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Singa PK, Rajamohan N, Isa MH, Azner Abidin CZ, Ibrahim AH. Remediation of carcinogenic PAHs from landfill leachate by Electro-Fenton process - Optimization and modeling. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142248. [PMID: 38710412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
PAHs is the group of emerging micro-pollutants present in most environmental matrices that has the tendency to bioaccumulate and cause carcinogenic effects to human health. The present research involved the quantification and treatment of leachate produced from secured landfill, to eliminate the PAHS. Electro-Fenton process, a class of advanced oxidation process, is adopted to degrade the PAHs using titanium electrodes as both anode and cathode. Artificial intelligence based statistical tool "Central Composite Design" a module of JMP -19 software was used to design the experiments and optimize the critical parameters involved in the research. It was observed that the value of P is significant (P < 0.05) for all the independent variables evidencing the significant correlation between experimental values and predicted values of the software. The value of R2 obtained was 0.96 and 0.97 for COD and PAHs respectively. The maximum removal efficiency of COD and PAH was found to be 84.24% and 90.78% respectively. The optimized conditions obtained from the central composite design were: pH = 5; Fe2+ = 0.1 g/L; H2O2 = 2 g/L; reaction time = 60 min; and electric intensity = 0.2 A. Additionally, optimized experimental conditions were used to study the removal efficiencies of individual 16 PAHs and are also reported. From the close proximity of experimental and predicted results of the software it can be proved that central composite design is efficient enough to be used as a statistical tool in design and analysis for treatment of landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Singa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guru-Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar, 585403, Karnataka, India; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Malaysia.
| | - Natarajan Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, PC-311, Oman.
| | - Mohamed Hasnain Isa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Abdul Haqi Ibrahim
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
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2
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Shao C, Ren S, Zhang Y, Wen Z, Zhang Z, Wang A. Insights into antibiotic cefaclor mineralization by electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes using a Ti/Ti 4O 7 anode: Performance, mechanism, and toxic chlorate/perchlorate formation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117185. [PMID: 37742753 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A comparative degradation of antibiotic cefaclor (CEC) between Ti/Ti4O7 and Ti/RuO2 anodes, in terms of degradation kinetics, mineralization efficiency, and formation of toxic chlorate (ClO3-) and perchlorate (ClO4-), was performed with electrochemical-oxidation (EO), electro-Fenton (EF), and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) processes. Besides, CEC degradation by EF with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode was also tested. Results showed CEC decays always followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with increasing apparent rate constants in the sequence of EO < EF < PEF. The mineralization efficiency of the processes with Ti/Ti4O7 anode was higher than that of Ti/RuO2 anode, but slightly lower than that of BDD anode. Under the optimal conditions, 94.8% mineralization was obtained in Ti/Ti4O7-PEF, which was much higher than 64.4% in Ti/RuO2-PEF. The use of Ti/RuO2 gave no generation of ClO3- or ClO4-, while the use of Ti/Ti4O7 yielded a small amount of ClO3- and trace amounts of ClO4-. Conversely, the use of BDD led to the highest generation of ClO3- and ClO4-. The reaction mechanism was studied systematically by detecting the generated H2O2 and •OH. The initial N of CEC was released as NH4+ and, in smaller proportion, as NO3-. Four short-chain carboxylic acids and nine aromatic intermediates were also detected, a possible reaction sequence for CEC mineralization was finally proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Shao
- School of the Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
| | - Songyu Ren
- School of the Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- School of the Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
| | - Zhenjun Wen
- School of the Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
| | - Zhongguo Zhang
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- School of the Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, China.
