1
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Yoshizawa K, Li BX, Matsuyama T, Wang C, Uchiyama M. Visible-Light-Driven Germyl Radical Generation via EDA-Catalyzed ET-HAT Process. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401546. [PMID: 38716768 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
We have established a facile and efficient protocol for the generation of germyl radicals by employing photo-excited electron transfer (ET) in an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex to drive hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from germyl hydride (R3GeH). Using a catalytic amount of EDA complex of commercially available thiol and benzophenone derivatives, the ET-HAT cycle smoothly proceeds simply upon blue-light irradiation without any transition metal or photocatalyst. This protocol also affords silyl radical from silyl hydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Bi-Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taro Matsuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
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2
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Li M, Tan Q, Lyu X, Guo X, Wang H, Hu Z, Xu X. EDA Complex-Promoted Cascade Cyclization of Alkynes Enabling the Rapid Assembly of 3-Sulfonylindoles and Vinyl Sulfone Oxindoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:5799-5804. [PMID: 38953705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a photoinduced radical cascade cyclization of alkynes with sulfinates via a novel EDA complex for the synthesis of various 3-sulfonylindoles and vinyl sulfone oxindoles, which are crucial motifs in medicinal and biological chemistry. The reaction proceeds under mild, photocatalyst- and transition-metal-free conditions, featuring operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, and easy scalability. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction is initiated with a photoinduced intermolecular charge transfer from sulfinates to N-sulfonamides, generating a sulfonyl radical followed by an N-centered radical, thus enabling the cascade cyclization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qiujian Tan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiang Lyu
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhongyan Hu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xianxiu Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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3
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Fan KW, Luk HL, Phillips DL. A Computational Study of Photoinduced Borylation for Selected Boron Sources. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300285. [PMID: 38456364 PMCID: PMC11230929 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This research article uses density functional theory (DFT) to study photoinduced borylation. This work examined the electron donor-acceptor complex (EDA) of bis(catecholato)diboron with different redox-active leaving groups and bis(pinacol)diboron with aryl N-hydroxyphthalimide. The results of these DFT studies show the complex ratio of B2cat2 and N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) should be 1 : 2 which is consistent with the experimental results in the literature. We further proposed a reaction mechanism and calculated the energies associated with each step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wa Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Hoi Ling Luk
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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4
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Jansen-van Vuuren RD, Liu S, Miah MAJ, Cerkovnik J, Košmrlj J, Snieckus V. The Versatile and Strategic O-Carbamate Directed Metalation Group in the Synthesis of Aromatic Molecules: An Update. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7731-7828. [PMID: 38864673 PMCID: PMC11212060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The aryl O-carbamate (ArOAm) group is among the strongest of the directed metalation groups (DMGs) in directed ortho metalation (DoM) chemistry, especially in the form Ar-OCONEt2. Since the last comprehensive review of metalation chemistry involving ArOAms (published more than 30 years ago), the field has expanded significantly. For example, it now encompasses new substrates, solvent systems, and metalating agents, while conditions have been developed enabling metalation of ArOAm to be conducted in a green and sustainable manner. The ArOAm group has also proven to be effective in the anionic ortho-Fries (AoF) rearrangement, Directed remote metalation (DreM), iterative DoM sequences, and DoM-halogen dance (HalD) synthetic strategies and has been transformed into a diverse range of functionalities and coupled with various groups through a range of cross-coupling (CC) strategies. Of ultimate value, the ArOAm group has demonstrated utility in the synthesis of a diverse range of bioactive and polycyclic aromatic compounds for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. Jansen-van Vuuren
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, 9 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7K 2N1, Canada
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Susana Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, 9 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7K 2N1, Canada
| | - M. A. Jalil Miah
- Department
of Chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Janez Cerkovnik
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Košmrlj
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Victor Snieckus
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, 9 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7K 2N1, Canada
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5
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Das A, Justin Thomas KR. Generation and Application of Aryl Radicals Under Photoinduced Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400193. [PMID: 38546345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced aryl radical generation is a powerful strategy in organic synthesis that facilitates the formation of diverse carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. The synthetic applications of photoinduced aryl radical formation in the synthesis of complex organic compounds, including natural products, physiologically significant molecules, and functional materials, have received immense attention. An overview of current developments in photoinduced aryl radical production methods and their uses in organic synthesis is given in this article. A generalized idea of how to choose the reagents and approach for the generation of aryl radicals is described, along with photoinduced techniques and associated mechanistic insights. Overall, this article offers a critical assessment of the mechanistic results as well as the selection of reaction parameters for specific reagents in the context of radical cascades, cross-coupling reactions, aryl radical functionalization, and selective C-H functionalization of aryl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Das
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - K R Justin Thomas
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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6
