1
|
Cao J, Guo Z. Spatial patterns of toxic elements in stream sediment transportation at a hilly mine area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174597. [PMID: 38986691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The spatial pattern of toxic metals plays a major role in watershed diffuse metal non-point source pollution, particularly during stream sediment transportation at hills mines. This study investigated a typical hilly mine area to quantitatively analyze the characteristics, sensitivities, and influencing factors of toxic elements transported in stream sediments through field research and Geodetector models. The results showed that the spatial patterns of toxic elements in stream sediment transportation at the hills mine area were significantly influenced by water erosion and sulfate. Water erosion and sulfate promoted the transport differences of stream sediment metals from upstream to downstream at the hills mine area. Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and antimony in the stream sediments at the hills mine exhibited higher coefficients of variation (101 % to 397 %) than those in plain and basin topographies. Potential ecological risks of arsenic and cadmium were assessed as high-risk levels, at 19 % and 64 %, respectively. Metal import in the midstream sediments of the hills mine area was accelerated by strong water erosion. Sulfate and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were highly enriched in stream sediments, with sulfate showing a strong correlation with toxic metals (24 %). Positive responses were observed between arsenic, mercury, antimony, and sulfate in sediments, with sensitivities of 41 %, 25 %, and 16 %, respectively, while cadmium was associated with DOM, with a sensitivity of 46 %. Importantly, water erosion interactions with functional type of mine significantly influenced on the spatial transportation patterns of toxic metals in stream sediments. The interactive influences of sulfate combined with bicarbonate on arsenic, mercury, and antimony and bicarbonate combined with DOM on cadmium were enhanced compared to individual factors (>20 %). This study elucidates the spatial patterns of metals during stream sediment transportation in hills mine and offers the novel insights for developing effective watershed metal management strategies in hilly mine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qi N, Dong J, Cai X, Fan H, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wang H, Zhang S. Graphene-based nanomaterials for adsorption of iodinated X-ray contrast media from contaminated water: A comparative study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142915. [PMID: 39038712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) was frequently detected in the aqueous environment. In this work, the applicability of three graphene-based nanomaterials (graphene nanosheets (GNS), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) for the adsorptive removal of the six ICMs including iohexol, iopamidol, iomeprol, iopromide, iodixanol and ioversol from aqueous solution was firstly evaluated by batch adsorption method. Among the three graphene-based nanomaterials, the GNS displayed the best adsorption performances for the adsorption of the six ICMs. The maximum uptakes of the six ICMs by the GNS (161.5 mg g-1 for iohexol, 267.2 mg g-1 for iodixanol, 197.7 mg g-1 for iopromide, 197.0 mg g-1 for iopamidol, 109.6 mg g-1 for iomeprol, and 168.2 mg g-1 for ioversol) can rapidly achieved within 10 min and indicate no dependence on pH in the range of 4-9. The results obtained from the calculations of isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic supported the occurrence of a chemisorption of the GNS for the six ICMs. The π-π interactions between benzene ring of the ICMs and the sp2-hybridized two-dimensional sheet of GNS were deemed the predominant adsorption mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naying Qi
- College of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China
| | - Jia Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Cai
- College of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China
| | - Hongtao Fan
- College of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Hongguo Wang
- College of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China.
