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Gerke J, Fegert J, Rassenhofer M, Fegert JM. Organized sexualized and ritual violence: Results from two representative German samples. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 152:106792. [PMID: 38643644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organized sexualized and ritual abuse (ORA), a contentious issue since the 1980s, remains a polarizing topic. Although there is much debate about the existence of this phenomenon, a differentiated perspective is lacking, and no representative study has yet addressed the frequency. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to investigate the frequency of ORA in Germany using two representative datasets. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were collected from representative samples of the German population (N = 2522, N = 2515). Participants aged 16 to 96 years (50 and 53 % female) were recruited. They were selected by a random route procedure and asked to fill out a paper-pencil-questionnaire. METHODS The four aspects of ORA (severe sexual violence, perpetrator networks, commercial exploitation, ideology) were assessed based on the definition provided by an expert group. Additionally, in the second survey, a direct yes/no question about the experience of ORA as well as details on perpetrators and offense characteristics were surveyed. RESULTS Frequency of ORA was low. The direct question on ORA was affirmed by 0.5 % (n = 13), while according to the criteria of the definition, only 0.2 % or less of individuals experienced organized sexualized abuse, and <0.1 % experienced ritual abuse. CONCLUSION Although ORA is discussed thoroughly, frequencies in the German population are low. This may be due to inconsistent terminology and operationalization of definitions with lack of precision. However, an intersection of conspiracy beliefs and the topic of ritual violence sheds another light on this issue that should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Gerke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Germany.
| | - Jonas Fegert
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Miriam Rassenhofer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Germany; Center for Child Protection in Medicine in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Germany; Center for Child Protection in Medicine in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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Amédée LM, Cyr C, Jean-Thorn A, Hébert M. Executive functioning in child victims of sexual abuse: A multi-informant comparative study. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 152:106737. [PMID: 38564916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research examining the association between child sexual abuse and executive functions is limited. Yet, exposure to traumatic situations at a young age has been associated with changes in the prefrontal cortex, which hosts executive functions (Wesarg et al., 2020). These functions are crucial for social adaptation, as they make it possible to inhibit maladaptive behavior and respond flexibly to the demands of the environment. As middle childhood is a sensitive period for the development of self-regulatory abilities, exploring executive functioning in school-age children could provide potential intervention targets (Dajani & Uddin, 2015). OBJECTIVE Using multiple informants, this study compared executive functioning of sexually abused children to that of non-sexually victimized children and examined whether the differences were moderated by sex. METHODS The sample consisted of 225, 6-to-12 years old children with a history of child sexual abuse (CSA) and 97 children without a history of CSA. Children completed two executive functioning tasks measuring cognitive flexibility and inhibition. Parents and teachers completed questionnaires evaluating children's executive functioning. RESULTS In comparison to non-abused children, children with a history of CSA displayed greater executive functioning difficulties as assessed by both informant-reported questionnaires and self-completed tasks. Significant interaction effects were found, such as CSA predicting lower inhibition and executive functions at school in boys but not in girls. CONCLUSION This study is a first step in understanding the association between CSA and executive functioning and offers a clearer picture of the differential impact of sexual trauma according to children's sex.
