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Zhao S, Liu M, Meng X, Liu A, Duo L. Waste rubber - Black pollution reframed as a global issue: Ecological challenges and sustainability initiatives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124291. [PMID: 38823550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to "white pollution" originating from waste plastics, waste rubber is often referred to as "black pollution." The quantity and variety of waste rubber are increasing at an alarming rate, with a considerable fraction entering the global ecosystem via various pathways. This study presents the first critical review of waste rubber research with a focus on the risks associated with toxicant discharge and existing problems in waste rubber disposal, management, and recycling practices. We aim to obtain a comprehensive understanding of current research, particularly regarding the ecological impacts of these wastes, highlight major gaps, and propose the most significant research directions. A total of 192 studies published in journals were critically analysed. The importance of conducting long-term and large-scale experiments and developing efficient waste rubber recycling systems is also emphasised. This study highlights the need to address the challenges posed by waste rubber pollution and offers insights and references for undertaking ecological risk assessments and understanding the mechanisms underlying toxicant behaviour. Suggestions and countermeasures are proposed with ecosystem sustainability as the ultimate goal. Further long-term, comprehensive, and systematic research in this area is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Menghan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xiuying Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Anran Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Li'an Duo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
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Teixeira J, Bessa MJ, Delerue-Matos C, Sarmento B, Santos-Silva A, Rodrigues F, Oliveira M. Firefighters' personal exposure to gaseous PAHs during controlled forest fires: A case study with estimation of respiratory health risks and in vitro toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168364. [PMID: 37963534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters are daily exposed to adverse health-hazardous pollutants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), well known endocrine disruptors with carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties, are among the most relevant pollutants. The characterization of firefighters' occupational exposure to airborne PAHs remains limited; information is scarce for European firefighters. Also, the in vitro assessment of firefighters' respiratory health risks is inexistent. To reply to these scientific gaps, this work characterizes the levels of gaseous PAH in firefighters' personal air during regular working activities at controlled forest fires and at fire stations (control group). Breathable levels were 2.2-26.7 times higher during fire events than in the control group (2.63-32.63 μg/m3versus 1.22 μg/m3, p < 0.001); the available occupational guidelines (100 and 200 μg/m3 defined by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the North American Occupational Safety and Health Administration, respectively) were not exceeded. Concentrations of (possible/probable) carcinogenic PAHs were 1.9-15.3 times superior during firefighting (p < 0.001). Increased values of total benzo(a)pyrene equivalents (p = 0.101), dose rates (p < 0.001), and carcinogenic risks (p = 0.063) were estimated in firefighters during controlled fires comparatively with the control group. Firefighters' breathable gaseous phase collected during fire events contributed to induce a significant viability decrease (<70 %; p < 0.05) in A549 and Calu-3 cell lines. The principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the differentiation between firefighters participating in controlled fire events from the control group. PCA analysis demonstrated the potential of PAHs to distinguish different sources of firefighters´ occupational exposure and of combining estimated health risk parameters with in vitro toxicities determined with human-breathable air collected during real-life scenarios. Overall, the participation in controlled fire events contributes to the respiratory health burden of firefighting forces. However, more studies are needed to corroborate these preliminary findings, explore the respiratory toxicological mechanisms, and support the implementation of preventive actions and mitigation strategies to pursue firefighters' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bessa
- UNIPRO - Unidade de Investigação em Patologia e Reabilitação Oral, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- UNIPRO - Unidade de Investigação em Patologia e Reabilitação Oral, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Saúde e a Bioeconomia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
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Dung NT, Toan VD, Mai NT, Ha NNM, Huong NTL. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Domestic Solid Waste Incinerators in Nam Dinh Province, Northern Area of Vietnam: A Comprehensive Assessment of Emission, Source Markers and Human Health Risk. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:18. [PMID: 37466742 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive research of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emission from domestic waste incinerators in northern areas of Vietnam, were investigated. Sixty-four samples from two domestic waste incinerators were collected and analyzed for PAHs. The PAHs concentrations in the samples were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In April, June, September, and November 2021, Σ16PAHs mean concentrations in chimney air samples were 970.9 ± 57.4, 1061.9 ± 49.8, 1070.7 ± 41.3 and 1136.1 ± 136.5 µg m-3, respectively. The mean emission factors of Σ16PAHs were 7.5 mg/kg. The mean percentages of low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in the analyzed air samples. The toxic equivalent quotient of samples ranged from 30.7 to 41.7 mg/kg, whereas the incremental lifetime cancer risk exceeded 10- 3. This results implied a high level of concern with potentially negative health consequences. The four diagnostic ratios of PAHs were found and can be used for identification of sources markers from domestic waste incinerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Dung
- Center of Science Technology and Environment, Vietnam Cooperative Alliances, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Duc Toan
- Research of Organic Matter Group (ROOM), Environmental and Life Science Research Laboratory, Thuyloi University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Ngo Tra Mai
