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Rosales-Rimache J, Chavez-Ruiz M, Inolopú-Cucche J, Rabanal-Sanchez J, Rueda-Torres L, Sanchez-Holguin G. Leadcare® II Comparison with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for Blood Lead Measurement in Peruvian Highlands. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:324-330. [PMID: 37234184 PMCID: PMC10205923 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peru is one of the countries with the highest lead contamination in the world. Biological monitoring has limitations due to the shortage of laboratories with validated methodologies for the measurement of blood lead, and it is necessary to use alternative methods for its measurement in high-altitude cities. We aimed to compare the blood lead levels (BLL) measured by the LeadCare II (LC) method and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF-AAS). We measured the BLL of 108 children from the city of La Oroya. The mean and median BLL for GF-AAS were 10.77 ± 4.18 and 10.44 µg/dL, respectively; for the LC method, the mean was 11.71 ± 4.28 and the median was 11.60 µg/dL. We found a positive linear correlation (Rho = 0.923) between both methods. Notwithstanding, the Wilcoxon test suggests a significant difference between both methods (ρ = 0.000). In addition, the Bland-Altman analysis indicates that there is a positive bias (0.94) in the LC method, and this method tends to overestimate the BLL. Likewise, we performed a generalized linear model to evaluate the influence of age and hemoglobin on BLL. We found that age and hemoglobin had a significant influence on BLL measured by the LC method. Finally, we used two non-parametric linear regression methods (Deming and Passing-Bablok regression) to compare the LC method with the GF-AAS. We found that these methods differ by at least a constant amount, and there would be a proportional difference between both. Although in general there is a positive linear correlation, the results of both methods differ significantly. Therefore, its use in cities located at high altitudes (higher than 2440 m.a.s.l.) would not be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rosales-Rimache
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente Para la Salud, Calle Las Amapolas 350, Lince, Lima, Perú
- Escuela Académico Profesional de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Lima, Perú
| | - Manuel Chavez-Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente Para la Salud, Calle Las Amapolas 350, Lince, Lima, Perú
| | - Jorge Inolopú-Cucche
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente Para la Salud, Calle Las Amapolas 350, Lince, Lima, Perú
| | - Jhonatan Rabanal-Sanchez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente Para la Salud, Calle Las Amapolas 350, Lince, Lima, Perú
| | - Lenin Rueda-Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente Para la Salud, Calle Las Amapolas 350, Lince, Lima, Perú
| | - Gloria Sanchez-Holguin
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente Para la Salud, Calle Las Amapolas 350, Lince, Lima, Perú
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Córdoba-Gamboa L, Vázquez-Salas RA, Romero-Martínez M, Cantoral A, Riojas-Rodríguez H, Bautista-Arredondo S, Bautista-Arredondo LF, de Castro F, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Téllez-Rojo MM. Lead Exposure Can Affect Early Childhood Development and Could Be Aggravated by Stunted Growth: Perspectives from Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5174. [PMID: 36982080 PMCID: PMC10049063 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead can affect early childhood development (ECD) differentially due to nutritional deficiencies that lead to stunted growth, defined as being at least two standard deviations below the average height-for-age. These deficiencies are more frequent among children living in rural locations or with lower socioeconomic status (SES); however, studies at a population level are scarce worldwide. Early childhood development plays a crucial role in influencing a child's health and wellbeing throughout life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze how stunted growth can modify the association between lead exposure and ECD in children from disadvantaged communities. METHODS Data were analyzed from the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey in localities with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants in Mexico (ENSANUT-100K). Capillary blood lead (BPb) levels were measured using a LeadCare II device and dichotomized as detectable (cutoff point ≥ 3.3 µg/dL) and non-detectable. As a measure of ECD, language development was assessed in n = 1394 children, representing 2,415,000 children aged 12-59 months. To assess the association between lead exposure and language z-scores, a linear model was generated adjusted by age, sex, stunted growth, maternal education, socioeconomic status, area, region (north, center, south), and family care characteristics; afterwards, the model was stratified by stunted growth. RESULTS Fifty percent of children had detectable BPb and 15.3% had stunted growth. BPb showed a marginal inverse association with language z-scores (β: -0.08, 95% CI: -0.53, 0.36). Children with detectable BPb and stunted growth had significantly lower language z-scores (β: -0.40, 95% CI: -0.71, -0.10) than those without stunted growth (β: -0.15, 95% CI: -0.36, 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Children with stunted growth are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of lead exposure. These results add to previous research calling for action to reduce lead exposure, particularly in children with chronic undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Córdoba-Gamboa
- Dirección de Salud Ambiental, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico; (L.C.-G.)
| | - Ruth Argelia Vázquez-Salas
- Dirección de Salud Reproductiva, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Ciudad de México 14080, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Martin Romero-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Evaluación y Encuestas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Departamento de Salud, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de Mexico 01219, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez
- Dirección de Salud Ambiental, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico; (L.C.-G.)