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Janaagal A, Kushwaha A, Jhaldiyal P, Dhilip Kumar TJ, Gupta I. Photoredox Catalysis by 21-Thiaporphyrins: A Green and Efficient Approach for C-N Borylation and C-H Arylation. Chemistry 2024:e202401623. [PMID: 38825798 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis provides a green and sustainable alternative for C-H activation of organic molecules that eludes harsh conditions and use of transition metals. The photocatalytic C-N borylation and C-H arylation mostly depend on the ruthenium and iridium complexes or eosin Y and the use of porphyrin catalysts is still in infancy. A series of novel 21-thiaporphyrins (A2B2 and A3B type) were synthesized having carbazole/phenothiazine moieties at their meso-positions and screened as catalysts for C-N borylation and C-H arylation. This paper demonstrates the 21-thiaporphyrin catalyzed C-N borylation and het-arylation of anilines under visible light. The method utilizes only 0.1 mol % of 21-thiaporphyrin catalyst under blue light for the direct C-N borylation and het-arylation reactions. A variety of substituted anilines were used as source for expensive and unstable aryl diazonium salts in the reactions. The heterobiaryls and aryl boronic esters were obtained in decent yields (up to 88 %). Versatility of the 21-thiaporphyrin catalyst was tested by thiolation and selenylation of anilines under similar conditions. Mechanistic insight was obtained from DFT studies, suggesting that 21-thiaporphyrin undergo an oxidative quenching pathway. The photoredox process catalyzed by 21-thiaporphyrins offers a mild, efficient and metal-free alternative for the formation of C-C, C-S, and C-Se bonds in aryl compounds; it can also be extended to borylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Janaagal
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
| | - Apoorv Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Pranjali Jhaldiyal
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
| | - T J Dhilip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
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7
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Li M, Deng YH, Chang Q, Li J, Wang C, Wang L, Sun TY. Photoinduced Site-Selective Aryl C-H Borylation with Electron-Donor-Acceptor Complex Derived from B 2Pin 2 and Isoquinoline. Molecules 2024; 29:1783. [PMID: 38675603 PMCID: PMC11052414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to boron's metalloid properties, aromatic boron reagents are prevalent synthetic intermediates. The direct borylation of aryl C-H bonds for producing aromatic boron compounds offers an appealing, one-step solution. Despite significant advances in this field, achieving regioselective aryl C-H bond borylation using simple and readily available starting materials still remains a challenge. In this work, we attempted to enhance the reactivity of the electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex by selecting different bases to replace the organic base (NEt3) used in our previous research. To our delight, when using NH4HCO3 as the base, we have achieved a mild visible-light-mediated aromatic C-H bond borylation reaction with exceptional regioselectivity (rr > 40:1 to single isomers). Compared with our previous borylation methodologies, this protocol provides a more efficient and broader scope for aryl C-H bond borylation through the use of N-Bromosuccinimide. The protocol's good functional-group tolerance and excellent regioselectivity enable the functionalization of a variety of biologically relevant compounds and novel cascade transformations. Mechanistic experiments and theoretical calculations conducted in this study have indicated that, for certain arenes, the aryl C-H bond borylation might proceed through a new reaction mechanism, which involves the formation of a novel transient EDA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhong Li
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
| | - Qianqian Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Jinyuan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
| | - Leifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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8
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Zhao X, Bai L, Li J, Jiang X. Photouranium-Catalyzed C-F Activation Hydroxylation via Water Splitting. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38593178 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The C-F bond is the strongest covalent single bond (126 kcal/mol) in carbon-centered bonds, in which the highest electronegativity of fluorine (χ = 4) gives rise to the shortest bond length (1.38 Å) and the smallest van der Waals radius (rw = 1.47 Å), resulting in enormous challenges for activation and transformation. Herein, C-F conversion was realized via photouranium-catalyzed hydroxylation of unactivated aryl fluorides using water as a hydroxyl source to deliver multifunctional phenols under ambient conditions. The activation featured cascade sequences of single electron transfer (SET)/hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)/oxygen atom transfer (OAT), highly integrated from the excited uranyl cation. The *UO22+ prompted water splitting under mild photoexcitation, caging the active oxygen in a peroxo-bridged manner for the critical OAT process and releasing hydrogen via the HAT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhao
- Hainan Institute of East China Normal University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Leiyang Bai
- Hainan Institute of East China Normal University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Hainan Institute of East China Normal University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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9
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Zhao H, Zong Y, Sun Y, An G, Wang J. An Organocatalytic System for Z-Alkene Synthesis via a Hydrogen-Bonding-Assisted Photoinduced Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex. Org Lett 2024; 26:1739-1744. [PMID: 38367258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
A general catalytic donor for the combination of a photoinduced electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex and energy transfer was developed. This mild and metal-free protocol allows facile access to various Z-alkenes. Mechanism studies revealed that the organophotocatalyst, 4-CzIPN, formed a distinct three-component EDA complex with redox-active esters and (C6H5O)2P(O)OH to trigger the photoredox catalysis. The E → Z isomerization was achieved via electron exchange energy transfer from 4-CzIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R.China
| | - Yingxiao Zong
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R.China
| | - Guanghui An
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R.China
| | - Junke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P. R. China
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10
