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Degli Esposti M. Did mitophagy follow the origin of mitochondria? Autophagy 2024; 20:985-993. [PMID: 38361280 PMCID: PMC11135861 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2307215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is the process of selective autophagy that removes superfluous and dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitophagy was first characterized in mammalian cells and is now recognized to follow several pathways including basal forms in specific organs. Mitophagy pathways are regulated by multiple, often interconnected factors. The present review aims to streamline this complexity and evaluate common elements that may define the evolutionary origin of mitophagy. Key issues surrounding mitophagy signaling at the mitochondrial surface may fundamentally derive from mitochondrial membrane dynamics. Elements of such membrane dynamics likely originated during the endosymbiosis of the alphaproteobacterial ancestor of our mitochondria but underwent an evolutionary leap forward in basal metazoa that determined the currently known variations in mitophagy signaling.Abbreviations: AGPAT, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase; ATG, autophagy related; BCL2L13, BCL2 like 13; BNIP3, BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L, BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO, calcium binding and coiled-coil domain; CL, cardiolipin; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERMES, ER-mitochondria encounter structure; FBXL4, F-box and leucine rich repeat protein 4; FUNDC1, FUN14 domain containing 1; GABARAPL1, GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; HIF, hypoxia inducible factor; IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane; LBPA/BMP, lysobisphosphatidic acid; LIR, LC3-interacting region; LPA, lysophosphatidic acid; MAM, mitochondria-associated membranes; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MCL, monolysocardiolipin; ML, maximum likelihood; NBR1, NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane; PA, phosphatidic acid; PACS2, phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2; PC/PLC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PHB2, prohibitin 2; PINK1, PTEN induced kinase 1; PtdIns, phosphatidylinositol; SAR, Stramenopiles, Apicomplexa and Rhizaria; TAX1BP1, Tax1 binding protein 1; ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VDAC/porin, voltage dependent anion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Degli Esposti
- Center for Genomic Sciences, UNAM Campus de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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2
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Lipids modulate the BH3-independent membrane targeting and activation of BAX and Bcl-xL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025834118. [PMID: 34493661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025834118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of apoptosis is tightly linked with the targeting of numerous Bcl-2 proteins to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM), where their activation or inhibition dictates cell death or survival. According to the traditional view of apoptotic regulation, BH3-effector proteins are indispensable for the cytosol-to-MOM targeting and activation of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family. This view is challenged by recent studies showing that these processes can occur in cells lacking BH3 effectors by as yet to be determined mechanism(s). Here, we exploit a model membrane system that recapitulates key features of MOM to demonstrate that the proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein BAX and antiapoptotic Bcl-xL have an inherent ability to interact with membranes in the absence of BH3 effectors, but only in the presence of cellular concentrations of Mg2+/Ca2+ Under these conditions, BAX and Bcl-xL are selectively targeted to membranes, refolded, and activated in the presence of anionic lipids especially the mitochondrial-specific lipid cardiolipin. These results provide a mechanistic explanation for the mitochondrial targeting and activation of Bcl-2 proteins in cells lacking BH3 effectors. At cytosolic Mg2+ levels, the BH3-independent activation of BAX could provide localized amplification of apoptotic signaling at regions enriched in cardiolipin (e.g., contact sites between MOM and mitochondrial inner membrane). Increases in MOM cardiolipin, as well as cytosolic [Ca2+] during apoptosis could further contribute to its MOM targeting and activity. Meanwhile, the BH3-independent targeting and activation of Bcl-xL to the MOM is expected to counter the action of proapoptotic BAX, thereby preventing premature commitment to apoptosis.
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Effects of Cardiolipin on the Conformational Dynamics of Membrane-Anchored Bcl-xL. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179388. [PMID: 34502299 PMCID: PMC8431346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL regulates apoptosis by preventing the permeation of the mitochondrial outer membrane by pro-apoptotic pore-forming proteins, which release apoptotic factors into the cytosol that ultimately lead to cell death. Two different membrane-integrated Bcl-xL constructs have been identified: a membrane-anchored and a membrane-inserted conformation. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the effect of the mitochondrial specific lipid cardiolipin and the protein protonation state on the conformational dynamics of membrane-anchored Bcl-xL. The analysis reveals that the protonation state of the protein and cardiolipin content of the membrane modulate the orientation of the soluble head region (helices α1 through α7) and hence the exposure of its BH3-binding groove, which is required for its interaction with pro-apoptotic proteins.
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Hippocampal Sector-Specific Metabolic Profiles Reflect Endogenous Strategy for Ischemia-Reperfusion Insult Resistance. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1621-1633. [PMID: 33222147 PMCID: PMC7932963 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gerbil is a well-known model for studying cerebral ischemia. The CA1 of the hippocampus is vulnerable to 5 min of ischemia, while the CA2–4 and dentate gyrus (DG) are resistant to it. Short-lasting ischemia, a model of transient ischemic attacks in men, results in CA1 neuron death within 2–4 days of reperfusion. Untargeted metabolomics, using LC-QTOF-MS, was used to enrich the knowledge about intrinsic vulnerability and resistance of hippocampal regions and their early post-ischemic response (IR). In total, 30 significant metabolites were detected. In controls, taurine was significantly lower and guanosine monophosphate was higher in CA1, as compared to that in CA2–4,DG. LysoPG and LysoPE were more abundant in CA1, while LysoPI 18:0 was detected only in CA2–4,DG. After IR, a substantial decrease in the citric acid level in CA1, an accumulation of pipecolic acid in both regions, and opposite changes in the amount of PE and LysoPE were observed. The following metabolic pathways were identified as being differentially active in control CA1 vs. CA2–4,DG: metabolism of taurine and hypotaurine, glycerophospholipid, and purine. These results may indicate that a regulation of cell volume, altered structure of cell membranes, and energy metabolism differentiate hippocampal regions. Early post-ischemia, spatial differences in the metabolism of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and amino acids and their metabolites with a predominance of those which upkeep their well-being in CA2–4,DG are shown. Presented results are consistent with genetic, morphological, and functional data, which may be useful in further study on endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection and search for new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Vasquez-Montes V, Vargas-Uribe M, Pandey NK, Rodnin MV, Langen R, Ladokhin AS. Lipid-modulation of membrane insertion and refolding of the apoptotic inhibitor Bcl-xL. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:691-700. [PMID: 31004798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-xL is a member of the Bcl-2 family of apoptotic regulators, responsible for inhibiting the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane, and a promising anti-cancer target. Bcl-xL exists in the following conformations, each believed to play a role in the inhibition of apoptosis: (a) a soluble folded conformation, (b) a membrane-anchored (by its C-terminal α8 helix) form, which retains the same fold as in solution and (c) refolded membrane-inserted conformations, for which no structural data are available. Previous studies established that in the cell Bcl-xL exists in a dynamic equilibrium between soluble and membranous states, however, no direct evidence exists in support of either anchored or inserted conformation of the membranous state in vivo. In this in vitro study, we employed a combination of fluorescence and EPR spectroscopy to characterize structural features of the bilayer-inserted conformation of Bcl-xL and the lipid modulation of its membrane insertion transition. Our results indicate that the core hydrophobic helix α6 inserts into the bilayer without adopting a transmembrane orientation. This insertion disrupts the packing of Bcl-xL and releases the regulatory N-terminal BH4 domain (α1) from the rest of the protein structure. Our data demonstrate that both insertion and refolding of Bcl-xL are modulated by lipid composition, which brings the apparent pKa of insertion to the threshold of physiological pH. We hypothesize that conformational rearrangements associated with the bilayer insertion of Bcl-xL result in its switching to a so-called non-canonical mode of apoptotic inhibition. Presented results suggest that the alteration in lipid composition before and during apoptosis can serve as an additional factor regulating the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vasquez-Montes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Mauricio Vargas-Uribe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nitin K Pandey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mykola V Rodnin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Alexey S Ladokhin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Weigt D, Sammour DA, Ulrich T, Munteanu B, Hopf C. Automated analysis of lipid drug-response markers by combined fast and high-resolution whole cell MALDI mass spectrometry biotyping. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11260. [PMID: 30050068 PMCID: PMC6062520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry have enabled whole cell-MALDI mass spectrometry biotyping of drug-treated cultured cells for rapid monitoring of known abundant pharmacodynamic protein markers such as polyacetylated histones. In contrast, generic and automated analytical workflows for discovery of such pharmacodynamic markers, in particular lipid markers, and their use in cellular tests of drug-like compounds are still lacking. Here, we introduce such a workflow and demonstrate its utility for cellular drug-response monitoring of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors in K562 leukemia cells: First, low-molecular mass features indicating drug responses are computationally extracted from groups of MALDI-TOF mass spectra. Then, the lipids/metabolites corresponding to these features are identified by MALDI-Fourier transformation mass spectrometry. To demonstrate utility of the method, we identify the potassium adduct of phosphatidylcholine PC(36:1) as well as heme B, a marker for erythroid differentiation, as markers for a label-free MALDI MS-based test of cellular responses to BCR-ABL inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggest that MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of lipids and other low molecular mass metabolites could support cell-based drug profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weigt
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
- HBIGS International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 501, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Denis A Sammour
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Timon Ulrich
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bogdan Munteanu
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.
- HBIGS International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 501, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Degli Esposti M, Matarrese P, Tinari A, Longo A, Recalchi S, Khosravi-Far R, Malorni W, Misasi R, Garofalo T, Sorice M. Changes in membrane lipids drive increased endocytosis following Fas ligation. Apoptosis 2018; 22:681-695. [PMID: 28299505 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Once activated, some surface receptors promote membrane movements that open new portals of endocytosis, in part to facilitate the internalization of their activated complexes. The prototypic death receptor Fas (CD95/Apo1) promotes a wave of enhanced endocytosis that induces a transient intermixing of endosomes with mitochondria in cells that require mitochondria to amplify death signaling. This initiates a global alteration in membrane traffic that originates from changes in key membrane lipids occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have focused the current study on specific lipid changes occurring early after Fas ligation. We analyzed the interaction between endosomes and mitochondria in Jurkat T cells by nanospray-Time-of-flight (ToF) Mass Spectrometry. Immediately after Fas ligation, we found a transient wave of lipid changes that drives a subpopulation of early endosomes to merge with mitochondria. The earliest event appears to be a decrease of phosphatidylcholine (PC), linked to a metabolic switch enhancing phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphoinositides, which are crucial for the formation of vacuolar membranes and endocytosis. Lipid changes occur independently of caspase activation and appear to be exacerbated by caspase inhibition. Conversely, inhibition or compensation of PC deficiency attenuates endocytosis, endosome-mitochondria mixing and the induction of cell death. Deficiency of receptor interacting protein, RIP, also limits the specific changes in membrane lipids that are induced by Fas activation, with parallel reduction of endocytosis. Thus, Fas activation rapidly changes the interconversion of PC and PI, which then drives enhanced endocytosis, thus likely propagating death signaling from the cell surface to mitochondria and other organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Agostina Longo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Recalchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roya Khosravi-Far
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Altered Traffic of Cardiolipin during Apoptosis: Exposure on the Cell Surface as a Trigger for "Antiphospholipid Antibodies". J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:847985. [PMID: 26491702 PMCID: PMC4603604 DOI: 10.1155/2015/847985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been reported to induce changes in the remodelling of membrane lipids; after death receptor engagement, specific changes of lipid composition occur not only at the plasma membrane, but also in intracellular membranes. This paper focuses on one important aspect of apoptotic changes in cellular lipids, namely, the redistribution of the mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). CL predominantly resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane, even if the rapid remodelling of its acyl chains and the subsequent degradation occur in other membrane organelles. After death receptor stimulation, CL appears to concentrate into mitochondrial “raft-like” microdomains at contact sites between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, leading to local oligomerization of proapoptotic proteins, including Bid. Clustering of Bid in CL-enriched contacts sites is interconnected with pathways of CL remodelling that intersect membrane traffic routes dependent upon actin. In addition, CL association with cytoskeleton protein vimentin was observed. Such novel association also indicated that CL molecules may be expressed at the cell surface following apoptotic stimuli. This observation adds a novel implication of biomedical relevance. The association of CL with vimentin at the cell surface may represent a “new” target antigen in the context of the apoptotic origin of anti-vimentin/CL autoantibodies in Antiphospholipid Syndrome.
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Cosentino K, García-Sáez AJ. Mitochondrial alterations in apoptosis. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 181:62-75. [PMID: 24732580 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Besides their conventional role as energy suppliers for the cell, mitochondria in vertebrates are active regulators of apoptosis. They release apoptotic factors from the intermembrane space into the cytosol through a mechanism that involves the Bcl-2 protein family, mediating permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Associated with this event, a number of additional changes affect mitochondria during apoptosis. They include loss of important mitochondrial functions, such as the ability to maintain calcium homeostasis and to generate ATP, as well as mitochondrial fragmentation and cristae remodeling. Moreover, the lipidic component of mitochondrial membranes undergoes important alterations in composition and distribution, which have turned out to be relevant regulatory events for the proteins involved in apoptotic mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cosentino
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most important cause of disability in individuals under the age of 45 years and thus represents a significant social and economic burden. Evidence strongly suggests that oxidative stress is a cornerstone event leading to and propagating secondary injury mechanisms such as excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, brain edema, and inflammation. TBI has defied conventional approaches to diagnosis and therapy development because of its heterogeneity and complexity. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative approaches to therapy development for TBI. The aim of this review is to present a therapeutic approach for TBI, taking into account the evidence supporting the role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiological processes of secondary brain injury. The role of agents such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (melatonin and new mitochondria-targeted antioxidants), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) inhibitors (antioxidant vitamins and apocynin), and other compounds having mainly antioxidant properties (hydrogen-rich saline, sulforaphane, U-83836E, omega-3, and polyphenols) is covered. The rationale for innovative antioxidant therapies based on current knowledge and particularly the most recent studies regarding this field is discussed. Particular considerations and translational potential of new TBI treatments are examined and a novel therapeutic proposal for TBI is presented.
