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Yang J, Yu J, Dong W, Yang D, Hua Z, Wan X, Wang M, Li H, Lu S. Enhanced the Efficiency of Electrocatalytic CO 2 -to-CO Conversion by Cd Species Anchored into Metal-Organic Framework. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301319. [PMID: 37178410 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a promising platform for electrocatalytic CO2 conversion are still restricted by the low efficiency or unsatisfied selectivity for desired products. Herein, zirconium-based porphyrinic MOF hollow nanotubes with Cd sites (Cd-PCN-222HTs) are reported for electrocatalytic CO2 -to-CO conversion. The dispersed Cd species are anchored in PCN-222HTs and coordinated by N atoms of porphyrin structures. It is discovered that Cd-PCN-222HTs have glorious electrocatalytic activity for selective CO production in ionic liquid-water (H2 O)-acetonitrile (MeCN) electrolyte. The CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO ) of >80% could be maintained in a wide potential range from -2.0 to -2.4 V versus Ag/Ag+ , and the maximum current density could reach 68.0 mA cm-2 at -2.4 V versus Ag/Ag+ with a satisfied turnover frequency of 26 220 h-1 . The enhanced efficiency of electrocatalytic CO2 conversion of Cd-PCN-222HTs is closely related to its hollow structure, anchored Cd species, and good synergistic effect with electrolyte. The density functional theory calculations indicate that the dispersed Cd sites anchored in PCN-222HTs not only favor the formation of *COOH intermediate but also hinder the hydrogen evolution reaction, resulting in high activity of electrocatalytic CO2 -to-CO conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jingkun Yu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Weiwei Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dexin Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhixin Hua
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wan
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Mingyan Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Hongping Li
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
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2
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Liu S, Yang HB, Hung S, Ding J, Cai W, Liu L, Gao J, Li X, Ren X, Kuang Z, Huang Y, Zhang T, Liu B. Elucidating the Electrocatalytic CO
2
Reduction Reaction over a Model Single‐Atom Nickel Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:798-803. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Hong Bin Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Sung‐Fu Hung
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jie Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Weizheng Cai
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Linghui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChongqing University Shapingba 174 Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
| | - Jiajian Gao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Xuning Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Xinyi Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhichong Kuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanqiang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
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3
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Lexow M, Massicot S, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Stability and Exchange Processes in Ionic Liquid/Porphyrin Composite Films on Metal Surfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:29708-29721. [PMID: 31867088 PMCID: PMC6913898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b08531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In light of increasing interest in the development of organic-organic multicomponent heterostructures on metals, this molecular-scale study investigates prototypical composite systems of ultrathin porphyrin and ionic liquid (IL) films on metallic supports under well-defined ultrahigh vacuum conditions. By means of angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we investigated the adsorption, stability, and thermal exchange of the resulting films after sequential physical vapor deposition of the free-base porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, 2H-TPP, and the IL 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C8C1Im][PF6], on Ag(111) and Au(111). 2H-TPP shows two-dimensional growth of up to two closed molecular layers on Ag(111) and Au(111) and three-dimensional island growth for thicker films. IL films on top of a monolayer of 2H-TPP exhibit Stranski-Krastanov-like growth and are stable up to 385 K. The 2H-TPP layer leads to destabilization of the IL films, compared to the IL in direct contact with the bare metals, by inhibiting the specific adsorption of the ions on the metal surfaces. When the porphyrin is deposited on top of [C8C1Im][PF6] at low temperature, the 2H-TPP molecules adsorb on top of the IL film at first but replace the IL at the IL/metal interfaces upon heating above 240 K. This exchange process is most likely driven by the higher adsorption energy of 2H-TPP on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces, as compared to the IL. The behavior observed on Ag(111) and Au(111) is identical. The results are highly relevant for the stability of porphyrin/IL-based thin film catalyst systems and molecular devices, and more generally, stacked organic multilayer architectures.