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Deng YH, Li Q, Li M, Wang L, Sun TY. Rational design of super reductive EDA photocatalyst for challenging reactions: a theoretical and experimental study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1902-1908. [PMID: 38192317 PMCID: PMC10772736 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07558c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We reported a novel electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) photocatalyst formed in situ from isoquinoline, a diboron reagent, and a weak base. To further optimize the efficiency of this photocatalyst, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to investigate the substituent effects on the properties of vertical excitation energy and redox potential. Subsequently, we experimentally validated these effects using a broader range of substituents and varying substitution positions. Notably, the 4-NH2 EDA complex derived from 4-NH2-isoquinoline exhibits the highest photocatalytic efficiency, enabling feasible metal free borylation of aromatic C-H bond and detosylaion of Ts-anilines under green and super mild conditions. These experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our strategy for photocatalyst optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Deng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Qini Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No.66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Manhong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No.66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Leifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No.66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
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11
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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12
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Weick F, Hagmeyer N, Giraud M, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Wagenknecht HA. Reductive Activation of Aryl Chlorides by Tuning the Radical Cation Properties of N-Phenylphenothiazines as Organophotoredox Catalysts. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302347. [PMID: 37589486 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Aryl chlorides as substrates for arylations present a particular challenge for photoredox catalytic activation due to their strong C(sp2 )-Cl bond and their strong reduction potential. Electron-rich N-phenylphenothiazines, as organophotoredox catalysts, are capable of cleaving aryl chlorides simply by photoinduced electron transfer without the need for an additional electrochemical activation setup or any other advanced photocatalysis technique. Due to the extremely strong reduction potential in the excited state of the N-phenylphenothiazines the substrate scope is high and includes aryl chlorides both with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents. We evidence this reactivity for photocatalytic borylations and phosphonylations. Advanced time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy in combination with electrochemistry was the key to elucidating and comparing the unusual photophysical properties not only of the N-phenylphenothiazines, but also of their cation radicals as the central intermediates in the photocatalytic cycle. The revealed photophysics allowed the excited-state and radical-cation properties to be fine-tuned by the molecular design of the N-phenylphenothiazines; this improved the photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Weick
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nina Hagmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Madeleine Giraud
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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13
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Wang H, Zhao JF, Zhu XL, Tian QQ, He W. Photoinduced Borylation of the Inert C(sp 3)-O Bond of Alkyl Heteroaryl Ethers. Org Lett 2023; 25:6485-6489. [PMID: 37668383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A photoinduced reductive Calkyl-O borylation of alkyl heteroaryl ethers with very negative reduction potential in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and bis(catecholato)diborane(B2cat2) was developed. Despite the high reducing power, various substrates with liable functional groups were well-tolerated as well as ethers derived from natural products and medicinal-relevant compounds. Mechanistic investigation implied that an intra-single electron transfer process in an electron donor-acceptor complex formed from ethers with the adduct of B2cat2 and DMAP should be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Feng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Li Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Qin Tian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
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14
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Ren YZ, Fang CZ, Zhang BB, He L, Tu YL, Chen XY. Photocatalytic Charge-Transfer Complex Enables Hydroarylation of Alkenes for Heterocycle Synthesis. Org Lett 2023; 25:3585-3589. [PMID: 37154474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a photocatalytic charge-transfer complex (CTC) strategy for one electron reduction of alkenes using thiolate as a catalytic electron donor. This catalytic CTC system could engage hydroarylation of both activated and unactivated alkenes for the synthesis of various heterocycles. The reactions do not require any photocatalysts or acids and are easy to perform. Mechanistic studies revealed the formation of a CTC between catalytic thiolate and alkene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zheng Ren
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Zhen Fang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Liang Tu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong 256606, People's Republic of China
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15
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Wu D, Shiozuka A, Kawashima K, Mori T, Sekine K, Kuninobu Y. Bifunctional 1-Hydroxypyrene Photocatalyst for Hydrodesulfurization via Reductive C(Aryl)-S Bond Cleavage. Org Lett 2023; 25:3293-3297. [PMID: 37114776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We developed the visible-light-induced hydrodesulfurization of alkyl aryl thioethers via the reductive cleavage of the C(aryl)-S bond using 1-hydroxypyrene as a Brønsted acid-reductant bifunctional photocatalyst. The hydrodesulfurization reaction proceeded under simple reaction conditions (1-hydroxypyrene and Et3N in THF under purple LED illumination); this reaction did not require chemicals commonly used for hydrodesulfurization, such as hydrosilanes, transition metal catalysts, and/or stoichiometric amounts of metal reagents. Detailed mechanistic studies based on control experiments, spectroscopic measurements, and computational studies revealed that the cleavage of the C(aryl)-S bond and the formation of the C(aryl)-H bond proceeded via the formation of the ion pair between the radical anion of alkyl aryl thioether and Et3N+H, resulting in the generation of a sulfur radical. In addition, the 1-hydroxypyrene catalyst was regenerated via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from Et3N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Akira Shiozuka
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kawashima