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Landry MC, Champagne C, Boulanger MC, Jetté A, Fuchs M, Dziengelewski C, Lavoie JN. A functional interplay between the small GTPase Rab11a and mitochondria-shaping proteins regulates mitochondrial positioning and polarization of the actin cytoskeleton downstream of Src family kinases. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2230-49. [PMID: 24302731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.516351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is believed that mitochondrial dynamics is coordinated with endosomal traffic rates during cytoskeletal remodeling, but the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. The adenovirus early region 4 ORF4 protein (E4orf4) subverts signaling by Src family kinases (SFK) to perturb cellular morphology, membrane traffic, and organellar dynamics and to trigger cell death. Using E4orf4 as a model, we uncovered a functional connection between mitochondria-shaping proteins and the small GTPase Rab11a, a key regulator of polarized transport via recycling endosomes. We found that E4orf4 induced dramatic changes in the morphology of mitochondria along with their mobilization at the vicinity of a polarized actin network typifying E4orf4 action, in a manner controlled by SFK and Rab11a. Mitochondrial remodeling was associated with increased proximity between Rab11a and mitochondrial membranes, changes in fusion-fission dynamics, and mitochondrial relocalization of the fission factor dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), which was regulated by the Rab11a effector protein FIP1/RCP. Knockdown of FIP1/RCP or inhibition of Drp1 markedly impaired mitochondrial remodeling and actin assembly, involving Rab11a-mediated mitochondrial dynamics in E4orf4-induced signaling. A similar mobilization of mitochondria near actin-rich structures was mediated by Rab11 and Drp1 in viral Src-transformed cells and contributed to the biogenesis of podosome rosettes. These findings suggest a role for Rab11a in the trafficking of Drp1 to mitochondria upon SFK activation and unravel a novel functional interplay between Rab11a and mitochondria during reshaping of the cell cytoskeleton, which would facilitate mitochondria redistribution near energy-requiring actin-rich structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Landry
- From the Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Axe Oncologie, Québec G1R 3S3 and
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Emerging roles of lipids in BCL-2 family-regulated apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1542-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Monteiro JP, Oliveira PJ, Jurado AS. Mitochondrial membrane lipid remodeling in pathophysiology: a new target for diet and therapeutic interventions. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:513-28. [PMID: 23827885 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are arbiters in the fragile balance between cell life and death. These organelles present an intricate membrane system, with a peculiar lipid composition and displaying transverse as well as lateral asymmetry. Some lipids are synthesized inside mitochondria, while others have to be imported or acquired in the form of precursors. Here, we review different processes, including external interventions (e.g., diet) and a range of biological events (apoptosis, disease and aging), which may result in alterations of mitochondrial membrane lipid content. Cardiolipin, the mitochondria lipid trademark, whose biosynthetic pathway is highly regulated, will deserve special attention in this review. The modulation of mitochondrial membrane lipid composition, especially by diet, as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of some pathologies will be also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Monteiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Dietary ω -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA: a potential adjuvant in the treatment of cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:310186. [PMID: 23762838 PMCID: PMC3676987 DOI: 10.1155/2013/310186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly present in fish oil, are part of the human diet. Among PUFAs, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has received particular attention for its anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiangiogenetic, anti-invasion, and antimetastatic properties. These data suggest that DHA can exert antitumor activity potentially representing an effective adjuvant in cancer chemotherapy. This review is focused on current knowledge supporting the potential use of DHA for the enhancement of the efficacy of anticancer treatments in relation to its ability to enhance the uptake of anticancer drugs, regulate the oxidative status of tumor cells, and inhibit tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
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15
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Cheng G, Kong RH, Zhang LM, Zhang JN. Mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial-targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:699-719. [PMID: 23003569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socioeconomic problem throughout the world. It is a complicated pathological process that consists of primary insults and a secondary insult characterized by a set of biochemical cascades. The imbalance between a higher energy demand for repair of cell damage and decreased energy production led by mitochondrial dysfunction aggravates cell damage. At the cellular level, the main cause of the secondary deleterious cascades is cell damage that is centred in the mitochondria. Excitotoxicity, Ca(2+) overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Bcl-2 family, caspases and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) are the main participants in mitochondria-centred cell damage following TBI. Some preclinical and clinical results of mitochondria-targeted therapy show promise. Mitochondria- targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies offer new hope for the successful treatment of TBI and other acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Neurosurgical Department, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Skender B, Vaculova AH, Hofmanova J. Docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) in the regulation of colon cell growth and cell death: a review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 156:186-99. [PMID: 23069883 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2012.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental, epidemiological and clinical data substantiate the beneficial role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in preventing inflammation and cancer of the colon. This review covers the unsaturated docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA), describes some of its important cellular and molecular mechanisms, its interaction with another dietary lipid, butyrate and with endogenous apoptotic regulators of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family. We also discuss the clinical impact of this knowledge and the use of these lipids in colon cancer prevention and treatment. RESULTS From the literature, DHA has been shown to suppress the growth, induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro and decrease the incidence and growth of experimental tumours in vivo. Based on these data and our own experimental results, we describe and discuss the possible mechanisms of DHA anticancer effects at various levels of cell organization. We show that DHA can sensitize colon cancer cells to other chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive agents and affect the action of physiological apoptotic regulators of the TNF family. CONCLUSION Use of n-3 PUFAs could be a relatively non-toxic form of supportive therapy for improving colon cancer treatment and slowing down or preventing its recurrence. However, it is necessary to use them with caution, based on solid scientific evidence of their mechanisms of action from the molecular to the cellular and organism levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belma Skender
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Yin H, Zhu M. Free radical oxidation of cardiolipin: chemical mechanisms, detection and implication in apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and human diseases. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:959-74. [PMID: 22468920 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.676642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondria-specific phospholipid and is critical for maintaining the integrity of mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial function. CL also plays an active role in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by interacting with cytochrome c (cyt c), tBid and other important Bcl-2 proteins. The unique structure of CL with four linoleic acid side chains in the same molecule and its cellular location make it extremely susceptible to free radical oxidation by reactive oxygen species including free radicals derived from peroxidase activity of cyt c/CL complex, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical. The free radical oxidation products of CL have been emerged as important mediators in apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the free radical chemical mechanisms that lead to CL oxidation, recent development in detection of oxidation products of CL by mass spectrometry and the implication of CL oxidation in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism in Human Nutrition and Related Diseases, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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18