| | - Siqi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adeoye JB, Tan YH, Lau SY, Tan YY, Chiong T, Mubarak NM, Khalid M. Advanced oxidation and biological integrated processes for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120170. [PMID: 38308991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The stress of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) discharging to water bodies and the environment due to increased industrialization has reduced the availability of clean water. This poses a potential health hazard to animals and human life because water contamination is a great issue to the climate, plants, humans, and aquatic habitats. Pharmaceutical compounds are quantified in concentrations ranging from ng/Lto μg/L in aquatic environments worldwide. According to (Alsubih et al., 2022), the concentrations of carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, Lutvastatin, ciprofloxacin, and lorazepam were 616-906 ng/L, 16,532-21635 ng/L, 694-2068 ng/L, 734-1178 ng/L, and 2742-3775 ng/L respectively. Protecting and preserving our environment must be well-driven by all sectors to sustain development. Various methods have been utilized to eliminate the emerging pollutants, such as adsorption and biological and advanced oxidation processes. These methods have their benefits and drawbacks in the removal of pharmaceuticals. Successful wastewater treatment can save the water bodies; integrating green initiatives into the main purposes of actor firms, combined with continually periodic awareness of the current and potential implications of environmental/water pollution, will play a major role in water conservation. This article reviews key publications on the adsorption, biological, and advanced oxidation processes used to remove pharmaceutical products from the aquatic environment. It also sheds light on the pharmaceutical adsorption capability of adsorption, biological and advanced oxidation methods, and their efficacy in pharmaceutical concentration removal. A research gap has been identified for researchers to explore in order to eliminate the problem associated with pharmaceutical wastes. Therefore, future study should focus on combining advanced oxidation and adsorption processes for an excellent way to eliminate pharmaceutical products, even at low concentrations. Biological processes should focus on ideal circumstances and microbial processes that enable the simultaneous removal of pharmaceutical compounds and the effects of diverse environments on removal efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Busayo Adeoye
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Yie Hua Tan
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Sie Yon Lau
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Yee Yong Tan
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, Sarawak, Miri, 98009, Malaysia
| | - Tung Chiong
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ratchnashree SR, Karmegam N, Selvam M, Manikandan S, Deena SR, Subbaiya R, Vickram AS, Kim W, Govarthanan M. Advanced technologies for the determination of quantitative structure-activity relationships and degradation efficiency of micropollutants and their removal in water - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166563. [PMID: 37647970 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The growing concentrations of micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems are a global water quality issue. Understanding micropollutants varied chemical composition and potency is essential to solving this complex issue. Micropollutants management requires identifying contaminants to reduce, optimal reduction targets, and the best wastewater recycling locations. Management requires appropriate technological measures. Pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, hormones, and other micropollutants can enter the aquatic environment from point and diffuse sources, with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) distributing them in urban areas. Micropollutants like pharmaceuticals and hormones may not be removed by conventional WWTPs. Micropollutants affect the EU, especially in densely populated areas where surface water is consumed. This review examines several technological options that can be integrated into existing treatment methods to address this issue. In this work, oxidation, activated carbon, and their combinations as potential solutions, considering their efficacy and cost were evaluated. This study illuminates micropollutants origin and physico-chemical properties, which affect distribution, persistence, and environmental impacts. Understanding these factors helps us develop targeted micropollutant mitigation strategies to protect water quality. This review can inform policy and decision-making to reduce micropollutant impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Ratchnashree
- Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai 600 095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Masilamani Selvam
- Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai 600 095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Santhana Raj Deena
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia.
