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Ranchod H, Ndlandla F, Lemmer Y, Beukes M, Niebuhr J, Al-Dulayymi J, Wemmer S, Fehrsen J, Baird M, Verschoor J. The antigenicity and cholesteroid nature of mycolic acids determined by recombinant chicken antibodies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200298. [PMID: 30092023 PMCID: PMC6084858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids (MA) are major, species-specific lipid components of Mycobacteria and related genera. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is made up of alpha-, methoxy- and keto-MA, each with specific biological functions and conformational characteristics. Antibodies in tuberculosis (TB) patient sera respond differently towards the three MA classes and were reported to cross-react with cholesterol. To understand the antigenicity and cholesterol cross-reactivity of MA, we generated three different chicken -derived phage-displayed single-chain variable fragments (scFv) that reacted similarly towards the natural mixture of MA, but the first recognized all three classes of chemically synthetic MAs, the second only the two oxygenated types of MAs and the third only methoxy MA. The cholesterol cross-reactivity was investigated after grafting each of the three scFv types onto two configurations of constant chain domains–CH1-4 and CH2-4. Weak but significant cross-reactivity with cholesterol was found only with CH2-4 versions, notably those two that were also able to recognize the trans-keto MA. The cholesteroid nature of mycobacterial mycolic acids therefore seems to be determined by the trans-keto MA subclass. The significantly weaker binding to cholesterol in comparison to MA confirms the potential TB diagnostic application of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Ranchod
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Fortunate Ndlandla
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mervyn Beukes
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johann Niebuhr
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Susan Wemmer
- Serology and Immunochemistry, Vaccines and Diagnostics Development Programme, Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeanni Fehrsen
- Serology and Immunochemistry, Vaccines and Diagnostics Development Programme, Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mark Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Verschoor
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Lage EV, Magalhães J, Pinheiro M, Reis S. Effect of the alkyl group in the piperazine N-substitution on the therapeutic action of rifamycins: A drug-membrane interaction study. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 289:75-80. [PMID: 29709589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the effects of the N-alkyl group (methyl, cyclopentyl) in the piperazine ring of, respectively, rifampicin (RIF) and rifapentine (RPT) to correlate this substitution with their differential pharmacokinetic properties and overall clinical performance. Since this group is their only structural change, and given that they share the same pharmacological target, differences in their therapeutic behavior may respond to this asset, particularly in their interaction with lipid membranes across the organism. In this study, surface pressure-area isotherms, as well as spectroscopic and microscopic techniques of characterization of phospholipid monolayers at the air/water interface were used to gain insight into drug-membrane interactions. Differences in the affinity for lipid membranes for both drugs, given by the vibration frequency of characteristic chemical groups in the lipid, as well as by reflectivity and mean molecular area of the monolayer, seem to be due to the N-alkyl substituent and can contribute to provide a molecular explanation as why they pose different choices in the chemotherapy against the deadliest infectious disease, tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emílio V Lage
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Química Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galiza, Spain
| | - Joana Magalhães
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Jones A, Pitts M, Al Dulayymi JR, Gibbons J, Ramsay A, Goletti D, Gwenin CD, Baird MS. New synthetic lipid antigens for rapid serological diagnosis of tuberculosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181414. [PMID: 28806423 PMCID: PMC5555574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) antibodies are generated to trehalose esters of mycolic acids which are cell wall lipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Attempts have been made to use these complex natural mixtures in serological tests for PTB diagnosis. Aim The aim of this work was to determine whether a serological test based on a panel of defined individual trehalose esters of characteristic synthetic mycolic acids has improved diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing patients with culture positive PTB from individuals who were Mtb culture negative. Method One hundred serum samples from well-characterized patients with presumptive tuberculosis, and diagnosed as having pulmonary smear and culture positive TB, or being culture and smear negative were evaluated by ELISA using different combinations of synthetic antigens and secondary antibodies. Using cut-off values determined from these samples, we validated this study blind in samples from a further 249 presumptive TB patients. Results With the first 100 samples, detailed responses depended both on the precise structure of the antigen and on the secondary antibody. Using a single antigen, a sensitivity/specificity combination for smear and culture positive PTB detection of 85 and 88% respectively was achieved; this increased to 96% and 95% respectively by a statistical combination of the results with seven antigens. In the blind study a sensitivity/specificity of 87% and 83% was reached with a single antigen. With some synthetic antigens, the responses from all 349 samples were significantly better than those with the natural mixture. Combining the results for seven antigens allowed a distinction between culture positive and negative with a ROC AUC of 0.95. Conclusion We have identified promising antigen candidates for serological assays that could be used to diagnose PTB and which could be the basis of a much-needed, simple, rapid diagnostic test that would bring care closer to communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jones
