1
|
Loiseau M, Cottenet J, François-Purssell I, Bechraoui-Quantin S, Jud A, Gilard-Pioc S, Quantin C. Hospitalization for physical child abuse: Associated medical factors and medical history since birth. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106482. [PMID: 37776729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical abuse often begins at a very young age and sometimes results in serious or fatal injuries. It is crucial to diagnose physical abuse as early as possible to protect this vulnerable population. OBJECTIVE To study the factors associated with the first hospitalization for physical abuse from birth to the infant's first birthday in France. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We included all singleton children born in a hospital setting in France between 2009 and 2013, who were identified from the French national information system database (SNDS). METHODS To study factors associated with the first hospitalization for physical abuse during the first year after birth, we used the Fine and Gray regression model. Factors included in the multivariate model were the infant's sex, prematurity, neonatal conditions, the number of hospitalizations (at least two), medical consultations and complementary universal health insurance (proxy for family precariousness and socio-economic vulnerability). RESULTS Over the 2009-2013 period, among 3,432,921 newborn singletons, 903 (0.026 %) were hospitalized for physical abuse in the year following birth. Among the factors associated with physical abuse, such as prematurity (aHR = 2.2[1.8-2.7]), male sex (aHR = 1.3[1.2-1.5]), or having had at least two hospitalizations (aHR = 1.7[1.4-2.1]), we found that complementary universal health insurance coverage was the factor most associated (aHR = 4.1[3.5-4.7]) with being hospitalized for physical abuse. CONCLUSION These findings could help introduce preventative measures for infant protection in certain groups, such as parents of infants born prematurely, especially if they are in a precarious situation. This study also suggests that particular attention should be paid to infants who have been hospitalized at least two times in the first year of life, whatever the reason.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Loiseau
- Forensic Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Dijon, France; Inserm, UMR 1231, Lipides Nutrition Cancer, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France
| | - Jonathan Cottenet
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | | | - Sonia Bechraoui-Quantin
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), University Hospital, Dijon, France; Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Fetal Medicine, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Andreas Jud
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany, School of Social Work, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Switzerland; Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Social Work, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Séverine Gilard-Pioc
- Forensic Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Dijon, France; Cabinet d'Expertises Médicales, Belgium
| | - Catherine Quantin
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), University Hospital, Dijon, France; Inserm, CIC 1432, Dijon, France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, High-Dimensional Biostatistics 22 for Drug Safety and Genomics, CESP, Villejuif, France; Dijon University Hospital, Clinical Investigation Center, 20 Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wadji DL, Oe M, Cheng P, Bartoli E, Martin-Soelch C, Pfaltz MC, Langevin R. Associations between experiences of childhood maltreatment and perceived acceptability of child maltreatment: A cross-cultural and exploratory study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 143:106270. [PMID: 37301113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acceptable parental behaviors and practices toward a child vary across countries and may impact the risk of exposure to maltreatment. Conversely, prior experiences of maltreatment as a child may influence the acceptability of child maltreatment (CM) behaviors. OBJECTIVE This exploratory study examined the association between CM experiences and perceived acceptability of CM using data from four countries representing different cultures, living standards, and gross national income. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We recruited a convenience sample of 478 adults from Cameroon (n = 111), Canada (n = 137), Japan (n = 108), and Germany (n = 122) through online postings on social media. METHODS We administered questionnaires and conducted a three-stage hierarchical multiple regression with perceived acceptability of CM subscales as the dependent variable. RESULTS In all countries, higher scores of childhood neglect were associated with greater perceived acceptability of neglect in one's community (p < .001). Equally, our results showed that higher scores of childhood neglect or sexual abuse were associated with greater perceived acceptability of sexual abuse (p < .044). However, we did not find a significant relationship between other forms of CM (i.e., physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, exposure to domestic violence), and their perceived acceptability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that experiences of some CM types, namely neglect and sexual abuse, may be associated with the perception that these are more acceptable within one's community. Perceived acceptability of CM might be a driver that can either prevent or perpetuate CM. Therefore, intervention and prevention programs could incorporate a deeper cross-cultural understanding and assessment of these social norms in order to foster meaningful behavioral changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dany Laure Wadji
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Misari Oe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Polly Cheng
- Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences of the Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eleonora Bartoli
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Canada
| | | | - Monique C Pfaltz
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Rachel Langevin
- Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences of the Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aldharman SS, Alrasheed LS, Alotaibi WS, Alqahtani AM, Bajrai RM, Saleheen H, Almuneef MA. Determining the Prevalence of Child Maltreatment Among Young Adults in Saudi Arabia Using ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool. Cureus 2023; 15:e38531. [PMID: 37288199 PMCID: PMC10243391 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Child maltreatment is an important public health issue, thus determining its prevalence is critical to recognize the extent of the problem and mandate efforts to combat child abuse. We aimed to investigate child maltreatment prevalence among special populations of young adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods We used the retrospective version of the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool (ICAST-R). The survey included Saudi students of both genders aged between 18 to 24 years old and attending King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS). The questionnaire was provided electronically using Survey Monkey (Momentive Global Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA). Results A total of 713 students completed all sections of the questionnaire. The prevalence of any type of child maltreatment was estimated to be 42%. Physical abuse was the most prevalent (51.1%), followed by emotional abuse (49.9%), lack of protection and safety (38%), and sexual abuse (29.6%). The most common form of physical abuse was being hit or punched at 77.5% followed by 'beaten very hard with an object' at 58.8% while touching was the most common form of sexual abuse at 68.7%, and only 13.7% encountered penetrating form of sexual abuse. In comparison to female victims, male victims were more likely to be physically abused (odds ratio (OR)=1.5; confidence interval (CI)=1.1-2.0). Participants who lived with a single parent were more likely to be victims of a lack of protection and safety than those who lived with both parents (OR=1.9; CI=1.0-3.7). Most participants reported the abuse to occur after the age of nine years, and the perpetrator was the parents in 17.5% of cases. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated a high prevalence of child maltreatment among the young adult population in Saudi Arabia. It is vital to obtain more information on the prevalence and risk factors of child maltreatment in various populations and regions of Saudi Arabia to raise awareness and improve services for the victims of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Aldharman
