1
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Tian W, Jia Q, Lin J, Luo J, He D, Yang J, Guo T, Guo H, Guo Y, Zhang W, Chen F, Ye Y, Liu J, Xu M, Deng C, Cui B, Su D, Wang H, Lu Y, Xiao J, Liu H, Yang J, Hou Z, Wang S. Remote neurostimulation through an endogenous ion channel using a near-infrared light-activatable nanoagonist. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0367. [PMID: 39121219 PMCID: PMC11313869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
The development of noninvasive approaches to precisely control neural activity in mammals is highly desirable. Here, we used the ion channel transient receptor potential ankyrin-repeat 1 (TRPA1) as a proof of principle, demonstrating remote near-infrared (NIR) activation of endogenous neuronal channels in mice through an engineered nanoagonist. This achievement enables specific neurostimulation in nongenetically modified mice. Initially, target-based screening identified flavins as photopharmacological agonists, allowing for the photoactivation of TRPA1 in sensory neurons upon ultraviolet A/blue light illumination. Subsequently, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were customized with an emission spectrum aligned to flavin absorption and conjugated with flavin adenine dinucleotide, creating a nanoagonist capable of NIR activation of TRPA1. Following the intrathecal injection of the nanoagonist, noninvasive NIR stimulation allows precise bidirectional control of nociception in mice through remote activation of spinal TRPA1. This study demonstrates a noninvasive NIR neurostimulation method with the potential for adaptation to various endogenous ion channels and neural processes by combining photochemical toolboxes with customized UCNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Tian
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Organoid Technology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiewen Lin
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Luo
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei He
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Guo
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Guo
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyu Chen
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ye
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mindong Xu
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengjie Deng
- Cell Biology and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Experimental Teaching Center, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Boxiang Cui
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deyuan Su
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Liu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhiyao Hou
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Wang
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Sacchetto J, Gutierrez E, Reta GF, Gatica E, Miskoski S, Montaña MP, Natera J, Massad WA. A novel eco-friendly polymeric photosensitizer based on chitosan and flavin mononucleotide. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2827-2837. [PMID: 37839053 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) is a dye belonging to the flavin family. These dyes produce photosensitized degradation of organic compounds via reaction with the excited states of the dye or with reactive oxygen species photogenerated from the triplet of the dye. This article presents a new polymeric dye (FMN-CS) composed of the photosensitizer FMN covalently bonded to chitosan polysaccharide (CS). FMN-CS obtained has a molecular weight of 230 × 103 g mol-1 and a deacetylation degree of 74.8%. The polymeric dye is an environmentally friendly polymer with spectroscopic and physicochemical properties similar to those of FMN and CS, respectively. Moreover, under sunlight, it is capable of generating 1O2 with a quantum yield of 0.31. FMN-CS, like CS, is insoluble in basic media. This allows easy recovery of the polymeric dye once the photosensitized process has been carried out and makes FMN-CS a suitable photosensitizer for the degradation of pollutants in contaminated waters. To evaluate whether FMN-CS may be used for pollutant degradation, the photosensitized degradation of two trihydroxybenzenes by FMN-CS was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Sacchetto
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC, Depto. De Química-FCEF-QyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Gutierrez
- Instituto de Química de San Luis "Dr. Roberto Antonio Olsina" (INQUISAL) Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET-UNSL, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Guillermo F Reta
- INTEQUI-CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Almirante Brown 1455, CP 5700, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Gatica
- Depto. de Estudios Básicos y Agropecuarios, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Sandra Miskoski
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC, Depto. De Química-FCEF-QyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Depto. de Estudios Básicos y Agropecuarios, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - María P Montaña
- Instituto de Química de San Luis "Dr. Roberto Antonio Olsina" (INQUISAL) Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET-UNSL, San Luis, Argentina
| | - José Natera
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC, Depto. De Química-FCEF-QyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Depto. de Estudios Básicos y Agropecuarios, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Walter A Massad
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC, Depto. De Química-FCEF-QyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
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3
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Mills B, Kiang A, Mohanan SMPC, Bradley M, Klausen M. Riboflavin-Vancomycin Conjugate Enables Simultaneous Antibiotic Photo-Release and Photodynamic Killing against Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens. JACS AU 2023; 3:3014-3023. [PMID: 38034955 PMCID: PMC10685426 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Decades of antibiotic misuse have led to alarming levels of antimicrobial resistance, and the development of alternative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to delineate and treat infections is a global priority. In particular, the nosocomial, multidrug-resistant "ESKAPE" pathogens such as Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp (VRE) urgently require alternative treatments. Here, we developed light-activated molecules based on the conjugation of the FDA-approved photosensitizer riboflavin to the Gram-positive specific ligand vancomycin to enable targeted antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. The riboflavin-vancomycin conjugate proved to be a potent and versatile antibacterial agent, enabling the rapid, light-mediated, killing of MRSA and VRE with no significant off-target effects. The attachment of riboflavin on vancomycin also led to an increase in antibiotic activity against S. aureus and VRE. Simultaneously, we evidenced for the first time that the flavin subunit undergoes an efficient photoinduced bond cleavage reaction to release vancomycin, thereby acting as a photoremovable protecting group with potential applications in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Mills
- Translational Healthcare Technologies group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Alex Kiang
- Translational Healthcare Technologies group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Syam Mohan P C Mohanan
- Translational Healthcare Technologies group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Maxime Klausen
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K
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4
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Smith MM, Moran GR. The unusual chemical sequences of mammalian dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase revealed by transient-state analysis. Methods Enzymol 2023; 685:373-403. [PMID: 37245908 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) catalyzes the reduction of the 5,6-vinylic bond of uracil and thymine with electrons from NADPH. The complexity of the enzyme belies the simplicity of the reaction catalyzed. To accomplish this chemistry DPD has two active sites that are ∼60Å apart, both of which house flavin cofactors, FAD and FMN. The FAD site interacts with NADPH, while the FMN site with pyrimidines. The distance between the flavins is spanned by four Fe4S4 centers. Though DPD has been studied for nearly 50years, it is only recently that the novel apects of its mechanism have been described. The primary reason for this is that the chemistry of DPD is not portrayed adequately by known descriptive steady-state mechanism categories. The highly chromophoric nature of the enzyme has recently been exploited in transient-state to document unexpected reaction sequences. Specifically, DPD undergoes reductive activation prior to catalytic turnover. Two electrons are taken up from NADPH and transmitted via the FAD and Fe4S4 centers to form the FAD•4(Fe4S4)•FMNH2 form of the enzyme. This form of the enzyme will only reduce pyrimidine substrates in the presence NADPH, establishing that hydride transfer to the pyrimidine precedes reductive reactivation that reinstates the active form of the enzyme. DPD is therefore the first flavoprotein dehydrogenase known to complete the oxidative half-reaction prior to the reductive half-reaction. Here we describe the methods and deduction that led to this mechanistic assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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5
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Li X, Tian X, Yan X, Huo N, Wu X, Zhao F. Lumichrome from the photolytic riboflavin acts as an electron shuttle in microbial photoelectrochemical systems. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108439. [PMID: 37060705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin has been proposed to serve as an electron shuttle in photoelectrochemical systems. However, riboflavin was also observed for abiotic photolysis under illumination. Such conflicting reports raise the necessity for further investigation. In this study, riboflavin secreted by Rhodopseudomonas palustris was studied to clarify its stability and electron shuttle function under illumination. The data of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the riboflavin was photolyzed to lumichrome in microbial photoelectrochemical systems. In addition, the anodic current increased by 75% after adding lumichrome compared with that of the control; it further demonstrated that lumichrome, not riboflavin, as an electron shuttle could facilitate microbial electron transfer. This study clarifies the mechanism of the interface process in microbial photoelectrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaochun Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Huo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Xuee Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Feng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China.