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Otterman G, Nurmatov UB, Akhlaq A, Korhonen L, Kemp AM, Naughton A, Chalumeau M, Jud A, Vollmer Sandholm MJ, Mora-Theuer E, Moultrie S, Lamela D, Tagiyeva-Milne N, Nelson J, Greenbaum J. Clinical care of childhood sexual abuse: a systematic review and critical appraisal of guidelines from European countries. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024; 39:100868. [PMID: 38420107 PMCID: PMC10899013 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Background The clinical management of Child sexual abuse (CSA) demands specialised skills from healthcare professionals due to its sensitivity, legal implications, and serious physical health and mental health effects. Standardised, comprehensive clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) may be pivotal. In this systematic review, we examined existing CSA national CPGs (NCPGs) from European countries to assess their quality and reporting. Methods We systematically searched six international databases and multiple grey literature sources, reporting by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. Eligible guidelines were CSA guidance from national health agencies or societies in 34 COST Action 19106 Network Countries (CANC), published between January 2012 and November 2022. Two independent researchers searched, screened, reviewed, and extracted data. NCPGs were compared for completeness with reference WHO 2017 and 2019 guidelines. We used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) to appraise quality and reporting. PROSPERO: CRD42022320747. Findings Of 2919 records identified by database searches, none met inclusion criteria. Of 4714 records identified by other methods, 24 NCPGs from 17 (50%) of CANC countries were included. In 17 (50%) of eligible countries, no NCPGs were found. Content varied significantly within and between countries. NCPGs lacked many components in state-of-the art clinical practice compared to WHO reference standards, particularly in safety and risk assessment, interactions with caregivers, and mental health interventions. Appraisal by AGREE II revealed shortcomings in NCPG development, regarding scientific rigour, stakeholder involvement, implementation and evaluation. Interpretation A notable number of European countries lack an NCPG; existing NCPGs often fall short. The healthcare response to CSA in Europe requires a coordinated approach to develop and implement high-quality CPGs. We advocate for a multidisciplinary team to develop a pan-European CSA guideline to ensure quality care for survivors. Funding Funding was provided by the International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Otterman
- Barnafrid and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ulugbek B. Nurmatov
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ather Akhlaq
- Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Barnafrid and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alison M. Kemp
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aideen Naughton
- National Safeguarding Service, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Martin Chalumeau
- Child Protection Unit - Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, France
| | - Andreas Jud
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ulm University Clinics, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Eva Mora-Theuer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Moultrie
- Pediatric Trauma Services, Benioff Children's Hospitals- Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Diogo Lamela
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab (HEI-Lab), Lusófona University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nara Tagiyeva-Milne
- Department of Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Nelson
- Child and Adolescent Sexual Assault Treatment Service, Barnahus West, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jordan Greenbaum
- International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - the COST Action 19106 Research Team
- Barnafrid and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan
- National Safeguarding Service, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Child Protection Unit - Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, France
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ulm University Clinics, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Pediatric Trauma Services, Benioff Children's Hospitals- Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab (HEI-Lab), Lusófona University, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Child and Adolescent Sexual Assault Treatment Service, Barnahus West, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway, Ireland
- International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, Alexandria, VA, USA
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Helpingstine CE, Jadue Zalaquett VC, Murphy CA, Merrick MT, Fickler W, Bernier J, Klika JB. Prevention of child sexual abuse in the United States: Scoping review of United States legislative policies. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 152:106747. [PMID: 38552558 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND States in the United States (US) have passed and enacted legislation for the purpose of preventing child sexual abuse (CSA) since 2000, but it is unknown whether these legislative policies reduce adult-perpetrated CSA. OBJECTIVE Review the literature from 2000 to 2023 to understand which US CSA prevention policies have been evaluated, the effectiveness of these policies, study populations, and barriers and facilitators associated with the implementation of CSA prevention policies. METHODS The study protocol was published prior to undertaking the review: PMC10603531. The review follows Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and is reported according to the PRISMA-ScR Checklist. We searched 27 databases, hand searched reference lists of included studies, and sent notice via listserv to other researchers in the field. Articles were included if the content focused on CSA prevention policies and the effects. No limits to methodology were applied. Methodological rigor was assessed. RESULTS 2209 potentially relevant articles were identified; 20 articles advanced to full-text review, three satisfied the inclusion criteria. Three eligible studies focused on CSA prevention education policies, while the other focused on mandated reporting policies. Effects of these policies were mixed in relation to CSA reporting and substantiation rates. No study considered child demographics. CONCLUSIONS Despite decades of legislative action for CSA prevention across the US, only a few studies have assessed the effects of these policies. These findings highlight the need for additional research to ensure that CSA prevention policies such as CSA prevention education in schools and mandated reporting practices are working as intended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wade Fickler