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Lina S Alrasheed
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Wed S Alotaibi
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Asma M Alqahtani
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Reem M Bajrai
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Hassan Saleheen
- Epidemiology and Public Health, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Maha A Almuneef
- Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, Riyadh, SAU
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jarczok M, Lange S, Meinck F, Witt A, Clemens V, Fegert JM, Jud A. Widening epidemiological data on the prevalence of child maltreatment: Validation of the German ICAST-R in a student sample and national household survey. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 137:106038. [PMID: 36706613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of instruments for measuring child maltreatment (CM) prevalence have repeatedly been used across different countries. Although they hold the potential for providing benchmarks to tackle the gap of lacking comparability of CM prevalence across countries, contextual information about the adverse experiences such as perpetrator, chronicity, frequency, or severity are rarely covered. The ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Retrospective (ICAST-R) covers these important dimensions. The German version increases the number of available versions to 21 different languages. Spoken by about 120 million people, German is one of the 20 most prevalent languages around the world. Moreover, the ICAST-R is intended to be used with young adults. This study further aims at adding towards the gap of psychometrics in older age groups. METHODS Analyses are based on both a sample of German students (n = 333) and a nationally representative household survey (n = 2515). The validation process covered six steps: (1) Analyses of missing data on single items, (2) calculation of descriptive statistics to estimate the prevalence CM as well as subjective severity and main perpetrators. (3) Structural validity of the four conceptualized subtypes of CM (neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse and sexual abuse) was tested using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Next (4), equivalence testing by multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) on age groups was conducted within the representative sample; (5) reliability was tested by determining internal consistencies for each subscale via the McDonald's Omega, Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20), and Cronbach's alpha. Lastly (6), criterion validity was tested in regression models comparing depressive/anxious symptomatology for single victimization and polyvictimization. RESULTS The German ICAST-R yielded low missing values items in both samples. 16 % of the participants in the national household survey reported neglect, 20.3 % physical abuse, 22.2 % emotional abuse, and 8.6 % sexual abuse. Polyvictimization was prevalent with 20.6 % of subjects reporting >2 types of CM. Students in the pilot-survey reported much higher prevalence estimates than participants in the nationally representative sample. The types of CM subjectively rated as most harmful were emotional abuse and sexual abuse. In both samples, structural validity was similarly confirmed as CFA was reproducing the four conceptualized subtypes of CM with adequate fit (household survey: CFI 0.919, TLI 0.907, RMSEA 0.017, SRMR 0.046). Internal consistency achieved acceptable and comparable values for all three types of coefficients; criterion validity was established with a significant dose-response effect of CM experiences on both anxiety and depressive symptoms/diagnoses. Age dependent analyses on structural validity (MGCFA) and reliability in the household survey revealed potential weaknesses of items. CONCLUSION The German version of the ICAST-R both widens the possibility of international CM prevalence comparison and provides novel epidemiological data for Germany on subjective severity of CM and CM perpetrators. Even in the presence of a marked selection bias, the ICAST-R had similarly good psychometric properties in the student and nationally representative household sample. Except for issues with two items, equivalence testing was comparable across age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Jarczok
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Lange
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Competence Area Mental Health Prevention in the Competence Network Preventive Medicine Baden-Württemberg, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andreas Witt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vera Clemens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Competence Area Mental Health Prevention in the Competence Network Preventive Medicine Baden-Württemberg, Ulm, Germany; Competence Center Child Abuse and Neglect com.can, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Jud
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Competence Center Child Abuse and Neglect com.can, Ulm, Germany; School of Social Work, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim Y, Park A, Murphy J. Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health: Evidence From College Students in Korea. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:3011-3029. [PMID: 35584536 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are concerning exposures that may have detrimental effects on mental health. Much of the prior evidence on ACEs comes from the U.S and western developed countries. In light of the limited knowledge of ACEs in other social contexts and the interconnection among adversities, this study aims to identify distinct patterns of co-occurring ACEs and examines the associations between those adversities and mental health in South Korea. We used data from a national sample of Korean college students recruited via non-probability quota sampling in 2019 (N = 1037). The dependent variables included three measures of mental health assessed by the Brief Symptom Inventory depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and somatization symptoms. The independent variable was the patterns of ACEs identified using 14 indicators of childhood adversity. We conducted a Latent Class Analysis with a distal outcome, using the Bolck, Croons, and Hagenaars method. The analysis found four patterns of ACEs: extreme adversity (8%), family violence (20.3%), economic adversity (10.4%), and low adversity (61.3%). The extreme adversity group exhibited multiple exposures, including interpersonal violence in home environments, economic hardship, and bullying victimization by peers. The results suggest that the extreme adversity and family violence groups showed significantly worse mental health symptoms than the economic adversity and low adversity groups. Also, the extreme adversity group reported significantly higher levels of depression symptoms and somatization symptoms than the family violence group. This study expands the current understanding of ACEs and their harmful effects on mental health in young adulthood specific to Korea while comparing them with other social contexts. Researchers and practitioners should recognize the co-occurrence of child adversities, rather than overestimating sole adversity, to develop effective strategies for promoting mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- School of Social Work, 6889Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Aely Park
