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Cedeño Laurent JG, Parhizkar H, Calderon L, Lizonova D, Tsiodra I, Mihalopoulos N, Kavouras I, Alam M, Baalousha M, Bazina L, Kelesidis GA, Demokritou P. Physicochemical Characterization of the Particulate Matter in New Jersey/New York City Area, Resulting from the Canadian Quebec Wildfires in June 2023. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:14753-14763. [PMID: 38984996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The global increase in wildfires, primarily driven by climate change, significantly affects air quality and health. Wildfire-emitted particulate matter (WFPM) is linked to adverse health effects, yet the toxicological mechanisms are not fully understood given its physicochemical complexity and the lack of spatiotemporal exposure data. This study focuses on the physicochemical characterization of WFPM from a Canadian wildfire in June 2023, which affected over 100 million people in the US Northeast, particularly around New Jersey/New York. Aerosol systems were deployed to characterize WFPM during the 3 day event, revealing unprecedented mass concentrations mainly in the WFPM0.1 and WFPM0.1-2.5 size fractions. Peak WFPM2.5 concentrations reached 317 μg/m3, nearly 10 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24 h average limit. Chemical analysis showed a high organic-to-total carbon ratio (96%), consistent with brown carbon wildfires nanoparticles. Large concentrations of high-molecular-weight PAHs were found predominantly bound to WFPM0.1, with retene, a molecular marker of biomass burning and a known teratogen, being the most abundant (>70%). Computational modeling estimated a total lung deposition of 9.15 mg over 72 h, highlighting the health risks of WFPM, particularly due to its long-distance travel capability and impact on densely populated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guillermo Cedeño Laurent
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Hooman Parhizkar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Leonardo Calderon
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Denisa Lizonova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Irini Tsiodra
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, Palea Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, Palea Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ilias Kavouras
- Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, New York 10018, United States
| | - Mahbub Alam
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Lila Bazina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Georgios A Kelesidis
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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2
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Zhang Y, Meliefste K, Hu W, Portengen L, Rothman N, Reiss B, Li J, Xu J, Ning B, Liu D, Cassee FR, Wong JYY, Vermeulen R, Lan Q, Downward GS. Expanded PAH analysis of household air pollution in a rural region of China with high lung cancer incidence. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124717. [PMID: 39147225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The domestic combustion of locally sourced smoky (bituminous) coal in Xuanwei and Fuyuan counties, China, is responsible for some of the highest lung cancer rates in the world. Recent research has pointed to methylated PAHs (mPAHs), particularly 5-methylchrysene (5MC), within coal combustion products as a driving factor. Here we describe measurements of mPAHs in Xuanwei and Fuyuan derived from controlled burnings (i.e., water boiling tests, WBT, n = 27) representing exposures during stove use, and an exposure assessment (EA) study (n=116) representing 24 h weighted exposures. Using smoky coal leads to significantly higher concentrations of known and likely human carcinogens than using smokeless coal, including 5MC (3.7 ng/m3 vs. 1.0 ng/m3 for EA samples and 100.8 ng/m3 vs. 2.2 ng/m3 for WBT samples), benzo[a]pyrene (38.0 ng/m3 vs. 7.9 ng/m3 for EA samples and 455.3 ng/m3 vs. 12.0 ng/m3 for WBT samples), and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (1.9 ng/m3 vs. 0.2 ng/m3 for EA samples and 47.7 ng/m3 vs. 0.6 ng/m3 for WBT samples). Mixed effect models for both EA samples and WBT samples revealed clear variation in mPAHs concentrations depending on smoky coal source while stove ventilation was consistently found to reduce measured concentrations (by up to nine fold and 65 fold for EA and WBT samples respectively when using smoky coal). Fuel type had a larger influence on mPAHs concentrations than stove type. These findings indicate that users of smoky coal experience exposure to many PAHs, including known and suspected human carcinogens (especially during cooking activities), many of which are not routinely tested for. Collectively, this provides insights into the potential etiologies of lung cancer in the region and further highlights the importance of clean fuel transitions and stove refinements as the final goal for reducing household air pollution and its associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Kees Meliefste
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Hu
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Boris Reiss
- Center for Economics and Corporate Sustainability, Faculty of Economics and Business, KU Leuven, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jihua Li
- Xuanwei Center of Disease Control, No.6, Longbao Rd, Xuanwei, Qujing, Yunnan 655400 PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hongkong, Hongkong
| | - Baofu Ning
- Xuanwei Center of Disease Control, No.6, Longbao Rd, Xuanwei, Qujing, Yunnan 655400 PR China
| | - Dingyu Liu
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jason Y Y Wong