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Gutiérrez-Praena D, Pichardo S, Jos A, Moreno FJ, Cameán AM. Biochemical and pathological toxic effects induced by the cyanotoxin Cylindrospermopsin on the human cell line Caco-2. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:1566-1575. [PMID: 22227240 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a cyanotoxin produced by several freshwater cyanobacteria, causes human intoxications and animal mortalities. The present study focuses on the cytotoxic effects of CYN on Caco-2 cells at 24 and 48 h. The basal cytotoxicity endpoints studied were total protein content (TP), neutral red uptake (NR) and reduction of the tetrazolium salt (MTS). The effect of non-cytotoxic concentrations of CYN on the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) activity and glutathione (GSH) content was also studied and the morphological alterations in the Caco-2 cells subsequent to CYN exposure were recorded. The most sensitive endpoint - the reduction of MTS - showed that the viability of Caco-2 cells after exposure to the highest concentration assayed (40 μg/mL CYN) was reduced by about 90%. Intracellular ROS production increased only when exposed to a concentration of 1.25 μg/mL CYN, while GSH content and GCS activity increased when exposed to 2.5 μg/mL CYN. The main insights provided by the present study are the ultrastructural alterations, which reveal lipid degeneration, mitochondrial damage and nucleolar segregation with altered nuclei. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that CYN can induce toxic effects in Caco-2 cells in a time-concentration dependent manner. Moreover, unlike the cytotoxic and biochemical alterations, which were only evident at higher concentrations, morphological damage at the ultrastructural level was noticeable even at the lowest concentration used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
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19
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Giacometti J, Tomljanovic AB, Milin C, Cuk M, Stasic BR. Olive and Corn Oil Enriched Diets Changed the Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition in Mice Liver after One-Thirds Hepatectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.32035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Phenolic compounds isolated from Pilea microphylla prevent radiation-induced cellular DNA damage. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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21
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Li X, Yuan YJ. Lipidomic Analysis of Apoptotic Hela Cells Induced by Paclitaxel. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:655-64. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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22
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Korytowski W, Basova LV, Pilat A, Kernstock RM, Girotti AW. Permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane by Bax/truncated Bid (tBid) proteins as sensitized by cardiolipin hydroperoxide translocation: mechanistic implications for the intrinsic pathway of oxidative apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26334-43. [PMID: 21642428 PMCID: PMC3143596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.188516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cyt c) release upon oxidation of cardiolipin (CL) in the mitochondrial inner membrane (IM) under oxidative stress occurs early in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. We postulated that CL oxidation mobilizes not only cyt c but also CL itself in the form of hydroperoxide (CLOOH) species. Relatively hydrophilic CLOOHs could assist in apoptotic signaling by translocating to the outer membrane (OM), thus promoting recruitment of the pro-apoptotic proteins truncated Bid (tBid) and Bax for generation of cyt c-traversable pores. Initial testing of these possibilities showed that CLOOH-containing liposomes were permeabilized more readily by tBid plus Ca(2+) than CL-containing counterparts. Moreover, CLOOH translocated more rapidly from IM-mimetic to OM-mimetic liposomes than CL and permitted more extensive OM permeabilization. We found that tBid bound more avidly to CLOOH-containing membranes than to CL counterparts, and binding increased with increasing CLOOH content. Permeabilization of CLOOH-containing liposomes in the presence of tBid could be triggered by monomeric Bax, consistent with tBid/Bax cooperation in pore formation. Using CL-null mitochondria from a yeast mutant, we found that tBid binding and cyt c release were dramatically enhanced by transfer acquisition of CLOOH. Additionally, we observed a pre-apoptotic IM-to-OM transfer of oxidized CL in cardiomyocytes treated with the Complex III blocker, antimycin A. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the role of CL oxidation in the intrinsic pathway of oxidative apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Korytowski
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
- the Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Liana V. Basova
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Anna Pilat
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Robert M. Kernstock
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Albert W. Girotti
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
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23
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Landeta O, Landajuela A, Gil D, Taneva S, DiPrimo C, Sot B, Valle M, Frolov VA, Basañez G. Reconstitution of proapoptotic BAK function in liposomes reveals a dual role for mitochondrial lipids in the BAK-driven membrane permeabilization process. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8213-8230. [PMID: 21196599 PMCID: PMC3048708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.165852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BAK is a key effector of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) whose molecular mechanism of action remains to be fully dissected in intact cells, mainly due to the inherent complexity of the intracellular apoptotic machinery. Here we show that the core features of the BAK-driven MOMP pathway can be reproduced in a highly simplified in vitro system consisting of recombinant human BAK lacking the carboxyl-terminal 21 residues (BAKΔC) and tBID in combination with liposomes bearing an appropriate lipid environment. Using this minimalist reconstituted system we established that tBID suffices to trigger BAKΔC membrane insertion, oligomerization, and pore formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that tBID-activated BAKΔC permeabilizes the membrane by forming structurally dynamic pores rather than a large proteinaceous channel of fixed size. We also identified two distinct roles played by mitochondrial lipids along the molecular pathway of BAKΔC-induced membrane permeabilization. First, using several independent approaches, we showed that cardiolipin directly interacts with BAKΔC, leading to a localized structural rearrangement in the protein that "primes" BAKΔC for interaction with tBID. Second, we provide evidence that selected curvature-inducing lipids present in mitochondrial membranes specifically modulate the energetic expenditure required to create the BAKΔC pore. Collectively, our results support the notion that BAK functions as a direct effector of MOMP akin to BAX and also adds significantly to the growing evidence indicating that mitochondrial membrane lipids are actively implicated in BCL-2 protein family function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Landeta
- From the Unidad de Biofísica (Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ane Landajuela
- From the Unidad de Biofísica (Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Gil
- CIC-BIOGUNE Structural Biology Unit, Parque Tecnologico Zamudio, Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Stefka Taneva
- From the Unidad de Biofísica (Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmelo DiPrimo
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U869, Institut Européen de Chimie et de Biologie, Pessac F-33607, France, and
| | - Begoña Sot
- the MRC Centre for Protein Engineering and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mikel Valle
- CIC-BIOGUNE Structural Biology Unit, Parque Tecnologico Zamudio, Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Vadim A Frolov
- From the Unidad de Biofísica (Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain,; the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain,; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gorka Basañez
- From the Unidad de Biofísica (Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain,.