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6
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Papavasileiou AV, Hoder T, Medek T, Prodromidis MI, Hrbac J. Sensitive riboflavin sensing using silver nanoparticles deposited onto screen-printed electrodes via controlled-energy spark discharges. Talanta 2023; 258:124409. [PMID: 36871518 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we elaborated the graphite screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modification with metal nanoparticles formed as a result of spark discharges produced between a metal wire electrode and SPE that are connected to an Arduino board-based DC high voltage power supply. This sparking device allows, on the one hand, the toposelective formation of NPs of controlled dimensions through a direct and liquid-free approach, and on the other hand, controls the number and energy of the discharges delivered to the electrode surface during a single spark event. This way, the potential damage to the SPE surface by the action of heat evolved during the sparking process is considerably minimized compared with the standard setup in which each spark event consists of multiple electrical discharges. Data demonstrated that the sensing properties of the resulting electrodes are significantly improved compared with those achieved when conventional spark generators are employed, as demonstrated for silver-sparked SPEs that exhibit enhanced sensitivity to riboflavin. Sparked AgNp-SPEs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and voltammetric measurements in alkaline conditions. The analytical performance of sparked AgNP-SPEs was evaluated by various electrochemical techniques. Under optimum conditions, the detection range for DPV was from 1.9 (LOQ) to 100 nM riboflavin (R2 = 0.997), while a limit of detection (LOD, S/N 3) of 0.56 nM was achieved. The analytical utility is demonstrated for the determination of riboflavin in the real matrices of B-complex pharmaceutical preparation and an energy drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios V Papavasileiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 451 10, Greece; Institute of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hoder
- Department of Physical Electronics, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Medek
- Department of Physical Electronics, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Hrbac
- Institute of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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7
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Smith MM, Forouzesh DC, Kaley NE, Liu D, Moran GR. Mammalian dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase: Added mechanistic details from transient-state analysis of charge transfer complexes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 736:109517. [PMID: 36681231 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is a flavin dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of the 5,6-vinylic bond of pyrimidines uracil and thymine with electrons from NADPH. DPD has two active sites that are separated by ∼60 Å. At one site NADPH binds adjacent to an FAD cofactor and at the other pyrimidine binds proximal to an FMN. Four Fe4S4 centers span the distance between these active sites. It has recently been established that the enzyme undergoes reductive activation prior to reducing the pyrimidine. In this initial process NADPH is oxidized at the FAD site and electrons are transmitted to the FMN via the Fe4S4 centers to yield the active state with a cofactor set of FAD•4(Fe4S4)•FMNH2. The catalytic chemistry of DPD can be studied in transient-state by observation of either NADPH consumption or charge transfer absorption associated with complexation of NADPH adjacent to the FAD. Here we have utilized both sets of absorption transitions to find evidence for specific additional aspects of the DPD mechanism. Competition for binding with NADP+ indicates that the two charge transfer species observed in activation/single turnover reactions arise from NADPH populating the FAD site before and after reductive activation. An additional charge transfer species is observed to accumulate at longer times when high NADPH concentrations are mixed with the enzyme•pyrimidine complex and this data can be modelled based on asymmetry in the homodimer. It was also shown that, like pyrimidines, dihydropyrimidines induce rapid reductive activation indicating that the reduced pyrimidine formed in turnover can stimulate the reinstatement of the active state of the enzyme. Investigation of the reverse reaction revealed that dihydropyrimidines alone can reductively activate the enzyme, albeit inefficiently. In the presence of dihydropyrimidine and NADP+ DPD will form NADPH but apparently without measurable reductive activation. Pyrimidines that have 5-substituent halogens were utilized to probe both reductive activation and turnover. The linearity of the Hammett plot based on the rate of hydride transfer to the pyrimidine establishes that, at least to the radius of an iodo-group, the 5-substituent volume does not have influence on the observed kinetics of pyrimidine reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1068 W Sheridan Rd, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Dariush C Forouzesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1068 W Sheridan Rd, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Nicholas E Kaley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1068 W Sheridan Rd, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1068 W Sheridan Rd, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1068 W Sheridan Rd, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA.
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8
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McBride RA, Barnard DT, Jacoby-Morris K, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Stanley RJ. Reduced Flavin in Aqueous Solution Is Nonfluorescent. Biochemistry 2023; 62:759-769. [PMID: 36689576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Flavins are blue-light-absorbing chromophores with rich redox activity. Biologically, the most important are riboflavin (vitamin B2), flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide, the latter two of which are catalytic cofactors in enzymes. Flavins pivot between oxidized, one electron-, and two electron-reduced forms in different protonation states, depending on enzymatic requirements. Some flavoenzymes use light as a reagent for chemical bond formation, photoinduced electron transfer, or conformational changes required for light-sensitive signaling. Therefore, the photochemistry and photophysics of flavins have received wide attention. Fluorescence from oxidized flavin is often used to detect and track changes in flavin oxidation states. However, there have been conflicting reports over the past 45 years as to whether reduced flavin in solution has detectable fluorescence. Here, using single photon counting emission spectroscopy with rigorous sample preparation, we show definitively that reduced flavins are essentially nonfluorescent, having a quantum yield more than three orders of magnitude lower than oxidized flavin. This result will force a re-evaluation of experiments and models that assumed otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylee A McBride
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - David T Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Kimberly Jacoby-Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Md Harun-Or-Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Robert J Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
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9
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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10
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Ribes J, Cossard P, Al Yaman K, Bestel I, Badarau E. Investigating the photosensitization activities of flavins irradiated by blue LEDs. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2355-2364. [PMID: 36741136 PMCID: PMC9841770 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07379j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their ability to easily absorb light and to generate highly reactive species, photosensitizers emerged as promising tools in a wide variety of physico-chemical and biological processes. Natural photosensitizers have the benefit of a life-compatible toxicological profile. Porphyrins and flavins are such examples that already proved their efficiency as photo-dynamic therapeutics. The present article describes a reliable, easy-to-implement, readily available and reproducible method that can be used to characterize the photosensitizing activity of flavins. Several key factors were investigated during this study, the optimum parameters were: (i) a blue LED light source (λ em = 455 nm) at 6.69 mW; (ii) a pH of 6 mimicking the tumoral environment; (iii) an air-saturated atmosphere reaction medium, (iv) a tetrazolium dye (MTT) was used to monitor the photosensitization efficacy via the generation of the colored MTT-formazan product. This method can be used to rank a series of flavins based on their photosensitizing activities. Such structure-photosensitization activity relationships are essential for the discovery of future potent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ribes
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN)Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B1433600 PessacFrance
| | - Pauline Cossard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN)Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B1433600 PessacFrance
| | - Khaled Al Yaman
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN)Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B1433600 PessacFrance
| | - Isabelle Bestel
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN)Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B1433600 PessacFrance
| | - Eduard Badarau
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN)Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B1433600 PessacFrance
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11
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Bitzenhofer NL, Hilgers F, Bosio GN, Torra J, Casini G, Beinlich FRM, Knieps-Grünhagen E, Gordeliy V, Jaeger KE, Nonell S, Krauss U, Gensch T, Drepper T. Development and Characterization of Flavin-Binding Fluorescent Proteins, Part II: Advanced Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2564:143-183. [PMID: 36107341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2667-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-based fluorescent proteins (FbFPs), a class of small fluorescent proteins derived from light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domains, bind ubiquitous endogenous flavins as chromophores. Due to their unique properties, they can be used as versatile in vivo reporter proteins under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This chapter presents methodologies for in-depth characterization of the biochemical, spectroscopic, photophysical, and photochemical properties of FbFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lisa Bitzenhofer
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabienne Hilgers
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gabriela N Bosio