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Pitts
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Gibbons
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Ramsay
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of St Andrews Medical School, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, ‘L. Spallanzani’ National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mark S. Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Fineran P, Lloyd-Evans E, Lack NA, Platt N, Davis LC, Morgan AJ, Höglinger D, Tatituri RVV, Clark S, Williams IM, Tynan P, Al Eisa N, Nazarova E, Williams A, Galione A, Ory DS, Besra GS, Russell DG, Brenner MB, Sim E, Platt FM. Pathogenic mycobacteria achieve cellular persistence by inhibiting the Niemann-Pick Type C disease cellular pathway. Wellcome Open Res 2016. [PMID: 28008422 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10036.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis remains a major global health concern. The ability to prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion is a key mechanism by which intracellular mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, achieve long-term persistence within host cells. The mechanisms underpinning this key intracellular pro-survival strategy remain incompletely understood. Host macrophages infected with persistent mycobacteria share phenotypic similarities with cells taken from patients suffering from Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC), a rare lysosomal storage disease in which endocytic trafficking defects and lipid accumulation within the lysosome lead to cell dysfunction and cell death. We investigated whether these shared phenotypes reflected an underlying mechanistic connection between mycobacterial intracellular persistence and the host cell pathway dysfunctional in NPC. METHODS The induction of NPC phenotypes in macrophages from wild-type mice or obtained from healthy human donors was assessed via infection with mycobacteria and subsequent measurement of lipid levels and intracellular calcium homeostasis. The effect of NPC therapeutics on intracellular mycobacterial load was also assessed. RESULTS Macrophages infected with persistent intracellular mycobacteria phenocopied NPC cells, exhibiting accumulation of multiple lipid types, reduced lysosomal Ca2+ levels, and defects in intracellular trafficking. These NPC phenotypes could also be induced using only lipids/glycomycolates from the mycobacterial cell wall. These data suggest that persistent intracellular mycobacteria inhibit the NPC pathway, likely via inhibition of the NPC1 protein, and subsequently induce altered acidic store Ca2+ homeostasis. Reduced lysosomal calcium levels may provide a mechanistic explanation for the reduced levels of phagosome-lysosome fusion in mycobacterial infection. Treatments capable of correcting defects in NPC mutant cells via modulation of host cell calcium were of benefit in promoting clearance of mycobacteria from infected host cells. CONCLUSION These findings provide a novel mechanistic explanation for mycobacterial intracellular persistence, and suggest that targeting interactions between the mycobacteria and host cell pathways may provide a novel avenue for development of anti-TB therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fineran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nathan A Lack
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nick Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lianne C Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Doris Höglinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Ian M Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patricia Tynan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nada Al Eisa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evgeniya Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | | | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Edith Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Fineran P, Lloyd-Evans E, Lack NA, Platt N, Davis LC, Morgan AJ, Höglinger D, Tatituri RVV, Clark S, Williams IM, Tynan P, Al Eisa N, Nazarova E, Williams A, Galione A, Ory DS, Besra GS, Russell DG, Brenner MB, Sim E, Platt FM. Pathogenic mycobacteria achieve cellular persistence by inhibiting the Niemann-Pick Type C disease cellular pathway. Wellcome Open Res 2016; 1:18. [PMID: 28008422 PMCID: PMC5172425 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10036.