- Department of Social Welfare, 65380Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- School of Social Work, 6889Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li X, Wang X, Sun L, Hu Y, Xia L, Wang S, Guo C, Shi Y, Yuan X, Zhang K, Liu H. Associations between childhood maltreatment and suicidal ideation in depressed adolescents: The mediating effect of alexithymia and insomnia. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 135:105990. [PMID: 36527985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with depression appear to experience higher levels of childhood maltreatment (CM) and suicidal behaviour. However, no studies have discussed the factors through which CM influences suicidal ideation (SI) in adolescents with depression. The present study examined the effects of alexithymia and insomnia on the relationship between CM and SI in a population of Chinese adolescents with depression. METHODS A total of 262 adolescents with depression (198 females) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, the Insomnia Severity Index, and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation. RESULTS With the exception of sexual abuse (SA), four types of CM were associated with SI in depressed individuals. The highest incidence was found for physical neglect (PN) (65.27 %). Alexithymia and insomnia were both positively associated with SI. Externally oriented thinking (EOT) and insomnia had significant mediating effects on the relationship between emotional abuse (EA) and SI. EOT and insomnia also had significant mediating effects on the relationship between physical neglect (PN) and SI. LIMITATIONS The major limitations of this study include the impacts of cross-sectional studies and recall bias on the results. CONCLUSIONS Alexithymia and insomnia have an impact on SI in adolescents with depression who have experienced CM. Therefore, we should be aware of the impact of alexithymia and insomnia on depression patients. Rates of suicide among adolescents with depression should be reduced by identifying targeted measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Fourth People's Hospital in Wuhu, Wuhu 241002, China; Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China
| | - Xixin Wang
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China; Fuyang Third People's Hospital, Fuyang 236000, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China; School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China
| | - Yudong Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China; School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoping Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China; School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China; School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, China.
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China; School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Feng JY, Hwa HL, Shen ACT, Hsieh YP, Wei HS, Huang CY. Patterns and trajectories of children's maltreatment experiences in Taiwan: Latent transition analysis of a nationally representative longitudinal study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 135:105951. [PMID: 36395698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the patterns of child maltreatment change over time and vary according to gender and child protective services (CPS) experience in Taiwan. OBJECTIVE To examine the latent status and the trajectories of child maltreatment and to identify effects that gender and CPS have on these statuses and trajectories in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A national proportionately stratified sample of 6233 4th-grade students were recruited from 314 elementary schools in Taiwan, and followed up at 6th and 8th graders. A total of 1908 students completed valid data at all three time points was analyzed. METHODS Latent class analysis and latent transition analysis were used to identify the number of latent variables and the patterns of child maltreatment. Multiple-group model was used to test with gender difference. RESULTS Four latent maltreatment statuses were identified: high all maltreatment, high psychological maltreatment, high neglect, and no/low maltreatment. A reduction in maltreatment severity occurred over time was found. The percentage of students in the "high all maltreatment" and "high neglect" groups decreased whereas those in the "high psychological maltreatment" and "no/low maltreatment" groups increased. Differences in the transition probabilities of latent maltreatment status by gender was revealed. The percentage of CPS recipients in the "high all maltreatment" decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the dynamic nature of child maltreatment and described the timing, continuity, and change that characterizes children's exposure to maltreatment in Taiwan. Policies and interventions geared toward early detection, mitigation, and prevention of child maltreatment are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ying Feng
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Rd., Tainan 70403, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Lin Hwa
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 1, Jen Ai Rd., Taipei 10051, Taiwan; The National Taiwan University Children and Family Research Center, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - April Chiung-Tao Shen
- The National Taiwan University Children and Family Research Center, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Social Work, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ping Hsieh
- Department of Social Work, University of North Dakota, 225 Centennial Drive, Stop 7135, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
| | - Hsi-Sheng Wei
- Department of Social Work, College of Social Sciences, National Taipei University, 151, University Rd., San Shia District, New Taipei City 23741, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yu Huang
- School of Psychology, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khan I, Dar IA, Bano S, Iqbal N. Gender Differences in Childhood Maltreatment: A Comparative Study of Nightmare Sufferers and Non-sufferers. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:483-491. [PMID: 34790282 PMCID: PMC8586107 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-020-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment has been identified as a significant problem, both within India and outside. According to UNICEF, over the last decade, there has been a growing recognition about this, but the problem has remained unresolved largely due to being underreported and undocumented. Previous research in this area has reported inconsistent gender differences across the world. Besides, there are shreds of evidence to suggest that childhood maltreatment would be associated with nightmares later in life, but a handful of studies exist in this context. Moreover, there is a paucity of research concerning the interaction effect of gender and group (nightmare sufferer vs non-sufferer) on childhood maltreatment. Owing to the insufficient research and inconsistent findings, the present study aimed to investigate gender differences in childhood maltreatment among nightmare sufferers as compared to non-sufferers. A total of 120 participants were selected from New Delhi. The results of two-way ANOVA suggest that the nightmares later in life would be associated with the abuse and neglect experienced during childhood as nightmare sufferer group reported having higher rates of child abuse and neglect than non-sufferers. It also suggests that male participants in general experience childhood maltreatment more than females; however, emotional abuse was experienced by males only if they belonged to the nightmare sufferer group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irum Khan