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-1: Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Joaquim Torra
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giorgia Casini
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-1: Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix R M Beinlich
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-1: Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Esther Knieps-Grünhagen
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Valentin Gordeliy
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-1: Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-1: Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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12
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Li S, Yang H, Hofstetter H, Tonelli M, Cavagnero S. Magnetic-Field Dependence of LC-Photo-CIDNP in the Presence of Target Molecules Carrying a Quasi-Isolated Spin Pair. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2023; 54:59-75. [PMID: 37483563 PMCID: PMC10358788 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-022-01506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is well known for its superb resolution, especially at high applied magnetic field. However, the sensitivity of this technique is very low. Liquid-state low-concentration photo-chemically-induced dynamic nuclear polarization (LC-photo-CIDNP) is a promising emerging methodology capable of enhancing NMR sensitivity in solution. LC-photo-CIDNP works well on solvent-exposed Trp and Tyr residues, either in isolation or within proteins. This study explores the magnetic-field dependence of the LC-photo-CIDNP experienced by two tryptophan isotopologs in solution upon in situ LED-mediated optical irradiation. Out of the two uniformly 13C,15N-labeled Trp (Trp-U-13C,15N) and Trp-α-13C-β,β,2,4,5,6,7-d7 species employed here, only the latter bears a quasi-isolated 1Hα-13Cα spin pair. Computer simulations of the predicted polarization due to geminate recombination of both species display a roughly bell-shaped field dependence. However, while Trp-U-13C,15N is predicted to show a maximum at ca. 500 MHz (11.7 T) and a fairly weak field dependence, Trp-α-13C-β,β,2,4,5,6,7-d7 is expected to display a much sharper field dependence accompanied by a dramatic polarization increase at lower field (ca. 200 MHz, 4.7 T). Experimental LC-photo-CIDNP studies on both Trp isotopologs at 1μM concentration, performed at selected fields, are consistent with the theoretical predictions. In summary, this study highlights the prominent field-dependence of LC-photo-CIDNP enhancements (ε ) experienced by Trp isotopologs bearing a quasi-isolated spin pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Heike Hofstetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Marco Tonelli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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13
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Multielectron Transfer Sensitization of Flavin Cofactor Recycling. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Simić S, Jakštaitė M, Huck WTS, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Strategies for Transferring Photobiocatalysis to Continuous Flow Exemplified by Photodecarboxylation of Fatty Acids. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14040-14049. [PMID: 36439034 PMCID: PMC9680640 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The challenges of light-dependent biocatalytic transformations of lipophilic substrates in aqueous media are manifold. For instance, photolability of the catalyst as well as insufficient light penetration into the reaction vessel may be further exacerbated by a heterogeneously dispersed substrate. Light penetration may be addressed by performing the reaction in continuous flow, which allows two modes of applying the catalyst: (i) heterogeneously, immobilized on a carrier, which requires light-permeable supports, or (ii) homogeneously, dissolved in the reaction mixture. Taking the light-dependent photodecarboxylation of palmitic acid catalyzed by fatty-acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis (CvFAP) as a showcase, strategies for the transfer of a photoenzyme-catalyzed reaction into continuous flow were identified. A range of different supports were evaluated for the immobilization of CvFAP, whereby Eupergit C250 L was the carrier of choice. As the photostability of the catalyst was a limiting factor, a homogeneous system was preferred instead of employing the heterogenized enzyme. This implied that photolabile enzymes may preferably be applied in solution if repair mechanisms cannot be provided. Furthermore, when comparing different wavelengths and light intensities, extinction coefficients may be considered to ensure comparable absorption at each wavelength. Employing homogeneous conditions in the CvFAP-catalyzed photodecarboxylation of palmitic acid afforded a space-time yield unsurpassed by any reported batch process (5.7 g·L-1·h-1, 26.9 mmol·L-1·h-1) for this reaction, demonstrating the advantage of continuous flow in attaining higher productivity of photobiocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Miglė Jakštaitė
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth—University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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15
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Tang P, Ji B, Sun G. Stabilization of flavin mononucleotide by capturing its "tail" with porous organic polymers for long-term photocatalytic degradation of micropollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128982. [PMID: 35472536 PMCID: PMC11045341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) produces photo-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), making it a bio-based and sustainable photosensitizer for micropollutant degradation. However, the rapid self-degradation of FMN under light poses challenges in practical applications. We propose for the first time to use porous organic polymer (POP) structures as particles and in situ grown on nanofibrous membranes to capture the ribityl side chain ("tail") of FMN by electrostatic-driven guest-host interaction. By restraining the free bending mode of FMN in POP, its self-degradation is highly inhibited, showing a prolonged half-life (102.7 and 79.7 times to that in solution and in β-cyclodextrin, respectively) without any impact on the ROS production even after 16 h of UVA irradiation. As a proof-of-concept, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of FMN-POP complexes can be achieved at 58-93% against micropollutants under UVA. The stabilization of FMN by the "tail" capture in the POP allows its photocatalytic degradation function to be continuously online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Tang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bolin Ji
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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16
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Ghosh S, Puranik M. Initial Excited State Dynamics of Lumichrome upon Ultraviolet Excitation. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1270-1283. [PMID: 35380739 DOI: 10.1111/php.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumichrome (LC) is the major photodegradation product of biologically important flavin cofactors. Since LC serves as a structural comparison to the flavins; understanding excited states of LC is fundamentally important to establish a connection with photophysics of different flavins, such as lumiflavin (LF), riboflavin (RF), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Herein, we deduce the initial excited state structural dynamics of LC using UV resonance Raman (UVRR) intensity analysis. The UVRR spectra at wavelengths across the 260 nm absorption band of LC were measured and resulting Raman excitation profiles and absorption spectrum were self consistently simulated using a time-dependent wave packet formalism to extract the initial excited state structural and solvent broadening parameters. These results are compared with those obtained for other flavins following UV excitations. We find that LC undergoes a very distinct instantaneous charge redistribution than flavins, which is attributed to the extended π-conjugation present in flavins but missing in LC. The homogeneous broadening linewidth of LC appears to be lower than that of LF, while the inhomogeneous broadening values are comparable, indicating greater solvent interaction with excited flavin on ultrafast timescale compared to LC, whereas on longer timescale these interactions are almost similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeb Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Mrinalini Puranik
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411 008, India
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17
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Zhang Z, Pan B, Wang L, Sun G. Photoactivities of Two Vitamin B Derivatives and Their Applications in the Perpetration of Photoinduced Antibacterial Nanofibrous Membranes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8584-8596. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bofeng Pan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Luxin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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18
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Smolentseva A, Goncharov IM, Yudenko A, Bogorodskiy A, Semenov O, Nazarenko VV, Borshchevskiy V, Fonin AV, Remeeva A, Jaeger KE, Krauss U, Gordeliy V, Gushchin I. Extreme dependence of Chloroflexus aggregans LOV domain thermo- and photostability on the bound flavin species. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1645-1656. [PMID: 34796467 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domains are common photosensory modules that found many applications in fluorescence microscopy and optogenetics. Here, we show that the Chloroflexus aggregans LOV domain can bind different flavin species (lumichrome, LC; riboflavin, RF; flavin mononucleotide, FMN; flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD) during heterologous expression and that its physicochemical properties depend strongly on the nature of the bound flavin. We show that whereas the dissociation constants for different chromophores are similar, the melting temperature of the protein reconstituted with single flavin species varies from ~ 60 °C for LC to ~ 81 °C for FMN, and photobleaching half-times vary almost 100-fold. These observations serve as a caution for future studies of LOV domains in non-native conditions yet raise the possibility of fine-tuning various properties of LOV-based fluorescent probes and optogenetic tools by manipulating the chromophore composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Smolentseva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ivan M Goncharov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Anna Yudenko
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Andrey Bogorodskiy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Oleg Semenov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vera V Nazarenko
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Valentin Borshchevskiy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander V Fonin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alina Remeeva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Valentin Gordeliy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ivan Gushchin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