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4
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Liu S, Yang HB, Hung S, Ding J, Cai W, Liu L, Gao J, Li X, Ren X, Kuang Z, Huang Y, Zhang T, Liu B. Elucidating the Electrocatalytic CO
2
Reduction Reaction over a Model Single‐Atom Nickel Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Hong Bin Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Sung‐Fu Hung
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jie Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Weizheng Cai
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Linghui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChongqing University Shapingba 174 Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
| | - Jiajian Gao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Xuning Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Xinyi Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhichong Kuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanqiang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
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5
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Gu J, Hsu CS, Bai L, Chen HM, Hu X. Atomically dispersed Fe3+ sites catalyze efficient CO2 electroreduction to CO. Science 2019; 364:1091-1094. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the most active electrocatalysts for the conversion of CO2 to CO are gold-based nanomaterials, whereas non–precious metal catalysts have shown low to modest activity. Here, we report a catalyst of dispersed single-atom iron sites that produces CO at an overpotential as low as 80 millivolts. Partial current density reaches 94 milliamperes per square centimeter at an overpotential of 340 millivolts. Operando x-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed the active sites to be discrete Fe3+ ions, coordinated to pyrrolic nitrogen (N) atoms of the N-doped carbon support, that maintain their +3 oxidation state during electrocatalysis, probably through electronic coupling to the conductive carbon support. Electrochemical data suggest that the Fe3+ sites derive their superior activity from faster CO2 adsorption and weaker CO absorption than that of conventional Fe2+ sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Shuo Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lichen Bai
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
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6
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Mangione G, Sambi M, Carlotto S, Vittadini A, Ligorio G, Timpel M, Pasquali L, Giglia A, Nardi MV, Casarin M. Electronic structure of CuTPP and CuTPP(F) complexes: a combined experimental and theoretical study II. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:24890-904. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
CuTPP and CuTPP(F) thick films deposited on Au(111) have been studied by coupling NEXAFS spectroscopy at the C/N/FK-edges and CuL2,3-edges and spin-unrestricted TD-DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mangione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Mauro Sambi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Silvia Carlotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Andrea Vittadini
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l'Energia – ICMATE
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Ligorio
- Institute for Physics
- Supramolecular Systems Division “SMS” Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Melanie Timpel
- Institute for Physics
- Supramolecular Systems Division “SMS” Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo
| | - Luca Pasquali
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria “E. Ferrari”
- Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali
| | - Angelo Giglia
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali
- IOM-CNR
- Trieste
- Italy
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia
| | - Marco Vittorio Nardi
- Institute for Physics
- Supramolecular Systems Division “SMS” Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l'Energia – ICMATE
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7
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van As A, Joubert CC, Buitendach BE, Erasmus E, Conradie J, Cammidge AN, Chambrier I, Cook MJ, Swarts JC. Tetrabenzoporphyrin and -mono-, -cis-di- and Tetrabenzotriazaporphyrin Derivatives: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Implications of meso CH Group Replacement with Nitrogen. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:5329-41. [PMID: 25970004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adele van As
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Chris C. Joubert
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | | | - Elizabeth Erasmus
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Andrew N. Cammidge
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Chambrier
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Cook
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jannie C. Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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8