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis remains a major global health concern. The ability to prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion is a key mechanism by which intracellular mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, achieve long-term persistence within host cells. The mechanisms underpinning this key intracellular pro-survival strategy remain incompletely understood. Host macrophages infected with persistent mycobacteria share phenotypic similarities with cells taken from patients suffering from Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC), a rare lysosomal storage disease in which endocytic trafficking defects and lipid accumulation within the lysosome lead to cell dysfunction and cell death. We investigated whether these shared phenotypes reflected an underlying mechanistic connection between mycobacterial intracellular persistence and the host cell pathway dysfunctional in NPC. METHODS The induction of NPC phenotypes in macrophages from wild-type mice or obtained from healthy human donors was assessed via infection with mycobacteria and subsequent measurement of lipid levels and intracellular calcium homeostasis. The effect of NPC therapeutics on intracellular mycobacterial load was also assessed. RESULTS Macrophages infected with persistent intracellular mycobacteria phenocopied NPC cells, exhibiting accumulation of multiple lipid types, reduced lysosomal Ca2+ levels, and defects in intracellular trafficking. These NPC phenotypes could also be induced using only lipids/glycomycolates from the mycobacterial cell wall. These data suggest that persistent intracellular mycobacteria inhibit the NPC pathway, likely via inhibition of the NPC1 protein, and subsequently induce altered acidic store Ca2+ homeostasis. Reduced lysosomal calcium levels may provide a mechanistic explanation for the reduced levels of phagosome-lysosome fusion in mycobacterial infection. Treatments capable of correcting defects in NPC mutant cells via modulation of host cell calcium were of benefit in promoting clearance of mycobacteria from infected host cells. CONCLUSION These findings provide a novel mechanistic explanation for mycobacterial intracellular persistence, and suggest that targeting interactions between the mycobacteria and host cell pathways may provide a novel avenue for development of anti-TB therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fineran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nathan A. Lack
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nick Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lianne C. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Doris Höglinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Ian M. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patricia Tynan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nada Al Eisa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evgeniya Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | | | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel S. Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | | | - David G. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Michael B. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Edith Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
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The Essential Role of Cholesterol Metabolism in the Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium leprae Is Not Coupled to Central Carbon Metabolism and Energy Production. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:3698-707. [PMID: 26391209 PMCID: PMC4626898 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00625-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae induces the formation of lipid droplets, which are recruited to pathogen-containing phagosomes in infected macrophages and Schwann cells. Cholesterol is among the lipids with increased abundance in M. leprae-infected cells, and intracellular survival relies on cholesterol accumulation. The present study investigated the capacity of M. leprae to acquire and metabolize cholesterol. In silico analyses showed that oxidation of cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-one (cholestenone), the first step of cholesterol degradation catalyzed by the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), is apparently the only portion of the cholesterol catabolic pathway seen in Mycobacterium tuberculosis preserved by M. leprae. Incubation of bacteria with radiolabeled cholesterol confirmed the in silico predictions. Radiorespirometry and lipid analyses performed after incubating M. leprae with [4-14C]cholesterol or [26-14C]cholesterol showed the inability of this pathogen to metabolize the sterol rings or the side chain of cholesterol as a source of energy and carbon. However, the bacteria avidly incorporated cholesterol and, as expected, converted it to cholestenone both in vitro and in vivo. Our data indicate that M. leprae has lost the capacity to degrade and utilize cholesterol as a nutritional source but retains the enzyme responsible for its oxidation to cholestenone. Thus, the essential role of cholesterol metabolism in the intracellular survival of M. leprae is uncoupled from central carbon metabolism and energy production. Further elucidation of cholesterol metabolism in the host cell during M. leprae infection will establish the mechanism by which this lipid supports M. leprae intracellular survival and will open new avenues for novel leprosy therapies. IMPORTANCE Our study focused on the obligate intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae and its capacity to metabolize cholesterol. The data make an important contribution for those interested in understanding the mechanisms of mycobacterial pathogenesis, since they indicate that the essential role of cholesterol for M. leprae intracellular survival does not rely on its utilization as a nutritional source. Our findings reinforce the complexity of cholesterol's role in sustaining M. leprae infection. Further elucidation of cholesterol metabolism in the host cell during M. leprae infection will establish the mechanism by which this lipid supports M. leprae intracellular survival and will open new avenues for novel leprosy therapies.