| | - A S Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gharbi-Khelifi H, Jmii H, Mosbahi M, Hamdi S, Hamdi R, Brahmi J, Loukil S, Chamkha M, Sayadi S, Aouni M, Barreiro A, Fernández-Sanjurjo MJ, Núñez-Delgado A, Rodríguez EÁ. Microbiological and physicochemical quality enhancement of treated wastewater using raw and chemically modified clays from Sidi Bouzid region, Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117391. [PMID: 37852463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental discharge of wastewater represents a source of chemical and biological pollutants. This study firstly evaluates the microbiological and physicochemical quality of treated wastewaters collected from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in two different Tunisian cities namely Sidi Bouzid (SB) and Gafsa (G). Then, the capacity of three raw and acid/base-activated local clays to enhance the quality of wastewaters was assessed. The results indicate that the quantities of enteric bacteria (oscillating from 1.381 × 103 to 1.4 × 108 CFU/100 mL), fungi (between 1.331 × 103 and 1.781 × 104 CFU/100 mL), as well as SARS-CoV-2 (between 4.25 × 103 and 5.05 × 105 CFU/100 mL) and Hepatitis A virus RNA (form 4.25 × 103 to 7.4 × 104 CFU/100 mL) detected in effluent wastewaters were not in compliance with the Tunisian standards for both studied WWTPs. Likewise for other indicators such as electrical conductivity (ranging 4.9-5.4 mS/cm), suspended matter (145-160 g l-1), chemical oxygen demand (123-160 mg l-1), biological oxygen demand 5 (172-195 mg l-1), chloride, Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and phosphorus contents (710, 58-66 and 9.47-10.83 mg l-1 respectively), the registered values do not agree with the set standards established for wastewater treatment. On the other hand, the pH values fitted (oscillating from 6.86 (at G) to 7.24 (at SB) with the Tunisian standards for both WWTPs. After treatment, wastewaters showed better values for the microbiological parameters, especially for the clays designed as AM and HJ1, which eliminated 100% of viruses. In addition, when acid-activated AM clays were applied, a marked improvement in the quality of physicochemical parameters was obtained, especially for suspended matter (2 and 4 g l-1 for SB and G, respectively), TKN (5.2 (SB) and 6.40 (G) mg/l), phosphorus (1.01 (SB) and 0.81 (G) mg/l). Our results open perspectives for the possibility of efficiently using these specific clays in the enhancement of the quality of treated wastewaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakima Gharbi-Khelifi
- LR99-ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology of Sidi Bouzid, University of Kairouan, 9100 Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia.
| | - Habib Jmii
- LR99-ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Mosbahi
- Laboratory of Georessources CERTE, Technopole Borj Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Samiha Hamdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology of Sidi Bouzid, University of Kairouan, 9100 Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia; Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Rawand Hamdi
- LR99-ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jihen Brahmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology of Sidi Bouzid, University of Kairouan, 9100 Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia
| | - Slim Loukil
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, PO Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chamkha
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, PO Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- LR99-ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ana Barreiro
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Maria J Fernández-Sanjurjo
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Avelino Núñez-Delgado
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Esperanza Álvarez Rodríguez
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang C, Liu K, Yang S, Zhu W, Tong L, Shi J, Wang Y. Prediction of metformin adsorption on subsurface sediments based on quantitative experiment and artificial neural network modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165666. [PMID: 37478922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Metformin (MET), a widely employed hypoglycemic pharmaceutical agent, has been frequently detected within groundwater, which has posed a threat to ecosystems and human health. However, the adsorption behavior of MET onto distinct constituent aquitards and aquifers sediments remains shrouded in uncertainty. To reveal the adsorption capacities and mechanisms of diverse sedimentary matrices, we delved into a series of adsorption experiments involving MET on 37 subsurface sediment samples obtained from four boreholes (ranging from 0 to 30 m in depth) in the Jianghan Plain. The quantitative analysis revealed that a majority of the sedimentary compositions consisted of clay minerals (mainly chlorite, montmorillonite and albite), with MET exhibiting considerable variability in across different sediment components (ranging from 15.5 to 489.4 mg/kg). In general, MET adsorption declined in proportion to an increase in quartz composition and