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Ganesan S, Kokulnathan T, Sumathi S, Palaniappan A. Efficient photocatalytic degradation of textile dye pollutants using thermally exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (TE-g-C 3N 4). Sci Rep 2024; 14:2284. [PMID: 38280908 PMCID: PMC10821873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), an organic photocatalyst was reported to have beneficial properties to be used in wastewater treatment applications. However, g-C3N4, in its bulk form was found to have poor photocatalytic degradation efficiency due to its inherent limitations such as poor specific surface area and fast electron-hole pair recombination rate. In this study, we have tuned the physiochemical properties of bulk g-C3N4 by direct thermal exfoliation (TE-g-C3N4) and examined their photocatalytic degradation efficiency against abundant textile dyes such as methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB). The degradation efficiencies for MB, MO, and RhB dyes are 92 ± 0.18%, 93 ± 0.31%, and 95 ± 0.4% respectively in 60 min of UV light irradiation. The degradation efficiency increased with an increase in the exfoliation temperature. The prepared catalysts were characterized using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDAX, BET, and UV-DRS. In BET analysis, TE-g-C3N4 samples showed improved surface area (48.20 m2/g) when compared to the bulk g-C3N4 (5.03 m2/g). Further, the TE-g-C3N4 had 2.98 times higher adsorption efficiency than the bulk ones. The free radicals scavenging studies revealed that the superoxide radicals played an important role in the photodegradation for dyes, when compared to the hydroxyl radical (.OH) and the photo-induced holes (h+), Photoluminescence (PL) emission and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra of TE-g-C3N4 indicated a lowered electron-hole pairs' recombination rate and an increased photo-induced charge transfer respectively. Further, the TE-g-C3N4 were found to have excellent stability for up to 5 cycles with only a minor decrease in the activity from 92% to 86.2%. These findings proved that TE-g-C3N4 was an excellent photocatalyst for the removal and degradation of textile dyes from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaganapathy Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
- Human Organ Manufacturing Engineering (HOME), Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Thangavelu Kokulnathan
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Shanmugam Sumathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Arunkumar Palaniappan
- Human Organ Manufacturing Engineering (HOME), Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Kimbi Yaah VB, Ahmadi S, Quimbayo M J, Morales-Torres S, Ojala S. Recent technologies for glyphosate removal from aqueous environment: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117477. [PMID: 37918766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for food has led to an increase in the use of herbicides and pesticides over the years. One of the most widely used herbicides is glyphosate (GLY). It has been used extensively since 1974 for weed control and is currently classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Group 2A substance, probably carcinogenic to humans. The industry and academia have some disagreements regarding GLY toxicity in humans and its effects on the environment. Even though this herbicide is not mentioned in the WHO water guidelines, some countries have decided to set maximum acceptable concentrations in tap water, while others have decided to ban its use in crop production completely. Researchers around the world have employed different technologies to remove or degrade GLY, mostly at the laboratory scale. Water treatment plants combine different technologies to remove it alongside other water pollutants, in some cases achieving acceptable removal efficiencies. Certainly, there are many challenges in upscaling purification technologies due to the costs and lack of factual information about their adverse effects. This review presents different technologies that have been used to remove GLY from water since 2012 to date, its detection and removal methods, challenges, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velma Beri Kimbi Yaah
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland; NanoTech - Nanomaterials and Sustainable Chemical Technologies. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuente Nueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Sajad Ahmadi
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland
| | - Jennyffer Quimbayo M
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland; Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit (NANOMO), Faculty of Science, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland
| | - Sergio Morales-Torres
- NanoTech - Nanomaterials and Sustainable Chemical Technologies. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuente Nueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Satu Ojala
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland
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Pandey A, Gupta A, Alam U, Verma N. Construction of a stable S-scheme NiSnO 3/g-C 3N 4 heterojunction on activated carbon fibre for the degradation of glyphosate in water under flow condition. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140709. [PMID: 37977535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Creating light-harvesting heterojunctions as a photocatalyst is critical for efficiently treating organics-laden wastewater. Yet the materials stabilization and limited reusability hinder their practical applications. In this study, an S-scheme heterojunction in the Sn-based perovskite and g-C3N4 (gCN) composite, supported on an activated carbon fiber (ACF) substrate, is developed for glyphosate (GLP) degradation under water under flow conditions. The reusable NiSnO3-gCN/ACF photocatalyst was synthesized using a simple wet impregnation and calcination method. The supported photocatalyst achieved 99% GLP-removal at 4 mL/min water flowrate and 1.25 g/m2 of photocatalyst loading in ACF. The photocatalyst showed a stable structure and repeat photocatalytic performance across 5 cycles despite prolonged visible light exposure under flow conditions. The materials stability is attributed to the effective dispersion of NiSnO3-gC3N4 in ACF, preventing the photocatalyst from elution in water flow. Radical trapping experiment revealed the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals as the primary reactive species in the GLP-degradation pathway. A plausible S-scheme mechanism was proposed for heterojunction formation, based on the high resolution deconvoluted spectra of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the radical trapping experimental results. The inexpensive Sn-based perovskite synthesized in this study is indicated as an alternative to Ti-based perovskites for wastewater remediation application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin Pandey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Umair Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nishith Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India; Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
