1
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Banjare SK, Lezius L, Horst ES, Leifert D, Daniliuc CG, Alasmary FA, Studer A. Thermal and Photoinduced Radical Cascade Annulation using Aryl Isonitriles: An Approach to Quinoline-Derived Benzophosphole Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404275. [PMID: 38687058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a radical cascade addition cyclization sequence to access quinoline-based benzophosphole oxides from ortho-alkynylated aromatic phosphine oxides using various aryl isonitriles as radical acceptors and inexpensive tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (TBHP) as a terminal oxidant in the presence of a catalytic amount of silver acetate. Alternatively, the same cascade can be realized through a sustainable photochemical approach utilizing 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as an organic photocatalyst at room temperature. The introduced modular approach shows broad functional group tolerance and offers straightforward access to complex P,N-containing polyheterocyclic arenes. These novel π-extended benzophosphole oxides exhibit interesting photophysical and electrochemical properties such as absorption in the visible region, emission and reversible reduction at low potentials, which makes them promising for potential materials science applications. The photophysical properties can further be tuned by the addition of external Lewis and Brønsted acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Banjare
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Lezius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Elena S Horst
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fatmah A Alasmary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Lin Q, Kundu D, Skyllas-Kazacos M, Lu J, Zhao D, Amine K, Dai L, Wang DW. Perspective on Lewis Acid-Base Interactions in Emerging Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406151. [PMID: 39030779 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Lewis acid-base interactions are common in chemical processes presented in diverse applications, such as synthesis, catalysis, batteries, semiconductors, and solar cells. The Lewis acid-base interactions allow precise tuning of material properties from the molecular level to more aggregated and organized structures. This review will focus on the origin, development, and prospects of applying Lewis acid-base interactions for the materials design and mechanism understanding in the advancement of battery materials and chemistries. The covered topics relate to aqueous batteries, lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries, alkali metal-sulfur batteries, and alkali metal-oxygen batteries. In this review, the Lewis acid-base theories will be first introduced. Thereafter the application strategies for Lewis acid-base interactions in solid-state and liquid-based batteries will be introduced from the aspects of liquid electrolyte, solid polymer electrolyte, metal anodes, and high-capacity cathodes. The underlying mechanism is highlighted in regard to ion transport, electrochemical stability, mechanical property, reaction kinetics, dendrite growth, corrosion, and so on. Last but not least, perspectives on the future directions related to Lewis acid-base interactions for next-generation batteries are like to be shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaowei Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518071, China
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Dipan Kundu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Maria Skyllas-Kazacos
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Liming Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518071, China
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518071, China
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3
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Gon M, Morisaki Y, Tanimura K, Tanaka K. Preparation of seven-coordinated hypervalent tin(IV)-fused azobenzene and applications for stimuli-responsive π-conjugated polymer films. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11858-11866. [PMID: 38949783 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01738b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Heavy atoms can form highly coordinated states, and their optical properties have attracted much attention. Recently, we have demonstrated that a reversible coordination-number shift of hypervalent tin(IV) from five to six can provide predictable hypsochromic shifts in light absorption and emission properties in small molecules and a π-conjugated polymer film. Herein, we show the preparation of seven-coordinated tin and reveal that the binding constant of the seven coordination with ethylenediamine (EDA, K = 2900 M-1) is 200 times higher than that of six coordination with propylamine (PA, K = 14 M-1) owing to the chelate effect. Moreover, reversible vapochromism of the π-conjugated polymer film was observed upon exposure (λabs = 598 nm and λPL = 697 nm) and desorption (λabs = 641 nm and λPL = 702 nm) of EDA vapor. Furthermore, as a unique demonstration, the thermochromic film was prepared by fixing the seven coordination as the initial state using 1,10-phenanthroline. These optical variations are predictable by quantum chemical calculations. Our findings are valuable for the development of designable and controllable stimuli-responsive materials focusing on the inherent properties of the elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Morisaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Tanimura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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4
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Durfy CS, Zurakowski JA, Drover MW. A Blueprint for Secondary Coordination Sphere Editing: Approaches Toward Lewis-Acid Assisted Carbon Dioxide Co-Activation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400039. [PMID: 38358843 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a potent greenhouse gas of environmental concern. Seeking to offer a solution to the "CO2-problem", the chemistry community has turned a focus toward transition metal complexes which can activate, reduce, and convert CO2 into carbon-based products. The design of such systems involves judicious selection of both metal and accompanying donor ligand; in part, these efforts are motivated by biological metalloenzymes that undertake similar transformations. As a design element, metal-ligand cooperativity, which leverages intramolecular interactions between a transition metal and an adjacent secondary ligand site, has been acknowledged as a vitally important component by the CO2 activation community. These systems offer a "push-pull" style of activation where electron density is chaperoned onto CO2 with an accompanying electrophile, such as a Lewis-acid, playing the role of acceptor. This pairing allows for the stabilization of reactive CxHyOz-containing intermediates and can bias CO2 product selectivity. In the laboratory, chemists can test hypotheses and ideas, enabling rationalization of why a given pairing of transition metal/Lewis-acid leads to selective CO2 reduction outcomes. This Concept identifies literature examples and highlights key design properties, allowing interested contributors to design, create, and implement novel systems for productive transformations of a small molecule (CO2) with huge potential impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Durfy
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Joseph A Zurakowski
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, N9B 3P4
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7
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5
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Wang Y, Su G, Li M, Yao L, Chalifoux WA, Yang W. Synthesis of P-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Alkynyl-phosphonium Salts. Org Lett 2024; 26:5280-5284. [PMID: 38869309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a straightforward method for synthesizing a series of phosphorus-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (P-PAHs) featuring an internal ylidic bond. The method involves anion exchange, alkyne annulation, and deprotonation reactions, enabling the efficient production of cyclic phosphonium salts, which serve as pivotal intermediates in the synthesis of P-PAHs. The alkyne annulation reaction exhibits high regioselectivity, ensuring the successful synthesis of λ5-phosphaphenanthrene isomers. Additionally, the incorporation of electron-withdrawing groups effectively stabilizes the internal ylidic bond of P-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Guangchen Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Mingsheng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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6
