1
|
Michalski R, Kończyk J. Ion Chromatography and Related Techniques in Carbohydrate Analysis: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:3413. [PMID: 39064991 PMCID: PMC11279986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ion chromatography and related techniques have been the most popular separation methods used in the determination of organic and inorganic anions and cations, predominantly in water and wastewater samples. Making progress in their development and introducing new stationary phases, methods of detection and preparation of samples for analyses have given rise to the broadening of their analytical range. Nowadays, they are also used for substances that are not ionic by nature but can convert to such forms under certain conditions. These encompass, among others, carbohydrates, whose role and significance in humans' lives and environment is invaluable. Their presence in the air is mostly due to the industrial burning of biomass for energy production purposes. In addition, the content of sugars in plants, fruits and vegetables, constituting the base of human diets, affects our health condition. Given that, there is not only a need for their determination by means of routine methods but also for searching for novel analytical solutions. Based on literature data from the past decade, this paper presents the possibilities and examples of applications regarding ion chromatography and related techniques for the determination of carbohydrates in environmental samples, biomass and plants constituting food or raw materials for food production. Attention has been paid to the virtues and limitations of the discussed separation methods in this respect. Moreover, perspectives on their development have been defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajmund Michalski
- Institute of Environmental Engineering of Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Joanna Kończyk
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Q, Li Y, Wang N, Shukla T, Wu X, Yao X, Wang S, Wan X, Chen P, Zhang H, Shen B, Dong Z, Wu J. Biomass burning records of the Shulehe Glacier No. 4 from Qilian Mountains, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124496. [PMID: 38964642 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Biomass burning play a key role in the global carbon cycle by altering the atmospheric composition, and affect regional and global climate. Despite its importance, a very few high-resolution records are available worldwide, especially for recent climate change. This study analyzes levoglucosan, a specific tracer of biomass burning emissions, in a 38-year ice core retrieved from the Shulehe Glacier No. 4, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The levoglucosan concentration in the Shulehe Glacier No. 4 ice core ranged from 0.1 to 55 ng mL-1, with an average concentration of 8 ± 8 ng mL-1. The concentrations showed a decreasing trend from 2002 to 2018. Meanwhile, regional wildfire activities in Central Asian also exhibited a declining trend during the same period, suggesting the potential correspondence between levoglucosan concentration of the Shulehe Glacier No. 4 ice core and the fire activity of Central Asia. Furthermore, a positive correlation also exists between the levoglucosan concentration of the Shulehe Glacier No. 4 ice core and the wildfire counts in Central Asia from 2002 to 2018. While backward air mass trajectory analysis and fire spots data showed a higher distribution of fire counts in South Asia compared to Central Asia, but the dominance of westerly circulation in the northern TP throughout the year. Therefore, the levoglucosan in the Shulehe Glacier No. 4 provides clear evidence of Central Asian wildfire influence on Tibetan Plateau glaciers through westerlies. This highlights a great importance of ice core data for wildfire history reconstruction in the Tibetan Plateau Glacier regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, PR China
| | - Ninglian Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Xi'an, 710127, PR China; Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China.