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3
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Demir A, Geçgel C, Gören N. Electrochemical degradation of favipiravir (anti-viral) drug from aqueous solution: optimization of operating parameters using the response surface method. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:4334-4351. [PMID: 35712767 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to investigate the efficacy of the electro-Fenton process in the degradation of favipiravir drugs from aqueous solutions, which has increased in use as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was developed using a Central Composite Design (CCD) in which five independent variables, including Fe2+ concentration, current density, initial FVP concentration, pH, and reaction time, were coded with high and low levels, and the maximum removal percentage of FVP (97.8%) and COD (91.65%) were determined as responses. In the EF process, 530 mg/L H2O2 was produced in-situ by cathodic reduction of O2 in aqueous solution and thus FVP has been successfully oxidized through hydroxyl radicals. The H2O2/Fe2+ ratio was determined to be 0.51 under optimum conditions. At the end of the experiment, the maximum energy consumption was found to be 2.12 kWh per g COD. The FVP was completely mineralized in a very short time by the EF process, according to the LC-MS/MS examination. The EF process followed the pseudo first-order kinetic model with the rate constants of 0.023, 0.016 and 0.006 1/min for pH 2, 3 and 4, respectively. According to the findings of this study, the electro-Fenton process is an effective method for removing FVP from aqueous solutions. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to show the degradation and optimum conditions of FVP in aqueous solution using the electro-Fenton (EF) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydeniz Demir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Cihan Geçgel
- Advanced Technology Education Research and Application Center, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Nazım Gören
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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4
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Muzenda C, Nkwachukwu OV, Jayeola KD, Zinyemba O, Zhou M, Arotiba OA. Heterogenous electro-Fenton degradation of sulfamethoxazole on a polyethylene glycol-coated magnetite nanoparticles catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139698. [PMID: 37532200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation and application of poly (ethylene) glycol (PEG) coated magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) catalyst for the heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) degradation of sulfamethoxazole in real wastewater PEG-coated MNPs of four MNP:PEG ratios were synthesised using the co-precipitation method. The synthesised MNP were characterised using FTIR, XRD, EDX, TEM, and CHN elemental analysis. It was observed that the coating of MNP with PEG influences the nanoparticle size, agglomeration tendencies and catalytic efficiency of MNPs properties in the HEF degradation process. A 1:1 optimal MNP:PEG catalyst yielded 91% sulfamethoxazole degradation and 48% total organic carbon removal in 60 min, which is an improvement of 11% over degradation with the uncoated MNP. The PEG-coated MNP showed higher stability in 10 consecutive reaction cycles, reduced leaching, and improved performance at a lower dosage and broader pH range than the uncoated MNPs. These results show that coating MNP with PEG enhances HEF catalytic performance in the degradation of sulfamethoxazole in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Muzenda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oluchi V Nkwachukwu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kehinde D Jayeola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Orpah Zinyemba
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Omotayo A Arotiba
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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5
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Wu B, Jiang Z, Lei W, Sun J, Chen Z. A novel flow-through dual-system electro-Fenton for boosting PAEs removal efficiency in natural waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138645. [PMID: 37044145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In a conventional electro-Fenton system with a single cathode, it is difficult to attain both high H2O2 generation by oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and efficient iron reduction reaction (FRR). For this study, a flow-through dual-system electro-Fenton (FT-DEF) reactor was designed to overcome this shortcoming and promote mass transfer to effectively remove dimethyl phthalate (DMP) from water. By comparing the ORR and FRR performances of four different commercial carbon electrodes, the graphite felt with the highest amount of H2O2 generation was selected as the cathode of the ORR system, and the activated carbon fiber with the best Fe (III) reduction effect was selected as another cathode of the FRR system. The ORR system and FRR system operate simultaneously to form the DEF system. The FT-DEF system displayed many advantages compared with the conventional electro-Fenton (CI-ORR), presenting an improved efficiency and low energy consumption in phthalates removal. Under optimal reaction conditions, the FT-DEF system is capable to degrade 100% DMP in 20 min, which is 25% higher than the CI-ORR, while the reaction rate constant (0.271 min-1) is 16 times that of CI-ORR system (0.017min-1). In addition, the TOC removal of FT-DEF achieving 72.3% within 2 h with energy consumption of 2.35 