- Institute of Physics, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Nu My Ha
- Ha Tinh University, Cam Vinh Commune, Cam Xuyen District, Ha Tinh, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan Huong
- Research of Organic Matter Group (ROOM), Environmental and Life Science Research Laboratory, Thuyloi University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Zhang X, Li Z. Investigating industrial PAH air pollution in relation to population exposure in major countries: A scoring approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117801. [PMID: 36996564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common air pollutants worldwide, associated with industrial processes. In the general population, both modeling and field studies revealed a positive correlation between air PAH concentrations and urinary PAH metabolite levels. Many countries lack population urinary data that correspond to local PAH air concentrations. Thus, we proposed a scoring-based approximate approach to investigating that correlation in selected countries, hypothesizing that PAH air concentrations in selected regions could represent the national air quality influenced by industrial emission and further correlate to PAH internal exposure in the general population. This research compiled 85 peer-reviewed journal articles and 9 official monitoring datasets/reports covering 34 countries, 16 of which with both atmospheric PAH data and human biomonitoring data. For the air pollution score (AirS), Egypt had the highest AirS at 0.94 and Pakistan was at the bottom of the score ranking at -1.95, as well as the median in the UK (AirS: 0.50). For the population exposure score (ExpS), China gained the top ExpS at 0.44 and Spain was with the lowest ExpS of -1.52, with the median value in Italy (ExpS: 0.43). Through the correlation analysis, atmospheric PAHs and their corresponding urinary metabolites provided a positive relationship to a diverse extent, indicating that the related urinary metabolites could reflect the population's exposure to specific atmospheric PAHs. The findings also revealed that in the 16 selected countries, AirS indexes were positively correlated with ExpS indexes, implying that higher PAH levels in the air may lead to elevated metabolite urinary levels in general populations. Furthermore, lowering PAH air concentrations could reduce population internal PAH exposure, implying that strict PAH air regulation or emission would reduce health risks for general populations. Notably, this study was an ideal theoretical research based on proposed assumptions to some extent. Further research should focus on understanding exposure pathways, protecting vulnerable populations, and improving the PAH database to optimize PAH pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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5
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Hoang AQ, Takahashi S, Tuyen LH, Tue NM, Tu NM, Nguyen TTT, Tu MB. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air and Dust Samples from Vietnamese End-of-life Vehicle Processing Workshops: Contamination Status, Sources, and Exposure Risks. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:110. [PMID: 37306801 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 18 unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 11 methylated derivatives (Me-PAHs) were measured in polyurethane foam-based passive air (PUF-PAS) and settled dust samples collected from end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing workshops in northern Vietnam. Concentrations of total 29 PAHs ranged from 42 to 95 (median 57) ng/m3 and from 860 to 18,000 (median 5700) ng/g in air and dust samples, respectively. PAH levels in ELV air and dust samples were 1.5 ± 0.4 and 9.4 ± 7.9 times higher than levels found in a control house, suggesting ELV processing as potential PAH emission sources. Concentrations and proportions of Me-PAHs in total PAHs of the ELV air (26% ± 7%) and dust (41% ± 14%) were higher than those found in control house (18% in both air and dust). The occurrence of PAHs and Me-PAHs in the ELV workshops are attributed to not only pyrogenic but also petrogenic sources (i.e., improper treatment and management of fuels, lubricants, and vehicle oils).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nhat Minh Tu
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Thai Nguyen, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
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Jiang H, Li J, Zhang R, Pansak W, Zhong G, Li K, Zhao S, Bualert S, Phewnil O, Zhang G. Mapping the Contribution of Biomass Burning to Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Air of the Indo-China Peninsula Based on a Passive Air Monitoring Network. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2274-2285. [PMID: 36657182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is an important source of atmospheric persistent organic pollutants (POPs) across the world. However, there are few field-based regional studies regarding the POPs released from BB. Due to the current limitations of emission factors and satellites, the contribution of BB to airborne POPs is still not well understood. In this study, with the simultaneous monitoring of BB biomarkers and POPs based on polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling technique, we mapped the contribution of BB to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Indo-China Peninsula. Spearman correlations between levoglucosan and 16 PCBs (rs = 0.264-0.767, p < 0.05) and 2 OCPs (rs = 0.250-0.328, p < 0.05) confirmed that BB may facilitate POP emissions. Source apportionment indicated that BB contributed 9.3% to the total PCB and OCP mass. The high contribution of positive matrix factorization-resolved BB to PCBs and OCPs was almost consistent with their concentration distributions in the open BB season but not completely consistent with those in the pre-monsoon and/or monsoon seasons. Their contribution distributions may reflect the use history and geographic distribution in secondary sources of POPs. The field-based contribution dataset of BB to POPs is significant in improving regional BB emission inventories and model prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wanwisa Pansak
- Department of Agricultural Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Surat Bualert
- Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Onanong Phewnil
- Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Tran LT, Kieu TC, Bui HM, Nguyen NT, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen DT, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen HTA, Le TH, Takahashi S, Tu MB, Hoang AQ. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dusts from industrial factories, offices, and houses in northern Vietnam: Contamination characteristics and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2375-2388. [PMID: 34196882 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Information about the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dusts from various industrial sectors in Southeast Asia is still scarce. In this study, concentrations and congener-specific profiles of PBDEs were determined in indoor dusts from industrial factories, offices, and houses in northern Vietnam. Levels of Σ8PBDEs were higher in the office dusts (median 270; range 230-300 ng/g) and factory dusts (170; 89-510 ng/g) than in the house dusts (61; 25-140 ng/g). BDE-209 was the most dominant congener, accounting for 27-98% (average 62%) of Σ8PBDEs, suggesting the abundance of products treated with deca-BDE mixtures. Residential, commercial, and industrial activities in the studied locations of this survey were not significant sources of PBDEs as compared to those of informal waste processing activities in Vietnam. Relatively low PBDE concentrations detected in our dust samples partially reflect effectiveness of the global PBDE phase-out. Human exposure and health risk associated with dust-bound PBDEs were estimated, indicating acceptable levels of risk (i.e., neurobehavioral effects). The contributions of workplace dusts in total daily intake doses of PBDEs via dust ingestion were more important for local workers in informal recycling areas than factory workers and general population, raising the need of appropriate labor protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieu Thi Tran
- Viet Nam National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 99 Tran Quoc Toan, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tien Cao Kieu
- Viet Nam National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 99 Tran Quoc Toan, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hien Minh Bui
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nghia Trong Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Environment, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Khoai Chau, 17000, Hung Yen, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Dat Tien Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Anh Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Huu Le
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
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8
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Arias AH, Pozo KA, Álvarez MB, Pribylová P, Tombesi NB. Atmospheric PAHs in rural, urban, industrial and beach locations in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina: sources and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2419-2433. [PMID: 34255223 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The first atmospheric PAHs levels and associated inhalation cancer risk were assessed over southwest Buenos Aires region by deploying PUF disk PAS samplers. Eight sampling location included coastal zones, touristic beaches, and rural inland areas were considered. PUF disks were fortified with surrogate standards and extracted by automated Soxhlet prior to GC-MS analysis. Σ16 PAHs ranged from 1.13 to 44.5 ng m-3 (10.3 ± 9.8), while urban locations showed up to 10 times higher PAH levels than rural or beach locations. Direct sources of PAHs, such as intensive vehicle traffic, heating, and general combustion activities, were identified. PAHs with four to six rings (46.62%) were predominantly Flt, Pyr, BbF, and BkF, and carcinogenic risk was expressed by BaP (0.10 ± 0.07 ng m-3) and BaPTEQs (0.26 ± 0.22 ng m-3). Inhalation ECR (2.23E-5, WHO) presented the lowest risk at beach locations. Molecular ratios and PCA showed a strong dominance in pyrolytic sources, such as biomass and coal combustion, with a particular signature in fires at inland locations. Overall, this study demonstrated that PUF disk passive air sampling provided a sound and simple approach for tracking air PAHs, their sources and public health risks, bringing a cost-effective tool for pollution control measures, even at small and remote towns. This is particularly relevant in extensive countries with medium or low income, such as Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés H Arias
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
- IADO, Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, CCT-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Karla A Pozo
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mónica B Álvarez
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Petra Pribylová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Norma B Tombesi
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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9
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Akinrinade OE, Stubbings WA, Abdallah MAE, Ayejuyo O, Alani R, Harrad S. Atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, and novel flame retardants in Lagos, Nigeria indicate substantial local sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112091. [PMID: 34562477 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and novel flame retardants (NFRs) like decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Despite this, little is known about their concentrations in outdoor air in the African continent. To address this knowledge gap, concentrations of BFRs, NFRs, and PCBs were measured in outdoor air at 8 sites located within the metropolitan area of Lagos, Nigeria. Concentrations of ∑8BDEs, ∑HBCDD, ∑7NFRs and ∑8PCBs were: 21-750 (median = 100) pg/m3, <12-180 (median = < 12) pg/m3, 34-900 (median = 300) pg/m3 and 85-460 (median = 300) pg/m3, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209, range: <16-620 pg/m3, median = 71 pg/m3) and DBDPE (range: <37-890 pg/m3, median = 280 pg/m3) were the dominant BFRs detected, while the non-Arochlor PCB 11 (range: 49-220 pg/m3, median = 100 pg/m3) was the dominant PCB. To the authors' knowledge, these are the first data on the non-Arochlor PCB 11 in outdoor air in Africa. In general, concentrations of all target contaminants in this study were within the range reported elsewhere in Africa and worldwide. Likely due to the tropical climate of Lagos, no seasonal variation in concentrations was discernible for any of the target contaminants. While concentrations of PBDEs and some NFRs were correlated with population density, concentrations of PCBs appear more impacted by leaks from electrical transformers and for PCB 11 to proximity to activities like textile factories that produce and use dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Emmanuel Akinrinade