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24
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Crimi M, Esposti MD. Apoptosis-induced changes in mitochondrial lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:551-7. [PMID: 20888373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an active and tightly regulated form of cell death, which can also be considered a stress-induced process of cellular communication. Recent studies reveal that the lipid network within cells is involved in the regulation and propagation of death signalling. Despite the vast growth of our current knowledge on apoptosis, little is known of the specific role played by lipid molecules in the central event of apoptosis-the piercing of mitochondrial membranes. Here we review the information regarding changes in mitochondrial lipids that are associated with apoptosis and discuss whether they may be involved in the permeabilization of mitochondria to release their apoptogenic factors, or just lie downstream of this permeabilization leading to the amplification of caspase activation. We focus on the earliest changes that physiological apoptosis induces in mitochondrial membranes, which may derive from an upstream alteration of phospholipid metabolism that reverberates on the mitochondrial re-modelling of their characteristic lipid, cardiolipin. Hopefully, this review will lead to an increased understanding of the role of mitochondrial lipids in apoptosis and also help revealing new stress sensing mechanisms in cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria: the deadly organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Crimi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Cà Vignal 1, 37134 Verona, Italy
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25
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Dunn WB, Broadhurst DI, Atherton HJ, Goodacre R, Griffin JL. Systems level studies of mammalian metabolomes: the roles of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 40:387-426. [PMID: 20717559 DOI: 10.1039/b906712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of biological systems in a holistic manner (systems biology) is increasingly being viewed as a necessity to provide qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the emergent properties of the complete system. Systems biology performs studies focussed on the complex interactions of system components; emphasising the whole system rather than the individual parts. Many perturbations to mammalian systems (diet, disease, drugs) are multi-factorial and the study of small parts of the system is insufficient to understand the complete phenotypic changes induced. Metabolomics is one functional level tool being employed to investigate the complex interactions of metabolites with other metabolites (metabolism) but also the regulatory role metabolites provide through interaction with genes, transcripts and proteins (e.g. allosteric regulation). Technological developments are the driving force behind advances in scientific knowledge. Recent advances in the two analytical platforms of mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have driven forward the discipline of metabolomics. In this critical review, an introduction to metabolites, metabolomes, metabolomics and the role of MS and NMR spectroscopy will be provided. The applications of metabolomics in mammalian systems biology for the study of the health-disease continuum, drug efficacy and toxicity and dietary effects on mammalian health will be reviewed. The current limitations and future goals of metabolomics in systems biology will also be discussed (374 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick B Dunn
- Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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26
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Nageshwar Rao B, Satish Rao BS. Antagonistic effects of Zingerone, a phenolic alkanone against radiation-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis and oxidative stress in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells growing in vitro. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:577-87. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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27
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Lerda D, Biagi Bistoni M, Pelliccioni P, Litterio N. Allium cepa as a biomonitor of ochratoxin A toxicity and genotoxicity. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:685-688. [PMID: 20636912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillum moulds. Since OTA has not yet been evaluated in plant systems, this paper focused on describing the controversial effect OTA in an Allium root test model, which has known sensitivity to genotoxins and could be useful in toxin screening. Analyses of root growth and the root meristematic zone in response to OTA treatment were undertaken. The results show OTA toxicity to root growth at a concentration of 10 ug.ml(-1) associated with inhibition of proliferation activity. Cytological changes observed in the Allium chromosome aberrations assay, at a concentration of 5.0 ug.ml(-1), showed that OTA was able to induce genotoxicity at the chromosome level. These results indicate that plants cells (Allium cepa) are very sensitive to the mycotoxin OTA, as observed at the highest concentration. Under these conditions, OTA produced toxicity and cytogenetic injury. Evidence in vitro and in vivo indicates that OTA can induce damage at the DNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lerda
- Genetic Laboratory, School of Medicine, Cordoba Catholic University, Córdoba, Argentina.
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28
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Lavoie JN, Landry MC, Faure RL, Champagne C. Src-family kinase signaling, actin-mediated membrane trafficking and organellar dynamics in the control of cell fate: lessons to be learned from the adenovirus E4orf4 death factor. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1604-14. [PMID: 20417707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that there are different modes of regulated cell death, which share overlapping signaling pathways. Cytoskeletal-dependent inter-organellar communication as a result of protein and lipid trafficking in and out of organelles has emerged as a common, key issue in the regulation of cell death modalities. The movement of proteins and lipids between cell compartments is believed to relay death signals in part through modifications of organelles dynamics. Little is known, however, regarding how trafficking is integrated within stress signaling pathways directing organelle-specific remodeling events. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence supporting a role for regulated changes in actin dynamics and intracellular membrane flow. Based on recent findings using the adenovirus E4orf4 death factor as a probing tool to tackle the mechanistic underpinnings that control alternative modes of cell death, we propose the existence of multifunctional platforms at the endosome-Golgi interface regulated by SFK-signaling. These endosomal platforms could be mobilized during cell activation processes to reorganize cellular membranes and promote inter-organelle signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée N Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, CRCHUQ, Québec, Canada.
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29
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ZHAO W, FUNG Y, O W, CHEUNG MPL. L-Cysteine-capped CdTe Quantum Dots as a Fluorescence Probe for Determination of Cardiolipin. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:879-84. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng ZHAO
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Yingsing FUNG
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Waisum O
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong
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30
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Hoshina MM, Marin-Morales MA. Micronucleus and chromosome aberrations induced in onion (Allium cepa) by a petroleum refinery effluent and by river water that receives this effluent. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:2090-2095. [PMID: 19647317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, micronucleus (MN) and chromosome aberration (CA) tests in Allium cepa (onion) were carried out in order to make a preliminary characterization of the water quality of the Atibaia River in an area that is under the influence of petroleum refinery and also to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments used by the refinery. For these evaluations, seeds of A. cepa were germinated in waters collected in five different sites related with the refinery in ultra-pure water (negative control) and in methyl methanesulfonate solution (positive control). According to our results, we can suggest that even after the treatments (physicochemical, biological and stabilization pond) the final refinery effluent could induce chromosome aberrations and micronucleus in meristematic cells of A. cepa and that the discharge of the petroleum refinery effluents in the Atibaia River can interfere in the quality of this river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia M Hoshina
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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31
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Lomonosova E, Chinnadurai G. BH3-only proteins in apoptosis and beyond: an overview. Oncogene 2009; 27 Suppl 1:S2-19. [PMID: 19641503 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BH3-only BCL-2 family proteins are effectors of canonical mitochondrial apoptosis. They discharge their pro-apoptotic functions through BH1-3 pro-apoptotic proteins such as BAX and BAK, while their activity is suppressed by BH1-4 anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. The precise mechanism by which BH3-only proteins mediate apoptosis remains unresolved. The existing data are consistent with three mutually non-exclusive models (1) displacement of BH1-3 proteins from complexes with BH1-4 proteins; (2) direct interaction with and conformational activation of BH1-3 proteins; and (3) membrane insertion and membrane remodeling. The BH3-only proteins appear to play critical roles in restraining cancer and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Molecules that mimic the effect of BH3-only proteins are being used in treatments against these diseases. The cell death activity of a subclass of BH3-only members (BNIP3 and BNIP3L) is linked to cardiomyocyte loss during heart failure. In addition to their established role in apoptosis, several BH3-only members also regulate diverse cellular functions in cell-cycle regulation, DNA repair and metabolism. Several members are implicated in the induction of autophagy and autophagic cell death, possibly through unleashing of the BH3-only autophagic effector Beclin 1 from complexes with BCL-2/BCL-xL. The Chapters included in the current Oncogene Review issues provide in-depth discussions on various aspects of major BH3-only proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lomonosova
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
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32
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Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, McGuinness D, Hillier C, Darzynkiewicz Z. ER-Golgi network--a future target for anti-cancer therapy. Leuk Res 2009; 33:1440-7. [PMID: 19595459 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell demise is an important event in the elimination of abnormal malignant cells and provides an important mechanism of natural tumor suppression. Abnormalities incapacitating these finely tuned processes provide a strong advantage for cancer clones to succeed in evading both the physiological control systems and therapeutic intervention. Expanding our knowledge of the molecular "crosstalks" that regulate tumor cell demise is crucial in guiding the successful design of future anti-cancer therapeutics. Although currently available data indicate that elimination of malignant cells often depends on classical apoptotic pathways (mitochondrial and/or death-receptor pathways), the evidence is mounting that alternative apoptotic and non-apoptotic pathways may effectively contribute to tumor cell death. The assumption that every organelle is capable of sensing, amplificating and executing cell death is also a relatively novel and unexplored concept. As recently shown, the secretory pathway can be actively involved in sensing stress stimuli and possibly even initiating and propagating cell death signaling. Experimental evidence indicates that ER and Golgi apparatus can activate both pro-survival (recovery) mechanisms as well as cell suicide programs if the stress-signaling threshold is exceeded. It is thus conceivable that the fragile balance of protein trafficking between various subcellular compartments provides an exceptional therapeutic opportunity. Interestingly, a growing number of reports recognize novel therapeutic targets, including proteins in control of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi homeostasis. Further studies are, however, needed to elucidate precise signaling pathways emanating from ER-Golgi compartment. Development of more potent and selective small-molecule drugs that activate ER-Golgi mediated cell demise is also needed. As the interest in the role of ER-Golgi network during cancer cell death has been gaining momentum, we attempt here to critically appraise current status of development of investigational anti-cancer agents that target ER and/or Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.