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Tsiodra I, Grivas G, Bougiatioti A, Tavernaraki K, Parinos C, Paraskevopoulou D, Papoutsidaki K, Tsagkaraki M, Kozonaki FA, Oikonomou K, Nenes A, Mihalopoulos N. Source apportionment of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and their associated long-term health risks in a major European city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175416. [PMID: 39142411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Many studies have drawn attention to the associations of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) with harmful health effects, advocating for their systematic monitoring alongside simple PAHs to better understand the aerosol carcinogenic potential in urban areas. To address this need, this study conducted an extensive PM2.5 sampling campaign in Athens, Greece, at the Thissio Supersite of the National Observatory of Athens, from December 2018 to July 2021, aiming to characterize the levels and variability of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), perform source apportionment, and assess health risk. Cumulative OPAH concentrations (Σ-OPAHs) were in the same range as Σ-PAHs (annual average 4.2 and 5.6 ng m-3, respectively). They exhibited a common seasonal profile with enhanced levels during the heating seasons, primarily attributed to residential wood burning (RWB). The episodic impact of biomass burning was also observed during a peri-urban wildfire event in May 2021, when PAH and OPAH concentrations increased by a factor of three compared to the monthly average. The study period also included the winter 2020-2021 COVID-19 lockdown, during which PAH and OPAH levels decreased by >50 % compared to past winters. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment, based on a carbonaceous aerosol speciation dataset, identified PAC sources related to RWB, local traffic (gasoline vehicles) and urban traffic (including diesel emissions), as well as an impact of regional organic aerosol. Despite its seasonal character, RWB accounted for nearly half of Σ-PAH and over two-thirds of Σ-OPAH concentrations. Using the estimated source profiles and contributions, the source-specific carcinogenic potency of the studied PACs was calculated, revealing that almost 50 % was related to RWB. These findings underscore the urgent need to regulate domestic biomass burning at a European level, which can provide concrete benefits for improving urban air quality, towards the new stricter EU standards, and reducing long-term health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Tsiodra
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Tavernaraki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Constantine Parinos
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 190 13 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Despina Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Maria Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Faidra-Aikaterini Kozonaki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Nenes
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece.
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4
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Samir S. Human DNA Mutations and their Impact on Genetic Disorders. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2024; 18:288-315. [PMID: 37936448 DOI: 10.2174/0118722083255081231020055309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA is a remarkably precise medium for copying and storing biological information. It serves as a design for cellular machinery that permits cells, organs, and even whole organisms to work. The fidelity of DNA replication results from the action of hundreds of genes involved in proofreading and damage repair. All human cells can acquire genetic changes in their DNA all over life. Genetic mutations are changes to the DNA sequence that happen during cell division when the cells make copies of themselves. Mutations in the DNA can cause genetic illnesses such as cancer, or they could help humans better adapt to their environment over time. The endogenous reactive metabolites, therapeutic medicines, and an excess of environmental mutagens, such as UV rays all continuously damage DNA, compromising its integrity. One or more chromosomal alterations and point mutations at a single site (monogenic mutation) including deletions, duplications, and inversions illustrate such DNA mutations. Genetic conditions can occur when an altered gene is inherited from parents, which increases the risk of developing that particular condition, or some gene alterations can happen randomly. Moreover, symptoms of genetic conditions depend on which gene has a mutation. There are many different diseases and conditions caused by mutations. Some of the most common genetic conditions are Alzheimer's disease, some cancers, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, and sickle cell disease. Interestingly, scientists find that DNA mutations are more common than formerly thought. This review outlines the main DNA mutations that occur along the human genome and their influence on human health. The subject of patents pertaining to DNA mutations and genetic disorders has been brought up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Samir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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5
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Maier MLV, Siddens LK, Pennington JM, Uesugi SL, Labut EM, Vertel EA, Anderson KA, Tidwell LG, Tilton SC, Ognibene TJ, Turteltaub KW, Smith JN, Williams DE. Impact of phenanthrene co-administration on the toxicokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in humans. UPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry following oral microdosing. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110608. [PMID: 37369263 PMCID: PMC10782561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Current risk assessments for environmental carcinogens rely on animal studies utilizing doses orders of magnitude higher than actual human exposures. Epidemiological studies of people with high exposures (e.g., occupational) are of value, but rely on uncertain exposure data. In addition, exposures are typically not to a single chemical but to mixtures, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The extremely high sensitivity of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) allows for dosing humans with known carcinogens with de minimus risk. In this study UPLC-AMS was used to assess the toxicokinetics of [14C]-benzo[a]pyrene ([14C]-BaP) when dosed alone or in a binary mixture with phenanthrene (Phe). Plasma was collected for 48 h following a dose of [14C]-BaP (50 ng, 5.4 nCi) or the same dose of [14C]-BaP plus Phe (1250 ng). Following the binary mixture, Cmax of [14C]-BaP significantly decreased (4.4-fold) whereas the