, pH, bromide and iodide concentrations on the generation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during ozonation process of ballast water were investigated. The results showed that bromochloroiodomethane and diiodochloromethane (DICM) were not detected under all conditions during ozonation of humaic acid (HA). Different kinds of precursors had a significantly effect on the formation of I-THMs. For algal cells as precursor, DICM were detected (1.22 μg/L), while DICM were not detected from oxidation of 1,3-etonedicarboxylic acid, fulvic acid (FA), phenol, resorcinol, hydroquinone and HA as precursors. The yields of I-THMs from oxidation of algal cells, FA and phenol were higher than other precursors. Linear relationships were observed between the formation of I-THMs and TRO concentrations. The yields of I-THMs reached a peak at 48 h (180 μg/L) after ozonation treatment of ballast water, and then decreased with storage time extension. An increase in temperature enhanced the formation of dibromoiodomethane and bromodiiodomethane, while wakened the formation of iodoform and dichloroiodomethane. The formation of I-THMs was complicatedly affected by different pH values in the range from 4 to 9. The more bromide concentrations, the more brominated I-THMs were formed. The concentrations of I-THMs increased with increasing iodide concentrations, and low concentrations of iodide had greater effect on the production of I-THMs than high concentrations of iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yun Ling
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Ziran Peng
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Nahui Zhang
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China.
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Tian FX, Ye WK, Xu B, Hu XJ, Ma SX, Lai F, Gao YQ, Xing HB, Xia WH, Wang B. Comparison of UV-induced AOPs ( UV/Cl2, UV/NH2Cl, UV/ClO2 and UV/H2O2 ) in the degradation of iopamidol: Kinetics, energy requirements and DBPs-related toxicity in sequential disinfection processes. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2020; 398:125570. [PMID: 32508521 PMCID: PMC7260538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The UV-induced advanced oxidation processes (AOPs, including UV/Cl2, UV/NH2Cl, UV/ClO2 and UV/H2O2 ) degradation kinetics and energy requirements of iopamidol as well as DBPs-related toxicity in sequential disinfection were compared in this study. The photodegradation of iopamidol in these processes can be well described by pseudo-first-order model and the removal efficiency ranked in descending order of UV/Cl2 > UV/H2O2 > UV/NH2Cl > UV/ClO2 > UV. The synergistic effects could be attributed to diverse radical species generated in each system. Influencing factors of oxidant dosage, UV intensity, solution pH and water matrixes (Cl- , NH4 + and nature organic matter) were evaluated in detail. Higher oxidant dosages and greater UV intensities led to bigger pseudo-first-order rate constants (Kobs) in these processes, but the pH behaviors exhibited quite differently. The presence of Cl- , NH4 + and nature organic matter posed different effects on the degradation rate. The parameter of electrical energy per order (EE/O) was adopted to evaluate the energy requirements of the tested systems and it followed the trend of UV/ClO2 > UV > UV/NH2Cl > UV/H2O2 > UV/Cl2 . Pretreatment of iopamidol by UV/Cl2 and UV/NH2Cl clearly enhanced the production of classical disinfection by-products (DBPs) and iodo-trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during subsequent oxidation while UV/ClO2 and UV/H2O2 exhibited almost elimination effect. From the perspective of weighted water toxicity, the risk ranking was UV/NH2Cl > UV/Cl2 > UV > UV/H2O2 > UV/ClO2 . Among the discussed UV-driven AOPs, UV/Cl2 was proved to be the most cost-effective one for iopamidol removal while UV/ClO2 displayed overwhelming advantages in regulating the water toxicity associated with DBPs, especially I-THMs. The present results could provide some insights into the application of UV-activated AOPs technologies in tradeoffs between cost-effectiveness assessment and DBPs-related toxicity control of the disinfected waters containing iopamidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Wen-Kai Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Shi-Xu Ma
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Fan Lai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Yu-Qiong Gao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Xing
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Wei-Hong Xia
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
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Ding X, Gutierrez L, Croue JP, Li M, Wang L, Wang Y. Hydroxyl and sulfate radical-based oxidation of RhB dye in UV/H 2O 2 and UV/persulfate systems: Kinetics, mechanisms, and comparison. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126655. [PMID: 32302899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The degradation kinetics and mechanisms of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye by •OH and SO4•- based advanced oxidation processes were investigated. The •OH and SO4•- radicals were generated by UV photolysis of hydrogen peroxide and persulfate (i.e., UV/H2O2 and UV/PS), respectively. The effects of initial solution pH, RhB concentration, oxidant dosage, Fe2+ concentration, and water matrices were examined. The results showed that the degradation of RhB followed pseudo-first-order kinetics in both processes, with the UV/H2O2 process exhibiting better performance than that of the UV/PS process. Acidic conditions were favorable to the degradation of RhB in both systems. Increasing the oxidant dosage or decreasing the contaminant concentration could enhance the degradation of RhB. Photo-Fenton-like processes accelerated the performance when Fe2+ was added into both systems. The removal efficiency of RhB was inhibited upon the addition of humic substances. The addition of Cl- displayed no significant effect and promoted RhB degradation in UV/H2O2 and UV/PS systems, respectively. The presence of NO3- promoted RhB degradation, while H2PO4- and C2O42- showed an inhibitory effect on both UV/H2O2 and UV/PS processes. Radical scavenging tests revealed the dominant role of SO4•- radicals in the UV/PS system. Furthermore, the evolution of low molecular weight organic acids and NH4+ during the degradation of RhB in these two processes were compared. Both UV/H2O2 and UV/PS systems led to similar formation trends of NH4+ and some ring-opening products (e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, and oxalic acid), suggesting some analogies in the decay pathways of RhB by •OH and SO4•--induced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ding
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Croue
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR, 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France.
