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Zhang X, Han L, Sun Q, Wang X, Hu X, Lin X, Zhu Y. Exposure of individuals aged 18-44 years to personal care products in Beijing, China: Exposure profiles, possible influencing factors, and risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:691-701. [PMID: 39095201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2024.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are a class of emerging pollutants that have attracted public concern owing to their harmful effects on humans and the environment. Biomonitoring data is valuable for insight the levels of PCPs in the human body and can be crucial for identifying potential health hazards. To gain a better understanding of timely exposure profiles and health risk of reproductive-age population to PCPs, we determined six parabens, six benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters, and three disinfectants in 256 urine samples collected from young adults aged 18-44 years in Beijing, China. The urinary levels of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OHBP) were significantly higher in summer compared to winter, suggesting these compounds have different seasonal usage patterns. Moreover, the total concentration of 15 PCPs in female was 430 ng/mL, approximately two times higher than that in male. P‑chloro-m-xylenol (PCMX), as a new type of antibacterial agent, has the greatest level among all target analytes, indicating the increasingly use of this antibacterial alternative recently. Five potential influencing factors that lead to the elevated exposure level of PCPs were identified. Over 19% of the target population had a high hazard index value (greater than 1) which was attributed to exposure to propyl paraben (PrP), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), BP-3 and PCMX, indicating that PCPs may pose a relatively high exposure risk at environmental levels that should be a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Linxue Han
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; The Bureau for Health Inspection and Supervision of Haidian District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Qi Sun
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaojian Hu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Ying Zhu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
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Huang PC, Huang YH, Chen HC, Lin YJ, Chang WT, Chang JW. Urinary paraben exposure increases the risk of a low estimated glomerular filtration rate in Taiwanese general population. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116775. [PMID: 39059343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inconsistent relationship between chemical exposure and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) has been examined in only a few studies. We investigated the association between paraben exposure and indicators of renal function in a total of 361 individuals recruiting from a representative study. METHOD The levels of urinary parabens, including methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP), were measured using UPLC-MS/MS. The association between paraben exposure and indices of renal function was assessed using multiple logistic regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR). RESULTS The median levels of urinary parabens in the adult group were significantly higher than those in the minor group, that is, 397 vs. 148 ng/mL for MeP, 38.8 vs. 13.6 ng/mL for EtP, 117 vs. 57.7 ng/mL for PrP, and 6.61 vs. 2.79 ng/mL for BuP (all P < 0.001). In the adult group, multivariate regression models confirmed a positive association between the albumin-to-creatinine ratio and urinary MeP (β = 0.580) and a positive association of BUN (β = 0.061) and a negative association of eGFR (β = -0.051) with urinary EtP (all P < 0.001). In the adult group, compared with the lowest tertile group, the adjusted odds ratio in the third tertile (T3) of urinary EtP levels indicated a 3.08 times increased risk of eGFR abnormalities, followed by the second tertile (T2) with a 2.63 times increased risk. The generalized additive model (GAM) and BKMR models showed a non-linear correlation between urinary EtP levels and early CKD, as well as reduced eGFR. We observed a significant positive cumulative effect of urinary paraben on eGFR, and a significant positive single exposure effect of urinary EtP with eGFR abnormality. CONCLUSION We found a significant association between exposure to EtP and an increased risk of high BUN levels and decreased eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Wei Chang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Gao Q, Song Y, Jia Z, Huan C, Cao Q, Wang C, Mao Z, Huo W. Association of exposure to a mixture of phenols, parabens, and phthalates with altered serum thyroid hormone levels and the roles of iodine status and thyroid autoantibody status: A study among American adults. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 282:116754. [PMID: 39047362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxicological and epidemiological studies have shown that environmental endocrine disruptors interfere with hormonal homeostasis. However, there is limited research on the effects of mixed exposure to nonpersistent endocrine disruptors on thyroid hormones and the factors (e.g., presence status of thyroid autoantibodies or nutritional status of organismal iodine) that may influence this association. METHODS Data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008 and 2011-2012. Relationships between single pollutants and thyroid hormone and thyroid autoantibody levels were assessed using generalized linear (GLM) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression models. Weighted quantile sum regression (WQS), group-weighted quantile sum regression (GWQS), quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp), and adaptive elasticity network (AENET) were applied to assess the mixed exposure effect. Next, subgroup analyses were performed on the basis of the urinary iodine concentration or thyroid autoantibody status to assess the modifying role of urinary iodine and thyroid autoantibodies. RESULTS A total of 2385 study participants were included in this study. Both the single-pollutant model and the multipollutant mixed model revealed that parabens and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites were significantly and negatively associated with serum