volume of distribution (Vd) increased (2-fold). Further, the toxicokinetics of twelve [14C]-BaP metabolites provided evidence of little change in the metabolite profile of [14C]-BaP and the pattern was overall reduction consistent with reduced absorption (decrease in Cmax). Although Phe was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of the major hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) responsible for metabolism of [14C]-BaP, CYP1A2, the high inhibition constant (Ki) and lack of any increase in unmetabolized [14C]-BaP in plasma makes this mechanism unlikely to be responsible. Rather, co-administration of Phe reduces the absorption of [14C]-BaP through a mechanism yet to be determined. This is the first study to provide evidence that, at actual environmental levels of exposure, the toxicokinetics of [14C]-BaP in humans is markedly altered by the presence of a second PAH, Phe, a common component of environmental PAH mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Vermillion Maier
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jamie M Pennington
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Sandra L Uesugi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Edwin M Labut
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Emily A Vertel
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - Kenneth W Turteltaub
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA; Biology and Biotechnology Research Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - Jordan N Smith
- NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Chemical Biology and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - David E Williams
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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6
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Scaramboni C, Campos MLAM, Dorta DJ, de Oliveira DP, de Medeiros SRB, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Dreij K. Reactive oxygen species-dependent transient induction of genotoxicity by retene in human liver HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023:105628. [PMID: 37302535 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Retene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emitted mainly by biomass combustion, and despite its ubiquity in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), studies concerning its potential hazard to human health are still incipient. In this study, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of retene were investigated in human HepG2 liver cells. Our data showed that retene had minimal effect on cell viability, but induced DNA strand breaks, micronuclei formation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Stronger effects were observed at earlier time points than at longer, indicating transient genotoxicity. Retene activated phosphorylation of Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), an indicator of replication stress and chromosomal instability, which was in accordance with increased formation of micronuclei. A protective effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) towards ROS generation and DNA damage signaling was observed, suggesting oxidative stress as a key mechanism of the observed genotoxic effects of retene in HepG2 cells. Altogether our results suggest that retene may contribute to the harmful effects caused by biomass burning PM and represent a potential hazard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Scaramboni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Lucia Arruda Moura Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Daniel Junqueira Dorta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Gurgatz BM, Garcia MR, Cabral AC, de Souza AC, Nagai RH, Figueira RCL, de Mahiques MM, Martins CC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a Natural Heritage Estuary influenced by anthropogenic activities in the South Atlantic: Integrating multiple source apportionment approaches. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114678. [PMID: 36764149 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed in the sediments of one of the most well-preserved estuaries in South Brazil, the Paranaguá Estuarine System (PES), using several source apportionment tools. The ∑PAH ranged from < DL to 125.6 ng g-1 dw (dry weight) (average 29.9 ± 26.1 ng g-1 dw), and the lowest levels detected were similar to those found in other protected areas of the world. In general, the PAH concentrations indicated excellent environmental quality for the entire estuary. Principal component analysis indicated that fine sediments and total organic carbon were the main factors controlling PAH concentrations in the PES. Multiple PAH sources were identified in the study area; biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion predominated but considerable amounts of petrogenic residues were also observed. We identified evidence of a contribution from an adjacent watershed resulting from the construction of interconnections between large rivers and from years of intense deforestation in the local Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Martins Gurgatz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Centro de Estudos do Mar, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
| | - Marina Reback Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Centro de Estudos do Mar, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Cabral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Centro de Estudos do Mar, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Câmara de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Hanae Nagai