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Mori
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kohei Sekine
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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16
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Sheng H, Liu Q, Zhang BB, Wang ZX, Chen XY. Visible-Light-Induced N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Single Electron Reduction of Mono-Fluoroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218468. [PMID: 36633173 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroarenes are abundant and readily available feedstocks. However, due to the high reduction potentials of mono-fluoroarenes, their photoreduction remains a continuing challenge, motivating the development of efficient activation modes to address this issue. This report presents the blue light-induced N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed single electron reduction of mono-fluoroarenes for biaryl cross-couplings. We discovered that under blue light irradiation, NHC/tBuOK combination could construct powerful photoactive architectures to promote single electron transfer for Caryl -F bond reduction via forming highly reducing NHC radical anion. Notably, the strategy was also successful to reduce Caryl -O, Caryl -N, and Caryl -S bonds for biaryl cross-couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sheng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256606, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256606, China
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17
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Luo L, Tang S, Wu J, Jin S, Zhang H. Transition Metal-Free Aromatic C-H, C-N, C-S and C-O Borylation. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300023. [PMID: 36850026 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic organoboron compounds are highly valuable building blocks in organic chemistry. They were mainly synthesized through aromatic C-H and C-Het borylation, in which transition metal-catalysis dominate. In the past decade, with increasing attention to sustainable chemistry, numerous transition metal-free C-H and C-Het borylation transformations have been developed and emerged as efficient methods towards the synthesis of aromatic organoboron compounds. This account mainly focuses on recent advances in transition metal-free aromatic C-H, C-N, C-S, and C-O borylation transformations and provides insights to where further developments are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shuai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shiwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
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18
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Wei Q, Lee Y, Liang W, Chen X, Mu BS, Cui XY, Wu W, Bai S, Liu Z. Photocatalytic direct borylation of carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7112. [PMID: 36402764 PMCID: PMC9675845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of high value-added boronic acids from cheap and plentiful carboxylic acids is desirable. To date, the decarboxylative borylation of carboxylic acids is generally realized through the extra step synthesized redox-active ester intermediate or in situ generated carboxylic acid covalent derivatives above 150 °C reaction temperature. Here, we report a direct decarboxylative borylation method of carboxylic acids enabled by visible-light catalysis and that does not require any extra stoichiometric additives or synthesis steps. This operationally simple process produces CO2 and proceeds under mild reaction conditions, in terms of high step economy and good functional group compatibility. A guanidine-based biomimetic active decarboxylative mechanism is proposed and rationalized by mechanistic studies. The methodology reported herein should see broad application extending beyond borylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yuhsuan Lee
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Weiqiu Liang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Bo-shuai Mu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xi-Yang Cui
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wangsuo Wu
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Shuming Bai
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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19
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Wang H, Wang S, George V, Llorente G, König B. Photo‐Induced Homologation of Carbonyl Compounds for Iterative Syntheses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211578. [PMID: 36226924 PMCID: PMC10099875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe a photo-induced reaction for the in situ generation of highly reactive alkyl diazo species from carbonyl precursors via photo-excitation of N-tosylhydrazone anions. The diazo intermediates undergo efficient C-H insertion of aldehydes, leading to the productive synthesis of aldehydes and ketones. The method is applicable to the iterative synthesis of densely functionalized carbonyl compounds through sequential trapping of the diazo species with various aldehydes. The reaction proceeds without the need of any catalyst by light irradiation and features high functional group tolerance. More than 70 examples, some performed on a gram-scale, demonstrate the broad applicability of this reaction sequence in synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Shun Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Vincent George
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Galder Llorente
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
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20
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Moore JT, Dorantes MJ, Pengmei Z, Schwartz TM, Schaffner J, Apps SL, Gaggioli CA, Das U, Gagliardi L, Blank DA, Lu CC. Light-Driven Hydrodefluorination of Electron-Rich Aryl Fluorides by an Anionic Rhodium-Gallium Photoredox Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205575. [PMID: 36017770 PMCID: PMC9826370 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An anionic Rh-Ga complex catalyzed the hydrodefluorination of challenging C-F bonds in electron-rich aryl fluorides and trifluoromethylarenes when irradiated with violet light in the presence of H2 , a stoichiometric alkoxide base, and a crown-ether additive. Based on theoretical calculations, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), which is delocalized across both the Rh and Ga atoms, becomes singly occupied upon excitation, thereby poising the Rh-Ga complex for photoinduced single-electron transfer (SET). Stoichiometric and control reactions support that the C-F activation is mediated by the excited anionic Rh-Ga complex. After SET, the proposed neutral Rh0 intermediate was detected by EPR spectroscopy, which matched the spectrum of an independently synthesized sample. Deuterium-labeling studies corroborate the generation of aryl radicals during catalysis and their subsequent hydrogen-atom abstraction from the THF solvent to generate the hydrodefluorinated arene products. Altogether, the combined experimental and theoretical data support an unconventional bimetallic excitation that achieves the activation of strong C-F bonds and uses H2 and base as the terminal reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Moore
