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Zhang Q, Liu Y, Li S, Li H, Gao M, Yao Y, Wang L, Wang Y. Traditional and Novel Organophosphate Esters in Plastic Greenhouse: Occurrence, Multimedia Migration, and Exposure Risk via Vegetable Consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13929-13939. [PMID: 38978502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The migration and risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in agricultural air-soil-plant multimedia systems due to plastic film application remain unclear. This study investigates the multimedia distribution of traditional OPEs (TOPEs), novel OPEs (NOPEs), and their transformation products (POPEs) in plastic and solar greenhouses. The total concentration of OPE-associated contaminants in air and airborne particles ranged from 594 to 1560 pg/m3 and 443 to 15600 ng/g, respectively. Significant correlations between air OPE concentrations and those in polyolefin film (P < 0.01) indicate plastic film as the primary source. Contaminants were also found in soils (96.8-9630 ng/g) and vegetables (197-7540 ng/g). The primary migration pathway for NOPEs was particle dry deposition onto the soil and leaf, followed by plant accumulation. Leaf absorption was the main uptake pathway for TOPEs and POPEs, influenced by vegetable specific leaf surface area. Moreover, total exposure to OPE-associated contaminants via vegetable intake was assessed at 2250 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 2900 ng/kg bw/day for children, with an acceptable hazard index. However, a high ecological risk was identified for NOPE compounds (median risk quotient, 975). This study provides the first evidence of the multimedia distribution and potential threat posed by OPE-associated contaminants in agricultural greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yarui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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2
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Wang T, Guan Y, Zeng Y, Yang P, Xiang K, Chen S. Spatiotemporal patterns and deposition of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in air, foliage and litter in a subtropical forest of South China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119059. [PMID: 38701891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed the un-negligible impact of airborne organophosphate esters (OPEs) on phosphorus (P)-limited ecosystems. Subtropical forests, the global prevalence P-limited ecosystems, contain canopy structures that can effectively sequester OPEs from the atmosphere. However, little is known about the behavior and fate of OPEs in subtropical forest ecosystem, and the impact on the P cycling in this ecosystem. OPE concentrations in the understory air (at two heights), foliage, and litterfall were investigated in a subtropical forest in southern China. The median ∑OPE concentrations were 3149 and 2489 pg/m3 in the upper and bottom air, respectively. Foliage exhibited higher ∑OPE concentrations (median = 386 ng/g dry weight (dw)) compared to litter (median = 267 ng/g dw). The air OPE concentrations were ordered by broadleaved forest > mixed forest > coniferous forest, which corresponds to the results of canopy coverage or leaf area index. The spatial variation of OPEs in foliage and litter was likely caused by the leaf surface functional traits. Higher OPE concentrations were found in the wet season for understory air while in the dry season for foliage and litter, which were attributed to the changes in emission sources and meteorological conditions, respectively. The inverse temporal variation suggests the un-equilibrium partitioning of OPEs between leaf and air. The OPE concentrations during the litter-incubation presented similar temporal trends with those in foliage and litter, indicating the strong interaction of OPEs between the litter layer and the near-soil air, and the efficient buffer of litter layer played in the OPEs partitioning between soil and air. The median OPEs-associated P deposition fluxes through litterfall were 270, 186, and 249 μg P/m2·yr in the broadleaved, mixed, and coniferous forests, respectively. Although the fluxes accounted for approximately 0.2% of the total atmospheric P deposition, their significance to this P-limited ecosystem may not be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yufeng Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pingjian Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Kai Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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3
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Zhu C, Yu Z, Chen Y, Pan Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Distribution patterns and origins of organophosphate esters in soils from different climate systems on the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124085. [PMID: 38697247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are extensively applied in various materials as flame retardants and plasticizers, and have high biological toxicity. OPEs are detected worldwide, even in distant polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, few studies have been performed to evaluate the distribution patterns and origins of OPEs in different climate systems on the TP. This study investigated the distribution characteristics, possible sources, and ecological risks of OPEs in soils from the different climate systems on the TP and its surroundings. The total concentrations of OPEs in soil varied from 468 to 17,451 pg g-1 dry weight, with greater concentrations in