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Centro de Estudos do Mar, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Centro de Estudos do Mar, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 8325-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Rubens C L Figueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Centro de Estudos do Mar, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Centro de Estudos do Mar, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 8325-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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Pereira GM, Nogueira T, Kamigauti LY, Monteiro Dos Santos D, Nascimento EQM, Martins JV, Vicente A, Artaxo P, Alves C, de Castro Vasconcellos P, de Fatima Andrade M. Particulate matter fingerprints in biofuel impacted tunnels in South America's largest metropolitan area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159006. [PMID: 36162571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) from light- (LDV) and heavy-duty (HDV) vehicles based on two traffic tunnel samplings carried out in the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil), which has >7 million vehicles and intense biofuel use. The samples were collected with high-volume samplers and analyzed using chemical characterization techniques (ion and gas chromatography, thermal-optical analysis, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy). Chemical source profiles (%) were calculated based on the measurements performed inside and outside the tunnels. Identifying a high abundance of Fe and Cu for traffic-related PM in the LDV-impacted tunnel was possible, linked with the emission of vehicles powered by ethanol and gasohol (gasoline and ethanol blend). We calculated diagnostic ratios (e.g., EC/Cu, Fe/Cu, pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene/benzo[b]fluoranthene, and fluoranthene/benzo[b]fluoranthene) characteristic of fuel exhausts (diesel/biodiesel and ethanol/gasohol), allowing their use in the assessment of the temporal variation of the fuel type used in urban sites. Element diagnostic ratios (Cu/Sb and Fe/Cu) pointed to the predominance of LDVs exhaust-related copper and can differentiate LDVs exhaust from brake wear emissions. The carbonaceous fraction EC3 was suggested as an HDV emission tracer. A higher total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fraction of traffic-related PM2.5 was observed in the HDV-impacted tunnel, with a predominance of diesel-related pyrene and fluoranthene, as well as higher oxy-PAHs (e.g., 9,10-anthraquinone, associated with biodiesel blends) abundances. However, carcinogenic species presented higher abundances for the LDV-impacted tunnel (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene). These findings highlighted the impact of biofuels on the characteristic ratios of chemical species and pointed to possible markers for LDVs and HDVs exhausts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Vinicius Martins
- Departamento de Mineralogia e Geotectônica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-080 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Vicente
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Alves
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
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Wilson LB, McClure RS, Waters KM, Simonich MT, Tanguay RL. Concentration-response gene expression analysis in zebrafish reveals phenotypically-anchored transcriptional responses to retene. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:950503. [PMID: 36093370 PMCID: PMC9453431 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.950503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and are associated with human disease. Canonically, many PAHs induce toxicity via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway. While the interaction between PAHs and the AHR is well-established, understanding which AHR-regulated transcriptional effects directly result in observable phenotypes and which are adaptive or benign is important to better understand PAH toxicity. Retene is a frequently detected PAH in environmental sampling and has been associated with AHR2-dependent developmental toxicity in zebrafish, though its mechanism of toxicity has not been fully elucidated. To interrogate transcriptional changes causally associated with retene toxicity, we conducted whole-animal RNA sequencing at 48 h post-fertilization after exposure to eight retene concentrations. We aimed to identify the most sensitive transcriptomic responses and to determine whether this approach could uncover gene sets uniquely differentially expressed at concentrations which induce a phenotype. We identified a concentration-response relationship for differential gene expression in both number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and magnitude of expression change. Elevated expression of cyp1a at retene concentrations below the threshold for teratogenicity suggested that while cyp1a expression is a sensitive biomarker of AHR activation, it may be too sensitive to serve as a biomarker of teratogenicity. Genes differentially expressed at only non-teratogenic concentrations were enriched for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway disruption while DEGs identified at only teratogenic concentrations were significantly enriched for response to xenobiotic stimulus and reduction-oxidation reaction activity. DEGs which spanned both non-teratogenic and teratogenic concentrations showed similar disrupted biological processes to those unique to teratogenic concentrations, indicating these processes were disrupted at low exposure concentrations. Gene co-expression network analysis identified several gene modules, including those associated with PAHs and AHR2 activation. One, Module 7, was strongly enriched for AHR2-associated genes and contained the strongest responses to retene. Benchmark concentration (BMC) of Module seven genes identified a median BMC of 7.5 µM, nearly the highest retene concentration with no associated teratogenicity, supporting the hypothesis that Module seven genes are largely responsible for retene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B. Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ryan S. McClure
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Katrina M. Waters
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Michael T. Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Robyn L. Tanguay,
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Numal R, Selcuk O, Kurbanoglu S, Shah A, Siddiq M, Uslu B. Trends In Electrochemical Nanosensors For The Analysis Of Antioxidants. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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11
