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Li X, Yang Y, Tang D, Liu Y, Wang Q. Electrostatic self-assembly endows cellulose paper with durable efficient flame retardancy and mechanical performance improvement. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129292. [PMID: 38199554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Flameproof modification of paper can improve safety and application performance. However, traditional paper is prone to moisture absorption, resulting in significant reduction in flame retardant performance, even complete failure, greatly limiting the application environment. In order to achieve long-term flame retardant properties of paper, while avoiding the loss of physical properties caused by the introduction of flame retardants, in this work, a plant acid/phosphate and melamine formaldehyde coating (PyA/PA-MF) is prepared through electrostatic self-assembly for durable flame retardant performance of cellulose paper. Due to the electrostatic interaction, the paper surface become greatly rough with introduction of PyA/PA-MF, a uniform microsphere structure is formed on the surface of the paper cellulose, which effectively fix the phosphorus-containing groups. The oxygen index reaches 33 % and the carbon length was only 6.3 ± 0.2 cm, the pHRR and THR are decreased by 80 % and 73 %, respectively. After being immersed for 72 h, the oxygen index is still 31.4 % and carbon length is no more than 12 cm. mechanical property of modified paper is significant increased in the tensile strength (2.4 MPa) compared to the blank paper (1 MPa), as well as that the whiteness of the surface of the modified paper will not change. In summary, PyA/PA-MF endows paper long-term flame retardant performance while maintaining its basic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Li
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuzhao Yang
- Shenzhen Sf Tyson Holding(group) Co., Ltd., Xinghai Avenue, Nanshan Street, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Cooperation Zone, Qianhai, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Dongdong Tang
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, China
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2
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Khan AUH, Naidu R, Dharmarajan R, Fang C, Shon H, Dong Z, Liu Y. The interaction mechanisms of co-existing polybrominated diphenyl ethers and engineered nanoparticles in environmental waters: A critical review. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:227-252. [PMID: 36182134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the occurrence and interactions of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water systems and the generation of highly complex compounds in the environment. The release of ENPs and BFRs (e.g. PBDEs) to aquatic environments during their usage and disposal are summarised together with their key interaction mechanisms. The major interaction mechanisms including electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrophobic, molecular bridging and steric, hydrogen and π-bonding, cation bridging and ligand exchange were identified. The presence of ENPs could influence the fate and behaviour of PBDEs through the interactions as well as induced reactions under certain conditions which increases the formation of complex compounds. The interaction leads to alteration of behaviour for PBDEs and their toxic effects to ecological receptors. The intermingled compound (ENPs-BFRs) would show different behaviour from the parental ENPs or BFRs, which are currently lack of investigation. This review provided insights on the interactions of ENPs and BFRs in artificial, environmental water systems and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which are important for a comprehensive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ul Haq Khan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Raja Dharmarajan
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Fang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hokyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijging 100191, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Smollich E, Büter M, Schertzinger G, Dopp E, Sures B. Photolytic degradation of novel polymeric and monomeric brominated flame retardants: Investigation of endocrine disruption, physiological and ecotoxicological effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120317. [PMID: 36191796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological effects of photolytic degradation mixtures of the two brominated flame retardants PolymericFR and Tetrabromobisphenol A-bis (2,3-dibrom-2-methyl-propyl) Ether (TBBPA-BDBMPE) have been studied in vitro and in vivo. Both substances were experimentally degraded separately by exposure to artificial UV-light and the resulting degradation mixtures from different time points during the UV-exposure were applied in ecotoxicological tests. The in vitro investigation showed no effects of the degraded flame retardants on the estrogenic and androgenic receptors via the CALUX (chemically activated luciferase gene expression) assay. Short-term exposures (up to 96 h) of Lumbriculus variegatus lead to temporary physiological reactions of the annelid. The exposure to degraded PolymericFR lead to an increased activity of Catalase, while the degradation mixture of TBBPA-BDBMPE caused increases of Glutathione-S-transferase and Acetylcholine esterase activities. Following a chronic exposure (28 d) of L. variegatus, no effects on the growth, reproduction, fragmentation and energy storage of the annelid were detected. The results indicate that the experimental degradation of the two flame retardants causes changes in their ecotoxicological potential. This might lead to acute physiological effects on aquatic annelids, which, however, do not affect the animals chronically according to our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Smollich
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Malte Büter
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Elke Dopp
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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4
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Hunter SE, O'Connor JC. Comment on "High Production, Low Information: We Need To Know More About Polymeric Flame Retardants". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10888-10889. [PMID: 34279090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn E Hunter
- DuPont de Nemours Inc., Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - John C O'Connor
- DuPont de Nemours Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19805, United States
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Minet L, Blum A, Fernández SR, Rodgers KM, Singla V, Soehl A, Diamond ML. Response to Comment on "High Production, Low Information: We Need To Know More About Polymeric Flame Retardants". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10890-10891. [PMID: 34286962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Minet
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Seth R Fernández
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | | | - Veena Singla
- Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Anna Soehl
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