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Zhang W, Yao H, Khare R, Zhang P, Yang B, Hu W, Ray D, Hu J, Camaioni DM, Wang H, Kim S, Lee MS, Sarazen ML, Chen JG, Lercher JA. Chloride and Hydride Transfer as Keys to Catalytic Upcycling of Polyethylene into Liquid Alkanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319580. [PMID: 38433092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Transforming polyolefin waste into liquid alkanes through tandem cracking-alkylation reactions catalyzed by Lewis-acid chlorides offers an efficient route for single-step plastic upcycling. Lewis acids in dichloromethane establish a polar environment that stabilizes carbenium ion intermediates and catalyzes hydride transfer, enabling breaking of polyethylene C-C bonds and forming C-C bonds in alkylation. Here, we show that efficient and selective deconstruction of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to liquid alkanes is achieved with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and gallium chloride (GaCl3). Already at 60 °C, complete LDPE conversion was achieved, while maintaining the selectivity for gasoline-range liquid alkanes over 70 %. AlCl3 showed an exceptional conversion rate of 5000g L D P E m o l c a t - 1 h - 1 ${{{\rm g}}_{{\rm L}{\rm D}{\rm P}{\rm E}}{{\rm \ }{\rm m}{\rm o}{\rm l}}_{{\rm c}{\rm a}{\rm t}}^{-1}{{\rm \ }{\rm h}}^{-1}}$ , surpassing other Lewis acid catalysts by two orders of magnitude. Through kinetic and mechanistic studies, we show that the rates of LDPE conversion do not correlate directly with the intrinsic strength of the Lewis acids or steric constraints that may limit the polymer to access the Lewis acid sites. Instead, the rates for the tandem processes of cracking and alkylation are primarily governed by the rates of initiation of carbenium ions and the subsequent intermolecular hydride transfer. Both jointly control the relative rates of cracking and alkylation, thereby determining the overall conversion and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Rachit Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Peiran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Boda Yang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Wenda Hu
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Jianzhi Hu
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Donald M Camaioni
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Michele L Sarazen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Jingguang G Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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7
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Sigmund LM, S SS, Albers A, Erdmann P, Paton RS, Greb L. Predicting Lewis Acidity: Machine Learning the Fluoride Ion Affinity of p-Block-Atom-Based Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401084. [PMID: 38452299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
"How strong is this Lewis acid?" is a question researchers often approach by calculating its fluoride ion affinity (FIA) with quantum chemistry. Here, we present FIA49k, an extensive FIA dataset with 48,986 data points calculated at the RI-DSD-BLYP-D3(BJ)/def2-QZVPP//PBEh-3c level of theory, including 13 different p-block atoms as the fluoride accepting site. The FIA49k dataset was used to train FIA-GNN, two message-passing graph neural networks, which predict gas and solution phase FIA values of molecules excluded from training with a mean absolute error of 14 kJ mol-1 (r2=0.93) from the SMILES string of the Lewis acid as the only input. The level of accuracy is notable, given the wide energetic range of 750 kJ mol-1 spanned by FIA49k. The model's value was demonstrated with four case studies, including predictions for molecules extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database and by reproducing results from catalysis research available in the literature. Weaknesses of the model are evaluated and interpreted chemically. FIA-GNN and the FIA49k dataset can be reached via a free web app (www.grebgroup.de/fia-gnn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Shree Sowndarya S
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Albers
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Koyama R, Anada M, Sueki S, Makino K, Kojima T, Kawasaki-Takasuka T, Mori K. Divergent synthesis of multi-substituted phenanthrenes via an internal redox reaction/ring expansion sequence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3822-3825. [PMID: 38497170 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00797b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We report an effective synthetic route to multi-substituted phenanthrenes via an internal redox reaction/ring expansion sequence. The interesting feature of the present system is that it allows for the divergent synthesis of the target skeleton depending on the selected Lewis acid catalyst. When benzylidene malonates with a cyclic structure at the ortho-position were treated with BF3·OEt2, three sequential processes (internal redox reaction/elimination of the alkoxy group/ring expansion) proceeded to give phenanthrene derivatives in which the alkoxycarbonyl (CO2R) group and the alkyl (R) group were in close proximity to each other, in good chemical yields. In sharp contrast, treatment with Bi(OTf)3 exclusively led to the formation of another type of phenanthrene, whose R group was positioned distal to the CO2R group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosei Koyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Anada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sueki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Kosho Makino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kobe City College of Technology (KCCT), 8-3 Gakuen-Higashimachi, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2194, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawasaki-Takasuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Keiji Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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9
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Nuruzzaman M, Colella BM, Uzoewulu CP, Meo AE, Gross EJ, Ishizawa S, Sana S, Zhang H, Hoff ME, Medlock BTW, Joyner EC, Sato S, Ison EA, Li Z, Ohata J. Hexafluoroisopropanol as a Bioconjugation Medium of Ultrafast, Tryptophan-Selective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6773-6783. [PMID: 38421958 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a remarkable growth in the number of bioconjugation techniques in chemistry, biology, material science, and biomedical fields. A core design element in bioconjugation technology is a chemical reaction that can form a covalent bond between the protein of interest and the labeling reagent. Achieving chemoselective protein bioconjugation in aqueous media is challenging, especially for generally less reactive amino acid residues, such as tryptophan. We present here the development of tryptophan-selective bioconjugation methods through ultrafast Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). Structure-reactivity relationship studies have revealed a combination of thiophene and ethanol moieties to give a suitable labeling reagent for this bioconjugation process, which enables modification of peptides and proteins in an extremely rapid reaction unencumbered by noticeable side reactions. The capability of the labeling method also facilitated radiofluorination application as well as antibody functionalization. Enhancement of an α-helix by HFIP leads to its compatibility with a certain protein, and this report also demonstrates a further stabilization strategy achieved by the addition of an ionic liquid to the HFIP medium. The nonaqueous bioconjugation approaches allow access to numerous chemical reactions that are unavailable in traditional aqueous processes and will further advance the chemistry of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nuruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brandon M Colella
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Chiamaka P Uzoewulu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alissa E Meo
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Gross
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Seiya Ishizawa
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sravani Sana
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Meredith E Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Bryce T W Medlock
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Emily C Joyner
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Elon A Ison
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jun Ohata
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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10
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Lionetti D, Suseno S, Shiau AA, de Ruiter G, Agapie T. Redox Processes Involving Oxygen: The Surprising Influence of Redox-Inactive Lewis Acids. JACS AU 2024; 4:344-368. [PMID: 38425928 PMCID: PMC10900226 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes with heteromultimetallic active sites perform chemical reactions that control several biogeochemical cycles. Transformations catalyzed by such enzymes include dioxygen generation and reduction, dinitrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction-instrumental transformations for progress in the context of artificial photosynthesis and sustainable fertilizer production. While the roles of the respective metals are of interest in all these enzymatic transformations, they share a common factor in the transfer of one or multiple redox equivalents. In light of this feature, it is surprising to find that incorporation of redox-inactive metals into the active site of such an enzyme is critical to its function. To illustrate, the presence of a redox-inactive Ca2+ center is crucial in the Oxygen Evolving Complex, and yet particularly intriguing given that the transformation catalyzed by this cluster is a redox process involving four electrons. Therefore, the effects of redox inactive metals on redox processes-electron transfer, oxygen- and hydrogen-atom transfer, and O-O bond cleavage and formation reactions-mediated by transition metals have been studied extensively. Significant effects of redox inactive metals have been observed on these redox transformations; linear free energy correlations between Lewis acidity and the redox properties of synthetic model complexes are observed for several reactions. In this Perspective, these effects and their relevance to multielectron processes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Suseno
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Angela A. Shiau
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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11