| | - Tanuj Shukla
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiunan Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Xi'an, 710127, PR China; Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Shijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Xi'an, 710127, PR China; Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Baoshou Shen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Xi'an, 710127, PR China; Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, PR China
| | - Jingquan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee S, Lee K, Han C, Han Y, Hong SB, Hur SD, Lee S, Chang C, Jung H, Moon J, Boutron CF, Hong S. Recent decline in atmospheric Pb deposition and isotopic constraints on changes in source contributions in snow from northwestern Greenland. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140441. [PMID: 37844697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
We present lead (Pb) concentrations and isotope ratios in a continuous series of 38 snow samples from a 1.9-m snow pit, covering the period from winter 2012 to summer 2017, at the East Greenland Ice-core Project (EGRIP) ice core drill site in northwestern Greenland. Pb concentrations were highly variable, ranging from 1.53 to 94.9 pg g-1 (mean value of 10.6 pg g-1), with higher concentrations during winter and spring and lower concentrations during summer and fall. Our results show a substantial reduction in the Pb concentration of ∼50% between the 2000s and 2010s, reaching a level close to that observed in the mid-18th century, that is, the time of the Industrial Revolution. Remarkably low radiogenic Pb isotope compositions were observed in our samples compared to previously reported values during the 2000s. The Pb isotope mixing model results indicated a decreasing Chinese contribution from the 2000s onwards, while Europe/Russia emerged as a relatively more important contributor to the anthropogenic Pb input to central Greenland during the corresponding period. Thus, we hypothesized that the reduction in Pb pollution in central Greenland is largely due to a decreasing contribution from Chinese sources in response to the effectiveness of stringent emission control measures in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Khanghyun Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Han
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea; Water Environmental Safety Management Department, Korea Water Resource Corporation, 200 Sintanjin-Ro, Daedeok-Gu, Daejeon, 34350, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongcheol Han
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Hong
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Do Hur
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmi Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Chang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Jung
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangil Moon
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Claude F Boutron
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, 54 rue Molière, 38400, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Sungmin Hong
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rahman M, Petersen H, Irshad H, Liu C, McDonald J, Sood A, Meek PM, Tesfaigzi Y. Cleaning the Flue in Wood-Burning Stoves Is a Key Factor in Reducing Household Air Pollution. TOXICS 2022; 10:615. [PMID: 36287895 PMCID: PMC9609584 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In experimental settings, replacing old wood stoves with new wood stoves results in reduced personal exposure to household air pollution. We tested this assumption by measuring PM2.5 and levoglucosan concentrations inside homes and correlated them with wood stove age. Methods: Thirty homes in the Albuquerque, NM area were monitored over a seven-day period using in-home particulate monitors placed in a common living area during the winter months. Real-time aerosol monitoring was performed, and filter samples were analyzed gravimetrically to calculate PM2.5 concentrations and chemically to determine concentrations of levoglucosan. A linear regression model with backward stepwise elimination was performed to determine the factors that would predict household air pollution measures. Results: In this sample, 73.3% of the households used wood as their primary source of heating, and 60% burned daily or almost daily. The mean burn time over the test week was 50 ± 38 h, and only one household burned wood 24/day (168 h). The average PM2.5 concentration (standard deviation) for the 30 homes during the seven-day period was 34.6 µg/m3 (41.3 µg/m3), and median (min, max) values were 15.5 µg/m3 (7.3 µg/m3, 193 µg/m3). Average PM2.5 concentrations in 30 homes ranged from 0−15 μg/m3 to >100 μg/m3. Maximum PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 100−200 μg/m3 to >3000 μg/m3. The levoglucosan levels showed a linear correlation with the total PM2.5 collected by the filters (R2 = 0.92). However, neither mean nor peak PM2.5 nor levoglucosan levels were correlated with the age (10.85 ± 8.54 years) of the wood stove (R2 ≤ 0.07, p > 0.23). The final adjusted linear regression model showed that average PM2.5 was associated with reports of cleaning the flue with a beta estimate of 35.56 (3.47−67.65) and R2 = 0.16 (p = 0.04). Discussion: Cleaning the flue and not the wood stove age was associated with household air pollution indices. Education on wood stove maintenance and safe burning practices may be more important in reducing household air pollution than the purchase of new stoves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizanur Rahman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans Petersen
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Applied Sciences, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Congjian Liu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacob McDonald
- Applied Sciences, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Akshay Sood