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota55455-0431USA
| | - Michael J. Dorantes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota55455-0431USA
| | - Zihan Pengmei
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota55455-0431USA
| | - Timothy M. Schwartz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota55455-0431USA,Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 1Bonn53121Deutschland
| | - Jacob Schaffner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota55455-0431USA
| | - Samantha L. Apps
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota55455-0431USA
| | - Carlo A. Gaggioli
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago5735 S Ellis Ave.ChicagoIllinois60637USA
| | - Ujjal Das
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 1Bonn53121Deutschland
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago5735 S Ellis Ave.ChicagoIllinois60637USA
| | - David A. Blank
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota55455-0431USA
| | - Connie C. Lu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota55455-0431USA,Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 1Bonn53121Deutschland
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21
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Moore JT, Dorantes MJ, Pengmei Z, Schwartz TM, Schaffner J, Apps SL, Gaggioli CA, Das U, Gagliardi L, Blank DA, Lu CC. Light‐Driven Hydrodefluorination of Electron‐Rich Aryl Fluorides by an Anionic Rhodium‐Gallium Photoredox Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T. Moore
- University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Michael J. Dorantes
- University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Zihan Pengmei
- University of Chicago Department of Chemistry Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Timothy M. Schwartz
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Jacob Schaffner
- University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Samantha L. Apps
- University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Carlo A. Gaggioli
- University of Chicago Department of Chemistry Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ujjal Das
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- University of Chicago Department of Chemistry Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - David A. Blank
- University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Connie C. Lu
- University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering Chemistry Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn GERMANY
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22
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Annibaletto J, Jacob C, Theunissen C. Ammonium Salts as Convenient Radical Precursors Using Iridium Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:4170-4175. [PMID: 35667038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium salts are usually considered as highly challenging to reduce into the corresponding radicals because of the strength of their carbon-nitrogen bond. Here, we disclose that several ammonium salts can be readily activated using iridium photoredox catalysis to form radicals and illustrate the synthetic utility of this activation of strong C-N bonds with hydrodeamination reactions and radical couplings. Cyclic voltammetry was exploited to rationalize the reactivity observed for the activation of these ammonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Annibaletto
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cédric Theunissen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Ding Z, Liu Z, Wang Z, Yu T, Xu M, Wen J, Yang K, Zhang H, Xu L, Li P. Catalysis with Diboron(4)/Pyridine: Application to the Broad-Scope [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopropanes and Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8870-8882. [PMID: 35532758 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the extensive but non-recyclable use of tetraalkoxydiboron(4) compounds as stoichiometric reagents in diverse reactions, this article reports an atom-economical reaction using a commercial diboron(4) as the catalyst. The key to success was designing a catalytic cycle for radical [3 + 2] cycloaddition involving a pyridine cocatalyst to generate from the diboron(4) catalyst and reversibly mediate the transfer of boronyl radicals. In comparison with known [3 + 2] cycloaddition with transition metal-based catalysts, the current reaction features not only metal-free conditions, inexpensive and stable catalysts, and simple operation but also remarkably broadened substrate scope. In particular, previously unusable cyclopropyl ketones without an activating group and/or alkenes with 1,2-disubstitution and 1,1,2-trisubstitution patterns were successfully used for the first time. Consequently, challenging cyclopentane compounds with various levels of substitution (65 examples, 57 new products, up to six substituents at all five ring atoms) were readily prepared in generally high to excellent yield and diastereoselectivity. The reaction was also successfully applied in concise formal synthesis of an anti-obesity drug and building natural product-like complex bridged or spirocyclic compounds. Mechanistic experiments and computational investigation support the proposed radical relay catalysis featuring a pyridine-assisted boronyl radical catalyst. Overall, this work demonstrates the first approach to use tetraalkoxydiboron(4) compounds as catalysts and may lead to the development of new, green, and efficient transition metal-like boron-catalyzed organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jingru Wen
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Kaiyan Yang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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24
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Fuse H, Irie Y, Fuki M, Kobori Y, Kato K, Yamakata A, Higashi M, Mitsunuma H, Kanai M. Identification of a Self-Photosensitizing Hydrogen Atom Transfer Organocatalyst System. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6566-6574. [PMID: 35357152 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed organocatalyst systems to promote the cleavage of stable C-H bonds, such as formyl, α-hydroxy, and benzylic C-H bonds, through a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process without the use of exogenous photosensitizers. An electronically tuned thiophosphoric acid, 7,7'-OMe-TPA, was assembled with substrate or co-catalyst N-heteroaromatics through hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions to form electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. Photoirradiation of the EDA complex induced stepwise, sequential single-electron transfer (SET) processes to generate a HAT-active thiyl radical. The first SET was from the electron-rich naphthyl group of 7,7'-OMe-TPA to the protonated N-heteroaromatics and the second proton-coupled SET (PCET) from the thiophosphoric acid moiety of 7,7'-OMe-TPA to the resulting naphthyl radical cation. Spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations characterized the stepwise SET process mediated by short-lived intermediates. This organocatalytic HAT system was applied to four different carbon-hydrogen (C-H) functionalization reactions, hydroxyalkylation and alkylation of N-heteroaromatics, acceptorless dehydrogenation of alcohols, and benzylation of imines, with high functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Fuse