| | - Minrui Li
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Feng G, Jia R, Sun S, Wang M, Zhao Q, Xin X, Liu L. Occurrence and removal of 10 odorous compounds in drinking water by different treatment processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18924-18933. [PMID: 32212075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of ten odorous compounds (2-methylisoborneol, trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol, isophorone, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, 2,3,6-trichloroanisole, 2,3,4-trichloroanisole, β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, 2-isobutyl-3-methyoxypyrazine, and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine) in raw drinking water, as well as their removal by traditional processes, advanced oxidation processes, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration processes, with the use of an ultrahigh-resolution Orbitrap. The most abundant odorous compounds referred to 2-methylisoborneol and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol with maximal concentrations of 1.6 ng/L and 0.09 ng/L after treatment by traditional processes respectively, and their maximal concentration was 2.05 ng/L and lower than the detection limit after treatment by advanced oxidation processes, while the raw drinking water of the mentioned two processes was different. The high concentration of isophorone in water treated by traditional process, advanced oxidation process, and membrane process was also ascertained. On the whole, the removal rate of membrane process is the maximal for all odorous compounds except for 2,3,6-trichloroanisole, followed by the advanced oxidation process as well as the traditional process. Eight odorous compounds identified in raw water were preserved after traditional treatment, while five compounds were preserved after the advanced oxidation treatment. The combined ultrafiltration and nanofiltration with pre-flocculation was more effective than either the advanced oxidation process or the traditional treating process in removing odorous compounds, and over 90% of all the odorous compounds were removed. Further investigation is required to facilitate the removal of odorous compounds from drinking water by the incorporation of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration units based on current drinking water treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixue Feng
- Shandong water and waste water monitoring center, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong water and waste water monitoring center, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong water and waste water monitoring center, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Mingquan Wang
- Shandong water and waste water monitoring center, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Shandong water and waste water monitoring center, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Xiaodong Xin
- Shandong water and waste water monitoring center, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shandong water and waste water monitoring center, Jinan, 250021, China
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Zhu H, Jia R, Sun S, Feng G, Wang M, Zhao Q, Xin X, Zhou A. Elimination of trichloroanisoles by UV/H 2O 2: Kinetics, degradation mechanism, water matrix effects and toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:258-267. [PMID: 31108436 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of 2,3,6-trichloroanisole (2,3,6-TCA), which produces a musty-earthy off-odor in water, by an ultraviolet (UV)/H2O2 process was assessed. The removal of 88.1% of 2,3,6-TCA in ultrapure water (UPW) was achieved using an initial 2,3,6-TCA concentration of 1 μg L-1 (4.73 nM), a H2O2 concentration of 20 mg L-1 (0.588 mM), a UV intensity of 1.44 mW cm-2 and a pH of 8.2. The reaction was found to be pseudo first order with a rate constant (kobs) of 0.0340 min-1. Both the removal efficiency and kobs increased significantly upon increasing the H2O2 concentration from 10 to 50 mg L-1. The second order rate constant (kHO·,2,3,6-TCA) in competition kinetic trials was determined to be 8.17 × 107 M-1s-1. Degradation products generated during both the UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 treatment of 2,3,6-TCA solutions were analyzed using ultrahigh resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the degradation mechanism was proposed. The toxicities of water solutions during both processes were assessed via a luminescence method in conjunction with Vibrio fischeri. The pH and Cl-, HCO3- and natural organic matter concentrations of the aqueous medium were all found to significantly affect the removal of 2,3,6-TCA. The degradation rates of trichloroanisoles (TCAs) in real-world water samples demonstrated that UV/H2O2 has significant potential with regard to controlling TCAs as pollutants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, PR China.
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Guixue Feng
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Mingquan Wang
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Xin
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Anran Zhou
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China
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Xue J, Zhu Z, Zong Y, Huang C, Wang M. Oxidative Degradation of Dimethyl Phthalate (DMP) by the Fe(VI)/H 2O 2 Process. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9467-9472. [PMID: 31460037 PMCID: PMC6648338 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) with hydrogen peroxide and ferrate (Fe(VI)) under various reaction conditions. The results showed that the optimum conditions for dimethyl phthalate removal from water were as follows: (a) pH 7.0 and (b) the original molar ratio of [Fe(VI)]/[H2O2]/[DMP] equal to 10:2:1. Under the optimum conditions, the degradation rate of DMP can reach 89.7% in 360 min. Furthermore, 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, isophthalic acid, 2-ethylhexanol, oxalic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and monomethyl phthalate were identified as the degradation intermediates, and degradation pathways were proposed.
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