thyroxine (T4) levels. However, no associations were found between the target pollutants and thyroid autoantibodies (thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb)). In addition, this study revealed that urinary iodine or thyroid autoantibody status altered the associations of some of the target pollutants with thyroid hormones. WQS and qgcomp analyses, revealed that the associations of mixed pollutants with hormones differed depending on the urinary iodine or antibody status, especially T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). CONCLUSION Significant associations were found between phenols, parabens, and phthalates and serum thyroid hormone levels, with parabens and DEHP metabolites playing major roles. Urinary iodine and thyroid autoantibody status act as modifiers between environmental endocrine-disrupting pollutants and thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Zexin Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Changsheng Huan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Qingqing Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Wenqian Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
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Xu J, Bian J, Ge Y, Chen X, Lu B, Liao J, Xie Q, Zhang B, Sui Y, Yuan C, Lu S. Parabens and triclosan in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) from China: Concentrations, tissue distribution and related human dietary intake risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:173130. [PMID: 38734109 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Parabens (PBs) and triclosan (TCS) are commonly found in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). As a result, they have been extensively found in the environment, particularly in aquaculture operations. Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) consumption has significantly risen in China. Nevertheless, the levels of PBs and TCS in this species and the associated risk to human dietary intake remain undisclosed. This study assessed the amounts of five PBs, i.e., methyl-paraben (MeP), ethyl-paraben (EtP), propyl-paraben (PrP), butyl-paraben (BuP) and benzyl-paraben (BzP), as well as TCS in crayfish taken from five provinces of the middle-lower Yangtze River. MeP, PrP and TCS showed the highest detection rates (hepatopancreas: 46-86 %; muscle: 63-77 %) since they are commonly used in PPCPs. Significantly higher levels of ∑5PBs (median: 3.69 ng/g) and TCS (median: 7.27 ng/g) were significantly found in the hepatopancreas compared to the muscle (median: 0.39 ng/g for ∑5PBs and 0.16 ng/g for TCS) (p < 0.05), indicating bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the hepatopancreas. The estimated daily intake values of ∑5PBs and TCS calculated from the median concentrations of crayfish were 6.44-7.94 ng/kg bw/day and 11.4-14.0 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Although no health risk was predicted from consuming crayfish (HQ <1), consumption of the hepatopancreas is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Junye Bian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yiming Ge
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xulong Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Bingjun Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jianfang Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qingyuan Xie
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Beining Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yaotong Sui
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Chenghan Yuan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Barraza J, Cleofas P, Villamil S, García M, López A, Casas E, Salazar Z, Pichardo F, Barajas-Salinas A, Núñez-Macías E, Ramírez Y, Bonilla E, Bahena I, Ortíz-Muñíz R, Cortés-Barberena E, Betancourt M, Casillas F. In vitro exposure of porcine spermatozoa to methylparaben, and propylparaben, alone or in combination adversely affects sperm quality. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38862408 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Parabens (PBs) are widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries as preservatives of products. Because of its great use, humans and other organisms are highly exposed daily. However, little is known about the effect of PBs on male infertility. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of methylparaben (MePB) and propylparaben (PrPB), alone or in combination, on the physiological characteristics of pig in vitro exposed sperm to different concentrations (0, 200, 500, and 700 μM) for viability, motility, and acrosome integrity evaluation and (0, 200, 500, 700, 1000, and 2000 μM) for DNA fragmentation index evaluation, after 4 h of exposure. The results showed that sperm viability decreased after exposure to MePB from the concentration of 500 μM. In the PrPB and mixture groups, viability decreased at all concentrations except for the control. The decrease in viability of sperm exposed to PrPB was greater than that of the mixture and MePB groups. Sperm motility decreased in all the experimental groups exposed to PBs, at all concentrations, except for the control group. Acrosome integrity was not decreased in the MePB group; however, in the PrPB group, it decreased at a concentration of 200 μM and in the mixture at 500 μM. All groups exhibited DNA damage at different concentrations, except for the control group. Additionally, the effect of PBs on sperm quality was concentration-dependent. The results demonstrated that MePB and PrPB alone or in combination can have adverse effects on sperm quality parameters. MePB had lower toxicity than did both PrPB and the mixture. The mixture did not have an additive effect on any of the parameters evaluated. This could partially explain the link between PB exposure and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barraza
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
- Master's degree in Animal Reproduction Biology, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Cleofas
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S Villamil
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M García
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A López
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Casas
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Z Salazar
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Pichardo
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Barajas-Salinas