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Guerzoni MG, van Ingen Y, Babaahmadi R, Wirth T, Richards E, Melen RL. An un-forgotten classic: the nitro-Mannich reaction between nitrones and silyl nitronates catalysed by B(C 6F 5) 3. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2648-2654. [PMID: 38362430 PMCID: PMC10866342 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the B(C6F5)3-catalysed nitro-Mannich reaction between nitrones and silyl nitronates, affording silyl-protected α-nitro hydroxylamines with yields up to 99% and diastereoselectivities up to 99 : 1. Crucially, the obtained products can be converted into 1,2-diamines under simple reductive conditions. This work provides a new orthogonal method to the existing routes for the instalment of a nitro moiety under Lewis acid catalysed conditions, and expands the state-of-the-art substrate scope with respect to the silyl nitronates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Guerzoni
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Yara van Ingen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Rasool Babaahmadi
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Emma Richards
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
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12
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Timoshkin AY. The Field of Main Group Lewis Acids and Lewis Superacids: Important Basics and Recent Developments. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302457. [PMID: 37752859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
New developments in the field of Lewis acidity are highlighted, with the focus of novel Lewis acids and Lewis superacids of group 2, 13, 14, and 15 elements. Several important basics, illustrated by modern examples (classification of Donor-Acceptor (DA) complexes, amphoteric nature of any compound in terms of DA interactions, reorganization energies of main group Lewis acids and the role of the energies of frontier orbitals) are presented and discussed. It is emphasized that the Lewis acidity phenomena are general and play vital role in different areas of chemistry: from weak "atomophilic" interactions to the complexes of Lewis superacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
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13
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Xue J, Zhang YS, Huan Z, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Deoxygenation of Phosphine Oxides by P III/P V═O Redox Catalysis via Successive Isodesmic Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37410888 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Deoxygenation of phosphine oxides is of great significance to synthesis of phosphorus ligands and relevant catalysts, as well as to the sustainability of phosphorus chemistry. However, the thermodynamic inertness of P═O bonds poses a severe challenge to their reduction. Previous approaches in this regard rely primarily on a type of P═O bond activation with either Lewis/Brønsted acids or stoichiometric halogenating reagents under harsh conditions. Here, we wish to report a novel catalytic strategy for facile and efficient deoxygenation of phosphine oxides via successive isodesmic reactions, whose thermodynamic driving force for breaking the strong P═O bond was compensated by a synchronous formation of another P═O bond. The reaction was enabled by PIII/P═O redox sequences with the cyclic organophosphorus catalyst and terminal reductant PhSiH3. This catalytic reaction avoids the use of the stoichiometric activator as in other cases and features a broad substrate scope, excellent reactivities, and mild reaction conditions. Preliminary thermodynamic and mechanistic investigations disclosed a dual synergistic role of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Shan Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Huan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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14
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Dopp CM, Golwankar RR, Kelsey SR, Douglas JT, Erickson AN, Oliver AG, Day CS, Day VW, Blakemore JD. Vanadyl as a Spectroscopic Probe of Tunable Ligand Donor Strength in Bimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37315176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of secondary metal ions into heterobimetallic complexes has emerged as an attractive strategy for rational tuning of compounds' properties and reactivity, but direct solution-phase spectroscopic interrogation of tuning effects has received less attention than it deserves. Here, we report the assembly and study of a series of heterobimetallic complexes containing the vanadyl ion, [VO]2+, paired with monovalent cations (Cs+, Rb+, K+, Na+, and Li+) and a divalent cation (Ca2+). These complexes, which can be isolated in pure form or generated in situ from a common monometallic vanadyl-containing precursor, enable experimental spectroscopic and electrochemical quantification of the influence of the incorporated cations on the properties of the vanadyl moiety. The data reveal systematic shifts in the V-O stretching frequency, isotropic hyperfine coupling constant for the vanadium center, and V(V)/V(IV) reduction potential in the complexes. These shifts can be interpreted as charge density effects parametrized through the Lewis acidities of the cations, suggesting broad potential for the vanadyl ion to serve as a spectroscopic probe in multimetallic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Dopp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Riddhi R Golwankar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Shaun R Kelsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Justin T Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Molecular Structures Group, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Dr, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Alexander N Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, 3744 Walker Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Allen G Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Cynthia S Day
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Victor W Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James D Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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15
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Joshi H, Thomas AA, Mague JT, Sathyamoorthi S. Dancing Silanols: Stereospecific Rearrangements of Silanol Epoxides into Silanoxy-Tetrahydrofurans and Silanoxy-Tetrahydropyrans. Org Chem Front 2023; 10:2556-2562. [PMID: 38037597 PMCID: PMC10688609 DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed highly stereospecific rearrangements of silanol epoxides into 1'-silanoxy-tetrahydrofurans and 1'-silanoxy-tetrahydropyrans. Upon treatment with Ph3CBF4 and NaHCO3 in CH2Cl2, di-substituted trans-epoxide silanols rearrange into products with an erythro configuration; di-substituted cis-epoxide silanols give products with a threo configuration. We have used these reactions as key steps in the syntheses of (±)-solerone and (±)-muricatacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Joshi
- University of Kansas, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lawrence, KS, USA (66047)
| | - Annu Anna Thomas
- University of Kansas, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lawrence, KS, USA (66047)
| | - Joel T Mague
- Tulane University, Department of Chemistry, New Orleans, LA, USA (70118)
| | - Shyam Sathyamoorthi
- University of Kansas, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lawrence, KS, USA (66047)
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16
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Hannah TJ, McCarvell WM, Kirsch T, Bedard J, Hynes T, Mayho J, Bamford KL, Vos CW, Kozak CM, George T, Masuda JD, Chitnis SS. Planar bismuth triamides: a tunable platform for main group Lewis acidity and polymerization catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4549-4563. [PMID: 37152250 PMCID: PMC10155930 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00917c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geometric deformation in main group compounds can be used to elicit unique properties including strong Lewis acidity. Here we report on a family of planar bismuth(iii) complexes (cf. typically pyramidal structure for such compounds), which show a geometric Lewis acidity that can be further tuned by varying the steric and electronic features of the triamide ligand employed. The structural dynamism of the planar bismuth complexes was probed in both the solid and solution phase, revealing at least three distinct modes of intermolecular association. A modified Gutmann-Beckett method was used to assess their electrophilicity by employing trimethylphosphine sulfide in addition to triethylphosphine oxide as probes, providing insights into the preference for binding hard or soft substrates. Experimental binding studies were complemented by a computational assessment of the affinities and dissection of the latter into their intrinsic bond strength and deformation energy components. The results show comparable Lewis acidity to triarylboranes, with the added ability to bind two bases simultaneously, and reduced discrimination against soft substrates. We also study the catalytic efficacy of these complexes in the ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters ε-caprolactone and rac-lactide. The polymers obtained show excellent dispersity values and high molecular weights with low catalyst loadings used. The complexes retain their performance under industrially relevant conditions, suggesting they may be useful as less toxic alternatives to tin catalysts in the production of medical grade materials. Collectively, these results establish planar bismuth complexes as not only a novel neutral platform for main group Lewis acidity, but also a potentially valuable one for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - W Michael McCarvell
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Tamina Kirsch
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Joseph Bedard