depth. Consequently, an artificial neural network model was constructed (R2 = 0.971) to assess the influence of sediment composition on MET adsorption, and thereby elucidating the dominant roles played by chlorite and montmorillonite in this process. Notably, electrostatic attraction, cation exchange, and chemical bonding emerged as the primary mechanisms governing MET adsorption on sediments, particularly those rich in clay minerals. By shedding light on the adsorption mechanism of MET on clay-dominated subsurface sediments, our findings have contributed to a quantitative understanding of MET's adsorption capacity and have highlighted the associated environmental risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Zhu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Tong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jianbo Shi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fito J, Nkambule TTI. Synthesis of biochar-CoFe 2O 4 nanocomposite for adsorption of methylparaben from wastewater under full factorial experimental design. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:241. [PMID: 36576670 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in municipal wastewater has emerged as a threat to human health and the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to develop biochar-cobalt ferrite (BCF) nanocomposite for the removal of methylparaben from water under the full factorial experimental design of 4 factors with 3 levels (34). The biochar-CoFe2O4 nanocomposite was developed by co-precipitation method from cobalt ferrite and biochar of Eucalyptus tree bark. Adsorbent surface morphology and functional and elemental composition were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques which showed the presence of cracks with a rough surface, reasonable surface chemical composition, and many chemical functional groups, respectively. The experimental and predicted adsorption efficiencies ranged from 25.3 to 85.6% and 21.8 to 80.3%, respectively. The maximum adsorption performance (85.6%) reduced the methylparaben concentration from 27.5 to 4.0 mg/L at the optimum condition of adsorbent dose of 55 mg/100 mL, pH 6, contact time 90 min, and the initial methylparaben concentration of 27.5 mg/L. However, the adsorbent dose was the most influential main factor whereas the least influential was the interaction between solution pH and contact time under the regression model. The model also showed that 69% methylparaben removal was described by the regression model. The experimental data best fitted with the Freundlich model indicate multilayer adsorption which is the implication of physisorption. The sorption mechanism is attributed to Vander Waals forces, H-bonding, and dipole interaction. This BCF nanocomposite adsorbent appears to be promising for the removal of methylparaben from wastewater, but a further optimization process is essential to boost the treatment performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Fito
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa.
| | - Thabo T I Nkambule
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao H, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Liu D. Introduction of alkyl and sulfonic groups in Ti-metal-organic framework for boosting removal of metformin hydrochloride. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Efficient Removal of Organic Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Hierarchical Zeolite-Based Biomembrane: Isotherm, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Recycling Studies. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio adsorbents have received tremendous attention due to their eco-friendly, cheap and non-toxic nature. Recently, bio-adsorbent-based membranes have been frequently employed for water treatment. The work reports the preparation of a novel adsorbent membrane from hierarchical zeolite, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose and agar. The fabricated membrane was characterized spectroscopically and microscopically with several techniques such as XRD, UTM, TGA, optical microscopy and FT-IR, as well as contact-angle studies. The result showed that the hierarchical-zeolite-loaded membrane is superior in terms of thermal stability, mechanical properties and surface roughness. The fabricated membrane was investigated for its efficiency in the removal of Congo red dye in aqueous conditions. The influence of pH, temperature, contact period and the initial concentration of dye and zeolite loading on the adsorption process are also explored. The adsorption results highlighted the maximum sorption property of Congo red on agar/zeolite/carboxymethyl cellulose/polymer biomembrane was found to be higher (15.30 mg/g) than that of zeolite powder (6.4 mg/g). The adsorption isotherms and kinetic parameters were investigated via Langmuir, Freundlich and pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion model, respectively. The adsorption isotherms fitted well for both considered isotherms, whereas pseudo-second order fitted well for kinetics. The thermodynamic parameter, ΔG at 303 K, 313 K and 323 K was −9.12, −3.16 and −0.49 KJ/mol, respectively. The work further explores the antibacterial efficacy of the prepared membrane and its reusability.