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19
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Giacomozzi L, Kjær C, Brøndsted Nielsen S, Ashworth EK, Bull JN, Stockett MH. Non-statistical fragmentation in photo-activated flavin mononucleotide anions. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:044305. [PMID: 34340366 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectroscopy and photo-induced dissociation of flavin mononucleotide anions in vacuo are investigated over the 300-500 nm wavelength range. Comparison of the dependence of fragment ion yields as a function of deposited photon energy with calculated dissociation energies and collision-induced dissociation measurements performed under single-collision conditions suggests that a substantial fraction of photo-activated ions decompose through non-statistical fragmentation pathways. Among these pathways is the dominant photo-induced fragmentation channel, the loss of a fragment identified as formylmethylflavin. The fragment ion specific action spectra reveal electronic transition energies close to those for flavins in solution and previously published gas-phase measurements, although the photo-fragment yield upon excitation of the S2 ← S0 transition appears to be suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Kjær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Eleanor K Ashworth
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - James N Bull
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H Stockett
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Beaupre BA, Forouzesh DC, Butrin A, Liu D, Moran GR. Perturbing the Movement of Hydrogens to Delineate and Assign Events in the Reductive Activation and Turnover of Porcine Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1764-1775. [PMID: 34032117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The native function of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is to reduce the 5,6-vinylic bond of pyrimidines uracil and thymine with electrons obtained from NADPH. NADPH and pyrimidines bind at separate active sites separated by ∼60 Å that are bridged by four Fe4S4 centers. We have shown that DPD undergoes reductive activation, taking up two electrons from NADPH [Beaupre, B. A., et al. (2020) Biochemistry 59, 2419-2431]. pH studies indicate that the rate of turnover is not controlled by the protonation state of the general acid, cysteine 671. The activation of the C671 variants is delineated into two phases particularly at low pH values. Spectral deconvolution of the delineated reductive activation reaction reveals that the initial phase results in the accumulation of charge transfer absorption added to the binding difference spectrum for NADPH. The second phase results in reduction of one of the two flavins. X-ray crystal structure analysis of the C671S variant soaked with NADPH and the slow substrate, thymine, in a low-oxygen atmosphere resolved the presumed activated form of the enzyme that has the FMN cofactor reduced. These data reveal that charge transfer arises from the proximity of the NADPH and FAD bases and that the ensuing flavin is a result of rapid transfer of electrons to the FMN without accumulation of reduced forms of the FAD or Fe4S4 centers. These data suggest that the slow rate of turnover of DPD is governed by the movement of a mobile structural feature that carries the C671 residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Dariush C Forouzesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Arseniy Butrin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
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21
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Forouzesh DC, Beaupre BA, Butrin A, Wawrzak Z, Liu D, Moran GR. The Interaction of Porcine Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase with the Chemotherapy Sensitizer: 5-Ethynyluracil. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1120-1132. [PMID: 33755421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is a complex enzyme that reduces the 5,6-vinylic bond of pyrimidines, uracil, and thymine. 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is also a substrate for DPD and a common chemotherapeutic agent used to treat numerous cancers. The reduction of 5FU to 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil negates its toxicity and efficacy. Patients with high DPD activity levels typically have poor outcomes when treated with 5FU. DPD is thus a central mitigating factor in the treatment of a variety of cancers. 5-Ethynyluracil (5EU) covalently inactivates DPD by cross-linking with the active-site general acid cysteine in the pyrimidine binding site. This reaction is dependent on the simultaneous binding of 5EU and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This ternary complex induces DPD to become activated by taking up two electrons from the NADPH. The covalent inactivation of DPD by 5EU occurs concomitantly with this reductive activation with a rate constant of ∼0.2 s-1. This kinact value is correlated with the rate of reduction of one of the two flavin cofactors and the localization of a mobile loop in the pyrimidine active site that places the cysteine that serves as the general acid in catalysis proximal to the 5EU ethynyl group. Efficient cross-linking is reliant on enzyme activation, but this process appears to also have a conformational aspect in that nonreductive NADPH analogues can also induce a partial inactivation. Cross-linking then renders DPD inactive by severing the proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism that transmits electrons 56 Å across the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush C Forouzesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 W Sheridan RoadChicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 W Sheridan RoadChicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Arseniy Butrin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 W Sheridan RoadChicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- Synchrotron Research Center, Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 W Sheridan RoadChicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 W Sheridan RoadChicago, Illinois 60660, United States
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22
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Duan HD, Khan SA, Miller AF. Photogeneration and reactivity of flavin anionic semiquinone in a bifurcating electron transfer flavoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148415. [PMID: 33727071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer bifurcation allows production of a strongly reducing carrier at the expense of a weaker one, by redistributing energy among a pair of electrons. Thus, two weakly-reducing electrons from NADH are consumed to produce a strongly reducing ferredoxin or flavodoxin, paid for by reduction of an oxidizing acceptor. The prevailing mechanism calls for participation of a strongly reducing flavin semiquinone which has been difficult to observe with site-certainly in multi-flavin systems. Using blue light (450 nm) to photoexcite the flavins of bifurcating electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF), we demonstrate accumulation of anionic flavin semiquinone in excess of what is observed in equilibrium titrations, and establish its ability to reduce the low-potential electron acceptor benzyl viologen. This must occur at the bifurcating flavin because the midpoint potentials of the electron transfer (ET) flavin are not sufficiently negative. We show that bis-tris propane buffer is an effective electron donor to the flavin photoreduction, but that if the system is prepared with the ET flavin chemically reduced, so that only the bifurcating flavin is oxidized and photochemically active, flavin anionic semiquinone is formed more rapidly. Thus, excited bifurcating flavin is able to draw on an electron stored at the ET flavin. Flavin semiquinone photogenerated at the bifurcation site must therefore be accompanied by additional semiquinone formation by oxidation of the ET flavin. Consistent with the expected instability of bifurcating flavin semiquinone, it subsides immediately upon cessation of illumination. However comparison with yields of semiquinone in equilibrium titrations suggest that during continuous illumination at pH 9 a steady state population of 0.3 equivalents of bifurcating flavin semiquinone accumulates, and then undergoes further photoreduction to the hydroquinone. Although transient, the population of bifurcating flavin semiquinone explains the system's ability to conduct light-driven electron transfer from bis-tris propane to benzyl viologen, in effect trapping energy from light.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diessel Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sharique A Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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23
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Yang H, Mecha MF, Goebel CP, Cavagnero S. Enhanced nuclear-spin hyperpolarization of amino acids and proteins via reductive radical quenchers. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 324:106912. [PMID: 33524671 PMCID: PMC7925436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.106912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-concentration photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (LC-photo-CIDNP) has recently emerged as an effective tool for the hyperpolarization of aromatic amino acids in solution, either in isolation or within proteins. One factor limiting the maximum achievable signal-to-noise ratio in LC-photo-CIDNP is the progressive degradation of the target molecule and photosensitizer upon long-term optical irradiation. Fortunately, this effect does not cause spectral distortions but leads to a progressively smaller signal buildup upon long-term data-collection (e.g. 500 nM tryptophan on a 600 MHz spectrometer after ca. 200 scans). Given that it is generally desirable to minimize the extent of photodamage, we report that low-μM amounts of the reductive radical quenchers vitamin C (VC, i.e., ascorbic acid) or 2-mercaptoethylamine (MEA) enable LC-photo-CIDNP data to be acquired for significantly longer time than ever possible before. This approach increases the sensitivity of LC-photo-CIDNP by more than 100%, with larger enhancement factors achieved in experiments involving more transients. Our results are consistent with VC and MEA acting primarily by reducing transient free radicals of the NMR molecule of interest, thus attenuating the extent of photodamage. The benefits of this reductive radical-quencher approach are highlighted by the ability to collect long-term high-resolution 2D 1H-13C LC-photo-CIDNP data on a dilute sample of the drkN SH3 protein (5 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Miranda F Mecha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Collin P Goebel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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24
