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Gao D, Wu X, Huang Y, Zhou S, Wang G, Li B. Deciphering the interplay between wastewater compositions and oxytetracycline in recovered struvite: Unveiling mechanisms and introducing control strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135259. [PMID: 39047570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Struvite recovery from wastewater offers a sustainable phosphorus and nitrogen source, yet it harbors the challenge of variable antibiotic residues, notably oxytetracycline (OTC), increasing the ecological risk during subsequent use. Despite the need, mechanisms behind these residues and regulatory solutions remain obscure. We characterized OTC in recovered struvite and showed that increased dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced OTC accumulation, while PO43- suppressed it. NH4+ modulated OTC levels through the saturation index (SI), with a rise in SI significantly reducing OTC content. Additionally, excess Mg2+ formed complexes with OTC and DOM (humic acid, HA), leading to increased residue levels. Complexation was stronger at higher pH, whereas electrostatic interactions dominated at lower pH. The primary binding sites for antibiotics and DOM were Mg-OH and P-OH groups in struvite. OTC's dimethylamino, amide, and phenolic diketone groups primarily bound to struvite and DOM, with the carboxyl group of DOM serving as the main binding site. Mg2+ complexation was the primary pathway for OTC transportation, whereas electrostatic attraction of PO43- dominated during growth. Controlling magnesium (Mg) dosage and adjusting pH were effective for reducing OTC in recovered products. Our findings provided insights into the intricate interactions between struvite and antibiotics, laying the groundwork for further minimizing antibiotic residues in recovered phosphorus products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degui Gao
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuefei Huang
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Water Resources and Electric Power, Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection and High Quality Development in the Upper Yellow River, Key Laboratory of Water Ecological Remediation and Protection at Headwater Regions of Big Rivers, Ministry of Water Resources, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture, China
| | - Guangqian Wang
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bing Li
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Guan Q, Li Y, Zhong Y, Liu W, Zhang J, Yu X, Ou R, Zeng G. A review of struvite crystallization for nutrient source recovery from wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118383. [PMID: 37348306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient recovery from wastewater not only reduces the nutrient load on water resources but also alleviates the environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, which is a solution to achieve a sustainable society. Besides, struvite crystallization technology is considered a potential nutrient recovery technology because the precipitate obtained can be reused as a slow-release fertilizer. This review presents the basic properties of struvite and the theory of the basic crystallization process. In addition, the possible influencing variables of the struvite crystallization process on the recovery efficiency and product purity are also examined in detail. Then, the advanced auxiliary technologies for facilitating the struvite crystallization process are systematically discussed. Moreover, the economic and environmental benefits of the struvite crystallization process for nutrient recovery are introduced. Finally, the shortcomings and inadequacies of struvite crystallization technology are presented, and future research prospects are provided. This work serves as the foundation for the future use of struvite crystallization technology to recover nutrients in response to the increasingly serious environmental problems and resource depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guan
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yingpeng Li
- Haixi (Fujian) Institute, China Academy of Machinery Science and Technology Group, Sanming, 365500, PR China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Ranwen Ou
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China.
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Moyo L, Simate G, Mamvura T, Danha G. Recovering phosphorus as struvite from anaerobic digestate of pig manure with ferrochrome slag as a magnesium source. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15506. [PMID: 37151647 PMCID: PMC10161693 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The circular economy initiative has driven the agriculture and agro-based industry to beneficiate from waste,thus closing the material loop towards enhancing economic and environmental performance. In this study, the aim was to recover phosphorus from anaerobic digestate of piggery wastewater (ADPW) using ferrochrome slag (FCSL) as the magnesium source to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of struvite precipitation. This was achieved by leaching 100 g L-1 of ferrochrome slag with 5 M HCl where 14.02 g L-1 of magnesium ions were extracted, and this acid-leachate of ferrochrome slag also contained 2650 mg L-1 of total iron. To simultaneously remove both high concentrations of organic matters in ADPW and iron in FCSL which are known to be detrimental to struvite precipitation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at an H2O2/Fe molar ratio of 0.75 and pH 4.0 was added to the mixture of ADPW and FCSL. After the Fenton reaction, removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total iron reached 95.06% and 94.00%, respectively. Then COD and an