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33
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Coordination of the secretory compartments via inter-organelle signalling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:801-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Santini MT, Ferrante A, Rainaldi G, Indovina P, Indovina PL. Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields and apoptosis: a review. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 81:1-11. [PMID: 15962758 DOI: 10.1080/09553000400029502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that extremely low frequency magnetic fields might be linked to tumours, particularly with childhood leukaemia. In the same period, the role of apoptosis in the tumour process has also gained increasing importance. It is the purpose of this review to describe the apoptotic process, discuss selected papers in which apoptosis is examined in cells exposed to magnetic fields and describe the possible biophysical mechanisms responsible for changes in the apoptotic process in exposed cells. Despite some differences, as a whole, the literature seems to demonstrate that magnetic fields induce changes in apoptosis in cells exposed to different experimental protocols. In addition, the important role of ions, particularly of Ca2+, in the apoptotic process is also discussed, and one possible model for magnetic field action on apoptosis that brings together experimental observations of different nature is suggested and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Santini
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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35
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Drug discovery using chemical systems biology: identification of the protein-ligand binding network to explain the side effects of CETP inhibitors. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000387. [PMID: 19436720 PMCID: PMC2676506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic identification of protein-drug interaction networks is crucial to correlate complex modes of drug action to clinical indications. We introduce a novel computational strategy to identify protein-ligand binding profiles on a genome-wide scale and apply it to elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with the adverse drug effects of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) inhibitors. CETP inhibitors are a new class of preventive therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, clinical studies indicated that one CETP inhibitor, Torcetrapib, has deadly off-target effects as a result of hypertension, and hence it has been withdrawn from phase III clinical trials. We have identified a panel of off-targets for Torcetrapib and other CETP inhibitors from the human structural genome and map those targets to biological pathways via the literature. The predicted protein-ligand network is consistent with experimental results from multiple sources and reveals that the side-effect of CETP inhibitors is modulated through the combinatorial control of multiple interconnected pathways. Given that combinatorial control is a common phenomenon observed in many biological processes, our findings suggest that adverse drug effects might be minimized by fine-tuning multiple off-target interactions using single or multiple therapies. This work extends the scope of chemogenomics approaches and exemplifies the role that systems biology has in the future of drug discovery. Both the cost to launch a new drug and the attrition rate during the late stage of the drug discovery and development process are increasing. Torcetrapib is a case in point, having been withdrawn from phase III clinical trials after 15 years of development and an estimated cost of US $800 M. Torcetrapib represents a new class of therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease; however, clinical studies indicated that Torcetrapib has deadly side-effects as a result of hypertension. To understand the origins of these adverse drug reactions from Torcetrapib and other related drugs undergoing clinical trials, we introduce a systematic strategy to identify off-targets in the human structural proteome and investigate the roles of these off-targets in impacting human physiology and pathology using biochemical pathway analysis. Our findings suggest that potential side-effects of a new drug can be identified at an early stage of the development cycle and be minimized by fine-tuning multiple off-target interactions. The hope is that this can reduce both the cost of drug development and the mortality rates during clinical trials.
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Moisoi N, Klupsch K, Fedele V, East P, Sharma S, Renton A, Plun-Favreau H, Edwards RE, Teismann P, Esposti MD, Morrison AD, Wood NW, Downward J, Martins LM. Mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by loss of HtrA2 results in the activation of a brain-specific transcriptional stress response. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:449-64. [PMID: 19023330 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress responses can be activated following functional defects in organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by loss of the serine protease HtrA2 leads to a progressive movement disorder in mice and has been linked to parkinsonian neurodegeneration in humans. Here, we demonstrate that loss of HtrA2 results in transcriptional upregulation of nuclear genes characteristic of the integrated stress response, including the transcription factor CHOP, selectively in the brain. We also show that loss of HtrA2 results in the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the mitochondria, defective mitochondrial respiration and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species that contribute to the induction of CHOP expression and to neuronal cell death. CHOP expression is also significantly increased in Parkinson's disease patients' brain tissue. We therefore propose that this brain-specific transcriptional response to stress may be important in the advance of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moisoi
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Cerium elicitor-induced phosphatidic acid triggers apoptotic signaling development in Taxus cuspidata cell suspension cultures. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 159:13-20. [PMID: 19428358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of membrane phospholipids is associated with apoptotic responses, but the signaling development of this degradation is not well understood. Cerium (Ce(4+)), an important rare earth element, induces cellular apoptosis and taxol biosynthesis in Taxus cuspidata suspension cultures. Here, using mass spectrometry and biochemical technique, we demonstrated that the phospholipase D (PLD) was rapidly activated by Ce(4+) and hydrolyzed structural phospholipids to generate lipid signal molecule, phosphatidic acid (PA). 1-Butanol, an antagonist of PLD-dependent PA production, blocked the biphasic burst of superoxide anions (O2(*-)) and thus mitigated cellular apoptosis. The time-course analysis of PA accumulation and ERK-like mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulation indicated PA generation preceded MAPK activation, suggesting that the rapid accumulation of PA might be required for the initial MAPK activity. After 2h of Ce(4+) elicitation, however, PA-induced O2(*-) burst, forming a negative regulation to MAPK activity, which in turn led to apoptotic signaling development.