- National State Conference of State Legislators, United States
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Carretier E, Jourdan M, Duchesne S, Flouriot J, Lachal J, Moro MR. Disclosure of sexual abuse by adolescents treated in a psychiatry department. Encephale 2024:S0013-7006(24)00043-5. [PMID: 38523028 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to describe the population of adolescents who have disclosed sexual abuse to a health professional during their care in a psychiatric department. We also want to discuss the circumstances that enable adolescents to make this disclosure. METHODS This single-center retrospective observational study is based on the mandatory reports (n=139) sent by a Paris adolescent psychiatry department between 2005 and 2021 after patients disclosed previous sexual abuse. R® (3.6.1) and RStudio® (1.2.5001) software were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Girls accounted for almost all the adolescents who disclosed (95.7%). First abuse occurred around the age of 12 years and was first disclosed to a health professional a mean of 3.5 years later; 66 (47.5%) patients were admitted for inpatient care during their follow-up. The most common diagnoses were depression, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders, and other anxiety disorders. Before disclosing to a health professional, most of these adolescents had already talked about it, mainly to a family member (69.8%) or peers (24.7%). CONCLUSION This is the first study in France on the reporting of sexual abuse after its disclosure by adolescents being treated in a psychiatry unit. Our results show that child sexual abuse is rarely reported and that health care professionals are far from being the first recipients of these disclosures. We recommend routine screening for sexual abuse in adolescent psychiatry units, improved training for staff receiving these disclosures, and consideration of how best to coordinate medical, social, and legal services for these adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Carretier
- Laboratoire de psychologie clinique psychopathologie psychanalyse, Paris Cité University, PCPP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Marine Jourdan
- Département de médecine légale, université Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France; Service de médecine légale et pénitentiaire, centre hospitalo-universitaire Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Duchesne
- Service de gynecologie-obstétrique - maison des femmes, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, Paris, France
| | - Julien Flouriot
- Département de psychiatrie et de médecine addictologique, site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP GHU Nord, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Lachal
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, 94807 Villejuif, France; Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Rose Moro
- Laboratoire de psychologie clinique psychopathologie psychanalyse, Paris Cité University, PCPP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, 94807 Villejuif, France; Maison des adolescents - maison de Solenn, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
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Mazinan RG, Dudek C, Warkentin H, Finkenstaedt M, Schröder J, Musil R, Kratzer L, Fuss J, Biedermann SV. Borderline personality disorder and sexuality: causes and consequences of dissociative symptoms. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2024; 11:8. [PMID: 38500169 PMCID: PMC10949637 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-024-00251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual risk behavior in patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) is supposed to be associated with traumatic experiences and dissociative symptoms. Nevertheless, scientific research thereon is scarce which might be due to the high prevalence of sexual trauma and fear of overwhelming patients with explicit sexual content. METHODS We investigated a clinical sample of patients diagnosed with BPD (n = 114) and compared them to a sample of matched healthy controls (HC) (n = 114) concerning the dissociative symptoms derealization, depersonalization, and conversion in sexual situations. In a subgroup of patients with BPD (n = 41) and matched HC (n = 40) dissociative symptoms after exposure to an acoustically presented erotic narrative were assessed in the lab. Regression analyses were used to examine the associations between sexual trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociation in sexual situations, and risky sexual behavior. RESULTS Patients diagnosed with BPD endorsed higher dissociative symptoms in sexual situations retrospectively and in the lab compared to HC. Regression analyses revealed that depersonalization and conversion symptoms in sexual situations were explained by severity of BPD, while derealization was explained by PTSD symptomatology. Impulsive and sexual behavior with an uncommitted partner were higher in the BPD group and explained by derealization, while conversion showed an inverse association. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of addressing distinct dissociative symptoms in sexual situations when counselling and treating women with BPD. In the long term, this could contribute to a reduction in sexual risk behavior in patients with BPD. TRIAL REGISTRATION This analysis is part of a larger ongoing study and was registered prior to accessing the data (Registration trial DRKS00029716).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Gholami Mazinan