iron-reduced mixture of ADPW and FCSL were added with a satisfying Mg:N:P molar ratio of 1.2:1:1.15 at pH 9.5 to produce struvite in 1 h. From 1 L of ADPW (2.6 g NH3-N), 0.5 L of FCSL (5.34 g Mg2+), and 6.62 g of PO4 3- P, were consumed to produce 45.57 g of struvite precipitate. Additionally, the economic feasibility of ferrochrome slag was assessed by estimating the chemical costs of FCSL against that of magnesium chloride which is commercially used. It was observed that using FCSL was cheaper as compared to using commercial MgCl2. Response surface methodology coupled with the central composite design was applied as a statistical tool to determine the effects of the key parameters (N:P; Mg:PO4; pH) on phosphorus recovery. Second-order polynomial equations were determined to correlate the parameters. ANOVA was applied and showed that p values for all the investigated parameters were less than 0.05 showing that they had a statistically significant effect on the phosphorus recovery. The study confirmed that it was possible to recover phosphorus as struvite from anaerobic digestate of pig manure with ferrochrome slag as a magnesium source.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.B. Moyo
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Box AC 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
- Corresponding author. School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - G.S. Simate
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - T.A. Mamvura
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Plot 10071, Boseja Ward, Private Bag 16 Palapye, Botswana
| | - G. Danha
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Plot 10071, Boseja Ward, Private Bag 16 Palapye, Botswana
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Devos P, Filali A, Grau P, Gillot S. Sidestream characteristics in water resource recovery facilities: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119620. [PMID: 36780748 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles information on sidestream characteristics that result from anaerobic digestion dewatering (conventional and preceded by a thermal hydrolysis process), biological and primary sludge thickening. The objective is to define a range of concentrations for the different characteristics found in literature and to confront them with the optimal operating conditions of sidestream processes for nutrient treatment or recovery. Each characteristic of sidestream (TSS, VSS, COD, N, P, Al3+, Ca2+, Cl-, Fe2+/3+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, SO42-, heavy metals, micro-pollutants and pathogens) is discussed according to the water resource recovery facility configuration, wastewater characteristics and implications for the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus based on current published knowledge on the processes implemented at full-scale. The thorough analysis of sidestream characteristics shows that anaerobic digestion sidestreams have the highest ammonium content compared to biological and primary sludge sidestreams. Phosphate content in anaerobic digestion sidestreams depends on the type of applied phosphorus treatment but is also highly dependent on precipitation reactions within the digester. Thermal Hydrolysis Process (THP) mainly impacts COD, N and alkalinity content in anaerobic digestion sidestreams. Surprisingly, the concentration of phosphate is not higher compared to conventional anaerobic digestion, thus offering more attractive recovery possibilities upstream of the digester rather than in sidestreams. All sidestream processes investigated in the present study (struvite, partial nitrification/anammox, ammonia stripping, membranes, bioelectrochemical system, electrodialysis, ion exchange system and algae production) suffer from residual TSS in sidestreams. Above a certain threshold, residual COD and ions can also deteriorate the performance of the process or the purity of the final nutrient-based product. This article also provides a list of characteristics to measure to help in the choice of a specific process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahlem Filali
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR PROSE, F-92761, Antony, France
| | - Paloma Grau
- Ceit and Tecnun, Manuel de Lardizabal 15, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain
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Nigar F, Johnston AL, Smith J, Oakley W, Islam MT, Felfel R, Grant D, Lester E, Ahmed I. Production of Nano Hydroxyapatite and Mg-Whitlockite from Biowaste-Derived products via Continuous Flow Hydrothermal Synthesis: A Step towards Circular Economy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2138. [PMID: 36984019 PMCID: PMC10058175 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biowastes from agriculture, sewage, household wastes, and industries comprise promising resources to produce biomaterials while reducing adverse environmental effects. This study focused on utilising waste-derived materials (i.e., eggshells as a calcium source, struvite as a phosphate source, and CH3COOH as dissolution media) to produce value-added products (i.e., calcium phosphates (CaPs) derived from biomaterials) using a continuous flow hydrothermal synthesis route. The prepared materials were characterised via XRD, FEG-SEM, EDX, FTIR, and TEM analysis. Magnesium whitlockite (Mg-WH) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were produced by single-phase or biphasic CaPs by reacting struvite with either calcium nitrate tetrahydrate or an eggshell solution at 200 °C and 350 °C. Rhombohedral-shaped Mg-WH (23-720 nm) along with tube (50-290 nm diameter, 20-71 nm thickness) and/or ellipsoidal morphologies of HA (273-522 nm width) were observed at 350 °C using HNO3 or CH3COOH to prepare the eggshell and struvite solutions, and NH4OH was used as the pH buffer. The Ca/P (atomic%) ratios obtained ranged between 1.3 and 1.7, indicating the formation of Mg-WH and HA. This study showed that eggshells and struvite usage, along with CH3COOH, are promising resources as potential sustainable precursors and dissolution media, respectively, to produce CaPs with varying morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Nigar