Collapse
|
10
|
Carbamazepine Removal by Clay-Based Materials Using Adsorption and Photodegradation. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most common emerging contaminants released to the aquatic environment through domestic and pharmaceutical wastewater. Due to its high persistence through conventional degradation treatments, CBZ is considered a typical indicator for anthropogenic activities. This study tested the removal of CBZ through two different clay-based purification techniques: adsorption of relatively large concentrations (20–500 μmol L−1) and photocatalysis of lower concentrations (<20 μmol L−1). The sorption mechanism was examined by FTIR measurements, exchangeable cations released, and colloidal charge of the adsorbing clay materials. Photocatalysis was performed in batch experiments under various conditions. Despite the neutral charge of carbamazepine, the highest adsorption was observed on negatively charged montmorillonite-based clays. Desorption tests indicate that adsorbed CBZ is not released by washing. The adsorption/desorption processes were confirmed by ATR-FTIR analysis of the clay-CBZ particles. A combination of synthetic montmorillonite or hectorite with low H2O2 concentrations under UVC irradiation exhibits efficient homo-heterogeneous photodegradation at μM CBZ levels. The two techniques presented in this study suggest solutions for both industrial and municipal wastewater, possibly enabling water reuse.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng X, Ji Q, Sun D, Zhang J, Chen X, He H, Li S, Yang S, Zhang L. A comparative study on adsorption behavior of iodinated X-ray contrast media iohexol and amidotrizoic acid by magnetic-activated carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45404-45420. [PMID: 35147873 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As persistent and ubiquitous contaminants in water, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) pose a non-negligible risk to the environment and human health. In this study, we investigated the adsorption behavior of two typical ICM compounds, iohexol (IOH) and amidotrizoic acid (DTZ), on magnetic activated carbon. Theoretical investigations, using density functional theory, identified the molecule structures and calculated the molecular diameters of IOH (1.68 nm) and DTZ (1.16 nm), which revealed that ICM could be adsorbed by mesopores and larger micropores. Therefore, magnetic activated carbon with a porous structure was prepared by the co-precipitation method to investigate the adsorption mechanism of IOH and DTZ. MAC--5 (magnetic activated carbon with a theoretical iron oxide content of 37%) showed the best adsorption ability for both IOH and DTZ, with maximum adsorption capacities of 86.05 and 43.00 mg g-1, respectively. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were applied to explore the mechanisms involved, and the effects of solution pH, initial concentration, temperature, ionic strength, and natural organic matter were also investigated. The pore filling effect, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction, were found to be the main adsorption mechanisms. The co-adsorption data showed that competition may occur in ICM coexisting environments. Interestingly, the used MAC--5 could be successfully regenerated and its adsorption efficiency did not decrease significantly after five cycles, indicating that it is a promising adsorbent for ICM. The results from this study provide some new insights for the treatment of water containing ICM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyi Ji
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunyu Sun
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
- College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian, 354300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fabrication and optimization calix[8]arene-PbS nanoadsorbents for the adsorption of methylene blue: Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics studies. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
13
|
The enhanced adsorption of Ampicillin and Amoxicillin on modified montmorillonite with dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride: Experimental study and density functional theory calculation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
14
|
Liu Z, Chen G, Lu X. In-situ growth of molecularly imprinted metal–organic frameworks on 3D carbon foam as an efficient adsorbent for selective removal of antibiotics. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Pharmaceuticals Removal by Adsorption with Montmorillonite Nanoclay. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189670. [PMID: 34575834 PMCID: PMC8468575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of purifying domestic and hospital wastewater from pharmaceutical compounds is becoming more and more urgent every year, because of the continuous accumulation of chemical pollutants in the environment and the limited availability of freshwater resources. Clay adsorbents have been repeatedly proposed as adsorbents for treatment purposes, but natural clays are hydrophilic and can be inefficient for catching hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. In this paper, a comparison of adsorption properties of pristine montmorillonite (MMT) and montmorillonite modified with stearyl trimethyl ammonium (hydrophobic MMT-STA) towards carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and paracetamol pharmaceuticals was performed. The efficiency of adsorption was investigated under varying solution pH, temperature, contact time, initial concentration of pharmaceuticals, and adsorbate/adsorbent mass ratio. MMT-STA was better than pristine MMT at removing all the pharmaceuticals studied. The adsorption capacity of hydrophobic montmorillonite to pharmaceuticals decreased in the following order: carbamazepine (97%) > ibuprofen (95%) > paracetamol (63-67%). Adsorption isotherms were best described by Freundlich model. Within the pharmaceutical concentration range of 10-50 µg/mL, the most optimal mass ratio of adsorbates to adsorbents was 1:300, pH 6, and a temperature of 25 °C. Thus, MMT-STA could be used as an efficient adsorbent for deconta×ating water of carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and paracetamol.
