1
|
Lin J, Ding X, Gu J, Zhang L, Chao J, Zhang H, Feng S, Guo C, Xu J, Gao Z. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) pollution characteristics, bioaccumulation and human consumption implication in wild marine organisms from the Yellow River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116708. [PMID: 38986395 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
As the substitutes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organophosphate esters (OPEs) with high concentrations have accumulated in the estuaries, bays, and harbors. However, limited information is available about the OPEs in the estuary organism categories, especially under the multiple industrial pressure. This study investigated the occurrence, bioaccumulation and human consumption implication in wild marine organisms from the Yellow River Estuary, where located many petroleum and chemical manufacturing industries. This study found that concentrations of Σ13OPEs ranged from 547 ng/L to 1164 ng/L in seawater (median: 802 ng/L), from 384 to 1366 ng/g dw in the sediment (median: 601 ng/g dw), and from 419 to 959 ng/g dw (median: 560 ng/g dw) in the marine organisms. The congener compositions in the organisms were dominated by alkyl-OPEs (80.7 %), followed by halogenated-OPEs (18.8 %) and aryl-OPEs (0.5 %). Based on the principal component analysis, petrochemical pollution, and industrial wastewater discharge were distinguished as the main plausible sources of OPEs to the YRE ecosystem. Most OPEs had potential or strong bioaccumulation capacity on the organisms, with a positive correlation between log BAF (Bioaccumulation Factor) and log Kow of OPEs. The highest estimated daily intake value of OPEs was tri-n-propyl phosphate, exceeding 300 ng/kg·bw/day via consuming fish. The highest hazard quotients from OPEs ranged from 0.001 to 0.1, indicating a low risk to human health by consuming marine organisms in the YRE. As the consumption of OPEs increases year by year, the risks of OPEs still cannot be ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xinshu Ding
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jinzeng Gu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jinyu Chao
- School of Civil Engineering and Construction and Environment of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Jian Xu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Zhenhui Gao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fang B, Wang C, Du X, Sun G, Jia B, Liu X, Qu Y, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Li YQ, Li W. Structure-dependent destructive adsorption of organophosphate flame retardants on lipid membranes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135494. [PMID: 39141940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), a serious type of pervasive environmental contaminants, has led to a global concern regarding their diverse toxicities to living beings. Using a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches, we systematically studied the adsorption, accumulation, and influence of a series of OPFRs on the lipid membranes of bacteria and cells. Our results revealed that OPFRs can aggregate in lipid membranes, leading to the destruction of membrane integrity. During this process, the molecular structure of the OPFRs is a dominant factor that significantly influences the strength of their interaction with the lipid membrane, resulting in varying degrees of biotoxicity. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), owing to its large molecular size and strong hydrophobicity, causes severe membrane disruption through the formation of nanoclusters. The corresponding severe toxicity originates from the phase transitions of the lipid membranes. In contrast, smaller OPFRs such as triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) have weaker hydrophobicity and induce minimal membrane disturbance and ineffective damage. In vivo, gavage of TPHP induced more severe barrier damage and inflammatory infiltration in mice than TEP or TCEP, confirming the higher toxicity of TPHP. Overall, our study elucidates the structure-dependent adsorption of OPFRs onto lipid membranes, highlighting their destructive interactions with membranes as the origin of OPFR toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fang
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Chunzhen Wang
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xuancheng Du
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Bingqing Jia
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Qingmeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Weifeng Li
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun H, Mi W, Li X, Wang S, Yan J, Zhang G. Organophosphate ester in surface water of the Pearl River and South China Sea, China: Spatial variations and ecological risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142559. [PMID: 38852634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
This study focused on investigating the concentrations, compositional profiles, partitioning behaviors and spatial variations of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the Pearl River (PR), South China Sea (SCS) region, to evaluate their environmental risks. ∑OPEs concentrations in the surface water of the PR ranged from 117.5 to 854.8 ng/L in the dissolved phase and from 0.5 to 13.3 ng/L in the suspended particulate matter. In the surface seawaters of the northern and western parts of the SCS, ∑OPEs concentrations were 1.3-17.6 ng/L (mean: 6.7 ± 5.2) and 2.3-24.4 ng/L (mean: 7.6 ± 5.5), respectively. The percentage of chlorinated OPEs in surface water samples from the PR to the SCS was 79 ± 15%. Tripentyl phosphate (TPeP) (average: 28.3%) and triphenylphosphate (TPhP) (average: 9.6%) exhibited significant particulate fraction. A significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between salt concentration and