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Fanali LZ, De Oliveira C, Sturve J. Enzymatic, morphological, and genotoxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:53926-53935. [PMID: 34036510 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish have defense systems that are capable of repairing damages caused by xenobiotics like benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), so the aims of this study were to identify BaP toxicity in melanomacrophages (MMs) cytoskeleton, evaluate the melanin area in MMs, and analyze genotoxicity. Rainbow trout juveniles (n = 24) were split in 48h and 7d treatments that received 2 mg/kg of BaP. After the experiment, blood samples were collected and liver was removed, to proceed with the analysis: EROD activity, MMs melanin area quantification, melanosomes movements, and a genotoxicity test. The results revealed increased in EROD activity after 48-h and 7-day BaP exposure. The group 7d displayed a reduction in MMs pigmented area, melanosomes aggregation, in addition to an increased frequency of micronucleus. By means of the EROD assay, it was possible to confirm the activation of BaP biotransformation system. The impairment of the melanosomes' movements possibly by an inactivation of the protein responsible for the pigment dispersion consequently affects the melanin area and thus might negatively impact the MMs detoxification capacity. In addition to this cytotoxicity, the increased frequency of micronucleus might also indicate the genotoxicity of BaP in this important fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Zácari Fanali
- Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Classius De Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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Vicente ED, Figueiredo D, Gonçalves C, Lopes I, Oliveira H, Kováts N, Pinheiro T, Alves CA. In vitro toxicity of indoor and outdoor PM 10 from residential wood combustion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146820. [PMID: 33839666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm (PM10) was collected, indoors and outdoors, when wood burning appliances (open fireplace and woodstove) were in operation. The PM10 ecotoxicity was assessed with the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay, while the cytotoxicity was evaluated by the WST-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays using A549 cells. Extracts of PM10-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were tested for their mutagenicity through the TA98 and TA100 Ames test. The bioluminescent inhibition assay revealed that indoor particles released from the fireplace were the most toxic. Indoors, the reduction in A549 cell metabolic activity was over two times higher for the fireplace in comparison with the woodstove (32 ± 3.2% and 72 ± 7.6% at the highest dose, respectively). Indoor particles from the fireplace were found to induce greater cytotoxicity than the corresponding outdoor samples. Combined WST-8 and LDH results suggest that PM10 exposure induce apoptotic cell death pathway in which the cell membrane integrity is maintained. Indoor and outdoor samples lacked direct and indirect mutagenic activity in any of the tester strains. For indoor-generated PM10, organic carbon and PAH were significantly correlated with cell viability and bioluminescence reduction, suggesting a role of organic compounds in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela D Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Figueiredo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Gonçalves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nora Kováts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Teresa Pinheiro
- Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia A Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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13
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da Silva Junior FC, Felipe MBMC, Castro DEFD, Araújo SCDS, Sisenando HCN, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. A look beyond the priority: A systematic review of the genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic endpoints of non-priority PAHs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116838. [PMID: 33714059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the toxic potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has increased over time. Much of this knowledge is about the 16 United States - Environmental Protection Agency (US - EPA) priority PAHs; however, there are other US - EPA non-priority PAHs in the environment, whose toxic potential is underestimated. We conducted a systematic review of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies to assess the genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of 13 US - EPA non-priority parental PAHs present in the environment. Electronic databases, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, were used to search for research with selected terms without time restrictions. After analysis, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, 249 articles, published between 1946 and 2020, were selected and the quality assessment of these studies was performed. The results showed that 5-methylchrysene (5-MC), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (7,12-DMBA), cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP), and dibenzo[al]pyrene (Db[al]P) were the most studied PAHs. Moreover, 5-MC, 7,12-DMBA, benz[j]aceanthrylene (B[j]A), CPP, anthanthrene (ANT), dibenzo[ae]pyrene (Db[ae]P), and Db[al]P have been reported to cause mutagenic effects and have been being associated with a risk of carcinogenicity. Retene (RET) and benzo[c]fluorene (B[c]F), the least studied compounds, showed evidence of a strong influence on the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity endpoints. Overall, this systematic review provided evidence of the genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic endpoints of US - EPA non-priority PAHs. However, further studies are needed to improve the future protocols of environmental analysis and risk assessment in severely exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Carlos da Silva Junior
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Denis Elvis Farias de Castro
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Sinara Carla da Silva Araújo
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Herbert Costa Nóbrega Sisenando
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Batistuzzo de Medeiros