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Diller K, Klappenberger F, Allegretti F, Papageorgiou AC, Fischer S, Duncan DA, Maurer RJ, Lloyd JA, Oh SC, Reuter K, Barth JV. Temperature-dependent templated growth of porphine thin films on the (111) facets of copper and silver. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:144703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4896605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Diller
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sybille Fischer
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Reinhard J. Maurer
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Julian A. Lloyd
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Seung Cheol Oh
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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9
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Wenzel J, Wormit M, Dreuw A. Calculating core-level excitations and x-ray absorption spectra of medium-sized closed-shell molecules with the algebraic-diagrammatic construction scheme for the polarization propagator. J Comput Chem 2014; 35:1900-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wenzel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 368 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Wormit
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 368 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 368 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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10
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Diller K, Klappenberger F, Allegretti F, Papageorgiou AC, Fischer S, Wiengarten A, Joshi S, Seufert K, Écija D, Auwärter W, Barth JV. Investigating the molecule-substrate interaction of prototypic tetrapyrrole compounds: Adsorption and self-metalation of porphine on Cu(111). J Chem Phys 2013; 138:154710. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4800771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Nurioglu AG, Akpinar H, Kanik FE, Toffoli D, Toppare L. Further investigation of intramolecular H-bonding in benzimidazole and EDOT containing monomer. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Nardi M, Verucchi R, Aversa L, Casarin M, Vittadini A, Mahne N, Giglia A, Nannarone S, Iannotta S. Electronic properties of tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj40910d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Diller K, Klappenberger F, Marschall M, Hermann K, Nefedov A, Wöll C, Barth JV. Self-metalation of 2H-tetraphenylporphyrin on Cu(111): an x-ray spectroscopy study. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:014705. [PMID: 22239798 DOI: 10.1063/1.3674165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bonding and the temperature-driven metalation of 2H-tetraphenylporphyrin (2H-TPP) on the Cu(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions were investigated by a combination of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy with density functional theory calculations. Thin films were prepared by organic molecular beam epitaxy and subsequent annealing. Our systematic study provides an understanding of the changes of the spectroscopic signature during adsorption and metalation. Specifically, we achieved a detailed peak assignment of the 2H-TPP multilayer data of the C1s and the N1s region. After annealing to 420 K both XPS and NEXAFS show the signatures of a metalloporphyrin, which indicates self-metalation at the porphyrin-substrate interface, resulting in Cu-TPP. Furthermore, for 2H-TPP monolayer samples we show how the strong influence of the copper surface is reflected in the spectroscopic signatures. Adsorption results in a strongly deformed macrocycle and a quenching of the first NEXAFS resonance in the nitrogen edge suggesting electron transfer into the LUMO. For Cu-TPP the spectroscopic data indicate a reduced interaction of first-layer molecules with the substrate as demonstrated by the relaxed macrocycle geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Diller
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
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14
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Di Santo G, Blankenburg S, Castellarin-Cudia C, Fanetti M, Borghetti P, Sangaletti L, Floreano L, Verdini A, Magnano E, Bondino F, Pignedoli CA, Nguyen MT, Gaspari R, Passerone D, Goldoni A. Supramolecular engineering through temperature-induced chemical modification of 2H-tetraphenylporphyrin on Ag(111): flat phenyl conformation and possible dehydrogenation reactions. Chemistry 2011. [PMID: 22113855 DOI: 10.1021/jp111151n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Scratching the surface: Formation of a monolayer of 2H-tetraphenylporphyrins (2H-TPP) on Ag(111), either by sublimation of a multilayer in the range 525-600 K or by annealing (at the same temperature) a monolayer deposited at room temperature, induces a chemical modification of the molecules. Rotation of the phenyl rings into a flat conformation is observed and tentatively explained, by using DFT calculations, as a peculiar reaction due to molecular dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Santo