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | - Rose Alani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Ramadan BS, Rachman I, Ikhlas N, Kurniawan SB, Miftahadi MF, Matsumoto T. A comprehensive review of domestic-open waste burning: recent trends, methodology comparison, and factors assessment. JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 2022; 24:1633-1647. [PMID: 35615496 PMCID: PMC9122483 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-022-01430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Open burning is a waste management practice performed by many people worldwide, especially in developing countries. Lack of detailed data of open burning practices may lead to a misinterpretation during data analysis, especially when estimating global/local emissions and assessing risks. This study presents a comprehensive review of current research trends, methodological assessments, and factors behind open waste burning practices from published literature. This review used systematic methods such as PRISMA 2020 methodology, a bibliometric approach, and qualitative content analysis to determine and assess 84 articles related to open burning. The results show that environmental risks and emission factors related to open burning incidents at the landfill or residential level are preferable topics that will be rising in the years to come. Coupling methods such as a transect-based approach with a questionnaire survey and mobile-static plume sampling to determine the activities and incidents as baseline data for risk assessment will help researchers gain a robust dataset of open burning emission inventory. In addition, it was found that environmental knowledge and awareness levels influence open burning practices, thereby opening up opportunities for future research. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10163-022-01430-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan
- Graduate Programs in Environmental Systems, Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, 808-0135 Japan
- Environmental Sustainability Research Group (ENSI-RG), Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275 Indonesia
| | - Indriyani Rachman
- Graduate Programs in Environmental Systems, Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, 808-0135 Japan
- Department of Natural Science Education, School of Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Pakuan, Bogor, 16143 Indonesia
| | - Nurani Ikhlas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo-Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111 Indonesia
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Machmuddin Fitra Miftahadi
- Graduate Programs in Environmental Systems, Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, 808-0135 Japan
| | - Toru Matsumoto
- Graduate Programs in Environmental Systems, Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, 808-0135 Japan
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11
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Hoang AQ, Aono D, Kawashima A, Hamada N, Falahudin D, Watanabe I, Tsugeki NK, Kuwae M, Takahashi S. Determination of brominated flame retardants including polybrominated diphenyl ethers, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobiphenyl, and decabromodiphenyl ethane in sediment samples: Validation of a rapid and efficient clean-up method and application to a sediment core from Lake Biwa, Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130867. [PMID: 34010717 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of rapid and efficient analytical method for the determination of legacy and current-use brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has been performed due to environmental concern related to these pollutants. In the present study, we used an automated clean-up device equipped with pre-packed micro-column sets (containing sulfuric acid impregnated silica gel and silver-modified alumina) to develop an effective purification method for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobiphenyl, and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in sediment extracts. Matrix-spiked sediments (n = 6) and the Standard Reference Material® 1944 samples (n = 6) were tested. Our method showed acceptable accuracy, repeatability, and sensitivity for almost all the target compounds with reduced processing time, labor requirement, and solvent amounts as compared to conventional clean-up method (e.g., sulfuric acid treatment and self-packed chromatographic columns). The validated method was applied to sediment core samples (n = 16) collected in 2019 from Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan. PBDEs were detected in sediment samples of 0-13 cm depth (dated between 1990 and 2019) at relatively low concentrations (median 5.7; range 2.6-9.4 ng/g dry weight). PBDE profiles were dominated by BDE-209, which accounted for 91 ± 10% of total PBDEs. Among other BFRs, only DBDPE was found in sediment layers of 0-9 cm depth (deposited between 2005 and 2019). DBDPE concentrations ranged from 0.43 to 1.6 (median 0.71) ng/g and showed increasing trend toward shallower depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Daichi Aono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ayato Kawashima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Dede Falahudin
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Narumi K Tsugeki
- Faculty of Law, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8578, Japan
| | - Michinobu Kuwae
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
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Duong HT, Doan NH, Trinh HT, Kadokami K. Occurrence and risk assessment of herbicides and fungicides in atmospheric particulate matter in Hanoi, Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147674. [PMID: 34004539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vietnam is a Southeast Asian developing country with rapidly increasing air pollution, especially in large cities. Over 350,000 chemicals and chemical mixtures are produced and used in Vietnam; however, the country has only implemented air quality standards for 44 substances, which are primarily focused on inorganic and volatile organic compounds. Although numerous pesticides are frequently applied across large cities in Vietnam, information on their concentrations in atmospheric particulate matter (APM) is limited. Therefore, to investigate their occurrence and health effects, 187 pesticides in APM were screened using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-quadrupole time of flight- Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Spectra method (LC-QTOF-MS-SWATH). A total of 22 pesticides (16 fungicides and 6 herbicides) were quantified in the dry and rainy seasons. Among them, 19 substances were quantified in APM for the first time in Vietnam. Their median total concentrations in the dry season were higher than those in the rainy season, and the concentrations in the daytime were one-third of the night-time concentrations in both seasons. Their total levels ranged from 0.82 to 21.1 ng m-3 (median, 3.63 ng m-3), the detection frequencies of 9 pesticides were higher than 70%, and 7-14 pesticides were detected per sample (median, 10). Some of the detected pesticides were likely sourced from their prevalent use in amenity turf protection (e.g., in parks and public roads) and weed control (e.g., in gardens, floriculture, and agriculture). The total daily intake (DIair) values for adults, children, and infants were 8.17E-06, 2.06E-05, and 2.45E-05 mg kg-1 d-1, respectively, and the highest Hazard Quotients (HQs) were 4.81E-04, 1.22E-03, and 1.44E-03, respectively. All HQs and HIs of the pesticides were < 1 for all population groups (adults, children, and infants), indicating negligible exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Hai Doan