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu Irie
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kosaku Kato
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
| | - Akira Yamakata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Harunobu Mitsunuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Liu C, Li K, Shang R. Arenethiolate as a Dual Function Catalyst for Photocatalytic Defluoroalkylation and Hydrodefluorination of Trifluoromethyls. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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26
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Kong X, Chen Y, Chen X, Lu ZX, Wang W, Ni SF, Cao ZY. A Practically Unified Electrochemical Strategy for Ni-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling of Aryl Trimethylammonium Salts. Org Lett 2022; 24:2137-2142. [PMID: 35297250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By merging electrocatalysis and nickel catalysis, a unified strategy has been successfully applied to achieve the decarboxylative cross-coupling of four types of α-oxocarboxylic acids and their derivatives with aryl trimethylammonium salts under mild conditions. Our strategy provides a practical way for preparing aryl ketones, amides, esters, or aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Zheng-Xuan Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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27
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Tetramethylammonium Fluoride: Fundamental Properties and Applications in C-F Bond-Forming Reactions and as a Base. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophilic ionic sources of fluoride are essential reagents in the synthetic toolbox to access high added-value fluorinated building blocks unattainable by other means. In this review, we provide a concise description and rationale of the outstanding features of one of these reagents, tetramethylammonium fluoride (TMAF), as well as disclosing the different methods for its preparation, and how its physicochemical properties and solvation effects in different solvents are intimately associated with its reactivity. Furthermore, herein we also comprehensively describe its historic and recent utilization, up to December 2021, in C-F bond-forming reactions with special emphasis on nucleophilic aromatic substitution fluorinations with a potential sustainable application in industrial settings, as well as its use as a base capable of rendering unprecedented transformations.
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28
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Shen N, Li R, Liu C, Shen X, Guan W, Shang R. Photocatalytic Cross-Couplings of Aryl Halides Enabled by o-Phosphinophenolate and o-Phosphinothiophenolate. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Runhan Li
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuzhong Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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29
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Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetische molekulare Photoelektrochemie: neue synthetische Anwendungen, mechanistische Einblicke und Möglichkeiten zur Skalierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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30
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Liu C, Shen N, Shang R. Photocatalytic defluoroalkylation and hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethyls using o-phosphinophenolate. Nat Commun 2022; 13:354. [PMID: 35039496 PMCID: PMC8764036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Under visible light irradiation, o-phosphinophenolate functions as an easily accessible photoredox catalyst to activate trifluoromethyl groups in trifluoroacetamides, trifluoroacetates, and trifluoromethyl (hetero)arenes to deliver corresponding difluoromethyl radicals. It works in relay with a thiol hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst to enable selective defluoroalkylation and hydrodefluorination. The reaction allows for the facile synthesis of a broad scope of difluoromethylene-incorporated carbonyl and (hetero)aromatic compounds, which are valuable fluorinated intermediates of interest in the pharmaceutical industry. The ortho-diphenylphosphino substituent, which is believed to facilitate photoinduced electron transfer, plays an essential role in the redox reactivity of phenolate. In addition to trifluoromethyl groups, pentafluoroethyl groups could also be selectively defluoroalkylated. Photoredox catalysis can strongly reduce and cleave unactivated chemical bonds via photoinduced electron transfer. Here the authors use o-phosphinophenolate for photocatalytic C–F activation of a wide range of trifluoromethyl groups in trifluoroacetamides, trifluoroacetates, and trifluoromethyl(hetero)arenes to deliver corresponding difluoromethyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ni Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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31
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Li M, Liu S, Bao H, Li Q, Deng YH, Sun TY, Wang L. Photoinduced Metal-Free Borylation of Aryl Halides Catalysed by in situ Formed Donor-Acceptor Complex. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4909-4914. [PMID: 35655877 PMCID: PMC9067585 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoboron compounds are very important building blocks which can be applied in medicinal, biological and industrial fields. However, direct borylation in a metal free manner has been very rarely reported. Herein, we described the successful direct borylation of haloarenes under mild, operationally simple, catalyst-free conditions, promoted by irradiation with visible light. Mechanistic experiments and computational investigations indicate the formation of an excited donor–acceptor complex with a −3.12 V reduction potential, which is a highly active reductant and can facilitate single-electron-transfer (SET) with aryl halides to produce aryl radical intermediates. A two-step one-pot method was developed for site selective aromatic C–H bond borylation. The protocol's good functional group tolerance enables the functionalization of a variety of biologically relevant compounds, representing a new application of aryl radicals merged with photochemistry. We reported a facile metal-free conversion of aryl halides to the corresponding boronic esters catalysed by an in situ formed donor–acceptor complex. A two-step one-pot method was also developed for site selective aromatic C–H bond borylation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
| | - Haoshi Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Qini Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
| | - Leifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
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32