kW h·m-3 is much better than CI-ORR that only achieves 18.3% TOC removal within 2 h with energy consumption of 8.13 kW h·m-3. Furthermore, control parameters and mechanism of FT-DEF were investigated in detail. The main intermediate products of DMP were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-HRMS, and the possible degradation path of DMP was speculated. In addition, application of FT-DEF in three types of natural water demonstrated its universal applicability of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Province, College of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Province, College of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Weidong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Province, College of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Province, College of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G1M8, Canada
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6
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Nasab EA, Nasseh N, Damavandi S, Amarzadeh M, Ghahrchi M, Hoseinkhani A, Alver A, Khan NA, Farhadi A, Danaee I. Efficient purification of aqueous solutions contaminated with sulfadiazine by coupling electro-Fenton/ultrasound process: optimization, DFT calculation, and innovative study of human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28235-z. [PMID: 37365361 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, the hybrid process potential of ultrasound (US) and electro-Fenton (EF), named sono-electro-Fenton (SEF), was fully investigated for sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation. The decontamination in the integration approach was revealed to be greater than in individual procedures, i.e., EF process (roughly 66%) and US process (roughly 15%). The key operating process factors (i.e., applied voltage, H2O2 content, pH, initial concentration of SDZ, and reaction time) affecting SDZ removal were evaluated and optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). In addition, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) as an efficient predictive model was applied to forecast the decontamination efficiency of SDZ through the SEF process based on the same findings produced from BBD. The results revealed that the predictability of SDZ elimination by the ANFIS and BBD approaches exhibited an excellent agreement (a greater R2 of 0.99%) among the both models. Density functional theory was also employed to forecast the plausible decomposition elucidation by the bond-breaking mechanism of organic substances. Plus, the main side products of SDZ degradation during the SEF process were tracked. Eventually, the non-carcinogenic risk assessment of different samples of natural water containing SDZ that was treated by adopting US, EF, and SEF processes was examined for the first time. The findings indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values of all the purified water sources were computed in the permissible range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Abbasi Nasab
- Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
| | - Negin Nasseh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sobhan Damavandi
- Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
| | - Mohamadamin Amarzadeh
- Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
| | - Mina Ghahrchi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
| | - Atefeh Hoseinkhani
- Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
| | - Alper Alver
- Department of Environmental Protection Technologies, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Civil Engineering Department Mewat Engineering College, Nuh Haryana, India, 122107
| | - Asadollah Farhadi
- Ahwaz Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
| | - Iman Danaee
- Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran.
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Rai D, Sinha S. Impact of different anode materials on electro-Fenton process and tannery wastewater treatment using sequential electro-Fenton and electrocoagulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139225. [PMID: 37356583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The influence of anode materials on the electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater (TWW) was evaluated using Pt, Ti/RuO2-IrO2 (DSA), Ti/SnO2-Sb, Ti/PbO2, and Ti/SnO2-Sb/PbO2 electrodes. The comparison of the degradation mechanism of these electrodes in the electro-Fenton (EF) treatment was evaluated. The Ti/SnO2-Sb/PbO2 anode was efficient, with high electrocatalytic activity, stability, and reproducibility of the degradation results. Further, the study was extended to define the ability of sequential EF and electrocoagulation (EC) processes to clean TWW. The EC treatment was conducted using Al electrodes, and the performance of the combined treatment was evaluated by the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), sulfide, and Cr removal. The role of chlorides and sulfate salts during both treatments was evaluated by monitoring the concentration changes of these anions during the whole treatment using ion chromatography (IC). A sequential 1.5 h EF and 1 h EC treatment were applied to achieve a satisfactory degradation of (81.2 ± 3.9)% COD, >98% Cr, >99% turbidity, TSS, and sulfide removal. Additionally, the combined treatment was found to be more efficient towards the COD removal, achieving about 22.5% higher COD removal consuming almost the same amount of electrical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Rai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Shishir Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Deng F, Yang S, Jing B, Qiu S. Activated carbon filled in a microporous