OPE congeners in seawater suggested that river runoff predominantly introduced OPEs into the coastal waters of the SCS. The findings also showed higher levels of OPEs in the PR and estuary than in offshore waters. The OPE loading from the PR into the SCS was estimated to be ∼119 t y-1. The presence of TCEP (RQmax = 2.1), TnBP (RQmax = 0.48) and TPhP (RQmax = 0.3) in PR water samples pose a high risk to aquatic organisms, whereas OPEs (RQ < 0.1) in SCS water samples do not pose a threat to aquatic organisms. This research emphasizes the environmental fate and impact of OPEs on surface waters of the PR and SCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Xunmeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Shuaiqing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Jiehui Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Guangyang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Naseem S, Tabinda AB, Baqar M, Khan MA, Zia-Ur-Rehman M. Occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of Organophosphate Esters in surface water and sediments from the Ravi River and its tributaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174828. [PMID: 39025139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as substitutes for brominated flame retardants and characterized as emerging contaminants. Due to their toxicity and persistent nature, OPEs are becoming a matter of greater concern worldwide. However, information about the pollution profile of OPEs and associated ecological risks is still scarce in environmental matrices of the South Asian region, particularly Pakistan. Hence, the current study was conducted to investigate the occurrence, spatial distribution patterns, ecological risks and riverine flux of 10 organophosphate esters in surface water and sediments of Ravi River and its four tributaries. The concentrations of ∑10OPEs were in the range of 19.2 - 105 ng/L, with the dominance of chlorinated-OPEs (51 %) in surface water, whereas in case of sediments, the ∑10OPEs concentrations ranged from 20.7 to 149 ng/g dw, with high abundance of non - chlorinated alkyl-OPEs, which contributed about 56 % to total OPE concentration. The correlation analysis signified a strong positive relation of OPEs with TOC (p < 0.05, R = 0.76) in sediments; and in addition to this, field-based LogKoc values were estimated to be higher than predicted LogKoc. Moreover, a significantly positive correlation (p < 0.05, R = 0.88) was observed between LogKoc and LogKow, implying that hydrophobicity plays a significant role in OPE distribution in different environmental matrices. The global comparison revealed that contamination status of OPEs in the present study was comparatively lower than other regional findings, furthermore, principal component analysis suggested vehicular emissions, industrial discharges, household supplies and atmospheric deposition as main sources of OPEs occurrence in current study region. Furthermore, the riverine flux of ∑10OPEs was estimated to be 0.68 tons/yr and the ecological risk assessment indicated that all OPEs, except EHDPP and TCrP, showed negligible or insignificant ecological risks for aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samra Naseem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mehroze Ahmad Khan
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Laboratories, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia-Ur-Rehman
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Laboratories, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Olisah C, Rubidge G, Human LRD, Adams JB. Investigation of alkyl, aryl, and chlorinated OPFRs in sediments from estuarine systems: Seasonal variation, spatial distribution and ecological risks assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118465. [PMID: 38367839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Estuaries in South Africa are very important for biodiversity conservation and serve as focal points for leisure and tourism activities. The organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) levels in these aquatic systems haven't been documented in any studies as of yet. Due to the negative effects of persistent organic pollutants in South African estuaries, we examined the occurrence of eight OPFRs in sediments of two estuaries by studying their spatiotemporal distribution, season variation, and ecological risks. The Sundays Estuary (SDE), a semi-urbanized agricultural surrounding system, recorded an ∑8OPFR concentration in sediments that ranged from 0.71 to 22.5 ng/g dw, whereas Swartkops Estuary, a largely urbanized system, recorded a concentration that ranged from 0.61 to 119 ng/g dw. Alkyl-OPFRs were the prevalent homologue in both estuaries compared to the chlorinated and aryl groups. While TBP, TCPP, and TCrP were the most abundant compounds among the homologue groups. There was no distinct seasonal trend of ∑8OPFR concentration in either estuary, with summer and autumn seasons recording the highest concentrations in SDE and SWE, respectively. Ecological risks in the majority of the study sites for the detected compounds were at low (RQ < 0.1) and medium levels (0.1 ≤ RQ < 1) for certain species of fish, Daphnia magna and algae. However, the cumulative RQs for all the compounds had ∑RQs ≥1 for most sites in both estuaries, indicating that these organisms, if present in both estuaries, may be exposed to potential ecological concerns due to accumulated OPFR chemicals. The scope of future studies should be broadened to include research areas that are not only focus on the bioaccumulation patterns of these compounds but also find sustainable ways to reduce them from these estuarine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- DSI/NRF Research Chair, Shallow Water Ecosystems, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; Department of Botany, Institute of Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/753, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Gletwyn Rubidge