| | - Sergio Bautista-Arredondo
- Centro de Investigación en Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Luis F. Bautista-Arredondo
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Filipa de Castro
- Research, Evidence, and Learning, Department of Education and Child Population, Save the Children, 501 Kings Highway East, Suite 400, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz
- Unidad de Investigación de Salud en el Trabajo, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México 6720, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Martha María Téllez-Rojo
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico
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Yohannes YB, Nakayama SM, Yabe J, Toyomaki H, Kataba A, Nakata H, Muzandu K, Miyashita C, Ikenaka Y, Choongo K, Ishizuka M. Methylation profiles of global LINE-1 DNA and the GSTP1 promoter region in children exposed to lead (Pb). Epigenetics 2022; 17:2377-2388. [PMID: 36131534 PMCID: PMC9665151 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2123924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure has adverse health effects and altered DNA methylation may contribute to Pb toxicity. LINE-1 is an interspersed repeated DNA that is used as a surrogate marker for estimating genomic DNA methylation levels, and GSTP1 is an isozyme that detoxifies xenobiotics like Pb, and its expression is inhibited by methylation. Thus, to assess the effects of Pb exposure on global hypomethylation and gene-specific promoter hypermethylation, we examined DNA methylation at LINE-1 repetitive elements and the GSTP1 promoter region. Blood samples were obtained from children (N = 123) living in Pb-polluted areas (as exposed children) and children (N = 63) living in Pb-unpolluted areas (as control children) in Kabwe, Zambia. ICP-MS was used to determine blood lead levels (BLLs), and pyrosequencing and a fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction assay were used to determine levels of LINE-1 methylation and GSTP1 promoter methylation, respectively. Inverse association was found between BLLs and LINE-1 methylation (β = - 0.046, p = 0.006). The highest quartile of BLL had significant hypomethylation of LINE-1 (p for trend = 0.03), suggesting the higher the BLL, the lower LINE-1 methylation. GSTP1 methylation levels did not differ significantly between the two areas (p = 0.504), nor was it associated with Pb poisoning risk (OR = 1.03, p = 0.476), indicating GSTP1 methylation may not be a reliable biomarker of Pb exposure in healthy people. Therefore, Pb-related health problems could result from global DNA methylation changes due to high BLLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Beyene Yohannes
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Shouta M.M. Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Yabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Veterinary Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Haruya Toyomaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrew Kataba
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hokuto Nakata
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kaampwe Muzandu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kennedy Choongo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- College of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Fiji National University, Koronivia Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Saadh M. How long-term metal and lead exposure among foundry workers affect COVID-19 infection outcomes in Jordan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70408-70412. [PMID: 35589897 PMCID: PMC9119681 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Foundry workers face a number of occupational health hazards, which may lead to an increased risk of respiratory disease, cancer, and anxiety level and are associated with endocrine, hematologic, renal, and neurological problems in humans. This study aims to evaluated thyroid functions, glutathione level, and the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 after vaccinated (two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine) foundry workers in Jordan. We examined the efficacy BNT162b2 vaccine by calculating the rate of mortality and the degree of severity from mild to severe respiratory infections in 105 adult males foundry workers occupationally exposed to metals and Pb who had been received two doses, 21 days apart, of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Seventy-five male subjects not exposed to the Pb and who received two shots of the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) served as the control group. In foundry workers who were infected with COVID-19, the mortality rate (0%) was similar as in the control group (0%), and increased transmission of infection with SARS-CoV-2; the non-hospitalized infections increased nearly 3.4-times and hospitalized infections increased 4.29-times among people exposed to lead and metal contamination compared to the healthy persons control group. Also, among the foundry workers, the blood lead, FT3, and FT4 levels were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) and the levels of glutathione and TSH were significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) compared with the control group. In conclusion, long-term exposure to Pb is associated with a risk of infection with COVID-19 despite the 2 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech). Also, exposure to Pb is associated with hyperthyroidism and a reduction in glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan.