titanium-foam air diffusion electrode for boosting H 2O 2 accumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138147. [PMID: 36796525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the electro-Fenton process, there still suffers concern of low H2O2 generation caused by inadequate mass transfer of oxygen and low selectivity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). To solve it, in this study, various particle sizes (850 μm, 150 μm, and 75 μm) of granular activated carbon filled in a microporous titanium-foam substate was used to develop a gas diffusion electrode (AC@Ti-F GDE). This facile-prepared cathode has seen a 176.15% improvement in H2O2 formation compared to the conventional one. Aside from a much higher oxygen mass transfer by creating gas-liquid-solid three-phase interfaces coupled with much high dissolved oxygen, the filled AC played a significant role in H2O2 accumulation. Among these particle sizes of AC, the one in 850 μm has observed the highest H2O2 accumulation, reaching 1487 μM in 2 h electrolysis. Because there is a balance between chemical nature for H2O2 formation and micropore-dominant porous structure for H2O2 decomposition, resulting in an electron transfer of 2.12 and H2O2 selectivity of 96.79% during ORR. In a word, the facial AC@Ti-F GDE configuration is promising for H2O2 accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Shilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Baojian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Shan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
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Shokri A, Nasernejad B, Sanavi Fard M. Challenges and Future Roadmaps in Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process for Wastewater Treatment. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2023; 234:153. [PMID: 36844633 PMCID: PMC9942065 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of heterogeneous electro-Fenton technology on the degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants in wastewater is glaringly obvious. This green technology can be effectively harnessed for addressing ever-increasing water-related challenges. Due to its outstanding performance, eco-friendliness, easy automation, and operability over a wide range of pH, it has garnered significant attention from different wastewater treatment research communities. This review paper briefly discusses the principal mechanism of the electro-Fenton process, the crucial properties of a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst, the heterogeneous electro-Fenton system enabled with Fe-functionalized cathodic materials, and its essential operating parameters. Moreover, the authors comprehensively explored the major challenges that prevent the commercialization of the electro-Fenton process and propose future research pathways to countervail those disconcerting challenges. Synthesizing heterogeneous catalysts by application of advanced materials for maximizing their reusability and stability, the full realization of H2O2 activation mechanism, conduction of life-cycle assessment to explore environmental footprints and potential adverse effects of side-products, scale-up from lab-scale to industrial scale, and better reactor design, fabrication of electrodes with state-of-the-art technologies, using the electro-Fenton process for treatment of biological contaminants, application of different effective cells in the electro-Fenton process, hybridization of the electro-Fenton with other wastewater treatments technologies and full-scale analysis of economic costs are key recommendations which deserve considerable scholarly attention. Finally, it concludes that by implementing all the abovementioned gaps, the commercialization of electro-Fenton technology would be a realistic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shokri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4413 Iran
- Jundi-Shapur Research Institute, Jundishapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran
| | - Bahram Nasernejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4413 Iran
| | - Mahdi Sanavi Fard
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
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Fast and Complete Destruction of the Anti-Cancer Drug Cytarabine from Water by Electrocatalytic Oxidation Using Electro-Fenton Process. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast and complete removal of the anti-cancer drug cytarabine (CYT) from water was studied, for the first time, by the electro-Fenton process using a BDD anode and carbon felt cathode. A catalytic amount (10−4 M) of ferrous iron was initially added to the solution as catalyst and it was electrochemically regenerated in the process. Complete degradation of 0.1 mM (24.3 mg L−1) CYT was achieved quickly in 15 min at 300 mA constant current electrolysis by hydroxyl radicals (●OH) electrocatalytically generated in the system. Almost complete mineralization (91.14% TOC removal) of the solution was obtained after 4 h of treatment. The mineralization current efficiency (MCE) and energy consumption (EC) during the mineralization process were evaluated. The absolute (second order) rate constant for the hydroxylation reaction of CYT by hydroxyl radicals was assessed by applying the competition kinetics method and found to be 5.35 × 109 M−1 s−1. The formation and evolution of oxidation reaction intermediates, short-chain carboxylic acids and inorganic ions were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography and ion chromatography analyses, respectively. Based on the identified intermediate and end-products, a plausible mineralization pathway for the oxidation of CYT by hydroxyl radicals is proposed.