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Miners Colfax Medical Center, Raton, NM 87740, USA
| | - Paula M. Meek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Miners Colfax Medical Center, Raton, NM 87740, USA
- College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Romanov AA, Tamarovskaya AN, Gusev BA, Leonenko EV, Vasiliev AS, Krikunov EE. Catastrophic PM 2.5 emissions from Siberian forest fires: Impacting factors analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119324. [PMID: 35513193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With increased forest fires due to climate change, PM2.5 emissions also intensified. Record PM2.5 emissions according to Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service in Russia amounted to 8 megatons (Mt) in 2021, which is 78% higher than the average level of 2004-2021 (4.5 Mt). Seven federal subjects (the constituent entities) with vast forest areas without fire protection produced 86% of emissions (6.8 Mt) in 2021, the major losses (6.1 Mt) in Yakutia (Sakha Republic). The ambient temperature in Eastern Siberia is increasing, especially in months of winter and spring seasons (up to +3.6 °C) in 1990-2020 compared to 1901-2020 (CEDA Archive); climate change has affected meteorological conditions leading to increased forest fires. The results of the SARIMAX model study for PM2.5 emissions considering meteorological factors using ERA5 and burnt forest area using MODIS (MCD64A1), establishing a significant dependence of PM2.5 emissions on the lack of precipitation and the associated parameters of complete and potential evaporation. This influence long before the fire season (up to 9 months), as it affects the snow cover and the dryness of the fuel by the beginning of forest fires. In turn, high PM2.5 emission values are accompanied by a drop in 2 m air temperature and surface solar radiation downwards due to the aerosol saturation with suspended particles. The average COR for seven federal subjects was 0.79, with the highest forecast result in Yakutia (0.95), indicating the maximum propensity for record emissions due to weather conditions. In combination with forest management without fire protection, meteorological parameters have caused an increase in PM2.5 emissions in recent years in Siberia. The forest needs other ways to manage under the pressures of climate change to reduce environmental pollution associated with PM2.5 emissions from vast Siberian fires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey A Romanov
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; A2 Research & Development Lab, Soissons, France.
| | - Anastasia N Tamarovskaya
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; A2 Research & Development Lab, Soissons, France
| | - Boris A Gusev
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; A2 Research & Development Lab, Soissons, France
| | | | | | - Elijah E Krikunov
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; A2 Research & Development Lab, Soissons, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tassew D, Fort S, Mebratu Y, McDonald J, Chu HW, Petersen H, Tesfaigzi Y. Effects of Wood Smoke Constituents on Mucin Gene Expression in Mice and Human Airway Epithelial Cells and on Nasal Epithelia of Subjects with a Susceptibility Gene Variant in Tp53. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:17010. [PMID: 35072516 PMCID: PMC8785869 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to wood smoke (WS) increases the risk for chronic bronchitis more than exposure to cigarette smoke (CS), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE The effect of WS and CS on mucous cell hyperplasia in mice and in human primary airway epithelial cells (AECs) was compared with replicate the findings in human cohorts. Responsible WS constituents were identified to better delineate the pathway involved, and the role of a tumor protein p53 (Tp53) gene polymorphism was investigated. METHODS Mice and primary human AECs were exposed to WS or CS and the signaling receptor and pathway were identified using short hairpin structures, small molecule inhibitors, and Western analyses. Mass spectrometric analysis was used to identify active WS constituents. The role of a gene variant in Tp53 that modifies proline to arginine was examined using nasal brushings from study participants in the Lovelace Smokers Cohort, primary human AECs, and mice with a modified Tp53 gene. RESULTS WS at 25-fold lower concentration than CS increased mucin expression more efficiently in mice and in human AECs in a p53 pathway-dependent manner. Study participants who were homozygous for p53 arginine compared with the proline variant showed higher mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) mRNA levels in nasal brushings if they reported WS exposure. The WS constituent, oxalate, increased MUC5AC levels similar to the whole WS extract, especially in primary human AECs homozygous for p53 arginine, and in mice with a modified Tp53 gene. Further, the anion exchange protein, SLC26A9, when reduced, enhanced WS- and oxalate-induced mucin expression. DISCUSSION The potency of WS compared with CS in inducing mucin expression may explain the increased risk for chronic bronchitis in participants exposed to WS. Identification of the responsible compounds could help estimate the risk of pollutants in causing chronic bronchitis in susceptible individuals and provide strategies to improve management of lung diseases. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9446.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tassew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Fort
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yohannes Mebratu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob McDonald
- Applied Sciences, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Hans Petersen
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|