- Social and Emotional Neuroscience Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Dudek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Clinic of LMU, Munich Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Hannah Warkentin
- Social and Emotional Neuroscience Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Finkenstaedt
- Social and Emotional Neuroscience Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johanna Schröder
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department for Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Clinic of LMU, Munich Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- Oberberg Fachklinik Bad Tölz, Bad Tölz, Germany
| | - Leonhard Kratzer
- Department of Psychotraumatology, Clinic St Irmingard, Osternacher Strasse 103, 83209, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Johannes Fuss
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah V Biedermann
- Social and Emotional Neuroscience Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Kırbaş ZÖ, Şahin E. The relationship between parental awareness of sexual abuse and children's skills to say "no". An Pediatr (Barc) 2024; 100:180-187. [PMID: 38331677 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Child sexual abuse is a global and multidimensional social problem and causes devastating and permanent psychological, emotional, cognitive, behavioural, physical, sexual and interpersonal sequelae. This study examines the relationship between the ability to say "no" and parental awareness of sexual abuse in 4th grade primary school students. METHODS The study was conducted between April 2022 and June 2022 in primary schools in the central district of a province in north-eastern Turkey. The sample consisted of 310 students enrolled in 4th grade and their parents. We collected the data through a personal information form, the Ability to Say "No" Scale for Children and the Sexual Abuse Awareness Scale for Parents. RESULTS There was a weak positive correlation between the mean maternal scores of sexual abuse awareness and the mean scores of refusal and resistance in children (P < .05), as well as a weak positive correlation between the mean paternal scores of sexual abuse awareness and the mean scores of refusal and resistance in children (P < .05). CONCLUSION As mothers' and fathers' awareness of sexual abuse myths and of teachings and actions to combat sexual abuse increased, the refusal of children also increased. Also, as fathers' awareness of the signs of sexual abuse increased, children's refusal increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zila Özlem Kırbaş
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Bayburt University, Turkey.
| | - Emel Şahin
- Departamento de Servicios de Salud, Centro de Formación Profesional İkizce, Ordu University, Turkey
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Gemara N, Sharabani M, Rozenfeld-Tzafar N. Modesty, religion, and community: Therapists' perspectives regarding the treatment of child sexual abuse in the ultra-orthodox community. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106602. [PMID: 38194847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Religion is a significant cultural component that impacts child sexual abuse (CSA) in various ways, including its definition, perception, and treatment. This study focuses on the Jewish ultra-Orthodox community in Israel, a strictly religious, segregated, and close-knit community with unique cultural practices and beliefs that impact children's safety and vulnerability to CSA. OBJECTIVE This qualitative study aimed to explore therapists' perceptions and ascribed meanings of CSA treatment within the ultra-Orthodox community. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with therapists working with the ultra-Orthodox community in Israel. METHODS The interviews were analyzed using thematic qualitative analysis. RESULTS Three central axes pertinent to the treatment of CSA in the ultra-Orthodox community were discovered: 1) religious interventions, 2) modest approach, relating to the community's taboo attitude towards sexuality; and 3) the collectivistic nature of the community. The results include specific effect sizes and their statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The discussion explores the findings in light of the literature on CSA among religious minority communities and connects them to the unique underlying perception of sexuality in the ultra-Orthodox community. Specific ramifications and recommendations for practice are then considered, alongside the limitations and directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Gemara
- School of Social Work at the Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences at the University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| | - Maggi Sharabani
- Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nili Rozenfeld-Tzafar
- Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Krause N, Gewehr E, Barbe H, Merschhemke M, Mensing F, Siegel B, Müller JL, Volbert R, Fromberger P, Tamm A, Pülschen S. How to prepare for conversations with children about suspicions of sexual abuse? Evaluation of an interactive virtual reality training for student teachers. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106677. [PMID: 38335563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training for child interviewing in case of suspected (sexual) abuse must include ongoing practice, expert feedback and performance evaluation. Computer-based interview simulations including these components have shown efficacy in promoting open-ended questioning skills. OBJECTIVE We evaluated ViContact, a training program for childcare professionals on conversations with children in case of suspected abuse. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 110 student teachers were divided into four groups and took part either in a two-hour virtual reality training through verbal interaction with virtual children, followed by automated, personalized feedback (VR), two days of online seminar training on conversation skills, related knowledge and action strategies (ST), a combination of both (ST + VR), or no training (control group, CG). METHODS We conducted a pre-registered, randomized-controlled evaluation study. Pre-post changes on three behavioral outcomes in the VR conversations and two questionnaire scores (self-efficacy and - undesirable - naïve confidence in one's own judgment of an abuse suspicion) were analyzed via mixed ANOVA interaction effects. RESULTS Combined training vs. CG led to improvements in the proportion of recommended questions (ηp2 = 0.75), supportive utterances (ηp2 = 0.36), and self-efficacy (ηp2 = 0.77; all ps < .001). Both interventions alone improved the proportion of recommended questions (VR: ηp2 = 0.67, ST: ηp2 = 0.68, ps < .001) and self-efficacy (VR: ηp2 = 0.24, ST: ηp2 = 0.65, ps < .001), but not supportive utterances (VR: ηp2 = 0.10, ST: ηp2 = 0.13, both n. s.). CONCLUSIONS The combination of VR and ST proved most beneficial. Thus, VR exercises should not replace, but rather complement classical training approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Gewehr
- Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Germany; Universität Kassel, Germany
| | - Hermann Barbe
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Forensische Psychiatrie Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Bruno Siegel
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Forensische Psychiatrie Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen L Müller
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Forensische Psychiatrie Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Fromberger
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Forensische Psychiatrie Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anett Tamm
- Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Germany
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10
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Johnson HM, Block SD, Gonzales JE, Ramsey MG, Shockley KL, Williams LM. Predictors of non-offending caregiver support in cases of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106650. [PMID: 38281406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cases of child sexual abuse (CSA), a supportive non-offending caregiver (NOC) is important for the child's overall well-being and adjustment. NOC support is also predictive of CSA cases moving forward to prosecution. Limited research has studied CSA case factors in relation to NOC supportive behaviors across numerous support dimensions. OBJECTIVE We investigated what case details predicted four different dimensions of caregiver support. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS In this secondary analysis, a sample of 500 CSA cases from four prosecutors' offices in one New England state from 2009 to 2013 were randomly selected and reviewed. METHOD This study used regression analysis to test 13 case characteristics (e.g., disclosure of abuse, NOC's relationship to perpetrator) as predictors of NOC support dimensions: belief of victim, support of prosecution, protection of victim, and whether a child protective services neglect report was filed against the caregiver. RESULTS When the perpetrator was their romantic partner, the NOC was less likely to protect and believe the child victim, yet more likely to support prosecution. NOCs were more likely to demonstrate belief when the child disclosed to them first. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal the importance of the key case factors that are predictive of NOC support. This is the first study to examine these many case factors in relation to these four dimensions of support. Knowledge of these predictors can play an important role in better understanding the complexity of NOC support predictors and facilitating interventions designed to enhance such support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 850 Broadway St., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Stephanie D Block
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 850 Broadway St., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Joseph E Gonzales
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 850 Broadway St., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Michaela G Ramsey
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 850 Broadway St., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Kristy L Shockley
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 850 Broadway St., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Linda M Williams
- Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481-8203, USA.
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11
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Hemanth P, Fang L, Chong S, Tan LJ. Factors related to delayed disclosure among victims of child sexual abuse in Singapore. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106647. [PMID: 38281408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed disclosure is a prevalent and serious issue among victims of child sexual abuse (CSA). Identifying the factors associated with delayed disclosure can identify the profile of children who are at risk of delaying disclosures and inform measures to facilitate timely disclosure. OBJECTIVE The current study represented a pioneering effort to investigate factors that are related to disclosure of CSA in Singapore. It examined the influence of various victim and abuse characteristics on the time taken for a victim to disclose CSA. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 252 CSA cases that were referred to the psychology department of Singapore's Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF) from 2017 to 2021 were analyzed. METHODS Cases were coded for the study variables and multivariate Cox regression was conducted to analyze the impact of each variable of interest on the time taken to disclose the abuse. RESULTS It was found that the following sub-populations of CSA victims were associated with delayed disclosure: younger victims, female victims (as compared to male victims), victims with higher severity of sexual abuse (e.g., forced intercourse), and victims who were abused by in-home caregivers (as compared to acquaintances). CONCLUSIONS The findings from the study generated practical implications to help reduce the time victims take to disclose CSA in the Singaporean context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Hemanth
- Clinical and Forensic Psychology Service, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore.