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Hu Y, Yu F, Bai Z, Wang Y, Zhang H, Gao X, Wang Y, Li X. Preparation of Fe-loaded needle coke particle electrodes and utilisation in three-dimensional electro-Fenton oxidation of coking wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136544. [PMID: 36152828 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Novel iron-loaded needle coke spherical electrodes were fabricated for the first time using the sintering method. With DSA as the anode, nickel foam as the cathode and the spherical electrodes as the particle electrodes, a three-dimensional (3D) electro-Fenton system was constructed to treat coking wastewater. Using the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of coking wastewater as an indicator of electrode performance, the optimal conditions for particle electrode preparation were determined by single-factor experiments as consisting of a 4:1 catalyst-to-binder ratio, Fe2+ loading for the preparation of the particle electrodes of 2.5%, a particle size of 5.5 ± 0.5 mm, and a sintering temperature of 400 °C. Response surface methodology was applied to model and optimise the 3D electro-Fenton process for treating coking wastewater. Under the optimal conditions of an electrode spacing of 5 cm, applied voltage of 11.15 V, initial pH of 2.62, and particle electrode dosing of 12.23 g L-1, the removal rates of COD, NH3-N, NO3--N, total nitrogen, colour, and UV254 were 87.5%, 100%, 72.2%, 84.8%, 95%, and 72.4%, respectively. Spectral analysis revealed that the 3D electro-Fenton system strongly degraded coking wastewater, causing decomposition of large molecules of organic compounds and residuals primarily consisting of olefins and alkanes. Because the prepared particle electrodes exhibited stable physical and chemical structure, they have great potential for engineering applications due to their resistance to water flow erosion, stable catalytic reaction activity, and reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, PR China
| | - Fuzhi Yu
- Ansteel Beijing Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102211, PR China
| | - Zhongteng Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, PR China; Shandong Province Metallurgical Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, PR China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, PR China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, PR China
| | - Yixian Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, PR China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, PR China
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12
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Simultaneous square wave voltammetry detection of azo dyes using silver nanoparticles assembled on carbon nanofibers. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Dong C, Fang W, Yi Q, Zhang J. A comprehensive review on reactive oxygen species (ROS) in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136205. [PMID: 36049639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this account, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) were comprehensively reviewed, which were based on electro-Fenton and photo-Fenton processes and correlative membrane filtration technology. Specifically, this review focuses on the fundamental principles and applications of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on a series of nanomaterials, and we compare the pros and cons of each method and point out the perspective. Further, the emerging reviews regarding AOPs rarely emphasize the involved ROS and consider the convenience of radical classification and transformation mechanism, such a review is of paramount importance to be needed. Owing to the strong oxidation ability of radical (e.g., •OH, O2•-, and SO4•-) and non-radical (e.g., 1O2 and H2O2), these ROS would attack the organic contaminants of emerging concern, thus achieving the goal of environmental remediation. Hopefully, this review can offer detailed theoretical guidance for the researchers, and we believe it able to offer the frontier knowledge of AOPs for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Dong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenzhang Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiuying Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
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14
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Molla Nadali Pishnamaz H, Farimaniraad H, Baghdadi M, Aminzadeh Goharrizi B, Mahpishanian S. Application of nickel foam cathode modified by single-wall carbon nanotube in electro-Fenton process coupled with anodic oxidation: Enhancing organic pollutants removal. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Zhou M, Huang H, Zhao X, Cheng Z, Deng W, Tan Y, Xie Q. A Novel Signaling Strategy for an Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay Based on Electro-Fenton Degradation of Liposomes on a Photoelectrode. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13913-13920. [PMID: 36166257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A signaling strategy can directly determine the analytical performance and application scope of photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunoassays, so it is of great significance to develop an effective signaling strategy. The electro-Fenton reaction has been extensively used to degrade organic pollutants, but it has not been applied to PEC immunoassays. Herein, we report a novel signaling strategy for a PEC immunoassay based on electro-Fenton degradation of liposomes (Lip) on a photoelectrode. Lip vesicles are coated on Au@TiO2 core-shell photoactive material, which can prevent ascorbic acid (AA) from scavenging photogenerated holes. In the presence of a target, the immunomagnetic bead labels are converted to Fe3+ for electro-Fenton reaction, and