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Núñez-Macías
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Y Ramírez
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Bonilla
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Bahena
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Ortíz-Muñíz
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Cortés-Barberena
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Betancourt
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Casillas
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
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Liu Y, Chen L, Zhang S, Wang X, Song Y, Sun H, Cai Z, Wang L. Do wearing masks and preservatives have a combined effect on skin health? ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2024; 3:107-115. [PMID: 38445214 PMCID: PMC10912353 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Chemical exposure and local hypoxia caused by mask-wearing may result in skin physiology changes. The effects of methylparaben (MeP), a commonly used preservative in personal care products, and hypoxia on skin health were investigated by HaCaT cell and ICR mouse experiments. MeP exposure resulted in lipid peroxidation and interfered with cellular glutathione metabolism, while hypoxia treatment disturbed phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways and energy metabolism to respond to oxidative stress. A hypoxic environment increased the perturbation of MeP on the purine metabolism in HaCaT cells, resulting in increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The synergistic effects were further validated in a mouse model with MeP dermal exposure and "mask-wearing" treatment. CAT, PPARG, and MMP2 were identified as possible key gene targets associated with skin health risks posed by MeP and hypoxia. Network toxicity analysis suggested a synergistic effect, indicating the risk of skin inflammation and skin barrier aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Leijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Gonkowski S, Tzatzarakis M, Vakonaki E, Meschini E, Könyves L, Rytel L. Biomonitoring of parabens in wild boars through hair samples analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297938. [PMID: 38381722 PMCID: PMC10880979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Parabens are compounds widely utilized in the industry as preservative additives to personal care products, cosmetics and food. They pollute the environment and penetrate to the living organisms through the digestive tract, respiratory system and skin. Till now the knowledge about exposure of terrestrial wild mammals to parabens is extremely scarce. Therefore, this study for the first time assessed the concentration levels of five parabens commonly used in industry (methylparaben-MeP, ethylparaben-EtP propylparaben-PrP, benzylparaben -BeP and butylparaben-BuP). Substances have been analyzed in hair samples collected from wild boars using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. The hair is a matrix, which allows to study long-term exposure of organisms to parabens. During this study MeP was noted in 96.3% of samples with mean 88.3±72.9 pg/mg, PrP in 87.0% of samples with mean 8.5±3.3 pg/mg, BeP in 44.4% of samples with mean 17.2±12.3 pg/mg and EtP in 11.1% of samples with mean 17.2±4.8 pg/mg. In turn BuP was noted only in 3.7% of samples with concentration levels below limit of quantification (2.6 pg/mg). Statistically significant intragender differences in parabens levels have not been noted. Only BeP concentration levels depended on industrialization and density of human population of area, where the animals lived. This study indicates that wild boars are exposed to parabens, especially to MeP and PrP, and analysis of the hair seems to be a useful tool of biomonitoring of parabens in wild mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Meschini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - László Könyves
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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8
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Domínguez-Liste A, de Haro-Romero T, Quesada-Jiménez R, Pérez-Cantero A, Peinado FM, Ballesteros Ó, Vela-Soria F. Multiclass Determination of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Meconium: First Evidence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in This Biological Compartment. TOXICS 2024; 12:75. [PMID: 38251030 PMCID: PMC10819471 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Major concerns have been raised about human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during pregnancy. Effective methodologies for the assessment of this exposure are needed to support the implementation of preventive measures and the prediction of negative health effects. Meconium has proven a valuable non-invasive matrix for evaluating cumulative exposure to xenobiotics during the last two trimesters of pregnancy. The study objective was to develop a novel method to determine the presence in meconium of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones, EDCs that are widely used in the manufacture of numerous consumer goods and personal care products, including cosmetics. Ten PFASs, two bisphenols, four parabens, and four benzophenones were measured in meconium samples prepared by using a combination of Captiva Enhanced Matrix Removal (EMR) lipid cartridges with salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) before the application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Experimental parameters were optimized by applying different chemometric techniques. Limits of detection ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 ng g-1, and between-day variabilities (relative standard deviations) ranged from 6.5% to 14.5%. The method was validated by matrix-matched standard calibration followed by a recovery assay with spiked samples, obtaining percentage recoveries of 89.9% to 114.8%. The method was then employed to measure compounds not previously studied in this matrix in 20 meconium samples. The proposed analytical procedure yields information on cumulative in utero exposure to selected EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritz Domínguez-Liste
- Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (A.D.-L.); (Ó.B.)
| | - Teresa de Haro-Romero
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18016 Granada, Spain; (T.d.H.-R.); (R.Q.-J.); (F.V.-S.)