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa
| | - Lucienne R D Human
- Department of Botany, Institute of Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) Elwandle Coastal Node PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa
| | - Janine B Adams
- DSI/NRF Research Chair, Shallow Water Ecosystems, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; Department of Botany, Institute of Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, Chen L, Li H, Song Y, Yang Z, Cui Y. Occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants in Xiangjiang River: Spatiotemporal variations, potential affecting factors, and source apportionment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141822. [PMID: 38561157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is receiving increasing attention. However, their distribution in the Xiangjiang River, an important tributary in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, is still uncharacterized, and the potential factors influencing their distribution have not been adequately surveyed. In this study, the occurrence of OPFRs in the Xiangjiang River was comprehensively investigated from upstream to downstream seasonally. Fourteen OPFRs were detected in the sampling area, with a total concentration (∑OPFRs) ranging from 3.16 to 462 ng/L, among which tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate was identified as the primary pollutant (ND - 379 ng/L). Specifically, ∑OPFRs were significantly lower in the wet season than in the dry season, which may be due to the dilution effect of river flow and enhanced volatilization caused by higher water temperatures. Additionally, Changsha (during the dry season) and Zhuzhou (during the wet season) exhibited higher pollution levels than other cities. According to the Redundancy analysis, water quality parameters accounted for 35.7% of the variation in the occurrence of OPFRs, in which temperature, ammonia nitrogen content, dissolved oxygen, and chemical oxygen demand were identified as the potential influencing factors, accounting for 28.1%, 27.2%, 24.1%, and 11.5% of the total variation, respectively. The results of the Positive Matrix Factorization analysis revealed that transport and industrial emissions were the major sources of OPFRs in Xiangjiang River. In addition, there were no high-ecological risk cases for any individual OPFRs, although tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and tributoxyethyl phosphate presented a low-to-medium risk level. And the results of mixture risk quotients indicated that medium-risk sites were concentrated in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region. This study enriches the global data of OPFRs pollution and contributes to the scientific management and control of pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yang Song
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Hunan Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Center, Changsha, 410081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qin H, Bu D, Zhang Z, Han G, Huang K, Liu C. Organophosphorus flame retardants in fish from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River: Tissue distribution, age-dependent accumulation and ecological risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141663. [PMID: 38479684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Two fish species from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China, were sampled to investigate the occurrence, tissue distribution, age-dependent accumulation and ecological risk assessment of 24 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). Seventeen OPFRs were detected in tissue samples with a total concentration ranging from not detected (ND) to 1092 ng g-1 dw. Cl-OPFRs were predominant in all tissues (mean: 145 ng g-1 dw, median: 72.9 ng g-1 dw) and the concentrations of OPFRs in brain were the greatest (crucian carp: 525 ng g-1 dw, silver carp: 56.0 ng g-1 dw) compared with the other three organs (e.g., liver, muscle and gonad). Furthermore, the total concentrations of OPFRs in crucian carp tissues were significantly greater than those in silver carp (P < 0.01). Age-dependent accumulation of OPFRs was observed in the two fish species, but the accumulation profiles in the two fish species were different. Ecological risk assessment demonstrated that both fish species were at medium to high risk, and TDCIPP was a main contributor (>50%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Qin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dianping Bu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guixin Han
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan S, Zhang H, Wang S, Jiang X, Ma M, Xu Y, Han Y, Wang Z. Do the same chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants that cause cytotoxicity and DNA damage share the same pathway? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116158. [PMID: 38417316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been frequently detected with relatively high concentrations in various environmental media and are considered emerging environmental pollutants. However, their biological effect and underlying mechanism is still unclear, and whether chlorinated OPFRs (Cl-OPFRs) cause adverse outcomes with the same molecular initial events or share the same key events (KEs) remains unknown. In this study, in vitro bioassays were conducted to analyze the cytotoxicity, mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage and molecular mechanisms of two Cl-OPFRs. The results showed that these two Cl-OPFRs, which have similar structures, induced severe cellular and molecular damages via different underlying mechanisms. Both tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) (TCPP) induced oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial impairment and DNA damage, as shown by the overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide. Furthermore, the DNA damage caused by TCPP resulted in p53/p21-mediated cell cycle arrest, as evidenced by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. At the cellular and molecular levels, TCPP increased the sub-G1 apoptotic peak and upregulated the p53/Bax apoptosis pathway, possibly resulted in apoptosis associated with its stronger cytotoxicity. Although structurally similar to TCPP, TCEP did not induce mitochondrial impairment and DNA damage by the same KEs. These results provide insight into the toxicity of Cl-OPFRs with similar structures but different mechanisms, which is of great significance for constructing adverse outcome pathways or determining intermediate KEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengwu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingnan Han
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ke Z, Tang J, Sun J, Bu Q, Yang L, Xu Y. Influence of watershed characteristics and human activities on the occurrence of organophosphate esters related to dissolved organic matter in estuarine surface water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169956. [PMID: 38211871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widespread in aquatic environments and pose potential threats to ecosystem and human health. Here, we profiled OPEs in surface water samples of heavily urbanized estuaries in eastern China and investigated the influence of watershed characteristics and human activities on the spatial distribution of OPEs related to dissolved organic matter (DOM). The total OPE concentration ranged from 22.3 to 1201 ng/L, with a mean of 162.6 ± 179.8 ng/L. Chlorinated OPEs were the predominant contaminant group, accounting for 27.4-99.6 % of the total OPE concentration. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and tributyl phosphate were the dominant compounds, with mean concentrations of 111.2 ± 176.0 ng/L, 22.6 ± 21.5 ng/L, and 14.8 ± 14.9 ng/L, respectively. Variable OPE levels were observed in various functional areas, with significantly higher concentrations in industrial areas than in other areas. Potential source analysis revealed that sewage treatment plant effluents and industrial activities were the primary OPE sources. The total OPE concentrations were negatively correlated to the mean slope, plan curvature, and elevation, indicating that watershed characteristics play a role in the occurrence of OPEs. Individual OPEs (triisobutyl phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and tricresyl phosphate) and Σalkyl-OPEs were positively correlated to the night light index or population density, suggesting a significant contribution of human activity to OPE pollution. The co-occurrence of OPEs and DOM was also observed, and the fluorescence indices of DOM were found to be possible indicators for tracing OPEs. These findings can elucidate the potential OPE dynamics in response to DOM in urbanized estuarine water environments with intensive human activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315800, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaoyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315800, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang QY, Hou R, Xu R, Lin L, Li HX, Liu S, Qian PY, Cheng YY, Xu XR. Organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites in the Pearl River Estuary: Occurrence, influencing factors, and ecological risk control strategies based on a mass balance model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108478. [PMID: 38330749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Estuaries serve as crucial filters for land-based pollutants to the open sea, but there is a lack of information on the migration and fate of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) within estuaries. This study focused on the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) by examining the co-occurrence of OPFRs and their metabolites and quantifying their transport fluxes using a mass balance model. The seawater concentrations of OPFRs and their metabolites exhibited significant seasonal variations (p < 0.01), while the sediment concentrations of OPFRs reflected the long-term distributional equilibrium in the PRE. The concentration of Σ9OPFRs in seawater showed a relentless dilution from the entrance to the offshore region in the normal and wet seasons, which was significantly in accordance with the gradients of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, horizontal migration dominated the transport of OPFRs, and the inventory assessment revealed that both the water column and sediment were important reservoirs in the PRE. According to the estimated fluxes from the mass balance model, riverine input emerged as the principal pathway for OPFR entry into the PRE (1.55 × 105, 6.28 × 104, and 9.00 × 104 kg/yr in the normal, dry and wet seasons, respectively), whereas outflow to the open sea predominantly determined the main fates of the OPFRs. The risk quotient (RQ) results showed that EHDPHP (0.835) in water posed medium ecological risk, while other OPFRs and metabolites presented relatively lower risk (RQ < 0.1). The risk control effects were evaluated through scenario simulations of mathematical fitting between controllable source factors and the RQ of risky OPFR. The risk of EHDPHP in the PRE could be effectively reduced by restricting its concentrations in entrance region (<9.31, 8.67, and 12.7 ng/L in the normal, dry and wet seasons, respectively) of the PRE. This research offers foundational insights into environmental management and pollution control strategies for emerging pollutants in estuaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Ru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lei H, Wang J, Sun Y, Wu Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang X. Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115924. [PMID: 38171103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