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Toren Hynes
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Jacqueline Mayho
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Karlee L Bamford
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Cyler W Vos
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Christopher M Kozak
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Tanner George
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Jason D Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - S S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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17
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Laturski AE, Gaffen JR, Demay-Drouhard P, Caputo CB, Baumgartner T. Probing the Impact of Solvent on the Strength of Lewis Acids via Fluorescent Lewis Adducts. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2023; 1:49-56. [PMID: 37025975 PMCID: PMC10069026 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.2c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Various methods have been developed to measure the strength of a Lewis acid. A major challenge for these measurements lies in the complexity that arises from variable solvent interactions and perturbations of Lewis acids as their reaction environment changes. Herein, we investigate the impact of solvent effects on Lewis acids for the first time as measured by the fluorescent Lewis adduct (FLA) method. The binding of a Lewis acid in various solvents reveals a measurable dichotomy between both polarity and donor ability of the solvent. While not strictly separable, we observe that the influence of solvent polarity on Lewis acid unit (LAU) values is distinctly opposite to the influence of donor ability. This dichotomy was confirmed by titration data, illustrating that solvation effects can be appropriately and precisely gauged by the FLA method.
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18
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Golwankar RR, Curry TD, Paranjothi CJ, Blakemore JD. Molecular Influences on the Quantification of Lewis Acidity with Phosphine Oxide Probes. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 36943934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Gutmann-Beckett-type measurements with phosphine oxide probes can be used to estimate effective Lewis acidity with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, but the influence of the molecular structure of a given probe on the quantification of Lewis acidity remains poorly documented in experimental work. Here, a quantitative comparison of triethyl (E), trioctyl (O), and triphenyl (P) phosphine oxides as molecular probes of Lewis acidity has been carried out via titration studies in MeCN with a test set of six mono- and divalent metal triflate salts. In comparison to E, the bulkier O displays a similar range of chemical shift values and binding affinities for the various test metal ions. Spectral linewidths and speciation properties vary for individual cation-to-probe ratios, however, confirming probe-specific properties that can impact the data quality. Importantly, P displays a consistently narrower dynamic range than both E and O, illustrating how electronic changes at phosphorus can influence the NMR response. Comparative parametrizations of the effective Lewis acidities of a broader range of metal ions, including the trivalent rare earth ions Y3+, Lu3+, and Sc3+ as well as the uranyl ion (UO22+), can be understood in light of these results, providing insight into the fundamental chemical processes underlying the useful approach of single-point measurements for quantification of effective Lewis acidity. Together with a study of counteranion effects reported here, these data clarify the diverse ensemble of factors that can influence the measurement of Lewis acid/base interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi R Golwankar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1845 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - T Davis Curry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1845 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cecilia J Paranjothi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1845 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James D Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1845 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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19
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Asok N, Gaffen JR, Baumgartner T. Unique Phosphorus-Based Avenues for the Tuning of Functional Materials. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:536-547. [PMID: 36791028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusRecent ground-breaking advances in synthetic chemistry have transformed main-group molecules from simple laboratory curiosities into powerful materials for a range of applications in all realms of life. Electron-accepting or -deficient materials, in particular, have been the focus of development since their generally limited availability and stability have been major hurdles in establishing new practical applications. In addition to the general requirements for the design of these materials, a deeper understanding of their inherent electronics and molecular interactions is a requirement for the successful expansion of their utility. Previously, the incorporation of electron-deficient main-group elements, such as boron, into a conjugated organic framework was considered to be an effective route toward the synthesis of high-performing electron-accepting materials. However, challenging conditions such as the need for bulky substituents for kinetic stabilization, air-free and moisture-sensitive synthesis, and restricted storage abilities have led to the investigation of other elements across the periodic table to be used in a similar vein. Lately, heavier main-group elements such as Si, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, and Te have also proven to be advantageous for electron-accepting materials as they exhibit polarizable molecular orbitals that are easily accessible to electrons or nucleophiles. This has laid the foundation for materials chemistry research on a variety of applications, including optoelectronic devices such as OLEDs, organic photovoltaics, energy storage such as in batteries and capacitors, fluorescent sensors with both biological and physiological applications, organocatalysis and synthesis, and many more. Among the main-group-element-based materials, organophosphorus species are privileged as their frontier orbitals are easily altered by chemical modification or/and structural and geometrical manipulations at the phosphorus center itself, without the need for kinetic stabilization, or through electronic modification of the conjugated system. The five-membered phosphorus-based heterocycle, phosphole, is a particularly interesting motif in this context, and extensive studies on the corresponding materials have uncovered the rich fundamentals of the σ*-π* interaction that imparts intriguing accepting properties while sustaining morphological and physiological stability for utilization in real-life scenarios. Moreover, beyond the σ*-π* interaction in phospholes that is key to many of their acceptor properties as a material, the use of phosphorus also gives rise to easily accessible, low-lying antibonding orbitals. They pave the way for Lewis acid phosphorus species that, despite being considered to be electron-rich species in general, open up several possibilities for intriguing chemical reactivity through hypervalency. Herein, we representatively discuss some recent advancements through the various approaches that leverage the unique structures and electronics of organophosphorus species toward the design of materials with outstanding electronic, chemical, and structural properties and reactivities for the functional material world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanthara Asok
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Joshua R Gaffen
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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20
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Yang Z, Li X, Yang K, Yu N, Gao R, Ren Y. Synthesis and Unexpected Optical Properties of Ionic Phosphorus Heterocycles with P-Regulated Noncovalent Interactions. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36786509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic properties of organic chromophores (OCPs) are to a large extent dictated by the chemical structures. Herein, we synthesized a new series of ionic phosphorus(P)-heteropines via the methylation of the P(III) center. Our studies revealed that methylation is highly dependent on the P(III) environments (NPN, NPC, and CPC), in which adjacent nitrogen atoms greatly withdraw electron density of the P(III) center. The observation of noncovalent interactions between solvent molecules and the molecular backbones of the related P-heterocycle in the single crystal structure implied tunable molecular conformations. Different from the red-shifted absorption and emission spectra of ionic P-OCPs induced by either decreased lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) or intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state in previous studies, current ionic P-heterocycles exhibit blue-shifted absorption and emission spectra compared to the nonionic counterparts. Our experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the unexpected photophysical characters are probably due to the counter-anion induced structure twisting via intermolecular noncovalent interactions between NH-indole and O(OTf), and/or strong intermolecular O···F bonding between O(MI) and F(OTf). Our studies also revealed that the P-environments (NPN, NPC, and CPC) conjunctly impact the photophysical properties of the ionic P-heteropines. Overall, the fact that the P-environment-regulated noncovalent interactions induce the rich structure dynamics and photophysics offers us with a new and effective strategy to fine-tune the optical properties of OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Na Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Rong Gao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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21