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University, Kioicho 7-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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13
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Hoang AQ, Takahashi S, Da Le N, Hoang TTH, Duong TT, Pham TMH, Nguyen TD, Phung TXB, Nguyen TAH, Le HT, Nguyen MT, Tu MB, Nguyen YTH, Nguyen TML, Phung VP, Le TPQ. Unsubstituted and Methylated PAHs in Surface Sediment of Urban Rivers in the Red River Delta (Hanoi, Vietnam): Concentrations, Profiles, Sources, and Ecological Risk Assessment. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:475-486. [PMID: 33760936 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (22 PAHs and 17 Me-PAHs) were examined in surface sediments collected from the Red River and four inner-city rivers of Hanoi City, Vietnam. Concentrations of total PAHs and Me-PAHs ranged from 52 to 920 (median 710) and from 70 to 2600 (median 1000) ng/g dry weight in samples of dry and wet seasons, respectively. Significant correlation was observed between total PAHs and organic carbon contents (Spearman's ρ = 0.782; p < 0.05). PAHs were more abundant than Me-PAHs in all samples and dominated by 4-6 ring compounds. The most predominant PAHs were benzo[ghi]perylene, benzo[b/j]fluoranthene, chrysene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene. Methylated derivatives of naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and benz[a]anthracene were frequently detected. The patterns of PAHs indicated principal pyrogenic sources (notably gasoline exhaust) in this highly urbanized area. The occurrence of several PAHs were occasionally associated with adverse effects on benthic organisms of the inner-city rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nhu Da Le
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Ha Hoang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thuy Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | | | - Tien Dat Nguyen
- Center of Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | | | - Thi Anh Huong Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Huu Tuyen Le
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tue Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Yen Thi Hong Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yersin, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Minh Loi Nguyen
- Quang Binh University, 312 Ly Thuong Kiet, Dong Hoi, Quang Binh, 47000, Vietnam
| | - Vu Phong Phung
- Institute for Technology of Radioactive and Rare Elements, 48 Lang Ha, Dong Da, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Quynh Le
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
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14
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Mollahosseini A, Rastegari M, Panahi-Dehghan M. Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile/Clinoptilolite Coating for SPME of PAHs from Water Samples. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:401-407. [PMID: 34159366 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/clinoptilolite (PAN/CP) nanofibers were used to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene) from water samples by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The target PAHs was detected and quantified by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector. The PAN/CP fibrous coating with uniform morphology and without beads was electrospun after optimizing the electrospinning parameters by the Taguchi method. Thermogravimetric analysis of PAN/CP nanofibers indicated that the nanofibers are thermally stable up to 357°C. The effective parameters that affect the extraction by SPME were optimized using the response surface methodology based on the central composite design. The limits of detection and limits of quantification by the proposed method were 0.10-0.32 and 0.45-1.12 ng mL-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations were below 12%. The method was assessed for extracting PAHs from real samples including agricultural water, rainwater and spring water. The obtained relative recoveries were higher than 86%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Mollahosseini
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rastegari
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/13114, Tehran, Iran.,Environmental Research Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Panahi-Dehghan
- Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846/13114, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Hoang AQ, Takahashi S, Da Le N, Duong TT, Huong Pham TM, Mai Pham TN, Huong Nguyen TA, Tran TM, Tu MB, Quynh Le TP. Comprehensive determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in surface sediment samples from Hanoi urban area, Vietnam: Contamination status, accumulation profiles, and potential ecological risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111158. [PMID: 33887272 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive and updated information about polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in surface sediments from Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam, is rather scarce. In this study, concentrations and profiles of 209 PCBs, 41 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were determined in sediment samples collected from the Red River and some inner-city rivers of Hanoi. Concentrations (ng/g dry weight, median and range) of pollutants decreased in the order: DBDPE (28; not detected ND - 59) ≈ PCBs (27; 1.7-50) > PBDEs (23; 0.20-61) > HBCD (1.2; ND - 5.2) > BTBPE (0.46; ND - 3.6) > BB-153 (0.004; ND - 0.014) > PBEB (ND). Pollutant levels in the inner-city river sediments were about one to two orders of magnitude higher than those measured in the Red River main stream sediments. Tri-to hexa-CBs are major homologs but detailed profiles vary between individual samples, reflecting source and/or seasonal variations. CB-11 and CB-209 were found at higher proportions in sediments than in technical PCB mixtures, suggesting their novel sources from pigments. Deca-BDE and DBDPE are the most predominant BFRs with an increasing trend predicted for DBDPE. A preliminary ecological risk assessment was conducted for these pollutants in sediments. Total PCBs and deca-BDE in a few inner-city river sediments may exhibit adverse effects on benthic organisms, but no serious risk was estimated in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nhu Da Le