- Clinical Laboratory Management Unit, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Quesada-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18016 Granada, Spain; (T.d.H.-R.); (R.Q.-J.); (F.V.-S.)
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Ainhoa Pérez-Cantero
- Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Francisco Manuel Peinado
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18016 Granada, Spain; (T.d.H.-R.); (R.Q.-J.); (F.V.-S.)
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Óscar Ballesteros
- Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (A.D.-L.); (Ó.B.)
| | - Fernando Vela-Soria
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), E-18016 Granada, Spain; (T.d.H.-R.); (R.Q.-J.); (F.V.-S.)
- Clinical Laboratory Management Unit, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, E-18016 Granada, Spain
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Huo Y, Li M, An Z, Jiang J, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Xie J, Wei F, He M. Effect of pH on UV/H 2O 2-mediated removal of single, mixed and halogenated parabens from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132818. [PMID: 37879281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Adjusting pH values in aqueous environments can significantly improve the efficiency by which parabens and halo-parabens are removed. In this study, 20 neutral and deprotonated species were selected as models to investigate their pH-dependent removal mechanisms and kinetics by a UV/H2O2 process using density functional theory (DFT). Compared to neutral species, deprotonated species exhibit higher reactivity to HO• due to their high electron cloud density. H atom abstraction (HAA) reactions on the substitution groups are the most favorable pathways for neutral species, while radical adduct formation (RAF) reactions are the most favorable for deprotonated species. Single electron transfer (SET) reactions can be neglected for neutral species, while these reactions become a viable route for deprotonated molecules. The total reaction rate constants range from 1.63 × 109 to 3.74 × 1010 M- 1 s- 1 at pH 7.0, confirming the experimental results. Neutral and weakly alkaline conditions are favorable for the degradation of MeP and halo-parabens in the UV/H2O2 process. The order of removal efficiency at optimum pH is dihalo-parabens > mono-halo-parabens ≈ F, F-MeP > MeP. Furthermore, the transformation products must undergo oxidative degradation due to their high toxicity. Our findings provide new insights into the removal of parabens and their halogenated derivatives from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Jinchan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Fenghua Wei
- Assets and Laboratory Management Office, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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10
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Reimann B, Sleurs H, Dockx Y, Rasking L, De Boever P, Pirard C, Charlier C, Nawrot TS, Plusquin M. Exposure to endocrine disrupters and cardiometabolic health effects in preschool children: Urinary parabens are associated with wider retinal venular vessels. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138570. [PMID: 37019399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in personal care products. Studies investigating obesogenic or cardiovascular effects of parabens show discordant results, while data on preschool children are lacking. Paraben exposure during early childhood could have profound cardiometabolic effects later in life. METHODS In this cross-sectional study paraben concentrations [methyl (MeP), ethyl (EtP), propyl (PrP), butyl (BuP)] were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in 300 urinary samples of 4-6-year-old children of the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. Paraben values below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were imputed by censored likelihood multiple imputation. The associations between log-transformed paraben values and cardiometabolic measurements (BMI z-scores, waist circumference, blood pressure and retinal microvasculature) were analyzed in multiple linear regression models with a priori selected covariates. Effect modification by sex was investigated by including interaction terms. RESULTS Geometric means (geometric SD) of urinary MeP, EtP, and PrP levels above the LOQ were 32.60 (6.64), 1.26 (3.45), and 4.82 (4.11) μg/L, respectively. For BuP more than 96% of all measurements were below the LOQ. Regarding the microvasculature, we found direct associations between MeP and central retinal venular equivalent (β = 1.23, p = 0.039) and PrP with the retinal tortuosity index (x103)(β = 1.75, p = 0.0044). Furthermore, we identified inverse associations between MeP and ∑parabens with BMI z-scores (β = -0.067, p = 0.015 and β = -0.070, p = 0.014 respectively), and EtP with mean arterial pressure (β = -0.69, p = 0.048). The direction of association between EtP and BMI z-scores showed evidence for sex-specific differences with a direct trend in boys (β = 0.10, p = 0.060). CONCLUSIONS Already at young age paraben exposure is associated with potentially adverse changes in the retinal microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Reimann
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Hanne Sleurs
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Yinthe Dockx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Leen Rasking
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU, (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU, (B35), 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Public Health, Environment & Health Unit, Leuven University (KU Leuven), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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11