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van Galen C, Barnard DT, Stanley RJ. Stark Spectroscopy of Lumichrome: A Possible Candidate for Stand-Off Detection of Bacterial Quorum Sensing. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11835-11842. [PMID: 33325706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lumichrome (7,8-dimethylalloxazine, LC) is a natural photodegradation product and catabolite of flavin coenzymes. Although not a coenzyme itself, LC is used for biosignaling in plants and single-celled organisms, including quorum sensing in the formation of biofilms. The noninvasive detection of in vivo lumichrome would be useful for monitoring this signaling event. For molecules that undergo significant charge redistribution upon light excitation (e.g., intramolecular charge transfer), there are optical detection methods (e.g., second-harmonic generation) that would be well suited to this task. Here, we have used Stark spectroscopy to measure the extent and direction of charge redistribution in photoexcited LC. Stark and low-temperature absorption spectra were obtained at 77 K on LC in ethanol glasses and analyzed using the Liptay analysis to obtain the difference dipole moments and polarizabilities. These data were complemented by a computational analysis of the excited states using density functional theory (DFT) at the TD-B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius van Galen
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - David T Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Robert J Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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25
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Turner ME, Huynh K, Carroll RK, Ahn SJ, Rice KC. Characterization of the Streptococcus mutans SMU.1703c-SMU.1702c Operon Reveals Its Role in Riboflavin Import and Response to Acid Stress. J Bacteriol 2020; 203:e00293-20. [PMID: 33077636 PMCID: PMC7950412 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00293-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans utilizes numerous metabolite transporters to obtain essential nutrients in the "feast or famine" environment of the human mouth. S. mutans and most other streptococci are considered auxotrophic for several essential vitamins including riboflavin (vitamin B2), which is used to generate key cofactors and to perform numerous cellular redox reactions. Despite the well-known contributions of this vitamin to central metabolism, little is known about how S. mutans obtains and metabolizes B2 The uncharacterized protein SMU.1703c displays high sequence homology to the riboflavin transporter RibU. Deletion of SMU.1703c hindered S. mutans growth in complex and defined medium in the absence of saturating levels of exogenous riboflavin, whereas deletion of cotranscribed SMU.1702c alone had no apparent effect on growth. Expression of SMU.1703c in a Bacillus subtilis riboflavin auxotroph functionally complemented growth in nonsaturating riboflavin conditions. S. mutans was also able to grow on flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in an SMU.1703c-dependent manner. Deletion of SMU.1703c and/or SMU.1702c impacted S. mutans acid stress tolerance, as all mutants showed improved growth at pH 5.5 compared to that of the wild type when medium was supplemented with saturating riboflavin. Cooccurrence of SMU.1703c and SMU.1702c, a hypothetical PAP2 family acid phosphatase gene, appears unique to the streptococci and may suggest a connection of SMU.1702c to the acquisition or metabolism of flavins within this genus. Identification of SMU.1703c as a RibU-like riboflavin transporter furthers our understanding of how S. mutans acquires essential micronutrients within the oral cavity and how this pathogen successfully competes within nutrient-starved oral biofilms.IMPORTANCE Dental caries form when acid produced by oral bacteria erodes tooth enamel. This process is driven by the fermentative metabolism of cariogenic bacteria, most notably Streptococcus mutans Nutrient acquisition is key in the competitive oral cavity, and many organisms have evolved various strategies to procure carbon sources or necessary biomolecules. B vitamins, such as riboflavin, which many oral streptococci must scavenge from the oral environment, are necessary for survival within the competitive oral cavity. However, the primary mechanism and proteins involved in this process remain uncharacterized. This study is important because it identifies a key step in S. mutans riboflavin acquisition and cofactor generation, which may enable the development of novel anticaries treatment strategies via selective targeting of metabolite transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Khanh Huynh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ronan K Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Sang-Joon Ahn
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kelly C Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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26
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Insińska-Rak M, Prukała D, Golczak A, Fornal E, Sikorski M. Riboflavin degradation products; combined photochemical and mass spectrometry approach. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Iyer SN, Behary N, Guan J, Orhan M, Nierstrasz V. Color-changing intensified light-emitting multifunctional textiles via digital printing of biobased flavin. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42512-42528. [PMID: 35516780 PMCID: PMC9057966 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05533f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (biobased flavin), widely known as FMN, possesses intrinsic fluorescence characteristics. This study presents a sustainable approach for fabricating color-changing intensified light-emitting textiles using the natural compound FMN via digital printing technologies such as inkjet and chromojet. The FMN based ink formulation was prepared at 5 different concentrations using water and glycerol-based systems and printed on cotton duck white (CD), mercerized cotton (MC), and polyester (PET) textile woven samples. After characterizing the printing inks (viscosity and surface tension), the photophysical and physicochemical properties of the printed textiles were investigated using FTIR, UV/visible spectrophotometry, and fluorimetry. Furthermore, photodegradation properties were studied after irradiation under UV (370 nm) and visible (white) light. Two prominent absorption peaks were observed at around 370 nm and 450 nm on K/S spectral curves because of the functionalization of FMN on the textiles via digital printing along with the highest fluorescence intensities obtained for cotton textiles. Before light irradiation, the printed textiles exhibited greenish-yellow fluorescence at 535 nm for excitation at 370 nm. The fluorescence intensity varied as a function of the FMN concentration and the solvent system (water/glycerol). With 0.8 and 1% of FMN, the fluorescence of the printed textiles persisted even after prolonged light irradiation; however, the fluorescence color shifted from greenish-yellow color to turquoise blue then to white, with the fluorescence quantum efficiency values (φ) increasing from 0.1 to a value as high as 1. Photodegradation products of the FMN with varying fluorescence wavelengths and intensities would explain the results. Thus, a color-changing light-emitting fluorescent textile was obtained after prolonged light irradiation of textile samples printed using biobased flavin. Furthermore, multifunctional properties such as antibacterial properties against E. coli were observed only for the printed cotton textile while increased ultraviolet protection was observed for both cotton and polyester printed fabrics for the high concentration of FMN water-based and glycerol-based formulations. The evaluation of fluorescence properties using digital printing techniques aimed to provide more sustainable solutions, both in terms of minimum use of biobased dye and obtaining the maximum yield. Flavin mononucleotide (biobased flavin), widely known as FMN, possesses intrinsic fluorescence characteristics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Narayanan Iyer
- Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås SE-50190 Borås Sweden .,ENSAIT-GEMTEX F-59100 Roubaix France.,Université Lille Nord de France F-59000 Lille France.,College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University Suzhou 215021 China
| | - Nemeshwaree Behary
- ENSAIT-GEMTEX F-59100 Roubaix France.,Université Lille Nord de France F-59000 Lille France
| | - Jinping Guan
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University Suzhou 215021 China
| | - Mehmet Orhan
- Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås SE-50190 Borås Sweden
| | - Vincent Nierstrasz
- Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås SE-50190 Borås Sweden
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28
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NfoR: Chromate Reductase or Flavin Mononucleotide Reductase? Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01758-20. [PMID: 32887719 PMCID: PMC7642083 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01758-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil bacteria can detoxify Cr(VI) ions by reduction. Within the last 2 decades, numerous reports of chromate reductase enzymes have been published. These reports describe catalytic reduction of chromate ions by specific enzymes. These enzymes each have sequence similarity to known redox-active flavoproteins. We investigated the enzyme NfoR from Staphylococcus aureus, which was reported to be upregulated in chromate-rich soils and to have chromate reductase activity (H. Han, Z. Ling, T. Zhou, R. Xu, et al., Sci Rep 7:15481, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15588-y). We show that NfoR has structural similarity to known flavin mononucleotide (FMN) reductases and reduces FMN as a substrate. NfoR binds FMN with a dissociation constant of 0.4 μM. The enzyme then binds NADPH with a dissociation constant of 140 μM and reduces the flavin at a rate of 1,350 s-1 Turnover of the enzyme is apparently limited by the rate of product release that occurs, with a net rate constant of 0.45 s-1 The rate of product release limits the rate of observed chromate reduction, so the net rate of chromate reduction by NfoR is orders of magnitude lower than when this process occurs in solution. We propose that NfoR is an FMN reductase and that the criterion required to define chromate reduction as enzymatic has not been met. That NfoR expression is increased in the presence of chromate suggests that the survival adaption was to increase the net rate of chromate reduction by facile, adventitious redox processes.IMPORTANCE Chromate is a toxic by-product of multiple industrial processes. Chromate reduction is an important biological activity that ameliorates Cr(VI) toxicity. Numerous researchers have identified chromate reductase activity by observing chromate reduction. However, all identified chromate reductase enzymes have flavin as a cofactor or use a flavin as a substrate. We show here that NfoR, an enzyme claimed to be a chromate reductase, is in fact an FMN reductase. In addition, we show that reduction of a flavin is a viable way to transfer electrons to chromate but that it is unlikely to be the native function of enzymes. We propose that upregulation of a redox-active flavoprotein is a viable means to detoxify chromate that relies on adventitious reduction that is not catalyzed.