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Lemmer Y, Kalombo L, Pietersen RD, Jones AT, Semete-Makokotlela B, Van Wyngaardt S, Ramalapa B, Stoltz AC, Baker B, Verschoor JA, Swai HS, de Chastellier C. Mycolic acids, a promising mycobacterial ligand for targeting of nanoencapsulated drugs in tuberculosis. J Control Release 2015; 211:94-104. [PMID: 26055640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) poses a great challenge to the development of novel treatment programmes to combat tuberculosis. Since innovative nanotechnologies might alleviate the limitations of current therapies, we have designed a new nanoformulation for use as an anti-TB drug delivery system. It consists of incorporating mycobacterial cell wall mycolic acids (MA) as targeting ligands into a drug-encapsulating Poly dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid polymer (PLGA), via a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages, either uninfected or infected with different mycobacterial strains (Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis BCG or Mtb), were exposed to encapsulated isoniazid-PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) using MA as a targeting ligand. The fate of the NPs was monitored by electron microscopy. Our study showed that i) the inclusion of MA in the nanoformulations resulted in their expression on the outer surface and a significant increase in phagocytic uptake of the NPs; ii) nanoparticle-containing phagosomes were rapidly processed into phagolysosomes, whether MA had been included or not; and iii) nanoparticle-containing phagolysosomes did not fuse with non-matured mycobacterium-containing phagosomes, but fusion events with mycobacterium-containing phagolysosomes were clearly observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandy Lemmer
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Lonji Kalombo
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Pietersen
- DST-CBTBR Department Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | | | | | - Bathabile Ramalapa
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anton C Stoltz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- DST-CBTBR Department Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jan A Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hulda S Swai
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chantal de Chastellier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille University, UM 2, INSERM UMR 1104, CNRS UMR 7280, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Yamaryo-Botte Y, Rainczuk AK, Lea-Smith DJ, Brammananth R, van der Peet PL, Meikle P, Ralton JE, Rupasinghe TWT, Williams SJ, Coppel RL, Crellin PK, McConville MJ. Acetylation of trehalose mycolates is required for efficient MmpL-mediated membrane transport in Corynebacterineae. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:734-46. [PMID: 25427102 DOI: 10.1021/cb5007689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic species of Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae, synthesize complex cell walls that are rich in very long-chain mycolic acids. These fatty acids are synthesized on the inner leaflet of the cell membrane and are subsequently transported to the periplasmic space as trehalose monomycolates (TMM), where they are conjugated to other cell wall components and to TMM to form trehalose dimycolates (TDM). Mycobacterial TMM, and the equivalent Corynebacterium glutamicum trehalose corynomycolates (TMCM), are transported across the inner membrane by MmpL3, or NCgl0228 and NCgl2769, respectively, although little is known about how this process is regulated. Here, we show that transient acetylation of the mycolyl moiety of TMCM is required for periplasmic export. A bioinformatic search identified a gene in a cell wall biosynthesis locus encoding a putative acetyltransferase (M. tuberculosis Rv0228/C. glutamicum NCgl2759) that was highly conserved in all sequenced Corynebacterineae. Deletion of C. glutamicum NCgl2759 resulted in the accumulation of TMCM, with a concomitant reduction in surface transport of this glycolipid and syntheses of cell wall trehalose dicorynomycolates. Strikingly, loss of NCgl2759 was associated with a defect in the synthesis of a minor, and previously uncharacterized, glycolipid species. This lipid was identified as trehalose monoacetylcorynomycolate (AcTMCM) by mass spectrometry and chemical synthesis of the authentic standard. The in vitro synthesis of AcTMCM was dependent on acetyl-CoA, whereas in vivo [(14)C]-acetate pulse-chase labeling showed that this lipid was rapidly synthesized and turned over in wild-type and genetically complemented bacterial strains. Significantly, the biochemical and TMCM/TDCM transport phenotype observed in the ΔNCgl2759 mutant was phenocopied by inhibition of the activities of the two C. glutamicum MmpL3 homologues. Collectively, these data suggest that NCgl2759 is a novel TMCM mycolyl acetyltransferase (TmaT) that regulates transport of TMCM and is a potential drug target in pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Meikle
- Metabolomics
Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial
Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Martins F, Santos S, Ventura C, Elvas-Leitão R, Santos L, Vitorino S, Reis M, Miranda V, Correia HF, Aires-de-Sousa J, Kovalishyn V, Latino DA, Ramos J, Viveiros M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel isoniazid derivatives with potent antitubercular activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:119-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Li B, Ju H. Label-free optical biosensors based on a planar optical waveguide. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-013-7401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Pinheiro M, Pereira‐Leite C, Arêde M, Nunes C, Caio JM, Moiteiro C, Giner‐Casares JJ, Lúcio M, Brezesinski G, Camacho L, Reis S. Evaluation of the Structure–Activity Relationship of Rifabutin and Analogs: A Drug–Membrane Study. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2808-16. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pinheiro
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - Catarina Pereira‐Leite
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - Mariana Arêde
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - João M. Caio
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)
| | - Cristina Moiteiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)
| | - Juan J. Giner‐Casares
- Departamento de Química Física y Termodinámica, Universidad de Córdoba, España (Spain)
- Department of Interfaces, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam (Germany)
| | - Marlene Lúcio
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - Gerald Brezesinski
- Department of Interfaces, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam (Germany)
| | - Luis Camacho
- Departamento de Química Física y Termodinámica, Universidad de Córdoba, España (Spain)
| | - Salette Reis
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
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Balogun MO, Huws EH, Sirhan MM, Saleh AD, Dulayymi JRA, Pilcher L, Verschoor JA, Baird MS. Thiol modified mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 172-173:40-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Chan CE, Zhao BZ, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Pang SW, Bendt AK, Wenk MR, MacAry PA, Hanson BJ. Novel phage display-derived mycolic acid-specific antibodies with potential for tuberculosis diagnosis. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2924-32. [PMID: 23797850 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d036137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity due to infectious disease. However, current clinical diagnostic methodologies such as PCR, sputum culture, or smear microscopy are not ideal. Antibody-based assays are a suitable alternative but require specific antibodies against a suitable biomarker. Mycolic acid, which has been found in patient sputum samples and comprises a large portion of the mycobacterial cell wall, is an ideal target. However, generating anti-lipid antibodies using traditional hybridoma methodologies is challenging and has limited the exploitation of this lipid as a diagnostic marker. We describe here the isolation and characterization of four anti-mycolic acid antibodies from a nonimmune antibody phage display library that can detect mycolic acids down to a limit of 4.5ng. All antibodies were specific for the methoxy subclass of mycolic acid with weak binding for α mycolic acid and did not show any binding to closely related lipids or other Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) derived lipids. We also determined the clinical utility of these antibodies based on their limit of detection for mycobacteria colony forming units (CFU). In combination with an optimized alkaline hydrolysis method for rapid lipid extraction, these antibodies can detect 10(5) CFU of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, a close relative of Mtb and therefore represent a novel approach for the development of diagnostic assays for lipid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad E Chan
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
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14
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Interplay of mycolic acids, antimycobacterial compounds and pulmonary surfactant membrane: A biophysical approach to disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:896-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Pénzes C, Schnöller D, Horváti K, Bősze S, Mező G, Kiss É. Membrane affinity of antituberculotic drug conjugate using lipid monolayer containing mycolic acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Verschoor JA, Baird MS, Grooten J. Towards understanding the functional diversity of cell wall mycolic acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:325-39. [PMID: 22659327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycolic acids constitute the waxy layer of the outer cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. and a few other genera. They are diverse in