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Amy-Louise Johnston
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Food Water Waste Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jacob Smith
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Food Water Waste Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - William Oakley
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Md Towhidul Islam
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Reda Felfel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - David Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Edward Lester
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Dai H, Zhang H, Sun Y, Abbasi HN, Guo Z, Chen L, Chen Y, Wang X, Zhang S. An integrated process for struvite recovery and nutrient removal from ship domestic sewage. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 228:119381. [PMID: 36434973 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Marine pollution caused by the untreated and substandard discharge of ship domestic sewage has received widespread attention. A novel integrated process for struvite recovery and nutrient removal from ship domestic sewage (SRNR-SDS) based on seawater magnesium source was developed in this study. Removal efficiencies of the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for the activated sludge unit in SRNR-SDS process were approximately 67.61% and 41.35%, respectively, under the salinity of 7.85 g/L. The coupling-induced struvite crystallization unit significantly improved the removal efficiency of TN and TP, and the scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction demonstrated that magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystals were successfully formed on the surface of zeolite. The SRNR-SDS process had an ideal performance for pollutant removal and MAP recovery under the optimal hydraulic retention time of 20 h. The effluent concentrations of COD, NH4+-N, TN and TP in SRNR-SDS process were approximately 34.73 mg/L, 4.31 mg/L, 10.07 mg/L and 0.23 mg/L, respectively, which meet the Chinese and international ship sewage discharge standards. SRNR-SDS process has obvious environmental, social and economic benefits, which could save 6.20%∼57.14% of the operation cost of ship domestic sewage treatment via MAP recovery. The results could provide theoretical and technical support for the development and application of ship sewage treatment process with the functions of pollutant removal and resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Dai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Jiangxi Jindalai Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Nanchang 330100, China; School of Environmental and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoxi Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Haq Nawaz Abbasi
- Department of Environmental Science, Science and Technology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zechong Guo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; School of Environmental and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lizhuang Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Environmental and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Moyo L, Simate G, Mamvura T. Magnesium recovery from ferrochrome slag: kinetics and possible use in a circular economy. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12176. [PMID: 36578389 PMCID: PMC9791875 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for ferrochrome alloys has resulted in a substantial accumulation of ferrochrome slag by-products in many mining areas. On the other hand, the ferrochrome slag has been identified as one waste material that is rich in magnesium (Mg) and has not been effectively exploited. Beneficiating of ferrochrome slag (FCS) waste material is envisaged as a means of achieving sustainable recovery of Mg. Previous studies have used sulphuric acid as a lixiviant for leaching FCS at moderate temperatures to recover Mg. In this study, the recovery of Mg from ferrochrome slag was investigated using hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the lixiviant at low temperatures. Previous studies have shown that various metal oxides have been proven to be more amenable to leaching using HCl. This study examined the effects of acid content, leaching temperature, and reaction time on the recovery of Mg from FCS. Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of the leaching process were also investigated as these are critical factors for maximum extraction of the Mg. The results showed that the highest recovery of Mg of 88.2% was obtained from FCS using 5 M HCl with a solid to liquid ratio of 1:10, mixing intensity of 250 rpm, reaction time and temperature of 150 min and 70 °C, respectively. The shrinking core model (SCM) was used in kinetic analysis to find the experimental data's best fit. A linear relationship was obtained with the coefficient of determination for the chemical reaction model (Kc) of >0.9 which indicates a good fit. The activation energy obtained for the diffusion and chemical reaction models were 95.44 and 41.45 kJ/mol, respectively, demonstrating that the rate-limiting phase is the one involving the chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.B. Moyo
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Box AC 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
- Corresponding author.