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Horrocks AR. The Potential for Bio-Sustainable Organobromine-Containing Flame Retardant Formulations for Textile Applications-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092160. [PMID: 32971820 PMCID: PMC7570172 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the challenge of developing sustainable organobromine flame retardants (BrFRs) and alternative synergists to the predominantly used antimony III oxide. Current BrFR efficiencies are reviewed for textile coatings and back-coatings with a focus on furnishing and similar fabrics covering underlying flammable fillings, such as flexible polyurethane foam. The difficulty of replacing them with non-halogen-containing systems is also reviewed with major disadvantages including their extreme specificity with regard to a given textile type and poor durability.The possibility of replacing currently used BrFRs for textiles structures that mimic naturally occurring organobromine-containing species is discussed, noting that of the nearly 2000 such species identified in both marine and terrestrial environments, a significant number are functionalised polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which form part of a series of little understood biosynthetic biodegradation cycles.The continued use of antimony III oxide as synergist and possible replacement by alternatives, such as the commercially available zinc stannates and the recently identified zinc tungstate, are discussed. Both are effective as synergists and smoke suppressants, but unlike Sb203, they have efficiencies dependent on BrFR chemistry and polymer matrix or textile structure. Furthermore, their effectiveness in textile coatings has yet to be more fully assessed.In conclusion, it is proposed that the future of sustainable BrFRs should be based on naturally occurring polybrominated structures developed in conjunction with non-toxic, smoke-suppressing synergists such as the zinc stannates or zinc tungstate, which have been carefully tailored for given polymeric and textile substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richard Horrocks
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton, Greater Manchester BL3 6HQ, UK
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You GY, He HW, Feng B, Tang YY, Fan FF, Cheng ZQ, Yang CJ, Liang C. Synthesis and characterization of a novel Schiff base and its enhancement on flame retardancy of epoxy resins. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Smythe TA, Mattioli LC, Letcher RJ. Distribution behaviour in body compartments and in ovo transfer of flame retardants in North American Great Lakes herring gulls. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114306. [PMID: 32163809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) continue to be an environmental concern. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are an important wildlife sentinel species, although very little information is available regarding the body distribution (limited to e.g. liver and blood) of these contaminants and in relation to depuration via in ovo transfer. Maternal transfer rates and distribution were presently determined in six body compartments from eight female, Great Lakes herring gulls and separate egg compartments from their entire clutch. Among the 25 PBDEs and 23 non-PBDE HFRs assessed, only six PBDE congeners (BDE-47/99/100/153/154/209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-DDC-CO) were frequently detectable and quantifiable. Σ6BDE concentrations were an order of magnitude greater than non-PBDE HFR concentrations, and were greatest in the adipose (9641 ± 2436 ng/g ww), followed by egg yolk (699 ± 139 ng/g ww) > muscle (332 ± 545 ng/g ww) > liver (221 ± 65 ng/g ww) > plasma (85.4 ± 20.4 ng/g ww) > brain (54.6 ± 10.6 ng/g ww) > red blood cells (RBCs; 23.5 ± 5.6 ng/g ww) > albumen (7.3 ± 1.3 ng/g ww). Σ2DDC-CO and HBCDD were frequently below the method limit of quantification in the brain, RBCs, plasma, and albumen. Additionally, novel methoxylated-polybrominated diphenoxybenzene contaminants were detected and quantified in herring gull tissues and eggs. The primary difference in PBDE congener profiles was the resistance of both BDE-153 and -154 towards accumulation in the brain, and a corresponding increase in BDE-209 accumulation, which may suggest congener-specific differences in crossing the blood-brain barrier in herring gulls. Maternal transfer rates of PBDEs and non-PBDE HFRs were low (∼4.7 and ∼2.9 % respectively), suggesting that in ovo transfer is not a significant mode of depuration for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Smythe
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Lisa C Mattioli
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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9
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Bandow N, Aitken MD, Geburtig A, Kalbe U, Piechotta C, Schoknecht U, Simon FG, Stephan I. Using Environmental Simulations to Test the Release of Hazardous Substances from Polymer-Based Products: Are Realism and Pragmatism Mutually Exclusive Objectives? MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122709. [PMID: 32549187 PMCID: PMC7345583 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential release of hazardous substances from polymer-based products is currently in the focus of environmental policy. Environmental simulations are applied to expose such products to selected aging conditions and to investigate release processes. Commonly applied aging exposure types such as solar and UV radiation in combination with water contact, corrosive gases, and soil contact as well as expected general effects on polymers and additional ingredients of polymer-based products are described. The release of substances is based on mass-transfer processes to the material surfaces. Experimental approaches to investigate transport processes that are caused by water contact are presented. For tailoring the tests, relevant aging exposure types and release quantification methods must be combined appropriately. Several studies on the release of hazardous substances such as metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, antioxidants, and carbon nanotubes from polymers are summarized exemplarily. Differences between natural and artificial exposure tests are discussed and demonstrated for the release of flame retardants from several polymers and for biocides from paints. Requirements and limitations to apply results from short-term artificial environmental exposure tests to predict long-term environmental behavior of polymers are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bandow
- German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Michael D. Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA;
| | - Anja Geburtig
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ute Kalbe
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Piechotta
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ute Schoknecht
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Franz-Georg Simon
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ina Stephan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
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Koch C, Nachev M, Klein J, Köster D, Schmitz OJ, Schmidt TC, Sures B. Response to Comment on "Degradation of the Polymeric Brominated Flame Retardant "Polymeric FR" by Heat and UV Exposure". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11058. [PMID: 31486633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co . KG, 45966 Gladbeck , Germany
| | - Milen Nachev
- Aquatic Ecology , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Julia Klein
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Applied Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Daniel Köster
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Applied Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
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11
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Buffey K, Davis JW, Kram S, Lukas C, O'Connor JC, Hunter SE. Comment on "Degradation of the Polymeric Brominated Flame Retardant "Polymeric FR" by Heat and UV Exposure". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11056-11057. [PMID: 31486638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Buffey
- DuPont de Nemours Inc. , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - John W Davis
- Dow Chemical Company , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - Shari Kram
- DuPont de Nemours Inc. , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - Christine Lukas
- Dow Chemical Company UK Limited , Birch Vale, High Peak , SK22 1BR , United Kingdom
| | - John C O'Connor
- DuPont de Nemours Inc. , Wilmington , Delaware 19805 , United States
| | - Shawn E Hunter
- DuPont de Nemours Inc. , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
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