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thuy Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | | | - Thi Ngoc Mai Pham
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Anh Huong Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Phuong Quynh Le
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam.
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Anh HQ, Nguyen HMN, Do TQ, Tran KQ, Minh TB, Tran TM. Air pollution caused by phthalates and cyclic siloxanes in Hanoi, Vietnam: Levels, distribution characteristics, and implications for inhalation exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143380. [PMID: 33183807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination status and distribution characteristics of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (CSs) were determined in the air (gas and particle) samples collected from indoor and outdoor spaces of several chemistry laboratories, offices, and homes from urban area of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Air concentrations of Σ10PAEs (median 688; range 142-2390 ng m-3) and Σ3CSs (171; not detected-1100 ng m-3) in the indoor air samples were significantly higher than those measured in the outdoor ones (Σ10PAEs: 161; 34.1-515 ng m-3 and Σ3CSs: 43.2; not detected-258 ng m-3), partly suggesting the predominance of indoor emission sources of these substances. There were significant positive correlations in total air concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes between the indoor and outdoor air samples. The most predominant phthalates were diethyl-, di-n-butyl-, diisobutyl-, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. For siloxanes, D5 and D6 were more abundant than D4 in most samples. Except for di(2-ethylhexyl)- and di-n-octyl phthalate in some locations, almost all the compounds were likely associated with gas phase than particle phase. Daily intake doses of airborne phthalates and siloxanes, and non-cancer and cancer risks of selected phthalates were estimated for different exposure groups such as adults, children, and university subjects (e.g., laboratory staff and students), indicating relatively low levels of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ha My Nu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam; Ha Tinh University, Cam Vinh commune, Cam Xuyen district, Ha Tinh 45000, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Do
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Khiem Quang Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam.
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Hoang AQ, Aono D, Watanabe I, Kuwae M, Kunisue T, Takahashi S. Contamination levels and temporal trends of legacy and current-use brominated flame retardants in a dated sediment core from Beppu Bay, southwestern Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129180. [PMID: 33307412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contamination levels and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and some alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in a dated sediment core from the deepest part of the Beppu Bay, southwestern Japan. PBDEs were found in the upper layers of 0-15 cm depth at concentrations ranging from 5200 to 32,600 pg g-1 with the peak estimated at 1995. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the most abundant congener, accounting for 96% in average of total PBDEs. The vertical profile of BDE-209 observed in our sediment core generally agreed with the historical pattern of domestic demand of commercial deca-BDE mixtures in Japan, and perfectly matched with maximum stock of these products (i.e., 42,000 tons in 1995). Among alternative BFRs, only decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a replacement of deca-BDE, was found at significant levels with concentrations of 69-850 pg g-1 in sediment layers dated between 1991 and 2011. Ratios of DBDPE to BDE-209 gradually increased during this period, implying opposite trends of these two compounds and the role of DBDPE as a deca-BDE's alternative. The occurrence of deca-BDE components in sediments may pose medium risk to benthic aquatic life, while the ecological risk of other PBDE homologs and DBDPE was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Daichi Aono
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Michinobu Kuwae
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
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Nguyen TTT, Hoang AQ, Nguyen VD, Nguyen HT, Van Vu T, Vuong XT, Tu MB. Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and medical waste incinerators in northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:13340-13351. [PMID: 33184790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and congener profiles of seven di- to hexachlorinated benzenes (CBzs) were characterized in bottom ash and fly ash samples collected simultaneously from one medical waste incinerator (MEWI) and one municipal waste incinerator (MUWI) in northern Vietnam. Total concentrations of seven CBzs in the fly ash samples ranged from 6.98 to 34.4 (median 19.1) ng g-1 in the MEWI, and ranged from 59.1 to 391 (median 197) ng g-1 in the MUWI. Concentrations of CBzs in the bottom ash samples of the MEWI (median 1.95; range 1.53-5.98 ng g-1) were also lower than those measured in the MUWI samples (median 17.4; range 14.5-42.6 ng g-1). Levels of CBzs in the fly ash samples were significantly higher than concentrations measured in the bottom ash samples, partially indicating the low-temperature catalytic formation of these pollutants in post-combustion zone. In general, higher chlorinated congeners (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene) were more abundant than lower chlorinated compounds. However, compositional profiles of CBzs were different between the ash types and incinerators and even between the same sample types of different sampling days, suggesting that the formation of CBzs in these incinerators is complicated and influenced by many factors. Emission factors and annual emission amounts of CBzs were estimated for the two incinerators by using actually measured data of CBz concentrations in the ash. Daily intake doses and cancer risks of ash-bound CBzs estimated for workers in the two incinerators were generally lower than critical values, but cancer risks caused by other relevant pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxin-related compounds) were not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam.