As a typical organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is refractory in aqueous environment. The application of TAP is a promising method for removing pollutants. Herein, the removal of TCEP using TAP was rigorously investigated, and the effects of some key variables were optimized by the one-factor-at-a-time approach. To further evaluate the interactions among variables, the response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design was employed. Under optimized conditions (pH 5, [PS]0: [TCEP]0 = 500:1), the maximum removal efficiency (RE) of TCEP reached up to 90.6%. In real-world waters, the RE of TCEP spanned the range of 56%- 65% in river water, pond water, lake water and sanitary sewage. The low-concentration Cl- (0.1 mM) promoted TCEP degradation, but the contrary case occurred when the high-concentration Cl-, NO3-, CO32-, HCO3-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, NH4+ and humic acid were present owing to their prominently quenching effects on SO4•-. Both EPR and scavenger experiments revealed that the main radicals in the TAP system were SO4•- and •OH, in which SO4•- played the most crucial role in TCEP degradation. GC-MS/MS analysis disclosed that two degradation products appeared, sourcing from the replacement, oxidation, hydroxylation and water-molecule elimination reactions. The other two products were inferred from the comprehensive literature. As for acute toxicity to fish, daphnid and green algae, product A displayed the slightly higher toxicity, whereas other three products exhibited the declining toxicity as compared to their parent molecule. These findings offer a theoretical/practical reference for high-efficiency removal of TCEP and its ecotoxicological risk evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Lei
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Yueying Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Zhijuan Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Cheng X, Chen X, Ding L, Xiao H, Liu K, Yang S, Li H, He H. Interannual variation and machine learning simulation of organophosphate esters in Taihu Lake. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132654. [PMID: 37788554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widespread in water bodies and have attracted public attention due to their hazards. This study investigated the presence of OPEs in surface water of Taihu Lake from 2012 and 2021-2022. The OPEs concentration was compared ten years ago and ten years later. Water and meteorological parameters were ranked using the random forest (RF) model, and OPEs concentration in lakes was simulated using selected parameters as inputs. The concentration of Σ7OPEs was higher ten years ago compared to ten years later. There was no significant seasonal difference in Σ7OPEs from 2021-2022, while the concentration of Σ7OPEs in 2012 was lower in summer than in other seasons. The spatial distribution of the two interannual Σ7OPEs exhibited a decreasing trend from the northwest region. The results of RF importance ranking and redundancy analysis showed that NH3-N, TN, TP, water temperature and relative humidity were the most influential factors affecting OPEs concentrations. RF models performed better for TnBP, as indicated by training R and test R values are excellent and relatively low errors. Our results demonstrated that machine learning models were useful in facilitating efficient monitoring and assessment of OPEs contamination in lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuteng Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Ding
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paun I, Pirvu F, Iancu VI, Niculescu M, Pascu LF, Chiriac FL. An Initial Survey on Occurrence, Fate, and Environmental Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Romanian Waterways. J Xenobiot 2023; 14:31-50. [PMID: 38249100 PMCID: PMC10801549 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants in the environment and present an important preoccupation due to their potential toxicity to humans and biota. They can be found in various sources, including consumer products, building materials, transportation industry, electronic devices, textiles and clothing, and recycling and waste management. This paper presents the first survey of its kind in Romania, investigating the composition, distribution, possible sources, and environmental risks of OPFRs in five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the rivers receiving their effluents. Samples from WWTPs and surface waters were collected and subjected to extraction processes to determine the OPFRs using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. All the target OPFRs were found in all the matrices, with the average concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 1422 ng/L in wastewater, 0.88 to 1851 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) in sewage sludge, and 0.73 to 1036 ng/L in surface waters. The dominant compound in all the cases was tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). This study observed that the wastewater treatment process was inefficient, with removal efficiencies below 50% for all five WWTPs. The environmental risk assessment indicated that almost all the targeted OPFRs pose a low risk, while TDCPP, TCPP, and TMPP could pose a moderate risk to certain aquatic species. These findings provide valuable information for international pollution research and enable the development of pollution control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luoana Florentina Pascu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology—ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street 57-73, 060652 Bucharest, Romania; (I.P.); (F.P.); (V.I.I.); (M.N.)