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Imtiyaz Ahmad Dar
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Samina Bano
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Naved Iqbal
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
ATEŞ MY, KOÇ EM, AKSOY H. THE EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD ABUSE AND NEGLECT ON ANXIETY, ANXIETY SENSITIVITY AND ACADEMIC SUCCESS: A UNIVERSITY SAMPLE. KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.17517/ksutfd.977406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
10
|
Lee MHM, Ganapathy S, Low SM, Chua CLQ, Chong SL, Ma E, Wong PCY. A review of child sexual abuse cases presenting to a paediatric emergency department. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2021; 50:527-535. [PMID: 34342333 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2021127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Child sexual abuse (CSA) adversely affects a child's growth and well-being. This study aimed to describe the profile of children presenting to a tertiary paediatric emergency department(ED) with CSA. METHODS Children 0-16 years old presenting to KK Women's and Children's Hospital ED from June 2016 to August 2020 with sexual abuse were retrospectively reviewed. We performed a secondary analysis on girls and stratified them by age <13 and ≥13 years old. RESULTS There were 790 patients who made 833 visits for CSA. Victims were predominantly girls (747, 94.8%) and perpetrators were predominantly men (763, 96.6%). The abuse first occurred before the age of 13 years in 315 victims (39.9%). For 468 (59.2%), more than one incident occurred before presentation. Compared to girls ≥13 years old, girls <13 years old were more frequently abused by a family member (47.7% versus 8.0%, P<0.001) and abused in their own home (55.7% vs 21.0%, P<0.001). Among all children, parental divorce and the absence of one or both biological parents in the household were prevalent, with 287/783 (36.7%) having divorced parents, and only 374/784 (47.8%) residing with both biological parents. CONCLUSION The findings highlight common characteristics of CSA cases, and can aid the future identification and protection of vulnerable children. The fact that most children presented after more than one incident suggests the need to more closely monitor and protect potentially at-risk children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene H M Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Salem M, Dargham SR, Kamal M, Eldeeb N, Alyafei KA, Lynch MA, Mian M, Mahfoud ZR. Effect of gender on childhood maltreatment in the state of Qatar: Retrospective study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 101:104314. [PMID: 31896531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International maltreatment studies show a range of results for overall rates of child maltreatment and gender differences. The ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools (ICAST) were designed to reduce variability in data collection. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of gender on the experiences of discipline and maltreatment in childhood among young people in Qatar, informingpractice and policy development. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A representative sample of Qatari youth aged between 18 and 24 years were identified using a cross sectional random household survey. The total number of subjects was 697 of whom 46.8% were male. METHODS Participants self-administered the ICAST-R (retrospective), which includes questions about exposure below the age of 18 to potentially abusive physical, psychological and sexual behaviors. Verbal consent was obtained following an introductory explanation and assurance ofconfidentiality. RESULTS At least one form of physical abuse was reported by 22.1% of participants and was significantly higher among males (28.2%) than females (16.7%) p<0.001). A trend for greater abuse was identified among boys aged over five which become statistically significant between 10 -13 years (p=0.001). For psychological abuse the overall rates were very similar, 16.2% for girls and 15.0% for boys. Only 17 (2.5%) of participants reported sexual abuse, with no statistically significant gender difference. CONCLUSIONS Physical, psychological and sexual abuse all occur in Qatar. This study demonstrates the importance of identifying the role of gender and age when exploring the extent and nature of maltreatment in a population. It allows for better targeting of preventative action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansoura Salem
- Suez Canal University, Egypt & Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiménez-Borja M, Jiménez-Borja V, Borja-Alvarez T, Jiménez-Mosquera CAJ, Murgueitio J. Prevalence of child maltreatment in Ecuador using the ICAST-R. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104230. [PMID: 31722265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While the link between childhood experiences of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and mental health problems has been largely studied, there is limited information regarding the prevalence of child maltreatment in developing countries, particularly in South America. The present study is an effort to investigate the prevalence of child maltreatment in Ecuador using the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Retrospective version (ICAST-R). METHOD A student sample (males = 1579; females = 1554) from the seven largest universities in Quito, Ecuador, completed the ICAST-R. RESULTS Our findings indicate that 69.6 % of participants experienced child maltreatment. Physical abuse was reported by 47.6 % of respondents; this commonly involved being beaten by parents. Emotional maltreatment was reported by 53 % of the participants; mostly through insults by same-sex peers and parents. Sexual abuse was reported by 15.5 % of the participants. The most prevalent forms of sexual abuse included being coerced into touching another person's genitals, having their genitals touched by others, or having someone expose their genitals to them. Sexual abuse was more prevalent amongst females (males = 12.9 %; females = 18.1 %, OR = 1.49; CI = 1.22-1.81), and physical abuse was more prevalent amongst males (males = 50.5 %; females = 44.6 %, OR = 0.79; CI = 0.69-0.91). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows evidence of a high prevalence of child maltreatment in Ecuador. We also identify significant gender differences in the type of abuse experienced, and in the context in which this abuse takes place. These results are important given the negative consequences of child maltreatment. More research applying ICAST to different populations is recommended to further validate the present findings and facilitate international comparisons.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang K, Qu X, Li C, Tan S. Childhood sexual abuse, risky sexual behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes among Chinese college students. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 84:123-130. [PMID: 30086418 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious public health problem worldwide. OBJECTIVES We reported the prevalence of CSA and examined its association with risky sexual behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes among college students in China. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 17,966 college students from 130 colleges in Eastern, Central, and Western China, who completed the online questionnaire in January-August 2015. METHODS Data were obtained from a cluster-random Internet-based survey. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed: risky sexual behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes were outcome variables, and various types of CSA were predictor variables, while adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics. RESULTS The overall prevalence of any type of CSA was 27.5%. Most perpetrators were friends/acquaintances (34.6%) or intimate partners (24.7%) of the victims. Respondents who reported penetrative CSA were strongly associated with regular unprotected sex (odds ratio (OR): 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2-4.0), early sexual debut (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.3-9.1), having genital tract symptoms in the last 12 months (OR: 5.0, 95% CI: 4.1-6.0), unintended pregnancy (OR: 6.2, 95% CI: 4.2-9.0), and induced abortion (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.7-8.2) (for boys, the survey asked about history of unintended pregnancy and induced abortion of their sexual partners). A dose-response relationship was found across non-contact, contact, and penetrative CSA. CONCLUSIONS CSA experience may increase the likelihood of risky sexual behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes in victims' early adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueqi Qu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Tan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chandraratne NK, Fernando AD, Gunawardena N. Cultural adaptation, translation and validation of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Retrospective Version (ICAST-R) for young adults in Sri Lanka. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 84:11-22. [PMID: 30036689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to adapt and validate the ISPCAN child abuse screening tool-retrospective version (ICAST-R) in Sri Lanka with a view to investigating the experiences of physical, sexual and emotional abuse during childhood. The adaptation was performed using qualitative research methods with young adults, parents, teachers, and a multidisciplinary group of experts. The translation to Sinhala (the local Sri Lankan dialect) was carried out by a nominal group technique. A multidisciplinary team of experts assessed the Sinhala ICAST-R (SICAST-R) for its content validity. Moreover, acceptability, reliability and construct validity were determined by conducting a validation study among 200 schooling young adults. The principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to assess the construct validity. Response rates for each item were taken as evidence of acceptability. The internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest reliability after two weeks was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient. The adaptation of ICAST-R included the introduction of an objective manner by which to measure severity of abuse and the inclusion of a set of questions regarding help-seeking behavior following physical and emotional abusive experiences. The SICAST-R showed adequate content validity and high acceptability, with response rates ranging from 90.3% to 99.5%. The minimum Cohen's kappa coefficient was 0.76, indicating good test-retest reliability. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) for the total tool was 0.708, with the three constructs being 0.398, 0.844 and 0.637 for physical, sexual and emotional abuse, respectively. The PCA demonstrated good reproducibility for sexual and emotional abuse with the hypothesized structure. Overall, the SICAST-R showed adequate validity for the assessment of experiences of physical, sexual and emotional abuse during childhood among Sri Lankan young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeka K Chandraratne
- Ministry of Health, Nutrition & Indigenous Medicine, Suwasiripaya, No 38, Rev. Baddegama Wimalawansa Thero Mawatha, Colombo 10, Sri Lanka.
| | - Asvini D Fernando
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - Nalika Gunawardena
- Dept. of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Prino LE, Longobardi C, Settanni M. Young Adult Retrospective Reports of Adverse Childhood Experiences: Prevalence of Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Abuse in Italy. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:1769-1778. [PMID: 29380089 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to understand the prevalence of childhood abuse in Italy using an instrument developed by the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) and adapted to the Italian context. The study participants were 312 young adults, 106 males (34%), and 206 females (64%), aged 18-24 years, from various northwest Italian universities and workplaces, using an ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool retrospective questionnaire (ICAST-R). With reference to comparative data from other countries, the Italian context reveals a high incidence of emotional abuse (62%) followed by physical abuse (44%) and sexual abuse (18%). While males reported more physical abuse, females reported more exposure to sexual and emotional abuse. Moreover, the validity of the ICAST instrument was evaluated. The internal consistency for the three subscales was similar to the findings of previous studies, with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.51 for emotional abuse to 0.59 for sexual abuse. We observe that children undergo forms of emotional and physical maltreatment for disciplinary purposes, and for this reason, such abuse is excused. Greater prevention measures should be adopted in this direction. Finally, our study has contributed to the validation of the ICAST-R instrument for use in the Italian context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elvira Prino
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Longobardi
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy.
| | - Michele Settanni
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Boudreau CL, Kress H, Rochat RW, Yount KM. Correlates of disclosure of sexual violence among Kenyan youth. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 79:164-172. [PMID: 29459242 PMCID: PMC6091645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual violence (SV) against children is a global health and human rights issue that can have short and long-term consequences for health and wellbeing. Disclosing SV increases the likelihood that children can access health and protective services and receive psychosocial support. Research in high-income countries has found that child SV survivors are more likely to disclose when they are girls/women, experience fewer SV events, and experience SV perpetrated by a stranger. No studies have examined correlates of SV disclosure in Kenya. OBJECTIVE The objective of this research was to assess the correlates of disclosing SV among Kenyan youth ages 13-24 who reported an SV experience before age 18. METHODS In 2010, the Kenya Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Division of Violence Prevention, the UNICEF Kenya Country Office, and the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) conducted a national survey of violence against children. These data were used to conduct weighted logistic regression analyses to determine which factors were correlated with reporting SV disclosure. RESULTS Among the 27.8% of girls/women and 14.5% of boys/men who reported SV before age 18, 44.6% of girls/women and 28.2% of boys/men reported to have disclosed the experience. In weighted logistic regression analysis, the odds of disclosure were lower among survivors who were boys/men and among survivors who reported more SV events, and higher when any perpetrator was a family member. CONCLUSION More context-specific research on SV disclosure among young people is needed globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Boudreau
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Hubert Department of Global Health, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Howard Kress
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA.