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Zapf L, Riethmann M, Föhrenbacher SA, Finze M, Radius U. An easy-to-perform evaluation of steric properties of Lewis acids. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2275-2288. [PMID: 36873848 PMCID: PMC9977453 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Steric and electronic effects play a very important role in chemistry, as these effects influence the shape and reactivity of molecules. Herein, an easy-to-perform approach to assess and quantify steric properties of Lewis acids with differently substituted Lewis acidic centers is reported. This model applies the concept of the percent buried volume (%V Bur) to fluoride adducts of Lewis acids, as many fluoride adducts are crystallographically characterized and are frequently calculated to judge fluoride ion affinities (FIAs). Thus, data such as cartesian coordinates are often easily available. A list of 240 Lewis acids together with topographic steric maps and cartesian coordinates of an oriented molecule suitable for the SambVca 2.1 web application is provided, together with different FIA values taken from the literature. Diagrams of %V Bur as a scale for steric demand vs. FIA as a scale for Lewis acidity provide valuable information about stereo-electronic properties of Lewis acids and an excellent evaluation of steric and electronic features of the Lewis acid under consideration. Furthermore, a novel LAB-Rep model (Lewis acid/base repulsion model) is introduced, which judges steric repulsion in Lewis acid/base pairs and helps to predict if an arbitrary pair of Lewis acid and Lewis base can form an adduct with respect to their steric properties. The reliability of this model was evaluated in four selected case studies, which demonstrate the versatility of this model. For this purpose, a user-friendly Excel spreadsheet was developed and is provided in the ESI, which works with listed buried volumes of Lewis acids %V Bur_LA and of Lewis bases %V Bur_LB, and no results from experimental crystal structures or quantum chemical calculations are necessary to evaluate steric repulsion in these Lewis acid/base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Zapf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Melanie Riethmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Steffen A Föhrenbacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group
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22
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Zou J, Fang Y, Shen Y, Xia Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Piezochromic Tetracoordinate Boron Complex: Blue‐Shifted and Enhanced Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207426. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials Department of Chemistry Zhejiang Normal University Yingbin Road No.688 Jinhua 321004 P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Chaowang Road NO. 18 Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials College of Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials Department of Chemistry Zhejiang Normal University Yingbin Road No.688 Jinhua 321004 P. R. China
| | - Yang Xia
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials Department of Chemistry Zhejiang Normal University Yingbin Road No.688 Jinhua 321004 P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Chaowang Road NO. 18 Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials College of Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Chaowang Road NO. 18 Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Yujian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials Department of Chemistry Zhejiang Normal University Yingbin Road No.688 Jinhua 321004 P. R. China
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23
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Demay-Drouhard P, Gaffen JR, Caputo CB, Baumgartner T. Fluorescence-based measurement of the Lewis acidities of lanthanide triflates in solution. CAN J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2022-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prominence of rare-earth complexes to act as Lewis acid catalysts in organic synthesis, the comprehensive measure of the Lewis acid strength of such compounds has yet to be performed due to incompatibilities with existing methods. We report our results in measurement of a sequence of lanthanide triflates via our recently established fluorescent Lewis adduct (FLA) method. The persistence in solution of these Lewis acids as solvated coordination complexes is accurately measurable by the FLA method. However, several of the rare-earth species exhibit fluorescence quenching, which may potentially inhibit the measurement. Nevertheless, meaningful FLA measurements were still possible, and the results correspond to both periodic trends and were even consistent with previous correlated reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Demay-Drouhard
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Joshua R. Gaffen
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Christopher B. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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24
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Dasgupta A, van Ingen Y, Guerzoni MG, Farshadfar K, Rawson JM, Richards E, Ariafard A, Melen RL. Lewis Acid Assisted Brønsted Acid Catalysed Decarbonylation of Isocyanates: A Combined DFT and Experimental Study. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201422. [PMID: 35560742 PMCID: PMC9541586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and mild reaction protocol for the decarbonylation of isocyanates has been developed using catalytic amounts of Lewis acidic boranes. The electronic nature (electron withdrawing, electron neutral, and electron donating) and the position of the substituents (ortho/meta/para) bound to isocyanate controls the chain length and composition of the products formed in the reaction. Detailed DFT studies were undertaken to account for the formation of the mono/di-carboxamidation products and benzoxazolone compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dasgupta
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff University main BuildingPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATCymru/WalesUnited Kingdom
| | - Yara van Ingen
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff University main BuildingPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATCymru/WalesUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Guerzoni
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff University main BuildingPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATCymru/WalesUnited Kingdom
| | - Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of ChemistryIslamic Azad UniversityCentral TehranBranch, PoonakTehran1469669191Iran
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Windsor401 Sunset Ave.WindsorON N9B 3P4Canada
| | - Emma Richards
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff University main BuildingPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATCymru/WalesUnited Kingdom
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences-ChemistryUniversity of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 75HobartTasmania7001Australia
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff University main BuildingPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATCymru/WalesUnited Kingdom
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25
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Zou J, Fang Y, Shen Y, Xia Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Piezochromic Tetracoordinate Boron Complex: Blue‐Shifted and Enhanced Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Zou
- Zhejiang Normal University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Jilin University State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials CHINA
| | - Yunxia Shen
- Zhejiang Normal University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yang Xia
- Zhejiang Normal University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Kai Wang
- Jilin University State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials CHINA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yujian Zhang
- Zhejiang Normal University Department of Chemistry Yingbin Road No.688 321004 Jinhua CHINA
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26
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An experimental investigation into the kinetics and mechanism of the aza-Michael additions of dimethyl itaconate. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Osipova ES, Gulyaeva ES, Kireev NV, Kovalenko SA, Bijani C, Canac Y, Valyaev DA, Filippov OA, Belkova NV, Shubina ES. Fac-to- mer isomerization triggers hydride transfer from Mn(I) complex fac-[(dppm)Mn(CO) 3H]. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5017-5020. [PMID: 35373227 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00999d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature IR and NMR studies combined with DFT calculations revealed the mechanistic complexity of apparently simple reactions between Mn(I) complex fac-[(dppm)Mn(CO)3H] and Lewis acids (LA = Ph3C+, B(C6F5)3) involving the formation of so-far elusive meridional hydride species mer-[(dppm)Mn(CO)3H⋯LA] and unusual dearomatization of the Ph3C+ cation upon hydride transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Osipova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina S Gulyaeva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.