- INSTM-Micro & Nano-Carbon Laboratory, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. s.s.14 km. 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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15
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Cook PL, Yang W, Liu X, García-Lastra JM, Rubio A, Himpsel FJ. Unoccupied states in Cu and Zn octaethyl-porphyrin and phthalocyanine. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:204707. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3592937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Langlois G, Aly SM, Gros CP, Barbe JM, Harvey PD. Rational synthetic design of well-defined Pt(bisethynyl)/Zn(porphyrin) oligomers for potential applications in photonics. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Schmidt N, Fink R, Hieringer W. Assignment of near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectra of metalloporphyrins by means of time-dependent density-functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:054703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3435349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Rienzo A, Mayor LC, Magnano G, Satterley CJ, Ataman E, Schnadt J, Schulte K, O’Shea JN. X-ray absorption and photoemission spectroscopy of zinc protoporphyrin adsorbed on rutile TiO2(110) prepared by in situ electrospray deposition. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:084703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3336747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Wong WY, Harvey PD. Recent Progress on the Photonic Properties of Conjugated Organometallic Polymers Built Upon the trans-Bis(para-ethynylbenzene)bis(phosphine)platinum(II) Chromophore and Related Derivatives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:671-713. [PMID: 21590959 DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review article surveys the electronic and photophysical properties of conjugated organometallic polymers built upon the title compound and its related derivatives focussing primarily on systems investigated in our laboratories. The general structure of the polymers is (trans-bis(para-ethynylbenzene)bis(phosphine)platinum(II)-G)(n) where G is a conjugated group such as thiophene, fluorene, carbazole, substituted silole, quinone derivative, and metalloporphyrin residue, or a non-conjugated main-group moiety. Systems based on substituted phenylene units and other related fused rings are also discussed. The phosphine ligands are generally triethyl- or tri-n-butylphosphine groups. These trans-platinum(II) polymers and the corresponding model compounds are compared to the corresponding ortho-derivatives in the quinone series, and the newly prepared paracyclophane-containing polymers. For the porphyrin series, a comparison of fully conjugated oligomers exhibiting the general structure (trans-bis(para-ethynyl(zinc(porphyrin)))bis(phosphine)platinum(II))(n) (i.e., the C(6) H(4) group is absent from the main chain) will be made. This contribution also includes a description of the properties of the mononuclear chromophore itself, properties that define those of the polymers. Potential applications with regard to electronic and optical devices will be highlighted. These soluble and stable materials feature both the processing advantages of polymers and the functionality provided by the presence of metal centers. These multifunctional organometallic polyyne polymers exhibit convenient structural variability as well as optical and electronic properties, which renders them important for use in different research domains as chemical sensors and sensor protectors, as converters for light/electricity signals, and as patternable precursors to magnetic metal alloy nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
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Cook PL, Liu X, Yang W, Himpsel FJ. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of biomimetic dye molecules for solar cells. J Chem Phys 2010; 131:194701. [PMID: 19929065 DOI: 10.1063/1.3257621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells are potentially inexpensive alternatives to traditional semiconductor solar cells. In order to optimize dyes for solar cells we systematically investigate the electronic structure of a variety of porphyrins and phthalocyanines. As a biological model system we use the heme group in cytochrome c which plays a role in biological charge transfer processes. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the N 1s and C 1s edges reveals the unoccupied molecular orbitals and the orientation of the molecules in thin films. The transition metal 2p edges reflect the oxidation state of the central metal atom, its spin state, and the ligand field of the surrounding N atoms. The latter allows tuning of the energy position of the lowest unoccupied orbital by several tenths of an eV by tailoring the molecules and their deposition. Fe and Mn containing phthalocyanines oxidize easily from +2 to +3 in air and require vacuum deposition for obtaining a reproducible oxidation state. Chlorinated porphyrins, on the other hand, are reduced from +3 to +2 during vacuum deposition at elevated temperatures. These findings stress the importance of controlled thin film deposition for obtaining photovoltaic devices with an optimum match between the energy levels of the dye and those of the donor and acceptor electrodes, together with a molecular orientation for optimal overlap between the pi orbitals in the direction of the carrier transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Cook