southeast Tibet (monsoon zone), followed by Qinghai (transition zone) and, finally, southern Xingjiang (westerly zone). OPE composition profiles also differed among the three areas with tri-n-butyl phosphate dominant in the westerly zone and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate dominant in the Indian monsoon zone. Correlations between different compounds and altitude, soil organic carbon, or longitude varied in different climate zones, indicating that OPE distribution originates from both long-range atmospheric transport and local emissions. Ecological risk assessment showed that tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tri-phenyl phosphate exhibited medium risks in soil at several sites in southeast Tibet. Considering the sensitivity and vulnerability of TP ecosystems to anthropogenic pollutants, the ecological risks potentially caused by OPEs in this region should be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yiyao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Marlina N, Hassan F, Chao HR, Latif MT, Yeh CF, Horie Y, Shiu RF, Hsieh YK, Jiang JJ. Organophosphate esters in water and air: A minireview of their sources, occurrence, and air-water exchange. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141874. [PMID: 38575079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have received considerable attention in environmental research due to their extensive production, wide-ranging applications, prevalent presence, potential for bioaccumulation, and associated ecological and health concerns. Low efficiency of OPE removal results in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants emerging as a significant contributor to OPE contamination. Their notable solubility and mobility give OPEs the potential to be transported to coastal ecosystems via river discharge and atmospheric deposition. Previous research has indicated that OPEs have been widely detected in the atmosphere and water bodies. Atmospheric deposition across air-water exchange is the main input route for OPEs into the environment and ecosystems. The main processes that contribute to air-water exchange is air-water diffusion, dry deposition, wet deposition, and the air-water volatilization process. The present minireview links together the source, occurrence, and exchange of OPEs in water and air, integrates the occurrence and profile data, and summarizes their air-water exchange in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Marlina
- Advanced Environmental Ultra Research Laboratory (ADVENTURE) & Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan; Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan
| | - Fahir Hassan
- Advanced Environmental Ultra Research Laboratory (ADVENTURE) & Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan; Faculty of Engineering, University of Jember, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chi-Fu Yeh
- Hwa-Ying Environment Technical Consultants Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung, 81463, Taiwan
| | - Yoshifumi Horie
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-0022, Japan
| | - Ruei-Feng Shiu
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Kung Hsieh
- Climate Change Research Center, National Environmental Research Academy, Taoyuan, 320680, Taiwan.
| | - Jheng-Jie Jiang
- Advanced Environmental Ultra Research Laboratory (ADVENTURE) & Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Risk Management (CERM), Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan; Research Center for Carbon Neutrality and Net Zero Emissions, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan.
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Coelho SD, Maricoto T, Taborda-Barata L, Annesi-Maesano I, Isobe T, Sousa ACA. Relationship between flame retardants and respiratory health- A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123733. [PMID: 38458527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases are a dealing cause of death and disability worldwide. Their prevalence is steadily increasing and the exposure to environmental contaminants, including Flame Retardants (FRs), is being considered as a possible risk factor. Despite the widespread and continuous exposure to FRs, the role of these contaminants in chronic respiratory diseases is yet not clear. This study aims to systematically review the association between the exposure to FRs and chronic respiratory diseases. Searches were performed using the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PUBMED, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science (Science and Social Science Index), WHO Global Health Library and CINAHL EBSCO. Among the initial 353 articles found, only 9 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included. No statistically significant increase in the risk for chronic respiratory diseases with exposure to FRs was found and therefore there is not enough evidence to support that FRs pose a significantly higher risk for the development or worsening of respiratory diseases. However, a non-significant trend for potential hazard was found for asthma and rhinitis/rhinoconjunctivitis, particularly considering urinary organophosphate esters (OPEs) including TNBP, TPHP, TCEP and TCIPP congeners/compounds. Most studies showed a predominance of moderate risk of bias, therefore the global strength of the evidence is low. The limitations of the studies here reviewed, and the potential hazardous effects herein identified highlights the need for good quality large-scale cohort studies in which biomarkers of exposure should be quantified in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia D Coelho