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Vinh Dinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Hue Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tu Van Vu
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Truong Vuong
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
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19
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Armada D, Celeiro M, Martinez-Fernandez A, Nurerk P, Dagnac T, Llompart M. Miniaturized active air sampling method for the analysis of tire rubber pollutants from indoor and outdoor places. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1694-1705. [PMID: 33566448 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An effective, quick, and sustainable air analysis method was developed to analyze 41 volatiles and semivolatile organic compounds present in tire rubber and crumb rubber materials. The proposed method, based on active sampling using a sorbent material followed by an ultrasound assisted extraction, was developed with the aim of obtaining a fast and simple procedure to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plasticizers, antioxidants, and vulcanization agents in air. A small amount of sorbent (25 mg) was used, and the analytes were recovered in only 1 mL of solvent. An experimental design was applied to study the influence of main factors such as type of sorbent and type of solvent, extraction technique (ultrasound-assisted extraction and vortex extraction), extraction time, as well as the factor interactions. Under optimal conditions, no breakthrough occurs in the studied interval (up to 4 m3 ). Linearity was demonstrated in a wide concentration range. Accuracy of the total sampling-extraction analysis was evaluated obtaining satisfactory recoveries as well as good precision. The method was successfully applied to different outdoor and indoor air environments, including a recycled rubber synthetic turf football pitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Armada
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antia Martinez-Fernandez
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Piyaluk Nurerk
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Agronomic and Agrarian Research Centre (AGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Llompart
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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20
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls in pigments: An updated review on their formation, emission sources, contamination status, and toxic effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142504. [PMID: 33035974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation, emission, environmental occurrence, and potential adverse effects of unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in pigments are reviewed, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date picture on these pollutants. PCBs are typically formed during manufacturing of organic pigments that involve chlorinated intermediates and reaction solvents, rather than those of inorganic pigments. Concentrations and profiles of PCBs vary greatly among pigment types and producers, with total PCB levels ranging from lower than detection limits to several hundred ppm; major components can be low-chlorinated (e.g., CB-11) or high-chlorinated congeners (e.g., CB-209). Pigment-derived PCBs can be released into the environment through different steps including pigment production, application, and disposal. They can contaminate atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystems, and then affect organisms living there. This situation garners scientific and public attention to nonlegacy emissions of PCBs and suggests the need for appropriate monitoring, management, and abatement strategies regarding these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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21
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Takahashi S, Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Aono D, Kuwae M, Kunisue T. Characterization of mono- to deca-chlorinated biphenyls in a well-preserved sediment core from Beppu Bay, Southwestern Japan: Historical profiles, emission sources, and inventory. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140767. [PMID: 32758843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination levels and profiles of mono- to deca-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were characterized in a sediment core dated in 1954-2011 from Beppu Bay, southwestern Japan, providing a comprehensive and detailed picture on the environmental occurrence, temporal trends, and emission sources of these pollutants in the study area. Concentrations of total PCBs in the core ranged from 3.5 to 150 (median 15) ng g-1 dry weight and exhibited depth profile matching with Japanese PCB production and emission patterns (i.e., drastically increasing from the early 1960s, peaking in 1970, and then rapidly decreasing). Origin of PCBs in the studied samples largely associated with Kanechlor mixtures (e.g., KC-300 and KC-400), especially for sediment layers dated between the mid-1960s and early 1970s (i.e., the intensive PCB production period in Japan). In addition, dechlorination and weathering signals and emerging inputs of PCBs were also observed in deeper and shallower sediment segments with notable proportions of some unique congeners such as CB-47/48/51 and CB-11, respectively. Historical fluxes of PCBs in our samples showed quite similar vertical shape as concentrations. In the context of national implementation for complete treatment of PCB-containing waste until 2024, further investigations on spatiotemporal trends and environmental loads of PCBs in Japan are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Daichi Aono
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Michinobu Kuwae
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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22
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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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23