structure, providing a unique chromatographic foot-print for almost each of the more than 70 Mycobacterium species. Although mainly esterified to cell wall arabinogalactan, trehalose or glucose, some free mycolic acid is secreted during in vitro growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In M. tuberculosis, α-, keto- and methoxy-mycolic acids are the main classes, each differing in their ability to attract neutrophils, induce foamy macrophages or adopt an antigenic structure for antibody recognition. Of interest is their particular relationship to cholesterol, discovered by their ability to attract cholesterol, to bind Amphotericin B or to be recognised by monoclonal antibodies that cross-react with cholesterol. The structural elements that determine this diverse functionality include the carboxylic acid in the mycolic motif, as well as the nature and stereochemistry of the two functional groups in the merochain. The functional diversity of mycolic acid classes implies that much information may be contained in the selective expression and secretion of mycolic acids to establish tuberculosis after infection of the host. Their cholesteroid nature may relate to how they utilize host cholesterol for their persistent survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Verschoor
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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17
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Vander Beken S, Al Dulayymi JR, Naessens T, Koza G, Maza-Iglesias M, Rowles R, Theunissen C, De Medts J, Lanckacker E, Baird MS, Grooten J. Molecular structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factor, mycolic acid, determines the elicited inflammatory pattern. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:450-60. [PMID: 21268014 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids (MAs) occur in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as variable mixtures of different classes and chain lengths. Here, we address the relationship between the structure and its inflammatory function of this virulence factor using single synthetic MA isomers, differing in oxygenation class and cis- versus α-methyl-trans proximal cyclopropane orientation. Analysis of bronchoalveolar inflammation, lung histopathology and alveolar macrophage transcription revealed a strong dependence on these meromycolic chemistries of mouse pulmonary inflammation in response to intratracheal treatments with MAs. Whereas α-MA was inert, oxygenated methoxy- and keto-MA with cis-cyclopropane stereochemistry elicited solid to mild inflammatory responses respectively. In trans-cyclopropane orientation, methoxy-MA partially lost its inflammatory activity and keto-MA exerted anti-inflammatory alternative activation of alveolar macrophages and counteracted cis-methoxy-MA induced airway inflammation. The differential innate immune activities of MAs demonstrated here, dependent on oxygenation class and cis versus α-methyl-trans cyclopropane chemistry, identify a novel means for M. tuberculosis to steer host immune responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Vander Beken
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Daghestani HN, Day BW. Theory and applications of surface plasmon resonance, resonant mirror, resonant waveguide grating, and dual polarization interferometry biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:9630-46. [PMID: 22163431 PMCID: PMC3230998 DOI: 10.3390/s101109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors have been used extensively in the scientific community for several purposes, most notably to determine association and dissociation kinetics, protein-ligand, protein-protein, or nucleic acid hybridization interactions. A number of different types of biosensors are available in the field, each with real or perceived benefits over the others. This review discusses the basic theory and operational arrangements of four commercially available types of optical biosensors: surface plasmon resonance, resonant mirror, resonance waveguide grating, and dual polarization interferometry. The different applications these techniques offer are discussed from experiments and results reported in recently published literature. Additionally, recent advancements or modifications to the current techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmat N. Daghestani
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, BST3 10017, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh PA, 15213, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Billy W. Day
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, BST3 10017, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh PA, 15213, USA
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19