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Kowalczyk JE, Beresewicz M, Gajkowska B, Zabłocka B. Association of protein kinase C delta and phospholipid scramblase 3 in hippocampal mitochondria correlates with neuronal vulnerability to brain ischemia. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:157-63. [PMID: 19428821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings support the idea that mitochondrial integrity plays an important role in the propagation of excitotoxic ischemic signal and PKC is implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial membranes properties. One of the targets of PKC delta is phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), an enzyme responsible for cardiolipin translocation from the inner to outer mitochondrial membrane. To get an insight into in vivo mechanism by which PKC delta mediates ischemia/reperfusion injury of hippocampal neurons, we examined the effects of transient brain ischemia in gerbil on association of PKC delta with mitochondria isolated from ischemia-vulnerable (CA1) and ischemia-resistant regions, and interactions between PKC delta and PLSCR3. Postischemic, biphasic and brain region-specific translocation of PKC delta to mitochondria was observed. First peak was at 30-60 min of reperfusion and the second was observed after 72-96 h following ischemia. PKC delta was translocated to mitochondria only in CA1 region. The PLSCR3 mRNA and protein was detected in brain by RT-PCR and sequence analysis, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry in electron microscopy (EM). Co-immunoprecipitation and double-labeled immuno-EM showed association of PKC delta and PLSCR3 in postischemic CA1 mitochondria. Additionally, the amount of tBid associated with mitochondria was elevated 96 h following ischemia. Our data suggest that in the postischemic brain PKC delta co-localizes with PLSCR3 in mitochondria and this event might influence the mitochondrial membranes architecture and delayed neurons degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Kowalczyk
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Whereas ligation of the CD95 death receptor in the plasma membrane of so-called type I cells leads to a direct caspase 8-dependent activation of downstream effector caspases, mitochondrial amplification of caspase 8-derived signals is required in so-called type II cells in order to execute apoptotic cell death. In type I cells CD95L (CD95 ligand) binding to CD95 results in a ceramide-dependent formation of the DISC (death-inducing signalling complex) and caspase 8-dependent CD95 clustering in the plasma membrane, followed by an internalization of these multimeric-receptor-DISC complexes. In contrast, in the hepatocyte, a type II cell, the bulk of CD95 is stored intracellularly under resting conditions and only a few 'sentinel' CD95 receptors are present in the plasma membrane. However, their activation by CD95L is sufficient to trigger a caspase 8-dependent endosomal acidification and a ceramide-dependent trafficking of intracellularly stored CD95 to the plasma membrane, thereby amplifying CD95 activation. Thus, in both type I and type II cells, ceramide and CD95 receptor endo- and exo-cytosis are involved in CD95-mediated apoptosis, but apparently in different ways. This, however, is not the only effect of CD95 ligation on intracellular membrane flow in type II cells, and evidence has been presented that soon after CD95 ligation Golgi elements intermix caspase-dependently with mitochondria. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Matarrese et al. report another aspect on endocytosis in response to CD95 ligation in type II cells, namely a caspase-independent endocytosis with vesicle translocation to the mitochondrial compartment, suggestive of an interplay between both organelles in the sense of an 'organelle scrambling'. Thus early effects of CD95 activation on intracellular membrane flow may be much more complex than previously thought, but much has still to be learned about signalling mechanisms and the role they play in apoptosis.
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Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration; cardiolipin a critical target? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:794-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Liu J, Epand RF, Durrant D, Grossman D, Chi NW, Epand RM, Lee RM. Role of phospholipid scramblase 3 in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. Biochemistry 2008; 47:4518-29. [PMID: 18358005 DOI: 10.1021/bi701962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced apoptosis, tBid is targeted to mitochondria and causes cytochrome c release. We investigated the regulation of tBid-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis by phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLS3). Overexpression of PLS3 enhanced, whereas downregulation of PLS3 delayed, TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and targeting of tBid to mitochondria. On the basis of the theory that tBid targets mitochondrial cardiolipin, we hypothesize that PLS3 enhances translocation of cardiolipin to the mitochondrial surface to facilitate tBid targeting. NAO, a cardiolipin binding dye, was first used to quantify the distribution of cardiolipin. Overexpression of PLS3 increases, whereas downregulation of PLS3 decreases, the percentage of cardiolipin on the mitochondrial surface. Determination of the tBid binding capacity on the mitochondrial surface by FITC-labeled tBid(G94E) also confirmed that tBid binding capacity increased upon PLS3 overexpression and decreased with downregulation of PLS3. PLS3 activity, determined by a lipid flip-flop assay, was activated by calcium and tBid but inhibited by Bcl-2. Mutation of the calcium binding motif abolishes the lipid flip-flop activity of PLS3. PLS3 and tBid may form a bidirectional positive feedback loop that is antagonized by Bcl-2. Overexpression of PLS3 does not affect mitochondrial potential but does interfere with mitochondrial respiration and production of reactive oxygen species. These studies thus establish PLS3 as an important downstream effector of Bcl-2 and tBid in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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42
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Abstract
In many cell types, intracellular organelles are involved along the progression of cell death. While many studies have focused on individual organelles such as mitochondria, evidence has accumulated that different organelles are simultaneously engaged in dynamic changes induced by death signaling before nuclear alterations are evident. This chapter examines approaches to evaluate dynamic aspects of organelle changes and intermixing during apoptosis. The methods presented here, which have been adapted from approaches used in the field of membrane traffic, enable the evaluation of mitochondrial intermixing with other organelles and the centrifugal movements of internal membranes that are associated, in particular, with death receptor-mediated apoptosis.
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Dopico AM, Tigyi GJ. A glance at the structural and functional diversity of membrane lipids. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 400:1-13. [PMID: 17951723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-519-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
In the postgenomic era, spatially and temporally regulated molecular interactions as signals are beginning to take center stage in the understanding of fundamental biological events. For years, reductionism derived from the "fluid mosaic" model of the cell membrane has portrayed membrane lipids as rather passive molecules that, whereas separating biologically relevant aqueous phases, provided an environment so that membrane proteins could fulfill the specificity and selectivity required for proper cell signaling. Whereas these roles for membrane lipids still stand, the structural diversity of lipids and their complex arrangement in supramolecular assemblies have expanded such limited, although fundamental roles. Growing developments in the field of membrane lipids help to understand biological phenomena at the nanoscale domain, and reveal this heterogeneous group of organic compounds as a long underestimated group of key regulatory molecules. In this introductory chapter, brief overviews of the structural diversity of membrane lipids, the impact of different lipids on membrane properties, the vertical organization of lipids into rafts and caveolae, and the functional role of lipids as mediators of inter- and intracellular signals are provided. Any comprehensive review on membrane lipids, whether emphasizing structural or functional aspects, will require several volumes. The purpose of this chapter is to provide both introduction and rationale for the selection of topics that lie ahead in this book. For this reason, the list of references primarily includes reviews on particular issues dealing with membrane lipids wherein the reader can find further references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Dopico
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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44
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Yang S, Lu SH, Yuan YJ. Lipidomic analysis reveals differential defense responses of Taxus cuspidata cells to two elicitors, methyl jasmonate and cerium (Ce4+). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1781:123-34. [PMID: 18179778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and cerium (Ce(4+)) elicitation share common features of increasing taxol accumulation of Taxus cuspidata cells. Interestingly, Ce(4+) induces programmed cell death (PCD), but this phenomenon is not observed with MeJA elicitation. Here, using a lipidomic approach to measure more than 100 membrane glycerophospholipids of T. cuspidata cells quantitatively, we discovered that lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylcholine were three potential lipid markers that were responsible for the differences between Ce(4+)-induced cells and MeJA-induced cells. Compared with MeJA elicitation, marked increase of phospholipase D (PLD) activity was observed following Ce(4+) elicitation, suggesting that the PLD activation and high concentrations of PA production might mediate the PCD. Rapid increase of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity caused the release of fatty acids and LysoPC following Ce(4+) elicitation, which enhanced endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation. In contrast, PLA(2) activity was poorly induced following MeJA elicitation. PLA(2) inhibitor suppressed not only JA accumulation but also taxol production, suggesting that the PLA(2) activation mediated Ce(4+)-induced taxol production partially through a JA-dependent signaling pathway. These results demonstrate that differential alternation of glycerolphospholipids caused by phospholipases constitutes an important step in cell death response to Ce(4+) and increasing taxol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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45
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Pavlovic NM, Orem WH, Tatu CA, Lerch HE, Bunnell JE, Feder GL, Kostic EN, Ordodi VL. The role of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and organic substances from coal in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy: a new hypothesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:949-54. [PMID: 18063285 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) occurs in Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia. BEN has been characterized as a chronic, slowly progressive renal disease of unknown etiology. In this study, we examined the influence of soluble organic compounds in drinking water leached from Pliocene lignite from BEN-endemic areas on plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity. We found that changes for all samples were the most prominent for the dilution category containing 90% plasma and 10% of diluting media. Water samples from BEN villages from Serbia and Romania showed higher LCAT inhibiting activity (p=0.02) and (p=0.003), respectively, compared to deionised water and non-endemic water. A secondary LCAT deficiency could result from this inhibitory effect of the organic compounds found in endemic water supplies and provide an ethiopathogenic basis for the development of BEN in the susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola M Pavlovic
- Institute of Nephrology and Haemodialysis, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia.