Collapse
|
16
|
Aydın S, Bedük F, Ulvi A, Aydın ME. Simple and effective removal of psychiatric pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plant effluents by magnetite red mud nanoparticles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147174. [PMID: 33905924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Psychological disorders due to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased the consumption of psychiatric pharmaceuticals on a global scale in last year. These compounds reach wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) through sewerage system and are not sufficiently removed by using conventional treatment process. Psychiatric drugs released with WWTP effluent may cause possible risks to the receiving aquatic environment. Also, two antidepressants have been included in the "watch list" in 2020. Therefore, simple and relatively cost effective removal of psychiatric drugs from wastewaters becomes important. Magnetite red mud nanoparticles (RM-NPs) synthesized was applied for the removal of psychiatric drugs (fluoxetine, paroxetine, carbamazepine, diazepam, and lorazepam) in WWTP effluent first time in this study. The adsorption of carbamazepine as a model compound was fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Freundlich isotherm model better represented the sorption data than the Langmuir model. High adsorption capacity (90.5 mg/g) was reached at 30 min contact time at pH 6.5-7.0 at 25 °C. The adsorption rate was described by the pseudo second order model and its rate control mechanism was controlled by film diffusion. The magnetite RM-NPs were efficiently used for the removal of carbamazepine from real WWTP effluents. The adsorption capacity and the magnetic separability of the regenerated magnetite RM-NPs were unaffected five cycles. Due to its simple application, low cost and high adsorption capacity, magnetite RM-NPs can be recommended as a better adsorbent comparing to commercial adsorbents to remove psychiatric drugs from WWTP effluents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senar Aydın
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Bedük
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ulvi
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Aydın
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Civil Engineering, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rempel A, Gutkoski JP, Nazari MT, Biolchi GN, Cavanhi VAF, Treichel H, Colla LM. Current advances in microalgae-based bioremediation and other technologies for emerging contaminants treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:144918. [PMID: 33578141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (EC) have been detected in effluents and drinking water in concentrations that can harm to a variety of organisms. Therefore, several technologies are developed to treat these compounds, either for their complete removal or degradation in less toxic by-products. Some technologies applied to the treatment of EC, such as adsorption, advanced oxidative processes, membrane separation processes, and bioremediation through microalgal metabolism, were identified by thematic maps. In this review, we used a bibliometric software from >1000 articles. These manuscripts, in general, present removals from 0% to 100% for different ECs. This efficiency varies between treatment technologies and the contaminants' physical-chemical properties and their concentration and operational parameters. This review explored the bioremediation of EC through microalgae with greater emphasis. The main mechanisms of action of microalgae in the bioremediation of ECs are biodegradation bioadsorption, and bioaccumulation. Also, physicochemical properties and removal efficiencies of >50 emerging contaminants are presented. Although there are challenges related to the generation of more toxic by-products and economic and environmental viability, these can be minimized with advances in the development of treatment technologies and even through the integration of different techniques to make the treatment of contaminants emerging from environmental media more sustainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Rempel
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Civil Engineering, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Pedó Gutkoski
- Chemical Engineering Course, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus Torres Nazari
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Civil Engineering, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Nadal Biolchi
- Chemical Engineering Course, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil
| | | | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess, Environmental Science and Technology, Federal University of Fronteira Sul - Campus Erechim, 99700-000 Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciane Maria Colla