| | - Nikolay V Kireev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey A Kovalenko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Christian Bijani
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.
| | - Dmitry A Valyaev
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.
| | - Oleg A Filippov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Belkova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Elena S Shubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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28
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Martin JL, Sati GC, Malakar T, Hatt J, Zimmerman PM, Montgomery J. Glycosyl Exchange of Unactivated Glycosidic Bonds: Suppressing or Embracing Side Reactivity in Catalytic Glycosylations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5817-5826. [PMID: 35413188 PMCID: PMC9173671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While developing boron-catalyzed glycosylations using glycosyl fluoride donors and trialkylsilyl ether acceptors, competing pathways involving productive glycosylation or glycosyl exchange were observed. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies suggest a novel mode of reactivity where a dioxolenium ion is a key intermediate that promotes both pathways through addition to either a silyl ether or to the acetal of an existing glycosidic linkage. Modifications in catalyst structure enable either pathway to be favored, and with this understanding, improved multicomponent iterative couplings and glycosyl exchange processes were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Girish C Sati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Tanmay Malakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica Hatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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29
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Yang Z, Li X, Yang K, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yu N, Baumgartner T, Ren Y. Tailored Solvatochromic NIR Phosphorus-Chromophores via Selective P-N and P-C Chemistry in P-Heteropines. Org Lett 2022; 24:2045-2049. [PMID: 35244405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report selective P-C and P-N chemistry as a new synthetic tool for constructing phosphorus (P)-chromophores with rich chemical structures. Our studies reveal that isomeric structures significantly influence the chemical structure and electronic communication of P-heteropines, which results in efficient tunability of the photophysical properties. In particular, isomeric P-chromophores with a protic N-H (indole) are also capable of participating in intramolecular H bonding, offering a new strategy to access a near-infrared chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhikai Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yankun Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Na Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Yi Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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30
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Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann-Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114550. [PMID: 34757692 PMCID: PMC9299668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IUPAC defines Lewis acidity as the thermodynamic tendency for Lewis pair formation. This strength property was recently specified as global Lewis acidity (gLA), and is gauged for example by the fluoride ion affinity. Experimentally, Lewis acidity is usually evaluated by the effect on a bound molecule, such as the induced 31 P NMR shift of triethylphosphine oxide in the Gutmann-Beckett (GB) method. This type of scaling was called effective Lewis acidity (eLA). Unfortunately, gLA and eLA often correlate poorly, but a reason for this is unknown. Hence, the strength and the effect of a Lewis acid are two distinct properties, but they are often granted interchangeably. The present work analyzes thermodynamic, NMR specific, and London dispersion effects on GB numbers for 130 Lewis acids by theory and experiment. The deformation energy of a Lewis acid is identified as the prime cause for the critical deviation between gLA and eLA but its correction allows a unification for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Inorganic ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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31
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Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann–Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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32
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Mei Y, Yan Z, Liu LL. Facile Synthesis of the Dicyanophosphide Anion via Electrochemical Activation of White Phosphorus: An Avenue to Organophosphorus Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1517-1522. [PMID: 35041429 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) have gained tremendous interest in the past decades due to their wide applications ranging from synthetic chemistry to materials and biological sciences. We describe herein a practical and versatile approach for the transformation of white phosphorus (P4) into useful OPCs with high P atom economy via a key bridging anion [P(CN)2]-. This anion can be prepared on a gram scale directly from P4 through an electrochemical process. A variety of OPCs involving phosphinidenes, cyclophosphanes, and phospholides have been made readily accessible from P4 in a two-step manner. Our approach has a significant impact on the future preparation of OPCs in laboratory and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Mei
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zeen Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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33
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Chen X, Lu S, Deng P, Chang X, Zhao Y, Ma Y, Zhang D, Xia F, Yang L, Wang J, Sun P. Lewis Acid Regulated Divergent Catalytic Reaction between Quinone Imine Ketals (QIKs) and 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds: Switchable Access to Multiple Products Including 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds, Indoles, and Benzofurans. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Sixian Lu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy Chongqing University Chongqing 400016 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xia
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
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34
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Howard EM, Brewer M. A Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized 2-Diazo-1,5-dicarbonyl Compounds. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Howard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Matthias Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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35
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Ketkov S, Rychagova E, Kather R, Beckmann J. Pnictogen effects on the electronic interactions in the Lewis pair complexes Ph3EB(C6F5)3 (E = P, As, Sb). J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Wang W, Li X, Yang X, Ai L, Gong Z, Jiao N, Song S. Oxoammonium salts are catalysing efficient and selective halogenation of olefins, alkynes and aromatics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3873. [PMID: 34162859 PMCID: PMC8222362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic halogenation reactions have been a reliable approach to accessing organohalides. During the past decades, various catalytic systems have been developed for the activation of haleniums. However, there is still a short of effective catalysts, which could cover various halogenation reactions and broad scope of unsaturated compounds. Herein, TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine nitroxide) and its derivatives are disclosed as active catalysts for electrophilic halogenation of olefins, alkynes, and aromatics. These catalysts are stable, readily available, and reactive enough to activate haleniums including Br+, I+ and even Cl+ reagents. This catalytic system is applicable to various halogenations including haloarylation of olefins or dibromination of alkynes, which were rarely realized in previous Lewis base catalysis or Lewis acid catalysis. The high catalytic ability is attributed to a synergistic activation model of electrophilic halogenating reagents, where the carbonyl group and the halogen atom are both activated by present TEMPO catalysis. Organohalides are widely used as synthetic precursors and target products, but for various halogenation reactions there is a need for effective catalysts to activate commercially available haleniums. Here, the authors report that TEMPO and its derivatives are active catalysts for electrophilic halogenation of olefins, alkynes and aromatics, under mild reaction conditions and with good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingsheng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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37