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Farrag M. Covalently anchoring silver nanoclusters Ag 44 on modified UiO-66-NH 2 with Bi 2S 3 nanorods and MoS 2 nanoparticles for exceptional solar wastewater treatment activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17634. [PMID: 37848533 PMCID: PMC10582164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, covalently anchoring size selected silver nanoclusters [Ag44(MNBA)30] on the Bi2S3@UiO-66-NH2 and MoS2@UiO-66-NH2 heterojunctions were constructed as novel photocatalysts for photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The anchoring of Ag44 on MoS2@UiO-66-NH2 and Bi2S3@UiO-66-NH2 heterojunctions extended the light absorption of UiO-66-NH2 to the visible region and improved the transfer and separation of photogenerated charge carriers through the heterojunctions with a unique band gap structure. The UV-Vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopic analysis confirmed that the optical absorption properties of the UiO-66-NH2 were shifted from the UV region at 379 nm to the visible region at ~ 705 nm after its doping with Bi2S3 nanorods and Ag44 nanoclusters (Bi2S3@UiO-66-NH-S-Ag44). The prepared Bi2S3@UiO-66-NH-S-Ag44 and MoS2@UiO-66-NH-S-Ag44 photocatalysts exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activity for visible light degradation of MB dye. The photocatalysts exhibited complete decolorization of the MB solution (50 ppm) within 90 and 120 min stirring under visible light irradiation, respectively. The supper photocatalytic performance and recycling efficiency of the prepared photocatalysts attributed to the covalent anchoring of the ultra-small silver clusters (Ag44) on the heterojunctions surface. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis confirmed the charge of the silver clusters is zero. The disappearance of the N-H bending vibration peak of primary amines in the FTIR analysis of Bi2S3@UiO-66-NH-S-Ag44 confirmed the covalent anchoring of the protected silver nanoclusters on the UiO-66-NH2 surface via the condensation reaction. The Bi2S3@UiO-66-NH-S-Ag44 catalyst exhibited excellent recyclability efficiency more than five cycles without significant loss in activity, indicating their good potential for industrial applications. The texture properties, crystallinity, phase composition, particle size, and structural morphology of the prepared photocatalysts were investigated using adsorption-desorption N2 isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), HR-TEM, and FE-SEM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Farrag
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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Patra R, Dash P, Panda PK, Yang PC. A Breakthrough in Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment: The Incredible Potential of g-C 3N 4/Titanate Perovskite-Based Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2173. [PMID: 37570490 PMCID: PMC10421126 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution has emerged as a major global environmental crisis due to the massive contamination of water resources by the textile dyeing industry, organic waste, and agricultural residue. Since water is fundamental to life, this grave disregard puts lives at risk, making the protection of water resources a serious issue today. Recent research has shown great interest in improving the photocatalytic performance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for wastewater treatment. However, the photocatalytic removal activity of pure g-C3N4 is poor, owing to its minimal surface area, fast recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, and poor light absorption. Recently, titanate perovskites (TNPs) have attracted significant attention in both environmental remediation and energy conversion due to their exceptional structural, optical, physiochemical, electrical, and thermal properties. Accordingly, TNPs can initiate a variety of surface catalytic reactions and are regarded as an emerging category of photocatalysts for sustainability and energy-related industries when exposed to illumination. Therefore, in this review article, we critically discuss the recent developments of extensively developed g-C3N4/TNPs that demonstrate photocatalytic applications for wastewater treatment. The different synthetic approaches and the chemical composition of g-C3N4/TNP composites are presented. Additionally, this review highlights the global research trends related to these materials. Furthermore, this review provides insight into the various photocatalytic mechanisms, including their potential impact and significance. Also, the challenges faced by such materials and their future scope are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmiranjan Patra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan;
| | - Pranjyan Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
| | - Pradeep Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan;
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Zeng S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li L, Li S, Zhou X, Wang M, Zhao X, Ren L. Photo-Fenton self-cleaning carbon fibers membrane supported with Zr-MOF@Fe 2O 3 for effective phosphate removal from algae-rich water. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138175. [PMID: 36863624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Adsorbents featuring abundant binding sites and high affinity to phosphate have been used to resolve water eutrophication. However, most of the developed adsorbents were focused on improving the adsorption ability of phosphate but ignored the effect of biofouling on the adsorption process especially used in the eutrophic water body. Herein, a novel MOF-supported carbon fibers (CFs) membrane with high regeneration and antifouling capability, was prepared by in-situ synthesis of well-dispersed MOF on CFs membrane, to remove phosphate from algae-rich water. The hybrid UiO-66-(OH)2@Fe2O3@CFs membrane exhibits a maximum adsorption capacity of 333.3 mg g-1 (pH 7.0) and excellent selectivity for phosphate sorption over coexisting ions. Moreover, the Fe2O3 nanoparticles anchored on the surface of UiO-66-(OH)2 through 'phenol-Fe(III)' reaction can endow the membrane with the robust photo-Fenton catalytic activity, which improves long-term reusability even under algae-rich condition. After 4 times photo-Fenton regenerations, the regeneration efficiency of the membrane could remain 92.2%, higher than that of hydraulic cleaning (52.6%). Moreover, the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was significantly reduced by 45.8% within 20 days via metabolism inhibition due to membrane-induced P-deficient conditions. Hence, the developed UiO-66-(OH)2@Fe2O3@CFs membrane holds significant prospects for large-scale application in phosphate sequestration of eutrophic water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fujian, Fuzhou, 350118, China
| | - Yuanshang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yunhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yaming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Lihuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xueqin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
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