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29
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Déjean V, Konowalczyk M, Gravell J, Golesworthy MJ, Gunn C, Pompe N, Foster Vander Elst O, Tan KJ, Oxborrow M, Aarts DGAL, Mackenzie SR, Timmel CR. Detection of magnetic field effects by confocal microscopy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7772-7781. [PMID: 34094150 PMCID: PMC8163210 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01986k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain pairs of paramagnetic species generated under conservation of total spin angular momentum are known to undergo magnetosensitive processes. Two prominent examples of systems exhibiting these so-called magnetic field effects (MFEs) are photogenerated radical pairs created from either singlet or triplet molecular precursors, and pairs of triplet states generated by singlet fission. Here, we showcase confocal microscopy as a powerful technique for the investigation of such phenomena. We first characterise the instrument by studying the field-sensitive chemistry of two systems in solution: radical pairs formed in a cryptochrome protein and the flavin mononucleotide/hen egg-white lysozyme model system. We then extend these studies to single crystals. Firstly, we report temporally and spatially resolved MFEs in flavin-doped lysozyme single crystals. Anisotropic magnetic field effects are then reported in tetracene single crystals. Finally, we discuss the future applications of confocal microscopy for the study of magnetosensitive processes with a particular focus on the cryptochrome-based chemical compass believed to lie at the heart of animal magnetoreception. Confocal microscopy is showcased as a powerful technique for the measurement of spatiotemporally-resolved magnetic field effects in both solutions and single crystals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoire Déjean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Marcin Konowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK .,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Jamie Gravell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Matthew J Golesworthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Catlin Gunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Nils Pompe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | | | - Ke-Jie Tan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Mark Oxborrow
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Dirk G A L Aarts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Oxford OX1 3QR UK .,Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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30
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Photoinduced monooxygenation involving NAD(P)H-FAD sequential single-electron transfer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2600. [PMID: 32451409 PMCID: PMC7248105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-dependent or light-stimulated catalysis provides a multitude of perspectives for implementation in technological or biomedical applications. Despite substantial progress made in the field of photobiocatalysis, the number of usable light-responsive enzymes is still very limited. Flavoproteins have exceptional potential for photocatalytic applications because the name-giving cofactor intrinsically features light-dependent reactivity, undergoing photoreduction with a variety of organic electron donors. However, in the vast majority of these enzymes, photoreactivity of the enzyme-bound flavin is limited or even suppressed. Here, we present a flavoprotein monooxygenase in which catalytic activity is controllable by blue light illumination. The reaction depends on the presence of nicotinamide nucleotide-type electron donors, which do not support the reaction in the absence of light. Employing various experimental approaches, we demonstrate that catalysis depends on a protein-mediated photoreduction of the flavin cofactor, which proceeds via a radical mechanism and a transient semiquinone intermediate.
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31
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Analysis of photoreactivity and phototoxicity of riboflavin's analogue 3MeTARF. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 205:111820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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Müller D, Dopfer O. Vibronic optical spectroscopy of cryogenic flavin ions: the O2+ and N1 tautomers of protonated lumiflavin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18328-18339. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03650a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure of cryogenic protonated lumiflavin ions probed by photodissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations reveals the presence of the two most stable tautomers protonated at the O2+ and N1 positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Müller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
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33
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Rauch MCR, Huijbers MME, Pabst M, Paul CE, Pešić M, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. Photochemical regeneration of flavoenzymes - An Old Yellow Enzyme case-study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140303. [PMID: 31678192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Direct, NAD(P)H-independent regeneration of Old Yellow Enzymes represents an interesting approach for simplified reaction schemes for the stereoselective reduction of conjugated C=C-double bonds. Simply by illuminating the reaction mixtures with blue light in the presence of sacrificial electron donors enables to circumvent the costly and unstable nicotinamide cofactors and a corresponding regeneration system. In the present study, we characterise the parameters determining the efficiency of this approach and outline the current limitations. Particularly, the photolability of the flavin photocatalyst and the (flavin-containing) biocatalyst represent the major limitation en route to preparative application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C R Rauch
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - M M E Huijbers
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - M Pabst
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - C E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - M Pešić
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - I W C E Arends
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands.