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Maricoto
- Beira Ria Health Unit, Aveiro Health Center, Ílhavo, Portugal; GRUBI - Systematic Reviews Group, Faculty of Health Sciences & UBIAir - Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Luís Taborda-Barata
- GRUBI - Systematic Reviews Group, Faculty of Health Sciences & UBIAir - Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Immunoallergology, Cova da Beira University Hospital Center, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, INSERM and Montpellier University, Department of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ana C A Sousa
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) and Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Portugal
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6
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De Silva AO, Young CJ, Spencer C, Muir DCG, Sharp M, Lehnherr I, Criscitiello A. Canadian high arctic ice core records of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2001-2014. [PMID: 37856255 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and anti-foaming agents over the past several decades. Of particular interest is the long range transport potential of OPEs given their ubiquitous detection in Arctic marine air. Here we report 19 OPE congeners in ice cores drilled on remote icefields and ice caps in the Canadian high Arctic. A multi-decadal temporal profile was constructed in the sectioned ice cores representing a time scale spanning the 1970s to 2014-16. In the Devon Ice Cap record, the annual total OPE (∑OPEs) depositional flux for all of 2014 was 81 μg m-2, with the profile dominated by triphenylphosphate (TPP, 9.4 μg m-2) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP, 42 μg m-2). Here, many OPEs displayed an exponentially increasing depositional flux including TCPP which had a doubling time of 4.1 ± 0.44 years. At the more northern site on Mt. Oxford icefield, the OPE fluxes were lower. Here, the annual ∑OPEs flux in 2016 was 5.3 μg m-2, dominated by TCPP (1.5 μg m-2) but also tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (1.5 μg m-2 TBOEP). The temporal trend for halogenated OPEs in the Mt. Oxford icefield is bell-shaped, peaking in the mid-2000s. The observation of OPEs in remote Arctic ice cores demonstrates the cryosphere as a repository for these substances, and supports the potential for long-range transport of OPEs, likely associated with aerosol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Christine Spencer
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Martin Sharp
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Alison Criscitiello
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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7
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Moran IL, Tidwell L, Barton M, Kile M, Miller P, Rohlman D, Seguinot-Medina S, Ungwiluk B, Waghiyi V, Anderson K. Diffusive fluxes of persistent organic pollutants between Arctic atmosphere, surface waters and sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164566. [PMID: 37270011 PMCID: PMC10330832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arctic communities are disproportionately exposed to pollutants from sources including global atmospheric transport and formerly used defense sites (FUDS). The effects of climate change and increasing development in the Arctic have the potential to exacerbate this problem. Yupik People of Sivuqaq, or St Lawrence Island, Alaska are one such community with documented exposures to pollutants from FUDS, and their traditional lipid-rich foods such as blubber and rendered oils of marine mammals. Troutman Lake, adjacent to the Yupik community of Gambell, Alaska, was used as a disposal site during the decommission of the adjacent FUDS, leading to community concern about exposure to military pollution and intrusion from historic local dump sites. In collaboration with a local community group, this study utilized passive sampling devices deployed in Troutman Lake. Air, water and sediment deployed samplers were analyzed for unsubstituted and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), brominated and organophosphate flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PAH concentrations were low and comparable to other remote/rural locations. PAHs were generally in deposition from the overlying atmosphere into Troutman Lake. Of the flame retardants, brominated diphenyl ether-47 was detected in all surface water samplers while triphenyl phosphate was detected in all environmental compartments. Both were at concentrations equivalent or lower than other remote locations. Of particular interest, we measured higher atmospheric concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (0.75-2.8 ng/m3) than previously reported in the literature for remote Arctic sites (<0.017-0.56 ng/m3). TCEP was found to be in deposition to Troutman Lake at magnitudes from 290 to 1300 ng/m2/day. No PCBs were detected in this study. Our findings demonstrate the relevance of both modern and legacy chemicals from local and global sources. These results help us to understand the fate of anthropogenic contaminants in dynamic Arctic systems providing valuable data for communities, policy makers and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lane Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael Barton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Molly Kile
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Pamela Miller