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Zhou Q, Sun CG, Liu X, Li X, Shao Z, Tan K, Shen Y. Electron donor–acceptor complex-catalyzed photoredox reactions mediated by DIPEA and inorganic carbonates. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00868h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A DIPEA–NHPI ester–inorganic carbonate catalytic EDA complex is reported as an efficient and sustainable radical generation platform for developing photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Zhou
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chenggang Guo Sun
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ziyan Shao
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kai Tan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuehai Shen
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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33
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Kong X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Chen X, Lin L, Cao ZY. Cyanation and cyanomethylation of trimethylammonium salts via electrochemical cleavage of C–N bonds. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01858b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A practical and mild electrochemical protocol for cyanation and cyanomethylation of trimethylammonium salts has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuchang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Long Lin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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34
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Abstract
The direct C–S borylation of aryl sulfides with B2pin2 has been achieved via a transition-metal-free photochemical process. With blue LED irradiation, aryl sulfides with various functional groups were converted to...
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35
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Wang Z, Sun Y, Shen LY, Yang WC, Meng F, Li P. Photochemical and electrochemical strategies in C–F bond activation and functionalization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01512e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in photochemical or electrochemical C–F bond activation and functionalization have been summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghong Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Liu-Yu Shen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Fei Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. of China
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36
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Li H, Liu Y, Chiba S. Leveraging of Sulfur Anions in Photoinduced Molecular Transformations. JACS AU 2021; 1:2121-2129. [PMID: 34977884 PMCID: PMC8715496 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This perspective describes recent advances in the use of sulfur anions to promote molecular transformations under irradiation with visible light. The topics are classified by the following reaction modes performed by the key sulfur anions: (1) C-S coupling via electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions, (2) photoinduced molecular transformation via sulfur anion EDA catalysis, (3) sulfur anions as photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysts, and 4) dithiocarbamate and xanthate as nucleophilic catalysts for photoinduced radical cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Li
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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37
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Huang M, Tang M, Hu J, Westcott SA, Radius U, Marder TB. Cu-mediated vs. Cu-free selective borylation of aryl alkyl sulfones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:395-398. [PMID: 34901977 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06144e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A Cu-catalysed borylation of aryl alkyl sulfones was developed for the high yield synthesis of versatile arylboronic esters using a readily prepared NHC-Cu catalyst. In addition, the selective cleavage of either alkyl(C)-sulfonyl or aryl(C)-sulfonyl bonds of a cyclic sulfone via Cu-free or Cu-mediated processes generates the corresponding sulfinate salts, which can be further derivatised to provide sulfonyl-containing boronate esters, such as sulfones and sulfonyl fluorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Huang
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
| | - Man Tang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiefeng Hu
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
| | - Stephen A Westcott
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
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38
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Zhang J, Geng S, Feng Z. Advances in silylation and borylation of fluoroarenes and gem-difluoroalkenes via C-F bond cleavage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11922-11934. [PMID: 34700335 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organoboron and organosilane compounds are widely used in organic synthesis and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the C-F bond functionalization is a useful tool for the construction of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. In particular, the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules through defluoroborylation and defluorosilylation reactions will provide good opportunities for the development and diversification of new medicinal compounds. Thus, this feature article summarized the methods for the defluorosilylation and defluoroborylation of unreactive monofluoroarenes and gem-difluoroalkenes from 2000 to 2021, which might create some new ideas and will be helpful for further research in this field. These defluoroborylation and defluorosilylation strategies can be applied to synthesize silylated arenes, borylated arenes, silylated fluoroalkenes, and borylated fluoroalkenes, thus providing impressive advantages over traditional methods for the synthesis of organoboron and organosilane compounds in terms of divergent structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Geng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Zhang Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
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39
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Huang M, Hu J, Krummenacher I, Friedrich A, Braunschweig H, Westcott SA, Radius U, Marder TB. Base-Mediated Radical Borylation of Alkyl Sulfones. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103866. [PMID: 34713940 PMCID: PMC9299846 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A practical and direct method was developed for the production of versatile alkylboronic esters via transition metal-free borylation of primary and secondary alkyl sulfones. The key to the success of the strategy is the use of bis(neopentyl glycolato) diboron (B 2 neop 2 ), with a stoichiometric amount of base as a promoter. The practicality and industrial potential of this protocol are highlighted by its wide functional group tolerance, the late-stage modification of complex compounds, no need for further transesterification, and operational simplicity. Radical clock, radical trap experiments, and EPR studies were conducted which show that the borylation process involves radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Huang