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34
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Chen JF, Guo J, Liu SH, Luo WQ, Wang JM, Yang XQ. Zein Particle-Stabilized Water-In-Water Emulsion as a Vehicle for Hydrophilic Bioactive Compound Loading of Riboflavin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9926-9933. [PMID: 31398027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins and flavonoids are two kinds of essential trace bioactives which are prone to photodegradation during food processing and storage. In this study, a particle-stabilized water-in-water (W/W) emulsion system composed of soy protein isolate (SPI) and guar gum (GG) was applied in loading riboflavin. Based on the significant binding affinity differences of SPI (Ka = 1.11 × 105 L mol-1) and GG (Ka = 9.00 × 103 L mol-1) to riboflavin, this hydrophilic and light-sensitive bioactive compound was loaded in SPI-rich droplets. Confocal images indicated that a stable microstructure of SPI-rich droplets suspended in GG-rich continuous phase was successfully constructed by manipulating the proportion of the two polymeric components and using zein-based particles (ZPs) as stabilizers. These negatively charged particles modified by pectin with a hydrodynamic diameter of 533 ± 5.7 nm were able to adsorb at the SPI/GG interface and subsequently stabilized the SPI-in-GG emulsion. Fluorescence spectra of riboflavin suggested that the formation of such W/W emulsion could effectively delay the photodegradation of riboflavin during an 8 h ultraviolet irradiation, and its color was maintained to a maximum extent. Therefore, this structured W/W emulsion could be a desired architecture for delivering light-sensitive cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Feng Chen
- Protein Research and Development Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat & Corn Further Processing , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R China
| | - Jian Guo
- Protein Research and Development Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat & Corn Further Processing , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R China
| | - Si-Hong Liu
- Protein Research and Development Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat & Corn Further Processing , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R China
| | - Wei-Qian Luo
- Protein Research and Development Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat & Corn Further Processing , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R China
| | - Jin-Mei Wang
- Protein Research and Development Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat & Corn Further Processing , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R China
| | - Xiao-Quan Yang
- Protein Research and Development Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat & Corn Further Processing , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R China
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35
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Willot SJP, Fernández-Fueyo E, Tieves F, Pesic M, Alcalde M, Arends IW, Park CB, Hollmann F. Expanding the Spectrum of Light-Driven Peroxygenase Reactions. ACS Catal 2019; 9:890-894. [PMID: 30775065 PMCID: PMC6369655 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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Peroxygenases
require a controlled supply of H2O2 to operate
efficiently. Here, we propose a photocatalytic
system for the reductive activation of ambient O2 to produce
H2O2 which uses the energy provided by visible
light more efficiently based on the combination of wavelength-complementary
photosensitizers. This approach was coupled to an enzymatic system
to make formate available as a sacrificial electron donor. The scope
and current limitations of this approach are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien J.-P. Willot
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Tieves
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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36
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Müller D, Nieto P, Miyazaki M, Dopfer O. Effect of alkali ions on optical properties of flavins: vibronic spectra of cryogenic M+lumiflavin complexes (M = Li–Cs). Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:256-275. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00203g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic ion spectroscopy of metal–lumiflavin (M+LF) complexes at the level of vibrational resolution illustrates the large impact of alkali ions on the optical properties of this prototypical flavin molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Müller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Pablo Nieto
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Mitsuhiko Miyazaki
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI)
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37
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van Schie MMCH, Paul CE, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. Photoenzymatic epoxidation of styrenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1790-1792. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reduction of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) enables the direct, non-enzymatic regeneration of styrene monooxygenase for enantiospecific epoxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research
- 6708WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
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38
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Höfler GT, Fernández‐Fueyo E, Pesic M, Younes SH, Choi E, Kim YH, Urlacher VB, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. A Photoenzymatic NADH Regeneration System. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2344-2347. [PMID: 30192991 PMCID: PMC6283237 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A photoenzymatic NADH regeneration system was established. The combination of deazariboflavin as a photocatalyst with putidaredoxin reductase enabled the selective reduction of NAD+ into the enzyme-active 1,4-NADH to promote an alcohol dehydrogenase catalysed stereospecific reduction reaction. The catalytic turnover of all the reaction components was demonstrated. Factors influencing the efficiency of the overall system were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg T. Höfler
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández‐Fueyo
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Sabry H. Younes
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Eun‐Gyu Choi
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsan689–798South Korea
| | - Yong H. Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsan689–798South Korea
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Chair of Biochemistry IIHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
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39
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Yan L, Fu L, Li M, Bai X, Jin L. Fabrication of dual-stimuli responsive films assembled by flavin mononucleotide and layered double hydroxides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12590-12593. [PMID: 30346000 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06459h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dual-stimuli responsive strategy is developed for the detection of melamine and temperature. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) was immobilized onto layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets through a layer-by-layer process. The as-prepared composite films show higher emission intensity, prolonged fluorescence lifetimes and fluorescence responses towards melamine and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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40
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Monteverde DR, Sylvan JB, Suffridge C, Baronas JJ, Fichot E, Fuhrman J, Berelson W, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA. Distribution of Extracellular Flavins in a Coastal Marine Basin and Their Relationship to Redox Gradients and Microbial Community Members. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12265-12274. [PMID: 30257556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The flavins (including flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and riboflavin (RF)) are a class of organic compounds synthesized by organisms to assist in critical redox reactions. While known to be secreted extracellularly by some species in laboratory-based cultures, flavin concentrations are largely unreported in the natural environment. Here, we present pore water and water column profiles of extracellular flavins (FMN and RF) and two degradation products (lumiflavin and lumichrome) from a coastal marine basin in the Southern California Bight alongside ancillary geochemical and 16S rRNA microbial community data. Flavins were detectable at picomolar concentrations in the water column (93-300 pM FMN, 14-40 pM RF) and low nanomolar concentrations in pore waters (250-2070 pM FMN, 11-210 pM RF). Elevated pore water flavin concentrations displayed an increasing trend with sediment depth and were significantly correlated with the total dissolved Fe (negative) and Mn (positive) concentrations. Network analysis revealed a positive relationship between flavins and the relative abundance of Dehalococcoidia and the MSBL9 clade of Planctomycetes, indicating possible secretion by members of these lineages. These results suggest that flavins are a common component of the so-called shared extracellular metabolite pool, especially in anoxic marine sediments where they exist at physiologically relevant concentrations for metal oxide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Monteverde
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California United States
| | - Jason B Sylvan
- Department of Oceanography , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas United States
| | - Christopher Suffridge
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California United States
| | - J Jotautas Baronas
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California United States
| | - Erin Fichot
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California United States
| | - Jed Fuhrman
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California United States
| | - William Berelson
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California United States
| | - Sergio A Sañudo-Wilhelmy
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California United States
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California United States
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41
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Scholtissek A, Gädke E, Paul CE, Westphal AH, van Berkel WJH, Tischler D. Catalytic Performance of a Class III Old Yellow Enzyme and Its Cysteine Variants. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2410. [PMID: 30369915 PMCID: PMC6194350 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Class III old yellow enzymes (OYEs) contain a conserved cysteine in their active sites. To address the role of this cysteine in OYE-mediated asymmetric synthesis, we have studied the biocatalytic properties of OYERo2a from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP (WT) as well as its engineered variants C25A, C25S and C25G. OYERo2a in its redox resting state (oxidized form) is irreversibly inactivated by N-methylmaleimide. As anticipated, inactivation does not occur with the Cys variants. Steady-state kinetics with this maleimide substrate revealed that C25S and C25G doubled the turnover frequency (k cat) while showing increased K M values compared to WT, and that C25A performed more similar to WT. Applying the substrate 2-cyclohexen-1-one, the Cys variants were less active and less efficient than WT. OYERo2a and its Cys variants showed different activities with NADPH, the natural reductant. The variants did bind NADPH less well but k cat was significantly increased. The most efficient variant was C25G. Replacement of NADPH with the cost-effective synthetic cofactor 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) drastically changed the catalytic behavior. Again C25G was most active and showed a similar efficiency as WT. Biocatalysis experiments showed that OYERo2a, C25S, and C25G converted N-phenyl-2-methylmaleimide equally well (81-84%) with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of more than 99% for the R-product. With cyclic ketones, the highest conversion (89%) and ee (>99%) was observed for the reaction of WT with R-carvone. A remarkable poor conversion of cyclic ketones occurred with C25G. In summary, we established that the generation of a cysteine-free enzyme and cofactor optimization allows the development of more robust class III OYEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Scholtissek
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Institute of Biosciences, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Eric Gädke
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Institute of Biosciences, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Adrie H. Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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42
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Initial excited state structural dynamics of lumiflavin upon ultraviolet excitation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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43
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Jung W, Kong BJ, Hong S, Kim T, Oh K. Enhancement of the lasing efficiency of vitamin B 2 in a highly polar organic solvent via DNA-lipid complex. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4021-4024. [PMID: 30106942 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated a green liquid laser at the wavelength of 570 nm, utilizing the optical gain of vitamin B2 in a highly polar organic solvent, and proposed an efficient method to enhance its lasing efficiency by adding DNA-lipid complex (DNA-CTMA) in the solution. Optical properties of vitamin B2 in the hexafluoro-2-propanol solvents were investigated by adding various amounts of DNA-CTMA in terms of the UV-visible absorbance, the visible emission, and the fluorescence lifetime. A Fabry-Perot cavity was built to obtain the laser oscillation at 570 nm using a pulsed pump source at the wavelength of 450 nm, 5 ns pulse duration, and 10 Hz repetition rate. By adding DNA-CTMA, both the output power and slope efficiency were enhanced along with a significant reduction of the lasing threshold pump power. The proposed scheme could open new potential for highly efficient biolasers.