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Moscoso-Ruiz I, Navalón A, Rivas A, Zafra-Gómez A. Presence of parabens in children's faeces. Optimization and validation of a new analytical method based on the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115212. [PMID: 36584550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their antimicrobial properties, parabens are a family of synthetic chemical compounds widely used as preservative additives in food and cosmetics. For this reason, humans are highly exposed to them. These substances are capable of altering the proper functioning of the endocrine system and are classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Traditionally, urine has been the typical matrix studied as an excretion route. However, faeces contain valuable information. In the present study, the presence of methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, propyl-, isobutyl-, butyl- and phenylparaben in stool samples from children has been evaluated. A new analytical method has been optimised and validated. The method is based on the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by clean-up of the extracts by dispersive solid phase extraction dSPE). Parabens were analysed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The matrix effect was evaluated and a significant effect was observed for all analytes. Therefore, calibration and validation were performed by addition of different concentrations of analytes to faecal blanks. The coefficient of determination (%R2) for calibration curves was higher than 98.9% in all cases. The limits of detection and quantification were between 0.2 and 0.4 and 0.6-1.0 ng g-1 respectively. The recovery for accuracy assessment had values between 89.0% and 112.7% with an RSD of less than 15% in all cases. The method was successfully applied to 14 samples from children volunteers, 100% of which showed contamination by at least one of the analysed compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Moscoso-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Navalón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Rivas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, INYTA, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, INYTA, University of Granada, Spain.
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12
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Adhikari S, Kumar R, Driver EM, Perleberg TD, Yanez A, Johnston B, Halden RU. Mass trends of parabens, triclocarban and triclosan in Arizona wastewater collected after the 2017 FDA ban on antimicrobials and during the COVID-19 pandemic. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118894. [PMID: 35917669 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials like parabens, triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC) are of public health concern worldwide due to their endocrine-disrupting properties and ability to promote antimicrobial drug resistance in human pathogens. The overall use of antimicrobials presumably has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas TCS and TCC may have experienced reductions in use due to their recent ban from thousands of over-the-counter (OTC) personal care products by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). No quantitative data are available on the use of parabens or the impact the FDA ban had on TCC and TCS. Here, we use wastewater samples (n = 1514) from 10 different communities in Arizona to measure the presence of the six different antimicrobial products (TCS, TCC, and four alkylated parabens [methylparaben (MePb), ethylparaben (EtPb), propylparaben (PrPb), butylparaben (BuPb)]) collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using a combination of solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and isotope dilution for absolute quantitation. The average mass loadings of all antimicrobials combined (1,431 ± 22 mg/day per 1,000 people) after the onset of the local epidemic (March 2020 - October 2020) were significantly higher (945 ± 62 mg/day per 1,000 people; p < 0.05) than before the pandemic (January 2019 - February 2020). Overall, parabens (∑Pbs = 999 ± 16 mg/day per 1,000 people) were the most used antimicrobials, followed by TCS (117 ± 14 mg/day per 1,000 people) and TCC (117 ± 14 mg/day per 1,000 people). After the 2017 U.S. FDA ban, we found a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the mass loadings of TCS (-89%) and TCC (-80%) but a rise in paraben use (+72%). Mass flows of 3 of a total of 4 parabens (MePb, EtPb, and PrPb) in wastewater were significantly higher upon the onset of the epidemic locally (p < 0.05). This is the first longitudinal study investigating the use of antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic by employing wastewater-based epidemiology. Whereas an overall increase in the use of antimicrobials was evident from analyzing Arizona wastewater, a notable reduction in the use of TCS and TCC was evident during the pandemic, triggered by the U.S. FDA ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet Adhikari
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Erin M Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Tyler D Perleberg
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Allan Yanez
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Bridger Johnston
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; OneWaterOneHealth, Nonprofit Project of the Arizona State University Foundation, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, 800 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
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