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Beukes M, Lemmer Y, Deysel M, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Koza G, Iglesias MM, Rowles RR, Theunissen C, Grooten J, Toschi G, Roberts VV, Pilcher L, Van Wyngaardt S, Mathebula N, Balogun M, Stoltz AC, Verschoor JA. Structure-function relationships of the antigenicity of mycolic acids in tuberculosis patients. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:800-8. [PMID: 20875402 PMCID: PMC3025329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall mycolic acids (MA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) are CD1b presented antigens that can be used to detect antibodies as surrogate markers of active TB, even in HIV coinfected patients. The use of the complex mixtures of natural MA is complicated by an apparent antibody cross-reactivity with cholesterol. Here firstly we report three recombinant monoclonal scFv antibody fragments in the chicken germ-line antibody repertoire, which demonstrate the possibilities for cross-reactivity: the first recognized both cholesterol and mycolic acids, the second mycolic acids but not cholesterol, and the third cholesterol but not mycolic acids. Secondly, MA structure is experimentally interrogated to try to understand the cross-reactivity. Unique synthetic mycolic acids representative of the three main functional classes show varying antigenicity against human TB patient sera, depending on the functional groups present and on their stereochemistry. Oxygenated (methoxy- and keto-) mycolic acid was found to be more antigenic than alpha-mycolic acids. Synthetic methoxy-mycolic acids were the most antigenic, one containing a trans-cyclopropane apparently being somewhat more antigenic than the natural mixture. Trans-cyclopropane-containing keto- and hydroxy-mycolic acids were also found to be the most antigenic among each of these classes. However, none of the individual synthetic mycolic acids significantly and reproducibly distinguished the pooled serum of TB positive patients from that of TB negative patients better than the natural mixture of MA. This argues against the potential to improve the specificity of serodiagnosis of TB with a defined single synthetic mycolic acid antigen from this set, although sensitivity may be facilitated by using a synthetic methoxy-mycolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Beukes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Madrey Deysel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Mark S. Baird
- School of Chemistry, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Gani Koza
- School of Chemistry, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Johan Grooten
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Gent University, Belgium
| | - Gianna Toschi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Lynne Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nsovo Mathebula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Anton C. Stoltz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan A. Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +27 124202477; fax: +27 123625302.
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Abstract
Antibodies to mycolic acid (MA) antigens can be detected as surrogate markers of active tuberculosis (TB) with evanescent field biosensors where the lipid antigens are encapsulated in liposomes. Standard immunoassay such as ELISA, where the lipid antigen is not encapsulated, but directly adsorbed to the well-bottoms of microtiter plates, does not yield the required sensitivity and specificity for accurate diagnosis of TB. One reason for this is the cross-reactivity of natural anticholesterol antibodies with MAs. MAs are the major cell wall lipids of mycobacteria. Mycobacterial MA has immunomodulatory properties and elicits specific antibodies in TB patients. Liposomes were optimized for their use as carriers both for the presentation of immobilized purified mycobacterial MA on sensor surfaces, and as a soluble inhibitor of antibody binding in inhibition assays. By using an inhibition assay in the biosensor, the interference by anticholesterol antibodies is reduced. Here, we describe the MA carrying capacity of liposomes with and without cholesterol as a stabilizing agent, optimized concentration and size of liposomes for use in the biosensor assay, comparison of the methods for wave-guide and surface plasmon resonance biosensors and how the cholesteroid nature of MA can be demonstrated by the biosensor when Amphotericin B is allowed to bind to MA in liposomes.
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Ozoemena KI, Mathebula NS, Pillay J, Toschi G, Verschoor JA. Electron transfer dynamics across self-assembled N-(2-mercaptoethyl) octadecanamide/mycolic acid layers: impedimetric insights into the structural integrity and interaction with anti-mycolic acid antibodies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:345-57. [DOI: 10.1039/b915930d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Mathebula NS, Pillay J, Toschi G, Verschoor JA, Ozoemena KI. Recognition of anti-mycolic acid antibody at self-assembled mycolic acid antigens on a gold electrode: a potential impedimetric immunosensing platform for active tuberculosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3345-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b905192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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