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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14
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Zhang M, Tang Z, Yin H, Meng T. Concentrations, distribution and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from seven major river basins in China over the past 20 years. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111717. [PMID: 33277098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river sediments in China have been extensively investigated. However, most previous studies only reported information about specific locations. As a result, the distribution and changes of these chemicals in sediments nationwide remain unknown. Based on published data during 1997-2020, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis to understand the concentration, risk and the spatiotemporal variation of PAHs in river sediments from the seven major river systems in China. The report provides a national picture of PAHs in river sediments of China. Among the seven river systems, higher concentrations of sediment PAHs are found in the basins of Liaohe River and Haihe River. In the study sediments, high-molecular-mass (4-6-ring) PAHs were predominated, reflecting the widespread combustion of coal and fossil fuels across China. In addition, PAH source assessment also suggests that raw coal and crude oil are important contributors to PAH concentrations in the rivers in northeastern China. Over the past 20 years, there is no downward trend in the concentrations of Σ16PAHs in sediments in the seven river basins; but the contribution of high-temperature combustion to the pollution has declined. In addition, our calculated risks from sediment PAHs seem to decline between 1997-2006 and 2007-2017 periods, although the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Of note, the data collection and the risk assessment methods used in this preliminary survey may result in some uncertainty. Our results suggest that the PAHs in river sediments in China still need to be paid attention to due to the complexity of their sources and harms to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Hongmin Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Tong Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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15
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Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part II: Instrumental analysis and occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Wang X, Xiao Z, Gong J, Liu Z, Zhang M, Zhang Z. A prognostic nomogram for lung adenocarcinoma based on immune-infiltrating Treg-related genes: from bench to bedside. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:167-182. [PMID: 33569302 PMCID: PMC7867791 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests that lymphocyte infiltration in the tumor microenvironment is positively correlated with tumorigenesis and development, while the role of Tregs (regulatory T cells) has been controversial. Therefore, we attempted to discover the possible value of Tregs for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods The gene-sequencing data of LUAD were applied from three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets—GSE10072, GSE32863 and GSE43458; the corresponding fractions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells were extracted from the CIBERSORTx portal. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were conducted to identify the significant module and candidate genes related to Tregs. The role of candidate genes in LUAD was further verified using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Finally, we constructed a nomogram model to predict the prognosis of LUAD by plotting Kaplan-Meier (K-M), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves, which elucidated the performance of the nomogram. Results In total, 10,047 genes in 333 samples (196 tumor and 137 normal samples) from the GEO database were included. By WGCNA and PPI analysis, we identified a significant black module and 36 candidate genes related to Treg. Next, the candidate genes were verified using TCGA data by Cox regression analysis to screen 13 hub genes that stratified LUAD patients into low- or high-risk groups. Low-risk patients showed a significantly longer overall survival (OS) than high-risk patients (3-year OS: 70.2% vs. 35.2%; 5-year OS: 36.6% vs. 0; P=1.651E-09), and the areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) showed good (3-year AUC: 0.733; 5-year AUC: 0.777). Next, we constructed a survival nomogram combining the hub genes and clinical parameters; the low-risk patients still showed a favorable prognosis compared with that of the high-risk patients (P=7.073E-13), and the AUCs were better (3-year AUC: 0.763; 5-year AUC: 0.873). Conclusions We revealed the role of immune-infiltrating Treg-related genes in LUAD and constructed a prognostic nomogram, which may help clinicians make optimal therapeutic decisions and help patients obtain better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengtuan Xiao
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jialin Gong
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuo Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengzhe Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Rigaud C, Eriksson A, Rokka A, Skaugen M, Lihavainen J, Keinänen M, Lehtivuori H, Vehniäinen ER. Retene, pyrene and phenanthrene cause distinct molecular-level changes in the cardiac tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae, part 2 - Proteomics and metabolomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141161. [PMID: 32750582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are global contaminants of concern. Despite several decades of research, their mechanisms of toxicity are not very well understood. Early life stages of fish are particularly sensitive with the developing cardiac tissue being a main target of PAHs toxicity. The mechanisms of cardiotoxicity of the three widespread model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) retene, pyrene and phenanthrene were explored in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) early life stages. Newly hatched larvae were exposed to sublethal doses of each individual PAH causing no detectable