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Bentley JN, Simoes SA, Pradhan E, Zeng T, Caputo CB. The synthesis, properties, and reactivity of Lewis acidic aminoboranes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4796-4802. [PMID: 33982733 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of frustrated Lewis pair chemistry has led to significant research into the development of new Lewis acidic boranes. Much of this has focused on modifying aryl substituents rather than introducing heteroatoms bound to boron. We recently reported that bis(pentafluorophenyl)phenothiazylborane (1) could be used as a Lewis acid catalyst for the heterolytic dehydrocoupling of stannanes. In this work, we synthesize and characterize a family of Lewis acidic aminoboranes and explored their reactivity with various Lewis bases as well as their efficacy as catalysts for stannane dehydrocoupling and hydrosilylation. Quantum chemical calculations were undertaken to understand the origins of the Lewis acidity and the most Lewis acidic aminoborane (5) was found to be an effective catalyst even in coordinating solvents such as water or acetonitrile, suggesting the amino substituent provides a level of protection against competing donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Bentley
- York University, Department of Chemistry, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, CanadaM3J 1P3.
| | - Selvyn A Simoes
- York University, Department of Chemistry, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, CanadaM3J 1P3.
| | - Ekadashi Pradhan
- York University, Department of Chemistry, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, CanadaM3J 1P3.
| | - Tao Zeng
- York University, Department of Chemistry, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, CanadaM3J 1P3.
| | - Christopher B Caputo
- York University, Department of Chemistry, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, CanadaM3J 1P3.
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38
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Erdmann P, Greb L. Multidimensional Lewis Acidity: A Consistent Data Set of Chloride, Hydride, Methide, Water and Ammonia Affinities for 183 p-Block Element Lewis Acids. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:935-943. [PMID: 33755288 PMCID: PMC8252043 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The computed fluoride ion affinity (FIA) is a widely applied descriptor to gauge Lewis acidity. Like every other single-parameter Lewis acidity scale, the FIA metric suffers from the one-dimensionality, that prohibits addressing Lewis acidity by the multidimensionality it inherently requires (i. e., reference Lewis base dependency). However, a systematic screening of computed affinities other than the FIA is much less developed. Herein, we extended our CCSD(T)/CBS benchmark of different density functionals and the DLPNO-CCSD(T) method for chloride (CIA), methide (MIA), hydride (HIA), water (WA), and ammonia (AA) affinities. The best performing methods are subsequently applied to yield nearly 800 affinities for 183 p-block element compounds of group 13-16 with an estimated accuracy of <10 kJ mol-1 . The study's output serves as a consistent library for qualitative analyses and a training set for future statistical approaches. A first holistic correlation analysis underscores the need for a multidimensional description of Lewis acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120Heidelberg
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120Heidelberg
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39
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Su X, Bartholome TA, Tidwell JR, Pujol A, Yruegas S, Martinez JJ, Martin CD. 9-Borafluorenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4147-4192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Su
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Tyler A. Bartholome
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - John R. Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Alba Pujol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Sam Yruegas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Jesse J. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Caleb D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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40
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Mayer RJ, Hampel N, Ofial AR. Lewis Acidic Boranes, Lewis Bases, and Equilibrium Constants: A Reliable Scaffold for a Quantitative Lewis Acidity/Basicity Scale. Chemistry 2021; 27:4070-4080. [PMID: 33215760 PMCID: PMC7985883 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative Lewis acidity/basicity scale toward boron-centered Lewis acids has been developed based on a set of 90 experimental equilibrium constants for the reactions of triarylboranes with various O-, N-, S-, and P-centered Lewis bases in dichloromethane at 20 °C. Analysis with the linear free energy relationship log KB =LAB +LBB allows equilibrium constants, KB , to be calculated for any type of borane/Lewis base combination through the sum of two descriptors, one for Lewis acidity (LAB ) and one for Lewis basicity (LBB ). The resulting Lewis acidity/basicity scale is independent of fixed reference acids/bases and valid for various types of trivalent boron-centered Lewis acids. It is demonstrated that the newly developed Lewis acidity/basicity scale is easily extendable through linear relationships with quantum-chemically calculated or common physical-organic descriptors and known thermodynamic data (ΔHBF 3 ). Furthermore, this experimental platform can be utilized for the rational development of borane-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Mayer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Nathalie Hampel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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41
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Kumar A, Blakemore JD. On the Use of Aqueous Metal-Aqua p Ka Values as a Descriptor of Lewis Acidity. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1107-1115. [PMID: 33405902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of Lewis acidic metal ions in multimetallic systems has become a subject of intense interest in recent years. Parametrizing the behavior of these ions in nonaqueous conditions, commonly used in the field, is challenging due to the lack of direct measures of the Lewis acidity of metal ions in polar organic solvents. Here, we report the use of triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) as a 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe to quantify the Lewis acidity of a library of metal triflate salts using the Gutmann-Beckett method. Plots of the pKa values of the corresponding metal-aqua species, [M(H2O)m]n+, measured in H2O vs the 31P NMR shifts of TPPO in the presence of these metals in deuterated acetonitrile (d3-MeCN) and deuterated dichloromethane (CD2Cl2), display tightly colinear relationships, suggesting similar behavior for these ions in water, d3-MeCN, and CD2Cl2. This colinearity reinforces the utility of the common approach of using the aqueous pKa values as a descriptor of Lewis acidity, regardless of the solvent used in the immediate experiments, and provides an insight into the usefulness of this descriptor in wide-ranging applications. Titration studies in d3-MeCN suggest a 1:1 binding of TPPO with monovalent ions, greater than 1:1 binding with divalent ions, and formation of multiple species with the highly Lewis acidic trivalent ions. Together, these data suggest that both aqueous pKa values and other single-measurement descriptors, while useful, provide only a snapshot of the influence of Lewis acidity on multimetallic chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James D Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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42
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da Silva MJ, de Oliveira CM. Metal nitrate-catalyzed one-pot oxidative esterification of benzaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide in alcoholic solutions at room temperature. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ferric nitrate was the most active and selective metal nitrate catalyst in the one-pot synthesis of alkyl esters from benzaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.