| | - G.S. Simate
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - T.A. Mamvura
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Plot 10071, Boseja Ward, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
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Hu ZY, Jiang SF, Shi XY, Jiang H. Simultaneous recovery of nutrients and improving the biodegradability of waste algae hydrothermal liquid. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119556. [PMID: 35675879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing algae biomass due to eutrophication brings an enormous destruction and potential threat to the ecosystem. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a potential means converting algae to value added products such as sustainable bioenergy and biomaterials. However, the waste aqueous phase (AP) produced during the HTC of algae biomass needs to be treated carefully in case of the second pollution to environment. In this study, a model microbe (E. coli) was adopted for the microbial pretreatment of AP, by which the bioavailability of AP could be improved, and the nutrients could be reclaimed though struvite precipitation. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra and GC-MS results illustrated that E. coli pretreatment could convert a large number of organic nitrogenous compounds to ammonia nitrogen by degrading aromatic protein substances and deaminating nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds. Afterwards, a serious of characterizations confirmed that 81.13% of ammonia nitrogen could be recovered as struvite though precipitation. Life cycle assessment indicates the cost of the two-step treatment process was much lower than that of conventional wastewater treatment processes, and is beneficial to environment. This work provides an environment-friendly strategy for the comprehensive utilization of algae, which may contribute to alleviating the algal disasters and bring certain economic benefits though algal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ying Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shun-Feng Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xian-Yang Shi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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Impact of Magnesium Sources for Phosphate Recovery and/or Removal from Waste. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15134585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As the population continues to rise, the demand for resources and environmentally friendly management of produced wastes has shown a significant increase in concern. To decrease the impact of these wastes on the environment, it is important to utilize the wastes in producing and/or recovering usable products to provide for the sustainable management of resources. One non-renewable and rapidly diminishing resource is phosphorus, which is used in several products, the most important being its use in manufacturing chemical fertilizer. With the increase in demand but reduction in availability of naturally occurring mineral phosphorus, it is important to investigate other sources of phosphorus. Phosphorus is most commonly recovered through struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) precipitation. The recovery of phosphorus from various wastewater has been well established and documented with recovery rates mostly above 90%. However, one of the major drawbacks of the recovery is the high cost of chemicals needed to precipitate the phosphorus. Since the external magnesium needed to achieve struvite precipitation accounts for around 75% of the total chemical cost, applicability of low-cost magnesium sources, such as bittern or seawater, can help reduce the operational cost significantly. This paper investigates the different magnesium sources that have been used for the recovery of phosphorus, highlighting the different approaches and operating conditions investigated, and their corresponding phosphorus recovery rates. An investigation of the economic aspects of the magnesium sources used for removal/recovery show that costs are dependent on the raw waste treated, the source of magnesium and the location of treatment. A review of published articles on the economics of phosphorus removal/recovery also indicates that there is a lack of studies on the economics of the treatment processes, and there is a need for a comprehensive study on life cycle assessment of such processes that go beyond the technical and economical aspects of treatment processes.
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Sudibyo H, Pecchi M, Harwood H, Khare M, Karunwi S, Tan G, Tester JW. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Struvite Crystallization from Hydrothermal Liquefaction Aqueous-Phase Considering Hydroxyapatite and Organics Coprecipitation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Energy Systems Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Matteo Pecchi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Energy Systems Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Henry Harwood
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Monona Khare
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samuel Karunwi
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gabrielle Tan
- Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jefferson William Tester
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Energy Systems Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Li DY, Cho YC, Hsu MH, Lin YP. Recovery of phosphate and ammonia from wastewater via struvite precipitation using spent refractory brick gravel from steel industry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114110. [PMID: 34794051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spent refractory brick (SRB) generated from the steel industry has a high magnesium content. In this study, a procedure was developed to utilize SRB gravels for efficient recovery of phosphate and ammonia from high strength wastewater via struvite (MgNH4PO4∙6H2O(s)) precipitation. Mg2+ and Ca2+ were first leached from SRB gravels using nitric acid solution. Ca2+ in the solution could inhibit struvite precipitation and was sequestered by dosing SO32- to form calcium sulfite (CaSO3(s)). The resulting Mg2+-rich solution was then employed to initiate struvite precipitation for phosphate and ammonia recovery. The optimal precipitation was achieved with a molar ratio of [Mg2+]:[NH3-N]:[PO43-P] = 2:1:2 at pH 9.5. The residual phosphate in the solution can be further removed via the precipitation of calcium phosphate minerals. Overall, 99.6% phosphate and 98.2% ammonia could be recovered and the treated wastewater could meet the discharging standards of ammonia and phosphate. The resulting solids, including calcium sulfite, struvite and calcium phosphate can be potentially used in the cement industry and agriculture sector to achieve sustainable recycle of spent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ying Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Cho