hydroxyl radicals generated by the electro-Fenton reaction can degrade the Lip vesicles on the photoelectrode. Because of the degradation of Lip vesicles, photogenerated holes can be scavenged more effectively by AA, leading to an increase in photocurrent. Based on the electro-Fenton-regulated interface electron transfer, the sensitive "signal on" PEC immunoassay of a carcinoembryonic antigen is achieved, which features a dynamic range from 0.05 to 5 × 104 pg mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.01 pg mL-1. Our work provides a novel and efficient PEC immunoassay platform by introducing the electro-Fenton reaction into PEC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Wenfang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yueming Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Qingji Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Zhang T, Sun L, Sun X, Dong H, Yu H, Yu H. Radical and non-radical cooperative degradation in metal-free electro-Fenton based on nitrogen self-doped biochar. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129063. [PMID: 35650745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To achieve sustainable metal-free electron-Fenton, N self-doped biochar air-cathode (BCAC) was prepared by pyrolyzing coffee residues. During the pyrolysis process, the endogenous N transformed from edge-doping to graphite-doping. Particularly, N vacancies started to evolve when the peak temperature exceeded 700 °C. A high Tetracycline removal rate of 70.42% was obtained on the BCAC at the current density of 4 mA cm-2. Quenching tests incorporated with ESR spectroscopy were adopted to identify the specific oxidants produced on the cathode. The results showed that •OH (37.36%), •O2- (29.67%) and 1O2 (24.17%) played comparable role in the tetracycline removal, suggesting the coexist of radical and non-radical oxidants in our electro-Fenton system. According to the structure characterization and the DFT calculation, graphitic N was suggested as the critical site for H2O2 generation, and both graphitic N and pyridinic N were electroactive sites for H2O2 activation to •OH. Graphitic N and N vacancies with stronger capabilities in O2 adsorption and electron-trapping were proposed as the electroactive sites for 1O2 and •O2- formation. This work predicts a novel electro-Fenton process with cooperative radical and non-radical degradation on N self-doped carbonaceous catalysts at a mild condition, which is extremely meaningful for boosting sustainable electro-Fenton technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Heng Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Han Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China; Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Hongbing Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
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Dong Z, Zhang Y, Yao J. Enhancement of H 2O 2 yield and TOC removal in electro-peroxone process by electrochemically modified graphite felt: Performance, mechanism and stability. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133896. [PMID: 35134398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electro-peroxone (EP) is an emerging advanced oxidation process which combines electro-generation H2O2 and ozone for removing organic contaminants. In this paper, a platinum plate as anode, a method of electrochemical oxidation is adopted to modify graphite felt (GF) cathode to promote H2O2 yield and TOC removal from oxalic acid solution in EP process, its performance, mechanism and stability were discussed. Compared with original GF cathode, 2.6 times H2O2 yield can be achieved by the 5 min electrochemically modified GF (GF-5). The high electrochemical activity of the modified GF can be ascribed to introducing numerous surface oxygen-containing functional groups (OGs), which not only decreased the impedance, but also increased the amount of active site of O2 reduction. The production of H2O2 with GF-5 cathode improved with the increased initial pH, cathodic potential and O2 flow rate, while this promoting effect was not observed in GF cathode. Compared with GF cathode, TOC removal rate was improved by 21.5% with GF-5 cathode due to higher H2O2 yield in EP process. The primary pathway of TOC removal is electrochemically-driven peroxone process, and hydroxyl radical (·OH) is the dominant reactive species. Furthermore, GF-5 cathode had a good stability due to the protection of H2O2 and free electrons injected. The results indicate that the electrochemically modified GF severed as the cathode of EP processes has significant efficiency and stability in the removal of ozone-refractory organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Dong
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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18
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Brillas E. Progress of homogeneous and heterogeneous electro-Fenton treatments of antibiotics in synthetic and real wastewaters. A critical review on the period 2017-2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153102. [PMID: 35041950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely supplied over all the world to animals and humans to fight and heal bacteriological diseases. The uptake of antibiotics has largely increased the average-life expectancy of living beings. However, these recalcitrant products have been detected at low concentrations in natural waters, with potential health risks due to alterations in food chains and an increase in the resistance to bacterial infection, control of infectious diseases, and damage of the beneficial bacteria. The high stability of antibiotics at mild conditions prevents their effective removal in conventional wastewater treatment plants. A powerful advanced oxidation processes such as the electro-Fenton (EF) process is