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43
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Yolsal U, Horton TA, Wang M, Shaver MP. Polymer-supported Lewis acids and bases: Synthesis and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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44
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Lin H, Patel S, Jäkle F. Tailored Triarylborane Polymers as Supported Catalysts and Luminescent Materials. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huina Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University–Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Shivani Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University–Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University–Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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45
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Mei L, Veleta JM, Bloch J, Goodman HJ, Pierce-Navarro D, Villalobos A, Gianetti TL. Tunable carbocation-based redox active ambiphilic ligands: synthesis, coordination and characterization. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16095-16105. [PMID: 32186563 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00419g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel redox active ambiphilic ligands L1-L3 and their coordination chemistry to first-row late transition metal halides (M = Co and Ni) is reported. The heterocyclic carbocation scaffolds act as Lewis acid moieties while the pyridine anchor acts as the coordinating Lewis base. The high synthetic tunability of this ligand scaffold allows for control of its rigidity and electronic properties. Anion exchange and coordination of a chloride anion to the metal center was observed resulting in the formation of [MCl3]- metallate. Upon coordination to the pyridine anchor, the metallate centers adopt a canonical tetrahedral geometry, resulting in an overall neutral complex best described as a zwitterionic metallate trichloride bound to a cationic ligand. Characterization techniques including single crystal X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy were employed to better understand the structural and chemical properties of the ligands and metal complexes. A possible weak interaction between one of the chlorides and the carbenium moiety in the ligand is observed in crystals of both of the Co(ii) and Ni(ii) complexes with ligand L1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support that this electrostatic interaction for complexes 2a and 2b exists only in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyong Mei
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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46
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Bentley JN, Elgadi SA, Gaffen JR, Demay-Drouhard P, Baumgartner T, Caputo CB. Fluorescent Lewis Adducts: A Practical Guide to Relative Lewis Acidity. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Seja A. Elgadi
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Joshua R. Gaffen
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Paul Demay-Drouhard
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Christopher B. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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47
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Lu B, Fang X, Yan D. Luminescent Polymorphic Co-crystals: A Promising Way to the Diversity of Molecular Assembly, Fluorescence Polarization, and Optical Waveguide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31940-31951. [PMID: 32551468 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The design of molecular optoelectronic materials based on fabricating polymorphs and/or co-crystals has received much recent attention in the fields of luminescence, sensors, nonlinear optics, and so on. If the advantages of the two crystal engineering strategies above were combined, the diversity of self-assembly fashions and the tuning of photofunctional performances would be largely extended. However, such multicomponent examples have still been very limited to date. Herein, we report the construction of luminescent polymorphic co-crystals by assembly of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFB) with 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and acridine (AC) as paradigms. Different stacking modes and arrangement styles based on identical building block units in polymorphic co-crystals result in adjustable crystalline morphologies and variant photophysical properties (such as fluorescence wavelength, lifetimes, and up-conversion luminescence). The optimized photoluminescence quantum yield (63.1%) and lifetime (57.1 ns) are much higher than those of the pristine assembled units. In addition, two polymorphic co-crystals (DCA@TPFB-1 and AC@TPFB-2) present prominent fluorescence polarization and optical waveguide behaviors due to the highly regulated molecular orientation. Their high one-dimensional luminescence anisotropy (0.652) and low optical waveguide loss (0.0079 dB/μm) outperform most state-of-the-art low-dimensional molecular systems and thus endow them with great opportunities for photonic materials and devices. Therefore, this work not only confirms that constructing polymorphic co-crystals can be an effective way to design new photofunctional materials for luminescence and photonic applications but also discloses a deep understanding on the relationship between variant self-assembled fashions and tunable photofunctional properties of new TPFB-based molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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48
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Erdmann P, Leitner J, Schwarz J, Greb L. An Extensive Set of Accurate Fluoride Ion Affinities for p-Block Element Lewis Acids and Basic Design Principles for Strong Fluoride Ion Acceptors. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:987-994. [PMID: 32212357 PMCID: PMC7317340 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The computed fluoride ion affinity (FIA) is a valuable descriptor to assess the Lewis acidity of a compound. Despite its widespread use, the varying accuracy of applied computational models hampers the broad comparability of literature data. Herein, we evaluate the performance of selected methods (like DLPNO‐CCSD(T)) in FIA computations against CCSD(T)/CBS data and guide for the choice of suitable density functionals that allow the treatment of larger Lewis acids. Based on the benchmarked methods, we computed an extensive set of gas‐phase and solvation corrected FIA, that is covering group 13–16 elements featuring moderate to strong electron‐withdrawing substituents (190 entries). It permits an unbiased comparison of FIA over a significant fraction of the periodic table, serves as a source of reference for future synthetic or theoretical studies, and allows to derive some simple design principles for strong fluoride ion acceptors. Finally, the manuscript includes a tutorial section for the computation of FIA with and without the consideration of solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Leitner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Schwarz
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Becker MR, Reid JP, Rykaczewski KA, Schindler CS. Models for Understanding Divergent Reactivity in Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Transformations of Carbonyls and Olefins. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc R. Becker
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jolene P. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Katie A. Rykaczewski
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corinna S. Schindler
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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50
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Carden JL, Dasgupta A, Melen RL. Halogenated triarylboranes: synthesis, properties and applications in catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:1706-1725. [PMID: 32100762 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00769e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated triarylboranes (BAr3) have been known for decades, however it has only been since the surge of interest in main group catalysis that their application as strong Lewis acid catalysts has been recognised. This review aims to look past the popular tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3] to the other halogenated triarylboranes, to give a greater breadth of understanding as to how tuning the Lewis acidity of BAr3 by modifications of the aryl rings can lead to improved reactivity. In this review, a discussion on Lewis acidity determination of boranes is given, the synthesis of these boranes is discussed, and examples of how they are being used for catalysis and frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Carden
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
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