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Etemadi A, Hariri S, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Poustchi H, Roshandel G, Shayanrad A, Kamangar F, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Dargan PI, Dawsey SM, Jones RL, Freedman ND, Malekzadeh R, Abnet CC. Lead poisoning among asymptomatic individuals with a long-term history of opiate use in Golestan Cohort Study. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 104:103695. [PMID: 35472727 PMCID: PMC9133202 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports of lead poisoning suggest that people who use opium may be exposed to high amounts of lead. Here, we investigate the association between opium use and blood lead levels (BLL) in a population-based cohort study. METHODS In 2017, we studied a random sample of 410 people who currently (both within the past year and the past month) used opium and 104 who did not from participants of the Golestan Cohort Study in northeast Iran. Participants were stratified by sex and tobacco use history, completed a comprehensive opiate and tobacco use questionnaire and provided blood. BLL was measured by Lead Care® II Blood Lead Test Kit, validated by inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. BLL was categorized as "<5 µg/dL", "elevated" (5-10 µg/dL), "high" (10-50 µg/dL), and "very high" (above 50 µg/dL). To assess the association between BLL categories and opiate use, route of consumption and weekly use, we used ordered logistic regression models, and report OR (odds ratio) and 95% CI (confidence interval) adjusted for age, sex, place of residence, education, occupation, household fuel type, and tobacco use. RESULTS In the cohort, participants used only raw (teriak) or refined (shireh) opium, which were smoked (45%, n = 184), taken orally (46%, n = 189), or both (9%, n = 37), for a mean duration of 24.2 (standard deviation: 11.6) years. The median BLL was significantly higher in people who currently used opium (11.4 µg/dL; IQR: 5.2-23.4) compared with those who did not (2.3 µg/dL; IQR: 2.3-4.2), and the highest median BLL was seen in oral use (21.7 µg/dL; IQR: 12.1-34.1). The BLL was <5 µg/dL among 79.8% of people with no opiate use, compared with only 22.7% in those using opium. BLL was elevated in 21.7%, high in 50.5% and very high in 5.1% of people using opium. About 95% of those with oral (180/189) or dual use (35/37) and 55% (102/184) of those who smoked opium had levels of blood lead above 5 µg/dL. The OR for the association between any opium use and each unit of increase in BLL category was 10.5 (95%CI: 5.8-19.1), and oral use of opium was a very strong predictor of increasing BLL category (OR=74.1; 95%CI: 35.1-156.3). This odds ratio was 38.8 (95%CI: 15.9-95.1) for dual use and 4.9 (95%CI: 2.6-9.1) for opium smoking. There was an independent dose-response association between average weekly dose and BLL among people using opium, overall and when stratified by route of use. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that regular use of lead-adulterated opium can expose individuals to high levels of lead, which may contribute to mortality and cancer risks associated with long-term opium use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Etemadi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sanam Hariri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Amaneh Shayanrad
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert L Jones
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hassanpour N, Zamani N, Akhgari M, Salimi A, Ahangar H, Phillips S, Hedayatshodeh M, Hassanian-Moghaddam H. Post-mortem blood lead analysis; a comparison between LeadCare II and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry analysis results. J Forensic Leg Med 2022. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Hassanpour N, Zamani N, Akhgari M, Salimi A, Ahangar H, Phillips S, Hedayatshodeh M, Hassanian-Moghaddam H. Post-mortem blood lead analysis; a comparison between LeadCare II and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry analysis results. J Forensic Leg Med 2022; 86:102317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Toyomaki H, Yabe J, Nakayama SMM, Yohannes YB, Muzandu K, Mufune T, Nakata H, Ikenaka Y, Kuritani T, Nakagawa M, Choongo K, Ishizuka M. Lead concentrations and isotope ratios in blood, breastmilk and feces: contribution of both lactation and soil/dust exposure to infants in a lead mining area, Kabwe, Zambia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117456. [PMID: 34052649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) poses a serious public health concern. Breastmilk may be a possible source of Pb exposure in infants, as Pb can be transferred from the maternal blood to breastmilk. The present study was undertaken to determine the Pb exposure and the contribution of lactation as one of the exposure pathways to infants in a Pb mining area, Kabwe, Zambia. Blood, breastmilk and infants' feces were collected from 418 pairs of infants and mothers. The Pb concentrations, isotope ratios in the samples, and biochemistry in mothers' plasma were analyzed. The overall mean of blood lead levels (BLLs) in infants and mothers were 18.0 and 11.3 μg/dL, respectively. High Pb concentration in breastmilk (range: 0.4-51.9, mean: 5.3 μg/L) above the WHO acceptable level between 2 and 5 μg/L were found and could be one of the sources of Pb exposure in infants. The Pb isotope ratios in infants' feces were the most similar to Pb ratios in the soil samples. The results suggest that infants are also exposed to Pb from the environment. Pb exposure in infants through breastfeeding and soil ingestion could potentially exceed daily intake of Pb which causes neurodevelopmental toxicity. In contrast to the high BLLs in mothers, the plasma biochemical profiles of most analyzed parameters were interestingly within, or close to, the standard reference values. Our data suggest that environmental remediation is urgently needed to reduce the Pb exposure in infants and mothers from the environment in Kabwe in parallel with chelation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruya Toyomaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - John Yabe
- The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Yared B Yohannes
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kaampwe Muzandu
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia
| | - Tiza Mufune
- Ministry of Health, District Health Office, Kabwe, Zambia
| | - Hokuto Nakata
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, South Africa; Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuritani
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakagawa
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kennedy Choongo
- The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia; Fiji National University, College of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Koronivia Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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