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Civil Engineering, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Neha R, Adithya S, Jayaraman RS, Gopinath KP, M P, L P, Arun J. Nano-adsorbents an effective candidate for removal of toxic pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous environment: A critical review on emerging trends. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129852. [PMID: 33581563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in medical research has resulted in the modernization of healthcare facilities, subsequently leading to a higher level of production and usage of pharmaceuticals to sustain better quality of life. Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) possess high genotoxicity and eco-toxicity thus presenting numerous side effects to living beings on long-term exposure. The fate and toxicity of PhACs were explored in detail, aiming to elucidate their occurrence and transmission in wastewater treatment systems (WWTPs). Adsorption of pharmaceutical compounds using Nano-adsorbents has gained momentum in recent years owing to their low-cost, high surface area and effectiveness. This review has been conducted in order to widen the utilization of Nano adsorbents in the adsorption of pharmaceutical compounds with a focus on the aqueous environment. The synthesis routes and properties of Nano-adsorbents for removal of PhACs were assessed in a comprehensive way. The recovery and reuse ability of nano-adsorbents also forms an integral part of its application in the removal of PhACs and has hence been delineated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Neha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srikanth Adithya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Sai Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pandimadevi M
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM-Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Praburaman L
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jayaseelan Arun
- Centre for Waste Management, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar (OMR), Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang T, Cheng Z, Liu Y, Tang W, Fang T, Xing B. Mechanistic understanding of highly selective adsorption of bisphenols on microporous-dominated nitrogen-doped framework carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143115. [PMID: 33127136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Producing a desirable adsorbent for removing endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) from aqueous solutions remains a major challenge. In this work, microporous-dominated nitrogen-doped framework carbons (MNFCs, s means the calcination temperature) with high specific surface area, ultra-microporous structure, and high nitrogen-doping can be obtained by a direct calcination of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid tetrasodium (EDTA-4Na) without aid of any catalyst and nitrogen source. MNFCs were applied adsorbents to remove bisphenols from aqueous solution. Batch experiments showed MNFC-750 had a large adsorption capacity for bisphenols from aqueous solutions (409 mg/g for bisphenol A, 364 mg/g for bisphenol F, and 521 mg/g for bisphenol S) along with short equilibrium time (30 min), and good stability and reusability. Using multiple characterizations and comparative experiments along with theoretical calculations, we discovered that: (1) nitrogen-doping can significantly boost the adsorption capacity; (2) adsorption sites are mainly the pyridinic-N instead of pyrrolic-N and graphitic-N; and (3) the adsorption mechanisms were mainly driven by Lewis acid-base interaction, hydrophobic interaction, π-π interaction and hydrogen bond interaction. These findings indicate that MNFCs present a promising potential for practical applications and shed light on the rational design of nitrogen doped carbon-based adsorbents for efficient pollutant removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuang Cheng
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Catalytic Degradation of Practical Pharmaceutical Wastewater by Modified Attapulgite Supported Multi-Metal Oxides. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater has characteristics of high concentration, high toxicity and poor biodegradability, so it is difficult to directly biodegrade. We used acid modified attapulgite (ATP) supported Fe-Mn-Cu polymetallic oxide as catalyst for multi-phase Fenton-like ultraviolet photocatalytic oxidation (photo-Fenton) treatment with actual chemical synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater as the treatment object. The results showed that at the initial pH of 2.0, light distance of 20 cm, and catalyst dosage and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 10.0 g/L and 0.5 mol/L respectively, the COD removal rate of wastewater reached 65% and BOD5/COD increased to 0.387 when the reaction lasted for 180 min. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated that Fenton-like reaction with Fe-Mn-Cu@ATP had good catalytic potential and significant synergistic effect, and could remove almost all heterocycle compounds well. 3D-EEM (3D electron microscope) fluorescence spectra showed that the fluorescence intensity decreased significantly during catalytic degradation, and the UV humus-like and fulvic acid were effectively removed. The degradation efficiency of the nanocomposite only decreased by 5.8% after repeated use for 6 cycles. It seems appropriate to use this process as a pre-treatment for actual pharmaceutical wastewater to facilitate further biological treatment.
Collapse
|