being developed as a guarantee for their destruction by •OH generated as strong oxidant. This review presents a critical, exhaustive, and detailed analysis on the application of EF to remediate synthetic and real wastewaters contaminated with common antibiotics, covering the period 2017-2021. Homogeneous EF and heterogeneous EF involving iron solid catalysts or iron functionalized cathodes, as well as their hybrid and sequential treatments, are exhaustively examined. Their fundamentals and characteristics are detailed, and the main results obtained for the removal of the most used antibiotic families are carefully described and discussed. The role of generated oxidizing agents is explained, and the by-products generated, and reaction sequences proposed are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Wang L, Wu S, Chen H, Mao W, Kang W, Chen S, Yu H, Quan X. Fabrication of FeOCl nanoparticles modified microchannel carbon cathode for flow-through electro-Fenton degradation of refractory organic pollutants. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Recent advances and trends of heterogeneous electro-Fenton process for wastewater treatment-review. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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In-house-prepared carbon-based Fe-doped catalysts for electro-Fenton degradation of azo dyes. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc210901103s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Compounds used in the fashion industry effect the water bodies in the vicinity of textile factories, resulting in the visible coloration of surface water. Fe-doped graphite-based in house prepared electrodes were used in the Fenton- -like degradation of Reactive Blue 52 (RB52). The electrodes consisting of high-density graphite in three granulation sizes and three levels of Fe content were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amount of Fe in the electrodes and H2O2 concentration in synthetic textile wastewater were optimized. Additionally, the size of graphite grains was varied to investigate whether it effects the degradation rate. Under only 10 min of electro-Fenton degradation, a system with 10 mmol dm-3 of H2O2 and an electrode made of 7 % of Fe and 70 ?m of granulation size of graphite, degraded over 75 % of RB52, and over 99 % after 40 min of treatment. The obtained results indicate that the proposed approach could be beneficial in the field of novel materials for environmental application and that in house prepared carbon could be an excellent replacement for commercially available supports.
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22
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Fu Y, Li W, Li H, Huang M. High-precision and on-line measurement of dissolved organic matter in Electro-Fenton process based on dual wavelength analysis with combination of fluorescence emission and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1181:338904. [PMID: 34556221 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electro-Fenton (EF) process is a significant water treatment method for the degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water and has been widely studied and applied in the past decade to degrade various dissolved organics. During water treatment, in order to monitor the degradation efficiency, it is in dire need to develop rapid and accurate methods that are favorable to assay on-line and on-site to provide feedback in a timely manner. UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy and Excitation-Emission Matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy techniques are most potential to realize on-line DOM measurement, but the measurement accuracy is unsatisfactory because of the obligatory involvement of iron-containing interferents. This study aims to simplify the measurement system complexity while overcoming the effect of iron-containing interferents during the measurement. An intrinsic relationship between the measured DOM concentration and the ultraviolet absorption at λ1 and the light intensities of the fluorescence emission at λ2 is derived theoretically and proved, based on which the influence of iron ions and their complexes on the spectrum can be eliminated, thus the content of DOM in the Electro-Fenton process is accurately determined. The proposed dual wavelength analysis with combination of fluorescence emission and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy can achieve high precision (R2=0.9882,RMSE=0.0131mg/L). Furthermore, the on-line measurement design, called ultraviolet absorption-fluorescence emission dual wavelength analyzer, only includes one ultraviolet LED and two photodetectors. Its structure is simple and suitable for on-line monitoring DOM in EF process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Fu
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wanxiang Li
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haochen Li
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Meizhen Huang
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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23
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Tao L, Ren H, Yu F. High-efficiency electro-catalytic performance of green dill biochar cathode and its application in electro-Fenton process for the degradation of pollutants. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) is a kind of carbon-rich, renewable and low-cost material, which can be prepared from various organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tao
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
- Gansu Hanxing Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hanru Ren
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fangke Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
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