| | - Roger W Rochat
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Hubert Department of Global Health, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Yount
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Hubert Department of Global Health, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory University, Department of Sociology, 1555 Dickey Dr., 225 Tarbutton Hall, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Koç EM, Şahin Dağlı F, Aksakal FN, Aksoy H, Kahveci R, Ayhan Başer D, Meads C, Özkara A. Exploring Prevalence of Child Abuse: Use of ICAST-Retrospective Instrument with the First Year Medical Students in a University. KONURALP TIP DERGISI 2018. [DOI: 10.18521/ktd.382958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
18
|
Emery CR, Yoo J, Lieblich A, Hansen R. After the Escape: Physical Abuse of Offspring, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and the Legacy of Political Violence in the DPRK. Violence Against Women 2018; 24:999-1022. [PMID: 29332541 DOI: 10.1177/1077801217731540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
What is the relationship between victimization by political violence against women in North Korea and later physical abuse of offspring? This article examines the relationships between victimization by political violence, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol abuse/dependence, and abuse of offspring after arrival in South Korea. A random sample of 204 female North Korean defectors was used to test hypotheses. An oral history conducted with a survivor of North Korean political violence is provided in an appendix to contextualize the results. Analyses established a significant link between previous victimization by political violence and abuse of offspring but not mediation by either PTSD or alcohol abuse/dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clifton R Emery
- 1 University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,2 Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieun Yoo
- 2 Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Charak R, de Jong JTVM, Berckmoes LH, Ndayisaba H, Reis R. Assessing the factor structure of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and cumulative effect of abuse and neglect on mental health among adolescents in conflict-affected Burundi. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 72:383-392. [PMID: 28917188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the factor structure of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein & Fink, 1998), highlight rates of abuse and neglect among Burundian adolescents, compare these rates with those found in high-income nations, and examine the cumulative effect of multiple types of abuse and neglect on depression and PTSD symptoms. Participants were 231 adolescents and youth (M=14.9, SD=1.99, 58.4% female) from five provinces of Burundi, a country in Central Africa affected by war and political violence. Translation and back-translation of the CTQ was carried out to obtain an adaptation of CTQ in Kirundi, the native language of Burundi. With the exception of one item on 'molestation' in the factor of sexual abuse, the five-factor structure of CTQ was obtained comprising latent factors, namely emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect. The rate of abuse and neglect ranged from 14.7-93.5% with more than 37% reporting 4 or more types of abuse and neglect experiences. Emotional abuse and neglect, and physical neglect were 2-3 times higher among Burundian adolescents when compared with studies from high-income countries using the CTQ. A cumulative effect of multiple types of abuse and neglect was found, such that, those with 4 or more types of maltreatment were higher on symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress. Findings highlight the need for culturally sensitive, standardized, and validated measures and norms for gauging childhood maltreatment in Burundi and related need for preventative interventions on childhood maltreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Charak
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA.
| | - J T V M de Jong
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lidewyde H Berckmoes
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ria Reis
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, The Netherlands; The Children's Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim C. The impact of perceived childhood victimization and patriarchal gender ideology on intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Korean immigrant women in the USA. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 70:82-91. [PMID: 28599125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Childhood victimization experiences are common among intimate partner violence (IPV) victims. This study examines the link between childhood physical and sexual victimization experiences and adulthood IPV among Korean immigrant women in the USA. As Korean immigrants often use physical punishment to discipline their children, and reporting sexual abuse is discouraged due to stigmatization in this community, cultural factors (e.g. patriarchal values) related to childhood victimization and IPV were also examined. Survey data from Korean immigrant women in the USA were collected. Using a case-control design, we compared 64 Korean immigrant women who have experienced IPV in the past year with 63 Korean immigrant women who have never experienced IPV in their lifetime. The findings of this study reveal that IPV victims, compared with non-victims, experienced higher childhood victimization rates. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that childhood victimization and patriarchal gender ideology strongly predict IPV victimization among Korean immigrants. However, patriarchal values did not moderate the relationship between childhood victimization and IPV. To prevent IPV among Korean immigrant population, we need to make special efforts to prevent childhood abuse and change ingrained cultural attitudes about child physical and sexual abuse among immigrant communities through culturally sensitive programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunrye Kim
- Sociology and Criminal Justice Department, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Ave, Philadelphia PA 19131, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim J. Effects of community-based group music therapy for children exposed to ongoing child maltreatment & poverty in South Korea: A block randomized controlled trial. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
22
|
Simsek E, Guney SA, Baysal SU. A retrospective study with ICAST-R (ispcan child abuse screening tools-retrospective) questionnaire for determination of child abuse in first year medical students in Turkish population. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:125-133. [PMID: 28460367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) is an important problem both in Turkey and worldwide. Unfortunately, we still don't have enough and reliable data on this important subject. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of childhood maltreatment in a population of first year medical students in a Turkish university using the retrospective version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool (ICAST-R). One hundred seventy three first year medical students, aged between 18 and 24 years, who agreed to complete the ICAST-R questionnaire, were recruited in our study. Of 173 students who completed the survey, 51.4% are found to be subjected to at least one type of child abuse (physical, emotional or sexual). The prevalence is higher in male gender and the difference is statistically significant. Physical, emotional and sexual abuse exposure rates are found to be 23.1%, 40.5% and 11% respectively. Physical and emotional abuse rates are higher in male gender and the difference is statistically significant. We did not find any statistically significant association between gender and sexual abuse. Efforts to prevent child abuse and neglect are growing in our country, as they are worldwide. However, child abuse is still common and a problematic issue. It is important to determine the prevalence of child abuse in order to raise awareness. We need further studies investigating not only prevalence but also risk factors to have reliable data for our country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Simsek