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1150 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Turner M, Vaughan OPH, Kyriakou G, Watson DJ, Scherer LJ, Papageorgiou AC, Sanders JKM, Lambert RM. Deprotection, tethering, and activation of a one-legged metalloporphyrin on a chemically active metal surface: NEXAFS, synchrotron XPS, and STM study of [SAc]P-Mn(III)Cl on Ag(100). J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:14913-9. [PMID: 19785425 DOI: 10.1021/ja904664e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structural and reactive properties of the acetyl-protected "one-legged" manganese porphyrin [SAc]P-Mn(III)Cl on Ag(100) have been studied by NEXAFS, synchrotron XPS and STM. Spontaneous surface-mediated deprotection occurs at 300 K accompanied by spreading of the resulting thio-tethered porphyrin across the metal surface. Loss of the axial chlorine ligand occurs at 498 K, without any demetalation of the macrocycle, leaving the Mn center in a low co-ordination state. At low coverages the macrocycle is markedly tilted toward the silver surface, as is the phenyl group that forms part of the tethering "leg". In the monolayer region a striking transition occurs whereby the molecule rolls over, preserving the tilt angle of the phenyl group, strongly increasing that of the macrocycle, decreasing the apparent height of the molecule and decreasing its footprint, thus enabling closer packing. These findings are in marked contrast with those previously reported for the corresponding more rigidly bound four-legged porphyrin [ Turner , M. , Vaughan , O. P. H. , Kyriakou , G. , Watson , D. J. , Scherer , L. J. , Davidson , G. J. E. , Sanders , J. K. M. and Lambert , R. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009 , 131 , 1910 ] suggesting that the physicochemical properties and potential applications of these versatile systems should be strongly dependent on the mode of tethering to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Nardi M, Verucchi R, Corradi C, Pola M, Casarin M, Vittadini A, Iannotta S. Tetraphenylporphyrin electronic properties: a combined theoretical and experimental study of thin films deposited by SuMBD. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:871-80. [DOI: 10.1039/b914847g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bellows D, Aly SM, Gros CP, El Ojaimi M, Barbe JM, Guilard R, Harvey PD. Energy Transfers in Monomers, Dimers, and Trimers of Zinc(II) and Palladium(II) Porphyrins Bridged by Rigid Pt-Containing Conjugated Organometallic Spacers. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:7613-29. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900840w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bellows
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Shawkat M. Aly
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Claude P. Gros
- ICMUB (UMR 5260), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Maya El Ojaimi
- ICMUB (UMR 5260), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Roger Guilard
- ICMUB (UMR 5260), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre D. Harvey
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Krasnikov SA, Beggan JP, Sergeeva NN, Senge MO, Cafolla AA. Ni(II) porphine nanolines grown on a Ag(111) surface at room temperature. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:135301. [PMID: 19420492 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/13/135301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The room temperature growth and ordering of (porphyrinato)nickel (II) (or nickel (II) porphine, NiP) molecules on a Ag(111) surface have been investigated using scanning tunnelling microscopy and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). At a coverage of one monolayer, NiP molecules form a well-ordered molecular layer, having a hexagonal structure, on the Ag(111) surface. Porphyrin molecules have a flat orientation in this overlayer with the molecular plane lying parallel to the substrate. LEED data obtained from one monolayer of the NiP on the Ag(111) surface show the formation of two mirror domains each rotated either clockwise or anticlockwise by 6 degrees with respect to the substrate. NiP molecules forming a second layer self-assemble into well-ordered and uniformly separated nanolines at room temperature. These nanolines consist of hexagonally ordered NiP molecules and are found to be 1-4 molecules wide, depending on the molecular coverage. The completed second monolayer preserves the same planarity and hexagonal ordering as the first molecular layer but with a 4% lateral relaxation which produces a periodic modulation of approximately 5 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Krasnikov
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland. SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland.