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44
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Giacomozzi L, Kjær C, Langeland Knudsen J, Andersen LH, Brøndsted Nielsen S, Stockett MH. Absorption and luminescence spectroscopy of mass-selected flavin adenine dinucleotide mono-anions. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:214309. [PMID: 29884035 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the absorption profile of isolated Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) mono-anions recorded using photo-induced dissociation action spectroscopy. In this charge state, one of the phosphoric acid groups is deprotonated and the chromophore itself is in its neutral oxidized state. These measurements cover the first four optical transitions of FAD with excitation energies from 2.3 to 6.0 eV (210-550 nm). The S0 → S2 transition is strongly blue shifted relative to aqueous solution, supporting the view that this transition has a significant charge-transfer character. The remaining bands are close to their solution-phase positions. This confirms that the large discrepancy between quantum chemical calculations of vertical transition energies and solution-phase band maxima cannot be explained by solvent effects. We also report the luminescence spectrum of FAD mono-anions in vacuo. The gas-phase Stokes shift for S1 is 3000 cm-1, which is considerably larger than any previously reported for other molecular ions and consistent with a significant displacement of the ground and excited state potential energy surfaces. Consideration of the vibronic structure is thus essential for simulating the absorption and luminescence spectra of flavins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giacomozzi
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Kjær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - L H Andersen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - M H Stockett
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Stockett MH. Photo-induced proton-coupled electron transfer and dissociation of isolated flavin adenine dinucleotide mono-anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:25829-25833. [PMID: 28745349 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04068g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic optical absorption spectrum and photo-dissociation pathways of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) mono-anions isolated in vacuo are probed using photo-induced dissociation (PID) action spectroscopy. The main photo-products are lumichrome and formylmethylflavin. Evidence is presented that the dissociation pathway leading to these products is non-statistical i.e. occurs during the excited state lifetime. This suggests that the stacking of the adenine and alloxazine chromophores, which enables ultra-fast quenching of the flavin excited state by photo-induced electron transfer in aqueous solution, is inhibited in vacuo. These results provide firm experimental confirmation that lumichrome formation from flavins proceeds via photo-induced, intra-molecular proton-coupled electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Stockett
- Stockholm University Department of Physics, Stockholm, Sweden.
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46
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Sakae H, Fujisawa M, Nagatani H, Imura H. Molecular association between flavin derivatives and dendritic polymers at the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Modeling and Elucidation of the Kinetics of Multiple Consecutive Photoreactions AB 4 (4Φ) With Φ-order Kinetics. Application to the Photodegradation of Riboflavin. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3537-3548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Pauszek RF, Kodali G, Siddiqui MSU, Stanley RJ. Overlapping Electronic States with Nearly Parallel Transition Dipole Moments in Reduced Anionic Flavin Can Distort Photobiological Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14880-14889. [PMID: 27686753 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromophoric biomolecules are exploited as reporters of a diverse set of phenomena, acting as internal distance monitors, environment and redox sensors, and endogenous imaging probes. The extent to which they can be exploited is dependent on an accurate knowledge of their fundamental electronic properties. Arguably of greatest importance is a precise knowledge of the direction(s) of the absorption transition dipole moment(s) (TDMs) in the molecular frame of reference. Such is the case for flavins, fluorescent redox cofactors utilized for ground- and excited-state redox and photochemical processes. The directions of the TDMs in oxidized and semiquinone flavins were characterized decades ago, and the details of charge redistribution in these forms have also been studied by Stark spectroscopy. The electronic structure of the fully reduced hydroquinone anionic state, FlH-, however, has been the subject of unfounded assumptions and estimates about the number and direction of TDMs in FlH-, as well the electronic structure changes that occur upon light absorption. Here we have used Stark spectroscopy to measure the magnitude and direction of charge redistribution in FlH- upon optical excitation. These data were analyzed using TD-DFT calculations. The results show unequivocally that not one but two nearly orientation-degenerate electronic transitions are required to explain the 340-500 nm absorption spectral range, demolishing the commonly held assumption of a single transition. The difference dipole moments for these states show that electron density shifts toward the xylene ring for both transitions. These measurements force a reappraisal of previous studies that have used erroneous assumptions and unsubstantiated estimates of these quantities. The results put future optical studies of reduced flavins/flavoproteins on a firm photophysical footing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Pauszek
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Goutham Kodali
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - M Salim U Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Robert J Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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49
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Rivera JA, Eden JG. Flavin mononucleotide biomolecular laser: longitudinal mode structure, polarization, and temporal characteristics as probes of local chemical environment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:10858-10868. [PMID: 27409906 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.010858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) biomolecular laser, optically pumped in a stable resonator, is reported here. Photoexcitation of the molecule at 355 nm results in lasing over the ~566.5-573.5 nm spectral region, and the threshold pump energy density is measured to be 110 ± 10 µJ/mm2 for a 10 mM FMN/water solution. Over twenty longitudinal modes are observed when the cavity length L and the energy pump fluence Ep are 375 µm and 300 µJ/mm2, respectively. Partial substitution of glycerol for water as the solvent results in a factor of four reduction in the threshold pump energy fluence (to < 30 µJ/mm2) and a quadrupling of the slope efficiency. This effect is attributed to the O2 - mediated photoconversion of FMN molecules in the triplet state to the singlet species. For pump intensities a factor of 2.5 above threshold, the laser pulse width is ~2 ns FWHM, and the output intensity decays exponentially with a photon lifetime of 1.7 ns. The addition of glycerol to a FMN/water solution also suppresses s-polarized emission (yielding P = 0.78 ± 0.08), presumably as a result of the inhibition of FMN rotational diffusion. The sensitivity of the spectral and optical properties of this and other biomolecular lasers to the chemical environment underscores the value of coherent emission as a biochemical or biomedical diagnostic tool, particularly insofar as molecule-molecule interactions are concerned.
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50
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Evans EW, Li J, Storey JG, Maeda K, Henbest KB, Dodson CA, Hore PJ, Mackenzie SR, Timmel CR. Sensitive fluorescence-based detection of magnetic field effects in photoreactions of flavins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:18456-63. [PMID: 26108474 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00723b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic field effect studies have been conducted on a variety of flavin-based radical pair systems chosen to model the magnetosensitivity of the photoinduced radical pairs found in cryptochrome flavoproteins. Cryptochromes are blue-light photoreceptor proteins which are thought to mediate avian magnetoreception, an hypothesis supported by recent in vitro observations of magnetic field-dependent reaction kinetics for a light-induced radical pair in a cryptochrome from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Many cryptochromes are difficult to express in large quantities or high concentrations and are easily photodegraded. Magnetic field effects are typically measured by spectroscopic detection of the transient radical (pair) concentrations. Due to its low sensitivity, single-pass transient absorption spectroscopy can be of limited use in such experiments and much recent work has involved development of other methodologies offering improved sensitivity. Here we explore the use of flavin fluorescence as the magnetosensitive probe and demonstrate the exceptional sensitivity of this technique which allows the detection of magnetic field effects in flavin samples at sub-nanomolar concentrations and in cryptochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrys W Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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