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Tran TM, Trinh HT, Anh HQ, Van Le T, Le SN, Minh TB. Characterization of triclosan and triclocarban in indoor dust from home micro-environments in Vietnam and relevance of non-dietary exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139326. [PMID: 32413620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination status, spatial variability, and exposure risk of triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) in indoor dusts from different micro-environments were evaluated for the first time in Vietnam as well as in Southeast Asian region. TCS and TCC were measured in 89 dust samples collected from bedrooms, living rooms, and kitchens of private houses in four northern cities including Hanoi, Bac Ninh, Hung Yen, and Nam Dinh, by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of TCS and TCC ranged from <5 to 1090 (median 33.2) and from <3 to 531 (median 19.3) ng g-1, respectively. Concentrations of TCS and TCC in the kitchen and bedroom dusts were markedly higher than levels found in the living room samples, probably due to their applications in kitchen utensils, household cleaning reagents, and personal care products. A strong positive correlation between TCS and TCC concentrations was detected in the whole dataset (R2 = 0.810, p < 0.001). For samples in which both TCS and TCC were quantified, TCS/TCC ratios ranged from 0.3 to 12 with a median value of 1.8, and did not show big differences between micro-environments. Human exposures to TCS and TCC through dust ingestion were estimated for various age groups with 95% CI daily intake doses ranging from (0.032-0.070) to (0.340-0.740) and from (0.017-0.033) to (0.175-0.345) ng kg-bw-1 d-1 for adults and infants respectively. Although our derived values were much lower than reference doses, more comprehensive risk assessment considering multiple exposure pathways of TCS and TCC is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Hue Thi Trinh
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Research, Duy Tan University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Trong Van Le
- National Center for Food Analysis and Assessment, Food Industries Research Institute, 301 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Son Ngoc Le
- National Center for Food Analysis and Assessment, Food Industries Research Institute, 301 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
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24
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Minh TB, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Takahashi S. Polychlorinated biphenyls in settled dusts from an end-of-life vehicle processing area and normal house dusts in northern Vietnam: Occurrence, potential sources, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138823. [PMID: 32570316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and congener-specific profiles of total 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in settled dust samples collected from end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing, urban, and rural areas in northern Vietnam. Concentrations of total 209 PCBs, seven indicator congeners, and twelve dioxin-like PCBs decreased in the order: ELV working > ELV living ≈ urban > rural dusts. Penta- and hexa-CBs dominated the homolog patterns in all the samples with higher proportions in the ELV dusts compared to the urban and rural house dusts. The abundance and pattern of PCBs in the ELV dusts suggest on-going emissions of these compounds related to processing of vehicular oils and lubricants containing PCBs, whereas the presence of PCBs in the urban and rural house dusts indicate long-time releases. However, levels of some PCBs identified as by-products of pigment manufacturing (e.g., PCB-11 and PCB-209) were higher in the urban house dusts than those from other locations, resulting from human activities utilizing paints and pigments. Daily intake doses (ID), non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ), and lifetime cancer risk (CR) of PCBs through dust ingestion were estimated for ELV workers and residents in the studied areas. The workers and children in the ELV sites were estimated to be at higher risk of PCB exposure, however almost all of the HQ < 1 and CR < 10-4 indicate no serious risk related to dust-bound PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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25
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Tham TT, Anh HQ, Phuong BT, Trinh LT, Thuy NTT, Yen NTH, Tri TM, Minh TB. Contamination status and temporal trends of persistent toxic substances in sediment cores from coastal areas of central Vietnam. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111222. [PMID: 32366366 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Residue concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in sediment core samples from two estuary areas of central Vietnam to elucidate recent status and temporal trends of pollution based on the depth profiles. Concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, and endosulfan compounds were generally higher than those of the remaining OCPs. Peak concentrations of OCPs were found in the sediment layers corresponding to the late 1950s to the early 1980s, implying the intensive application of these insecticides in Vietnam during such periods. Although the highest PCB concentrations were measured in sediment layers dated in the 1970s, increasing PCB residues observed in the shallower layers may be related to the strong industrialization and urbanization in Vietnam. BDE-209 exhibited increasing concentrations and proportions to total PBDEs towards shallower depths, suggesting substantial use and on-going releases of deca-BDE products in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Thi Tham
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Cau Dien, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Bui Thi Phuong
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Cau Dien, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Thi Trinh
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Cau Dien, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Yen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Manh Tri
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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