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Suijkerbuijk B, Klein Gebbink R. Porphyrine mit metallorganischen Gruppen: Synthese und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Suijkerbuijk B, Klein Gebbink R. Merging Porphyrins with Organometallics: Synthesis and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7396-421. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. J. M. Suijkerbuijk
- Faculty of Science, Chemical Biology & Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 30‐252‐3615
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Faculty of Science, Chemical Biology & Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 30‐252‐3615
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Krasnikov SA, Sergeeva NN, Brzhezinskaya MM, Preobrajenski AB, Sergeeva YN, Vinogradov NA, Cafolla AA, Senge MO, Vinogradov AS. An x-ray absorption and photoemission study of the electronic structure of Ni porphyrins and Ni N-confused porphyrin. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2008; 20:235207. [PMID: 21694298 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/20/23/235207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of chemical bonding and electronic structure features for polycrystalline (porphyrinato)nickel (II) (NiP, the simplest Ni porphyrin), (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)nickel (II) (NiTPP) and (2-aza-21-carba-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)nickel (II) (N-confused NiTPP, NiNCTPP) have been performed by means of high-resolution soft x-ray absorption and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The Ni 2p(3/2) x-ray absorption spectra show strong π-back-bonding in these compounds leading to a high-energy shift (1.2 eV for the NiP and NiTPP) of the entire absorption structure compared to Ni metal. It has been found that the main absorption line of the Ni 2p(3/2) spectrum of the NiNCTPP is shifted by an additional 0.5 eV to higher energies in comparison with those for other nickel porphyrins. This shift is evidence of stronger back-donation (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) and a smaller effective number of 3d electrons on the central Ni atom in the NiNCTPP as compared to other Ni porphyrins. The confused N atom in the NiNCTPP is of pyrrolic type (protonated nitrogen), which was confirmed by the N 1s absorption and core-level photoemission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Krasnikov
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland. V A Fock Institute of Physics, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation. SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
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Dinuclear Pt and Pd complexes with metalloporphyrin bridges: A NEXAFS study of the electronic structure and self-assembling properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wende H, Bernien M, Luo J, Sorg C, Ponpandian N, Kurde J, Miguel J, Piantek M, Xu X, Eckhold P, Kuch W, Baberschke K, Panchmatia PM, Sanyal B, Oppeneer PM, Eriksson O. Substrate-induced magnetic ordering and switching of iron porphyrin molecules. NATURE MATERIALS 2007; 6:516-20. [PMID: 17558431 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To realize molecular spintronic devices, it is important to externally control the magnetization of a molecular magnet. One class of materials particularly promising as building blocks for molecular electronic devices is the paramagnetic porphyrin molecule in contact with a metallic substrate. Here, we study the structural orientation and the magnetic coupling of in-situ-sublimated Fe porphyrin molecules on ferromagnetic Ni and Co films on Cu(100). Our studies involve X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments. In a combined experimental and computational study we demonstrate that owing to an indirect, superexchange interaction between Fe atoms in the molecules and atoms in the substrate (Co or Ni) the paramagnetic molecules can be made to order ferromagnetically. The Fe magnetic moment can be rotated along directions in plane as well as out of plane by a magnetization reversal of the substrate, thereby opening up an avenue for spin-dependent molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wende
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.
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Krasnikov S, Preobrajenski A, Sergeeva N, Brzhezinskaya M, Nesterov M, Cafolla A, Senge M, Vinogradov A. Electronic structure of Ni(II) porphyrins and phthalocyanine studied by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yamashige H, Matsuo S, Kurisaki T, Perera RCC, Wakita H. Local Structure of Nitrogen Atoms in a Porphine Ring of meso-Phenyl Substituted Porphyrin with an Electron-Withdrawing Group Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:635-9. [PMID: 15984197 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the protonation of nitrogen atoms in porphyrins with meso-phenyl p-substituted by an electron-withdrawing group using N 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the N K X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and the discrete variational (DV)-Xalpha molecular orbital (MO) method. Both tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TSPP) have a single structure: the former has two protonated and two non-protonated N atoms in the porphine ring; the latter has four protonated N atoms in the porphine ring. In contrast, a combination of XPS, XANES, and DV-Xalpha MO calculations shows that tetrakis(p-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) has a dual structure: one structure has two protonated and two non-protonated N atoms; the other has four protonated N atoms. Furthermore, this result was also considered based on the protonation constants of N atoms in the porphyrins. The correlation between the strength of electron-withdrawing groups and protonation to N atoms in porphyrins can be described using the spectral patterns of the N 1s XPS and N K XANES spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Yamashige
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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