| | - Florentina Laura Chiriac
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology—ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street 57-73, 060652 Bucharest, Romania; (I.P.); (F.P.); (V.I.I.); (M.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gbadamosi MR, Ogunneye AL, Jegede DO, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Occurrence, source apportionment, and ecological risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface sediment from the Ogun and Osun Rivers, Southwest Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:124274-124285. [PMID: 37996592 PMCID: PMC10746756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals widely used as e.g., flame retardants and plasticisers in various consumer products. Due to the toxicity of OPEs in aquatic ecosystems, exposure of fauna and flora to these compounds is of potential concern. In this study, the concentrations, profiles, sources, and ecological risk of eight OPEs were investigated in the sediments from the two major rivers in southwest Nigeria. Concentrations of ∑OPEs in surface sediments were in the range 13.1 - 2110 ng/g dry weight (dw) (median: 378 ng/g dw) in the Ogun River and 24.7-589 ng/g dw (median: 174 ng/g dw) in the Osun River. These concentrations are broadly within the range of those reported in surface sediment in previous studies conducted in other locations around the world. Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the dominant OPE in the sediment samples with a median concentration of 337 and 126 ng/g dw for the Ogun and Osun Rivers respectively, while tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) was not detected in any sample. Excluding TBOEP, the chlorinated organophosphate esters: tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were the dominant OPEs in the Osun River, while the aryl-OPEs: triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), and tri-m-tolyl phosphate (TMTP) were dominant in the Ogun River. Under a median exposure scenario, moderate ecological risk was predicted from exposure to TCIPP in the Osun River. In contrast, under a high exposure scenario, concentrations of TDCIPP (risk quotient, RQ = 5.33-5.37) constituted a high ecological risk in both rivers, with moderate risks observed for TBOEP (RQ = 0.022-0.18) and TCIPP (RQ = 0.097 - 0.16). Therefore, the risk to aquatic organisms from concomitant exposure to mixtures of OPEs in freshwater ecosystems requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Adeyemi Lawrence Ogunneye
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - David Olaoluwa Jegede
- Chemistry Unit, Department of Basic Science, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zuo L, Li Y, Hou W, Wang F, Feng Y, Zhang Z. Leaching of triphenyl phosphate and tri-n-butyl phosphate from polystyrene microplastics: influence of plastic properties and simulated digestive fluids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:114659-114666. [PMID: 37821736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have gained considerable attention as a growing environmental problem owing to their potential to serve as vectors for harmful chemicals. However, the leaching of these chemicals from microplastics is unclear. In this study, we investigated the leaching of two organophosphate flame retardants, triphenyl phosphate and tri-n-butyl phosphate, from polystyrene microplastics in simulated digestive fluids and water, and polypropylene microplastics were simultaneously used for comparison with polystyrene microplastics. The results indicated that the first-order kinetic model best explained the leaching process, suggesting that leaching was related to the release of organophosphate flame retardant molecules at the polymer surface. Additionally, the size and crystalline state of the microplastics had a significant effect on the leaching, whereas organophosphate flame retardant content had a minimal impact. Simulated digestive fluids facilitated the leaching to a different extent, and under these influencing conditions, leaching percentages from polystyrene microplastics did not exceed 0.51%. Therefore, leaching from PS microplastics may not be an important source of OPFRs in the environment. However, the release of organophosphate flame retardants can be considerably enhanced with the breakdown of polystyrene microplastics to polystyrene nanoplastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linzi Zuo
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Waner Hou
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiping Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu Y, Zhang Z, Huang W, Liu H, Zhang R, Jiao H, Sun A, Chen J, Shi X. Environmental profile, potential sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a typical coastal bay and outer bay area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27885-3. [PMID: 37264168 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As a class of persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present and accumulate in multimedia environments. The pollution characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, potential sources, influencing factors, and ecological risks of 16 PAHs were investigated in the water-sediment system of the Hangzhou Bay and outer bay area (HZB and OBA, respectively). The total concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) were 220 ± 97.0 and 130 ± 36.0 ng/L in the seawater and 343 ± 179 and 505 ± 415 μg/kg (dry weight) in the sediments of the HZB and OBA, respectively. The pollution level of PAHs in the HZB seawater was higher than that in the OBA seawater, but the opposite result was found in the sediments. Moreover, ∑PAHs exhibited high temporal variability in the HZB seawater (rainy season > dry season), whereas ∑PAHs in the sediments showed no significant difference between seasons. The molecular diagnostic ratio method was used to identify pollution sources and showed that the PAHs in seawater came from different pollution sources (fuel combustion and petroleum), whereas the PAHs in the sediments originated from coincident sources (mixed combustion). Correlation analysis revealed that temperature was positively related to ∑PAHs, whereas salinity was negatively related to seawater ∑PAHs values. Ecological risk assessment demonstrated that the potential for adverse ecological effects was low to moderate in seawater but moderate to high in the sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Jiao
- College of Biological and Environment Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Aili Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|