morphometric alterations. Changes in the cardiac proteome and metabolome were assessed after 7 or 14 days of exposure to each PAH. Phase I and II enzymes regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor were significantly induced by all PAHs, with retene being the most potent compound. Retene significantly altered the level of several proteins involved in key cardiac functions such as muscle contraction, cellular tight junctions or calcium homeostasis. Those findings were quite consistent with previous reports regarding the effects of retene on the cardiac transcriptome. Significant changes in proteins linked to iron and heme metabolism were observed following exposure to pyrene. While phenanthrene also altered the levels of several proteins in the cardiac tissue, no clear mechanisms or pathways could be highlighted. Due to high variability between samples, very few significant changes were detected in the cardiac metabolome overall. Slight but significant changes were still observed for pyrene and phenanthrene, suggesting possible effects on several energetic or signaling pathways. This study shows that early exposure to different PAHs can alter the expression of key proteins involved in the cardiac function, which could potentially affect negatively the fitness of the larvae and later of the juvenile fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Rigaud
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Andreas Eriksson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anne Rokka
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Morten Skaugen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jenna Lihavainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Heli Lehtivuori
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eeva-Riikka Vehniäinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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18
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Jiang S, Fang DA, Xu D. Transcriptome analysis of Takifugu obscurus liver in response to acute retene exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1188-1200. [PMID: 32558618 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1780852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Retene (1-methyl-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene, RET) is an alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with environmental risk to aquatic animals. Takifugu obscurus is a migratory fish species with high economic and ecological value. To assess the toxic effects of RET on molecular metabolism, juvenile T. obscurus in this study were acutely exposed to 44.30 µg/L of RET for four days. The transcriptome profiles of livers were compared between RET treatment group and the control, and the results revealed that 1,897 genes were significantly differentially expressed (DEGs) after exposure to RET, which enriched 17 KEGG pathways. Among these, glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, insulin signaling pathway, and FOXO signaling pathways were significantly activated. Further exploration indicated that RET exposure disrupted glucose metabolism, stimulated insulin metabolism, and activated cell proliferation genes. Overall, these findings help explain the molecular mechanisms underlying RET toxicity, and may offer evidence to support T. obscurus protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulun Jiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Di-An Fang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Dongpo Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
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de Oliveira Galvão MF, Sadiktsis I, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR, Dreij K. Genotoxicity and DNA damage signaling in response to complex mixtures of PAHs in biomass burning particulate matter from cashew nut roasting. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113381. [PMID: 31662259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 3 billion people world-wide are exposed to air pollution from biomass burning. Herein, particulate matter (PM) emitted from artisanal cashew nut roasting, an important economic activity worldwide, was investigated. This study focused on: i) chemical characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated (oxy-) PAHs; ii) intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS); iii) genotoxic effects and time- and dose-dependent activation of DNA damage signaling, and iv) differential expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, inflammation, cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, using A549 lung cells. Among the PAHs, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benz[a]anthracene showed the highest concentrations (7.8-10 ng/m3), while benzanthrone and 9,10-anthraquinone were the most abundant oxy-PAHs. Testing of PM extracts was based on B[a]P equivalent doses (B[a]Peq). IC50 values for viability were 5.7 and 3.0 nM B[a]Peq at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. At these low doses, we observed a time- and dose-dependent increase in intracellular levels of ROS, genotoxicity (DNA strand breaks) and DNA damage signaling (phosphorylation of the protein checkpoint kinase 1 - Chk1). In comparison, effects of B[a]P alone was observed at micromolar range. To our knowledge, no previous study has demonstrated an activation of pChk1, a biomarker used to estimate the carcinogenic potency of PAHs in vitro, in lung cells exposed to cashew nut roasting extracts. Sustained induction of expression of several important stress response mediators of xenobiotic metabolism (CYP1A1, CYP1B1), ROS and pro-inflammatory response (IL-8, TNF-α, IL-2, COX2), and DNA damage response (CDKN1A and DDB2) was also identified. In conclusion, our data show high potency of cashew nut roasting PM to induce cellular stress including genotoxicity, and more potently when compared to B[a]P alone. Our study provides new data that will help elucidate the toxic effects of low-levels of PAH mixtures from air PM generated by cashew nut roasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Felipe de Oliveira Galvão
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kristian Dreij
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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