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46
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Hail N, Carter BZ, Konopleva M, Andreeff M. Apoptosis effector mechanisms: a requiem performed in different keys. Apoptosis 2007; 11:889-904. [PMID: 16547589 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-6712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the regulated form of cell death utilized by metazoans to remove unneeded, damaged, or potentially deleterious cells. Certain manifestations of apoptosis may be associated with the proteolytic activity of caspases. These changes are often held as hallmarks of apoptosis in dying cells. Consequently, many regard caspases as the central effectors or executioners of apoptosis. However, this "caspase-centric" paradigm of apoptotic cell death does not appear to be as universal as once believed. In fact, during apoptosis the efficacy of caspases may be highly dependent on the cytotoxic stimulus as well as genetic and epigenetic factors. An ever-increasing number of studies strongly suggest that there are effectors in addition to caspases, which are important in generating apoptotic signatures in dying cells. These seemingly caspase-independent effectors may represent evolutionarily redundant or failsafe mechanisms for apoptotic cell elimination. In this review, we will discuss the molecular regulation of caspases and various caspase-independent effectors of apoptosis, describe the potential context and/or limitations of these mechanisms, and explore why the understanding of these processes may have relevance in cancer where treatment is believed to engage apoptosis to destroy tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hail
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Denver and Health Sciences Center, The University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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47
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He Y, Liu J, Grossman D, Durrant D, Sweatman T, Lothstein L, Epand RF, Epand RM, Lee RM. Phosphorylation of mitochondrial phospholipid scramblase 3 by protein kinase C-delta induces its activation and facilitates mitochondrial targeting of tBid. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:1210-21. [PMID: 17226776 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLS3) is a member of the phospholipid scramblase family present in mitochondria. PLS3 plays an important role in regulation of mitochondrial morphology, respiratory function, and apoptotic responses. PLS3 is phosphorylated by PKC-delta at Thr21 and is the mitochondrial target of PKC-delta-induced apoptosis. Cells with overexpression of PLS3, but not the phosphoinhibitory mutant PLS3(T21A), are more susceptible to apoptosis induced by AD198, an extranuclear targeted anthracycline that activates PKC-delta. Here we report that the phosphomimetic mutant of PLS3(T21D) by itself can induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. Using proteoliposomes with addition of pyrene-labeled phosphatidylcholine (PC) at the outer leaflet, we measured the lipid flip-flop activity of PLS3 and its phosphorylation mutant. PLS3(T21D) is more potent than wild-type PLS3 or PLS3(T21A) to transfer pyrene-PC from the outer leaflet to the inner leaflet of liposomes. Based on our previous finding that PLS3 enhances tBid-induced mitochondrial damages, we tested the hypothesis that PLS3 enhances cardiolipin translocation to mitochondrial surface and facilitates tBid targeting. Fluorescein-labeled tBid(G94E) was used as a probe to quantify cardiolipin on the surface of mitochondria. Mitochondria from cells treated with AD198 or cells expressing PLS3(T21D) had a higher level of tBid-binding capacity than control cells or cells expressing wild-type PLS3. These findings indicate that phosphorylation of PLS3 by PKC-delta induces PLS3 activation to facilitate mitochondrial targeting of tBid and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwen He
- Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
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48
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Yang S, Qiao B, Lu SH, Yuan YJ. Comparative lipidomics analysis of cellular development and apoptosis in two Taxus cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:600-12. [PMID: 17428727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A comparative lipidomics approach was employed to investigate the changes in membrane phospholipids during the procession of cellular development and apoptosis of two plant cell lines, Taxus cuspidata and Taxus chinensis var. mairei. Analysis of lipids by LC/ESI/MS(n) showed more than 90 phospholipid molecular species and indicated significant differences in the abundance throughout a 3-week period. Phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) were three important lipid groups that were responsible for the discrimination between the apoptotic T. chinensis var. mairei and living T. cuspidata cells. Continuous increase of phospholipase D (PLD) activity led to PA production in apoptotic T. chinensis var. mairei cells suggesting that the PLD activation and PA formation mediated the apoptosis. Comparison of the profiles of phosphatidylbutanol (PtdBut) with those of PC or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) indicated that PC rather than PE was the major substrate of PLD in vivo. These results suggest that the alternation of membrane phospholipids may regulate apoptosis, triggering an increase in taxol production of T. chinensis var. mairei cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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49
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Ouasti S, Matarrese P, Paddon R, Khosravi-Far R, Sorice M, Tinari A, Malorni W, Esposti MD. Death receptor ligation triggers membrane scrambling between Golgi and mitochondria. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:453-61. [PMID: 17008914 PMCID: PMC2941902 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex are involved in the progression of the cell death programme. We report here that soon after ligation of Fas (CD95/Apo1) in type II cells, elements of the Golgi complex intermix with mitochondria. This mixing follows centrifugal dispersal of secretory membranes and reflects a global alteration of membrane traffic. Activation of apical caspases is instrumental for promoting the dispersal of secretory organelles, since caspase inhibition blocks the outward movement of Golgi-related endomembranes and reduces their mixing with mitochondria. Caspase inhibition also blocks the FasL-induced secretion of intracellular proteases from lysosomal compartments, outlining a novel aspect of death receptor signalling via apical caspases. Thus, our work unveils that Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis induces scrambling of mitochondrial and secretory organelles via a global alteration of membrane traffic that is modulated by apical caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ouasti
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - P Matarrese
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Rome, Italy
| | - R Paddon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - R Khosravi-Far
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Universita’ ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - A Tinari
- Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore Sanita’, Rome, Italy
| | - W Malorni
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Rome, Italy
| | - M Degli Esposti
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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50
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Piccialli V, Caserta T, Caruso L, Gomez-Paloma L, Bifulco G. RuO4-mediated oxidative polycyclization of linear polyenes. A new approach to the synthesis of the bis-THF diol core of antitumour cis–cis adjacent bis-THF annonaceous acetogenins. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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