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Jiefeng Hu
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institute For Inorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Stephen A Westcott
- Mount Allison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Udo Radius
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Todd B Marder
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, GERMANY
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40
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Wang S, Wang H, König B. Light-Induced Single-Electron Transfer Processes involving Sulfur Anions as Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15530-15537. [PMID: 34542279 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has evolved as an attractive approach to enable a wide variety of chemical reactions with high selectivity under mild conditions. The development of novel photocatalytic systems is key to obtaining new reactivity and improving their catalytic performances. In this context, cost-effective organic anion-based photocatalysts have recently attracted increasing interest. In particular, sulfur-based anionic catalysts are of interest due to their unique redox properties. This Perspective highlights and discusses recent advances in light-induced single-electron-transfer processes directly involving sulfur anions as catalysts. The content of this Perspective is organized along the different photoinduced electron-transfer pathways between catalysts and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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41
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Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetic Molecular Photoelectrochemistry: New Frontiers in Synthetic Applications, Mechanistic Insights and Scalability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202107811. [PMID: 34478188 PMCID: PMC9303540 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC) is receiving increasing attention as a new frontier for the generation and handling of reactive intermediates. PEC permits selective single‐electron transfer (SET) reactions in a much greener way and broadens the redox window of possible transformations. Herein, the most recent contributions are reviewed, demonstrating exciting new opportunities, namely, the combination of PEC with other reactivity paradigms (hydrogen‐atom transfer, radical polar crossover, energy transfer sensitization), scalability up to multigram scale, novel selectivities in SET super‐oxidations/reductions and the importance of precomplexation to temporally enable excited radical ion catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Tobias A Karl
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Xianhai Tian
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Joshua Philip Barham
- Universitat Regensburg, Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, 93040, Regensburg, GERMANY
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42
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Xu J, Cao J, Wu X, Wang H, Yang X, Tang X, Toh RW, Zhou R, Yeow EKL, Wu J. Unveiling Extreme Photoreduction Potentials of Donor-Acceptor Cyanoarenes to Access Aryl Radicals from Aryl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13266-13273. [PMID: 34428911 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the seminal work of Zhang in 2016, donor-acceptor cyanoarene-based fluorophores, such as 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN), have been widely applied in photoredox catalysis and used as excellent metal-free alternatives to noble metal Ir- and Ru-based photocatalysts. However, all the reported photoredox reactions involving this chromophore family are based on harnessing the energy from a single visible light photon, with a limited range of redox potentials from -1.92 to +1.79 V vs SCE. Here, we document the unprecedented discovery that this family of fluorophores can undergo consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) to achieve very high reduction potentials. One of the newly synthesized catalysts, 2,4,5-tri(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-6-(ethyl(phenyl)amino)isophthalonitrile (3CzEPAIPN), possesses a long-lived (12.95 ns) excited radical anion form, 3CzEPAIPN•-*, which can be used to activate reductively recalcitrant aryl chlorides (Ered ≈ -1.9 to -2.9 V vs SCE) under mild conditions. The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in synthetically valuable aromatic C-B, C-P, and C-C bond formation to furnish arylboronates, arylphosphonium salts, arylphosphonates, and spirocyclic cyclohexadienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Jilei Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Xiaona Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Ren Wei Toh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Rong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Edwin K L Yeow
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
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Chen YX, Wang ZJ, Xiao JA, Chen K, Xiang HY, Yang H. Visible-Light-Driven Sulfonation of α-Trifluoromethylstyrenes: Access to Densely Functionalized CF 3-Substituted Tertiary Alcohol. Org Lett 2021; 23:6558-6562. [PMID: 34342456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a visible-light-induced sulfonation of α-trifluoromethylstyrenes with sodium sulfinates, which provides a series of α-trifluoromethyl-β-sulfonyl tertiary alcohols. This new synthetic protocol is enabled by a charge-transfer complex between oxygen and sulfinates, featuring broad substrate scope and scalability. Excellent functional group compatibility and chemoselectivity render this method suitable for sulfonation of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. In the presence of D2O, deuteriotrifluorinated products were also obtained, further demonstrating the flexibility and synthetic potentials of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhu-Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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Chmiel AF, Williams OP, Chernowsky CP, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Non-innocent Radical Ion Intermediates in Photoredox Catalysis: Parallel Reduction Modes Enable Coupling of Diverse Aryl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10882-10889. [PMID: 34255971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a photocatalytic system that elicits potent photoreductant activity from conventional photocatalysts by leveraging radical anion intermediates generated in situ. The combination of an isophthalonitrile photocatalyst and sodium formate promotes diverse aryl radical coupling reactions from abundant but difficult to reduce aryl chloride substrates. Mechanistic studies reveal two parallel pathways for substrate reduction both enabled by a key terminal reductant byproduct, carbon dioxide radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyah F Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Colleen P Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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