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Ming Huang Hsu
- Taiwan Construction Research Institute, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10673, Taiwan; NTU Research Center for Future Earth, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Miroslav H, Pavel H, Josef B, Jarmila K. Arsenic as a contaminant of struvite when recovering phosphorus from phosphogypsum wastewater. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang Y, Mou J, Liu X, Chang J. Phosphorus recovery from wastewater by struvite in response to initial nutrients concentration and nitrogen/phosphorus molar ratio. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147970. [PMID: 34323813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients recovery from wastewater using struvite crystallization has received significant attention because the recovered nutrients can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture. However, the wastewater with different composition of nutrients might exert distinct struvite characteristics. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) molar ratio and initial nutrient concentrations on the phosphorus (P) recovery from wastewater and the crystallographic properties of struvite through batch experiments. Both the higher nutrients concentrations and N/P molar ratio in the wastewater resulted in higher recovery of P. However, initial nutrients concentration in the wastewater posed a larger effect on the formation of struvite than that of initial N/P ratio. The ratio of N to P consumed during the process varied with varying the N/P ratio or the initial nutrients concentration, indicating the existence of different crystallization mechanisms under different elemental compositions in the wastewater. The decline in solution pH was negatively correlated with the N/P ratio, whereas it was positively correlated with the nutrient concentration. The crystals produced were mainly rough (dendritic) under the N/P ratio of 2, while the morphology evolved from a regular coffin-like to irregular columnar with the increase in N/P ratio from 4 to 10. Meanwhile, the shape of the irregular cylinder gradually changed from elongated needle shape to the thick rods appearance with the increase in the nutrients concentration. Higher N/P ratio increased the nucleation rate, resulting in finer particles and an uneven crystal size distribution, but purer struvite crystals. The purity of struvite was also positively correlated with the initial nutrients concentration. The Visual MINTEQ modelling analysis demonstrated that the supersaturation ratio of struvite gradually increased with the increase in the N/P ratio or nutrients concentration, which led to a positive effect on struvite crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Wang
- Institute of HydroEcology, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiawan Mou
- Institute of HydroEcology, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Institute of HydroEcology, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jianbo Chang
- Institute of HydroEcology, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Second-Generation Phosphorus: Recovery from Wastes towards the Sustainability of Production Chains. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13115919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is essential for life and has a fundamental role in industry and the world food production system. The present work describes different technologies adopted for what is called the second-generation P recovery framework, that encompass the P obtained from residues and wastes. The second-generation P has a high potential to substitute the first-generation P comprising that originally mined from rock phosphates for agricultural production. Several physical, chemical, and biological processes are available for use in second-generation P recovery. They include both concentrating and recovery technologies: (1) chemical extraction using magnesium and calcium precipitating compounds yielding struvite, newberyite and calcium phosphates; (2) thermal treatments like combustion, hydrothermal carbonization, and pyrolysis; (3) nanofiltration and ion exchange methods; (4) electrochemical processes; and (5) biological processes such as composting, algae uptake, and phosphate accumulating microorganisms (PAOs). However, the best technology to use depends on the characteristic of the waste, the purpose of the process, the cost, and the availability of land. The exhaustion of deposits (economic problem) and the accumulation of P (environmental problem) are the main drivers to incentivize the P’s recovery from various wastes. Besides promoting the resource’s safety, the recovery of P introduces the residues as raw materials, closing the productive systems loop and reducing their environmental damage.
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Potentially Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains Derived from Food Intensify Crystallization Caused by Proteus mirabilis in Urine. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 13:441-452. [PMID: 32754854 PMCID: PMC8032593 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of infectious urolithiasis. The first stage in the formation of urinary stones is the crystallization of mineral salts in the urine induced by urease activity of this microorganism. Lactobacillus spp. are an important component of the human microbiota and in large quantities occur in foods. Regardless of their origin, those with probiotic properties are proposed as an alternative to antibiotic therapy in the treatment of urinary tract infections. The aim of the study was to check the effect of selected Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis strains on crystallization caused by P. mirabilis in an in vitro experiment. It has been confirmed that selected Lactobacillus strains have antibacterial properties and colonize the urinary tract epithelium. During 24-h incubation of bacterial cultures, containing P. mirabilis and individual Lactobacillus strains, in synthetic urine, bacterial viability (CFU/mL), pH, and crystallization were determined. Crystallization was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively using AAS and XRD techniques as well as phase-contrast microscopy. It has been shown that in the presence of selected Lactobacillus strains, the culture pH increases faster, especially after 8 h of incubation, compared with the pure P. mirabilis culture. An increase in pH reduces the viability of P. mirabilis; however, in the presence of some lactobacilli, the uropathogen grows more intensively. The presence of Lactobacillus also affected crystallization by increasing its intensity, and the resulting crystals were larger in size. Tested L. plantarum and L. brevis strains could therefore accelerate the formation of urinary stones and development of infection.
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