- Alaska Community Action on Toxics, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Diana Rohlman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Vi Waghiyi
- Alaska Community Action on Toxics, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Kim Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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8
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Huo Y, Li M, Jiang J, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Xie J, He M. The aomogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the atmosphere: Take diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) as an example. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121395. [PMID: 36871750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely detected in the atmosphere. However, the atmospheric oxidative degradation mechanism of OPEs has not been closely examined. This work took density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the tropospheric ozonolysis of organophosphates, represented by diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), including adsorption mechanisms on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) mineral aerosols and oxidation reaction of hydroxyl groups (·OH) after photolysis. Besides, the reaction mechanism, reaction kinetics, adsorption mechanism, and ecotoxicity evaluation of the transformation products were also studied. At 298 K, the total reaction rate constants kO3, kOH, kTiO2-O3, and kTiO2-OH are 5.72 × 10-15 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, 1.68 × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, 1.91 × 10-23 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, and 2.30 × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The atmospheric lifetime of DPhP ozonolysis in the near-surface troposphere is 4 min, much lower than that of hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Besides, the lower the altitude is, the stronger the oxidation is. The TiO2 clusters carry DPhP promoting ·OH oxidation but inhibiting ozonolysis of DPhP. Finally, the main transformation products of this process are glyoxal, malealdehyde, aromatic aldehydes, etc., which are still ecotoxic. The findings shed new light on the atmospheric governance of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jinchan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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9
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Zeng X, Hu Q, Zhang J, Song Q, Xu L, Liang Y, Wu Y, Yu Z. Regional Distribution of Atmospheric Organophosphate Tri-/Diesters in the Pearl River Delta: Possible Emission, Photo-degradation, and Atmospheric Transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4415-4423. [PMID: 36883959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The regional characteristics of atmospheric organophosphate triesters (OPEs) and organophosphate diesters (Di-OPs) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) were investigated by passive air samplers mounting quartz fiber filters. The analytes were found on a regional scale. Atmospheric OPEs, semi-quantified using sampling rates of particulate-bonded PAHs, were in the range of 537-2852 pg/m3 in spring and in the range of 106-2055 pg/m3 in summer, with tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate as the main components. While atmospheric Di-OPs were semi-quantified using sampling rates of SO42-, in the range of 22.5-5576 pg/m3 in spring and in the range of 66.9-1019 pg/m3 in summer, with di-n-butyl phosphate and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) being the main Di-OPs. Our results indicated that OPEs were mainly distributed in the central part of the region, which might be ascribed to the distribution of industry related to OPE-containing products. In contrast, Di-OPs were scattered in the PRD, suggesting local emission from their direct industrial application. Significantly lower levels of TCEP, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and DPHP were detected in summer than in spring, implying that these compounds might be partitioned off particles as the temperature increased and due to possible photo-transformation of TPHP and DPHP. The results also suggested the long-distance atmospheric transportation potential of Di-OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Jiangxi Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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10
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Passive water sampling and air-water diffusive exchange of long-range transported semi-volatile organic pollutants in high-mountain lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160509. [PMID: 36436648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of legacy and currently emitted organic pollutants were determined in the freely dissolved phase of water from six high-mountain lakes in the Pyrenees (1619-2453 m) by passive water sampling. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone rubber (SR) sheets were exposed for three consecutive periods lasting each one year between 2017 and 2020 for the study of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other organochlorine compounds (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, HCB). HCB concentrations (1.0-14 pg L-1) remained essentially the same as those measured with pumping systems over two decades ago in the same area. ƩPAHs (35-920 pg L-1) were around half of those observed in the past, which agrees with reductions in European atmospheric emissions. ƩPCB concentrations (1.2-2.2 pg L-1) were substantially lower, although unexpectedly large differences could be due to comparing yearly averages from the present study to seasonally variable (i.e., affected by snowmelt, stratification, and colloidal organic matter) episodic pumping measurements from previous studies. ƩOPEs (139-2849 pg L-1) were measured for the first time in this area and were found at high concentrations in some sites. Concentrations of most compounds obtained with LDPE and SR samplers agreed with each other by ratios generally lower than three or four times, except for a few PAHs and OPEs. Diffusive exchange flux calculations between the atmospheric gas phase and the freely dissolved water phase revealed net deposition of pollutants from air to water, except for some OPEs and PCBs presenting equilibrium conditions, and HCB with volatilization fluxes. Atmospheric degradation fluxes of PAHs and OPEs pointed at competing removal mechanisms that support the air-to-water direction of their diffusive exchange, while PCBs and organochlorines were not affected by photodegradation. In their current state, these remote lakes accumulate many emerging and legacy pollutants subject to long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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11
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Pang L, Zhang Y, Yang H, Zhang M, Huang Z, Wang H, Jin B. The gas phase retention volume behavior of organophosphate esters on polyurethane foam. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134506. [PMID: 35390415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the gas-phase retention volume behavior of four highly volatile organophosphate esters (OPEs) on polyurethane foam (PUF) was studied using a frontal chromatogram. The breakthrough volumes (VB) of trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), tripropyl phosphate (TPrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were 0.33, 0.59, 10.5, and 32.4 m3, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between the logarithm value of VB and the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (PL) with an r2 of 0.905, indicating that the vapor penetration depends on both the volatility and total air volume. The enthalpy of desorption and vaporization (ΔHS-ΔHV) showed a significant difference between the tested OPEs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), revealing that the strength of the sorption interaction of the tested OPEs vapor on PUF should be different from that of PAHs. The PUF-air partition coefficients (KPUF-air) of the tested OPEs ranged from 4.3 to 8.1, which were lower than those of three-to four-ring PAHs (7.02-10.2) and organochlorines (8.01-9.72), revealing that the partition of highly volatile OPEs on PUF is lower than that of low-volatile compounds. The PUF/XAD cartridge improved the absorption efficiency of the tested OPEs; however, its sorptive capacity was still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huiqiang Yang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Pony Testing International Group Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ziling Huang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haozhao Wang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Baodan Jin
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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12
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Changes and distribution of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine compounds in a high-mountain gradient over a three-year period (Pyrenees, 2017-2020). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154602. [PMID: 35306068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric gas-phase concentrations of several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) were measured in six high-mountain sites in the Pyrenees (1619-2453 m). Polyurethane foam passive air samplers were used for this purpose, providing continuous records spanning over three years (2017-2020). The mean concentrations of ∑PCBs, HCB, and PeCB, 13 ± 4 pg m-3, 44 ± 18 pg m-3, and 23 ± 20 pg m-3, respectively, were of the order of those reported in other mountain sites and similar to those measured 20 years ago in the same area, evidencing the persistence of these compounds despite the international regulatory actions. The mean concentration of ∑PAHs was 631 ± 238 pg m-3, representing between two- and three-times lower values than 20 years ago in the same area, but still in the range of other mountain regions. Statistically significant increases in gas-phase concentrations at higher temperatures were observed for most compounds. The experimental phase-change pseudo-enthalpies calculated from the slopes of the regressions between the natural logarithm of the concentrations and the reciprocal of temperature were lower than the reference values for nearly all compounds. This difference suggested a main contribution of long-range atmospheric transport of the gas-phase PAH and organochlorine concentrations in this mountain area. However, the less volatile compounds such as benz[a]anthracene, PCB138, and PCB180 showed a closer similarity between experimental and laboratory enthalpies, indicating that a significant portion of the variations in concentration of these compounds originated from temperature-dependent diffusive exchange by re-volatilization from local surfaces. The concentrations found in these sentinel ecosystems demonstrate that long-range transport of organic pollutants remains a risk in remote continental environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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