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sevay Alsen Guney
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Serpil Ugur Baysal
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social Pediatrics, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sofuoğlu Z, Sariyer G, Aydin F, Cankardas S, Kandemirci B. Child Abuse and Neglect Among Children Who Drop Out of School: A Study in Izmir, Turkey. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 31:589-598. [PMID: 27331866 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2016.1160343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Child abuse and neglect (CAN), and dropping out of school have long been recognized as pervasive social problems globally, and Turkey is no exception. This study aims to explore the prevalence and incidence of CAN in children who drop out of school of Turkey, using the ISPCAN Child abuse Screening Tool, Children's Version, which is an appropriate tool for multinational comparisons. Data from a convenience sample of children who drop out of school age 11, 13, and 16 from Izmir were collected either by interviews or by self-completion. The results show that, compared to children who do not drop out of school, children who drop out of school have higher rates of psychological and physical abuse and neglect within the family. This study not only highlights the need for preventive laws for CAN and dropping out of school, but also points to direction for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Sofuoğlu
- a Association of Emergency Ambulance Physicians , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Görkem Sariyer
- b Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Yasar University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Fulya Aydin
- a Association of Emergency Ambulance Physicians , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Sinem Cankardas
- a Association of Emergency Ambulance Physicians , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Birsu Kandemirci
- a Association of Emergency Ambulance Physicians , Izmir , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Song J, Morash M. Materialistic Desires or Childhood Adversities as Explanations for Girls' Trading Sex for Benefits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2016; 60:62-81. [PMID: 25053795 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x14543769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates whether high school and younger South Korean girls trade sex with middle-aged men for benefits due to cultural emphasis on materialism/consumerism, childhood adversities, or both. This form of prostitution, referred to as "compensated dating," is common in economically developed East Asian Countries, where there is debate about its causes. Purposeful sampling was used to select a diverse group of 25 girls who described involvement in compensated dating, and a life calendar method was used to guide the interview. The rich data were subjected to thematic analysis to show the nature of prostitution involvement, precursors, and motivations. Data analysis revealed that sole reliance on materialistic desire as an explanation of prostitution obscures the influence of peer pressure and family dysfunction. Findings suggest the need for social services rather than punitive responses to girls involved in compensated dating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Song
- Korean Institute of Criminology, Seoul, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Emery CR, Eremina T, Yang HL, Yoo C, Yoo J, Jang JK. Protective Informal Social Control of Child Maltreatment and Child Abuse Injury in Seoul. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2015; 30:3324-3339. [PMID: 25392376 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514554422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous findings on the relationship between neighborhood informal social control and child abuse have been mixed. We implemented a scale created by Emery, Trung, and Wu to study protective informal social control of child maltreatment (ISC_CM) by neighbors in a three-stage random cluster sample of 541 families in Seoul, South Korea. Random-effects regression models found that protective ISC_CM significantly moderated the relationship between very severe abuse and child injuries. Very severe abuse was associated with fewer injuries when levels of protective ISC_CM were higher. Implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jieun Yoo
- Yonsei School of Social Welfare, Seoul, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lee MA. Emotional abuse in childhood and suicidality: The mediating roles of re-victimization and depressive symptoms in adulthood. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 44:130-9. [PMID: 25890665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of emotional abuse in childhood, along with physical and sexual abuse, on suicidality in adulthood, and whether and how emotional abuse and depressive symptoms in adulthood mediate the association between the childhood emotional abuse and suicidality. The data were drawn from the 2012 Korean General Social Survey, a nationally representative survey with a multistage area proportional probability sampling method. Random effects regression and the Sobel test were used to analyze the relationships between childhood emotional abuse and suicidality and the mediating effects. Random effects models showed that emotional abuse in childhood was positively associated with suicidality in adulthood, even after controlling for physical and sexual abuse in childhood. Emotional abuse and depressive symptoms in adulthood mediated the association between emotional abuse in childhood and suicidality. Depressive symptoms also mediated between emotional abuse in adulthood and suicidality. These findings suggest that emotional abuse in childhood has indirect harmful effects on suicidality in adulthood. It increases suicidality through higher occurrences of re-victimization and depressive symptoms in adulthood. Practitioners and policy makers should recognize that experiences of emotional abuse in childhood may result in re-victimization in adulthood, which, in turn, lead to suicidality. Early intervention programs to reduce the likelihood of experiencing re-victimization may be critical for people exposed to emotional abuse in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Lee
- Department of Sociology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Charak R, Koot HM. Abuse and neglect in adolescents of Jammu, India: the role of gender, family structure, and parental education. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:590-8. [PMID: 25004808 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the factor structure of the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein & Fink, 1998), and use it to describe the prevalence of abuse and neglect in Indian adolescents, and its associations with gender, family structure (nuclear vs. joint), and level of parental education. Participants were 702 adolescents from Jammu in the age range of 13-17 years (41.5% female). We found acceptance for a four-factor intercorrelated model for the CTQ with emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (5 emotional neglect and 2 physical neglect items) factors following a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Forty-one to sixty-one percent of adolescents reported maltreatment which is higher in comparison with CTQ based studies from the West. Analysis of CFA with covariates (MIMIC model) indicated that males, and adolescents of less educated mothers' and from joint families reported higher abuse and neglect, and sexual abuse, respectively, while fathers' education level was not associated with abuse or neglect. Implications of these findings are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Charak
- VU University Amsterdam, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Hans M Koot
- VU University Amsterdam, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim J, Kim K. Behavioral and musical characteristics of the children who are exposed to child maltreatment and poverty in South Korea: a survey. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:1023-1032. [PMID: 24703825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A preliminary survey was conducted on primary school aged children (N=302) between seven to twelve years of age, who attend the local Community Child Centers (CCC) in the economically deprived areas of Jeollabukdo in South Korea for the purpose of identifying the children who have been exposed to on-going child maltreatment and poverty, and their needs. Both standardized and non-standardized self-report types of surveys were carried out and completed by both the children and the teachers of the CCC. As would be expected, emotional and behavioral problems are more pronounced by the children who are exposed to child maltreatment and poverty compared to the children who were not exposed to these adversities, or who were not poor. The more severely abused children in terms of frequency and co-occurrence of different abuses appear to display more behavioral problems than less severely abused children. Teachers reported that the children who were able to play a musical instrument and had arts therapy experiences appear to have less behavioral problems, particularly delinquent and aggressive behavior in comparison to the children who did not have such ability and experiences. Through the survey, it was possible to identify the children in need of therapeutic intervention and discover clinically relevant information. Clinical implications will be discussed further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Kim
- Department of Arts Therapy, College of Medical Science, Jeonju University, Hyojadong 3 ga, 1200, Wansangu, Jeonju 560-759, South Korea; Arts Therapy Research Center, Research Institute of Health Science, Jeonju University, South Korea
| | - Kwanghyuk Kim
- Department of Social Welfare, College of Social Science, Jeonju University, Hyojadong 3 ga, 1200, Wansangu, Jeonju 560-759, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mc Elroy S, Hevey D. Relationship between adverse early experiences, stressors, psychosocial resources and wellbeing. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:65-75. [PMID: 24011494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The study examined a diathesis stress model of the relationship between adverse child experiences (ACEs), stressors and psychosocial resources to explore their relationship with wellbeing. A cross sectional study was conducted across two mental health and addiction treatment centers. 176 individuals were interviewed using a demographics form, SCID-DSM-IV(First, Spitzer, Gibbon, &Williams, 2002), Child Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein & Fink, 1998), NEO-Five Factor Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Petrides, 2009), The Coping, Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) (Endler & Parker, 1990), Recent Life Events Questionnaire (Department of Health, 1985) and perceived social support from family, friends and religion. Multiple, regressions and correlations were used to analyze the data. All early experiences, except physical, abuse and death of a parent in childhood, were significantly correlated with increased number of, stressors and lower wellbeing scores. This is possibly because of sample specific issues. Number of stressors partially mediated the relationship between ACEs and wellbeing. Increased number of ACEs was related to higher neuroticism and emotion-focused coping and lower conscientiousness, agreeableness, trait emotional intelligence and task coping scores. These resources were significantly related to increased stressors and lower wellbeing. Distraction and emotion coping significantly moderated the relationship between number of stressors and wellbeing. These findings support the diathesis stress model and indicate that there are significant relationships between ACEs, psychosocial, resources, stressors and wellbeing. Recommendations to improve wellbeing are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Mc Elroy
- Research Centre for Psychological Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Aras An Phairsaigh, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Family and Psychosocial Services, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK; St Patrick's University Hospital, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - David Hevey
- Research Centre for Psychological Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Aras An Phairsaigh, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Suarez EB. Two decades later: The resilience and post-traumatic responses of Indigenous Quechua girls and adolescents in the aftermath of the Peruvian armed conflict. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:200-210. [PMID: 23260118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In comparison to other traumatic events, the impact of a childhood during war on resilience later in life has been seldom examined. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the long term outcomes of post-traumatic responses and resilience of a sample of adult Indigenous Quechua women, who were girls or adolescents during the Peruvian armed conflict (1980-1995). METHODS The study instruments (Harvard trauma questionnaire part I and IV; Connor-Davidson resilience scale; life stress questionnaire) were translated to Quechua and cross-culturally validated. A cross sectional survey design was used in 2010 to collect data from a convenience sample of 75 participants (25-45 years old) in Ayacucho, Peru, the region most affected by the conflict. Data was examined using hierarchical regression analyses. RESULTS Participants reported extreme exposure to violence (e.g., sexual violence, torture, combat, death of family members, and forced displacement) during the armed conflict, but surprisingly, only 5.3% reported a current level of symptoms that may indicate a possible post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Resilience scores and number of years exposed to conflict as a child were not associated with PTSD symptoms; instead only the degree of exposure to violence, and current level of stress contributed to the variance of PTSD-related symptoms. Conversely, resilience and current stress contributed to the variance of trauma symptoms when measured by local idioms of distress. CONCLUSIONS Findings should be interpreted with caution, due to limitations in the content validity of instruments, risk of inaccurate recall, use of individual explanations of distress (such as PTSD) for collective experiences of violence, use of non-indigenous frameworks to examine Indigenous resilience, and other methodological concerns. The study however highlights the high degree of traumatic exposure of these former war children. While the prevalence of potential PTSD was astonishingly low in this sample, a number of women still suffer from significant distress two decades after the traumatic events. Therefore, post-conflict interventions should renew efforts to foster the resilience of marginalized populations disproportionately targeted by violence and advocate for enhanced protection of women and children in current armed conflicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Barrios Suarez
- Lyle S. Hallman Faculty of Social Work, Wilfrid Laurier University, 120 Duke Street West, Kitchener, Ontario N2H 3W8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|