| | - Lue Fang
- Clinical and Forensic Psychology Service, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore
| | - Sophie Chong
- Clinical and Forensic Psychology Service, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore
| | - Li Jen Tan
- Clinical and Forensic Psychology Service, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore
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12
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Soldino V, Seigfried-Spellar KC. Criminological differences between contact-driven and online-focused suspects in online child sexual grooming police reports. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106696. [PMID: 38359776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences exist between contact and noncontact-driven online child sexual abuse offenders; however, there is still a notable lack of empirical studies with police samples from non-English speaking countries, including Spain. OBJECTIVE We address this gap by analyzing the criminological characteristics of online child sexual grooming (OCSG) suspected offenders from de-identified law enforcement investigations in Spain. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We anonymously coded data provided by Spanish law enforcement agencies from 257 OCSG cases (i.e., unique chat logs between a suspect and minor) extracted from 98 police reports with index investigation years from 2008 to 2021. A total of 101,391 messages were analyzed. METHODS Three distinct datasets were created: 257 OCSG cases, 120 unique suspects (79 online-focused, 41 contact-driven), and 234 unique victims. Each dataset focused on different criminological variables for analysis, such as grooming strategy, motivation, and victim high-risk behaviors. RESULTS There were no significant differences between suspects on gender, age, or criminal offense history. Contact-driven suspects were more likely to use positive rapport (ɸ = 0.18), send unprompted sexually explicit images of themselves (ɸ = 0.19), and offer something in exchange (ɸ = 0.25). Victims of contact-driven individuals were more likely to be male (ɸ = 0.52) and offer something in exchange for sex or sexually explicit images (ɸ = 0.18). Victims of online-focused individuals were more likely to be younger (r = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest criminological differences in the online grooming strategies between contact-driven and online-focused suspected offenders in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Soldino
- University Research Institute of Criminology and Criminal Science, University of Valencia, Spain.
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13
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Jeglic EL, Winters GM, Steedman LA. The Sexual Grooming Behaviors of Youth Who Engage in Harmful Sexual Behaviors. J Child Sex Abus 2024:1-30. [PMID: 38402629 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2321275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the extent to which youths who commit harmful sexual behaviors (HSBs) against another minor utilize sexual grooming during the offense process. This study examined sexual grooming behaviors reported by adults (n = 250) who experienced HSBs by another minor during their childhood. Participants completed a self-report survey which included the Sexual Grooming Scale - Victim Version (SGS-V). The results showed that most participants (n = 242; 96.9%) reported at least one sexual grooming behavior, with an average of 11.3 behaviors reported. These findings will be discussed as they pertain to the identification and prevention of HSBs among youth.
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14
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Jatchavala C, Ransing R, Sukavejworakit N, Ramalho R, Devraj N. Child sexual abuse, mental health, and legislation in India and Thailand: A cross-country comparison. J Forensic Leg Med 2024; 102:102655. [PMID: 38367287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious public health issue in India and Thailand. To identify potential barriers for addressing CSA in these countries, it is necessary to explore and compare research, laws, and policies in these two countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Scopus and PubMed databases were searched for published literature on "Child Sexual Abuse" AND "India" OR "Thailand" concerning research focus, prevalence, factors, and policies or interventions on CSA. Main legislations related to CSA were compared using a predefined outline. Additionally, authors compared and analysed current legislation in relation to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). RESULTS Published literature (n = 64) included original articles (n = 26), reviews (n = 36), editorials or letters to the editor (n = 2). No collaboration on CSA between the two countries was found. Several differences in the main legislation (e.g., punishment, services) of India and Thailand were observed, both between countries and in relation to the UNCRC. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CSA is mostly under-researched in both countries in terms of services, policy and legislation. There is a need for cross-country, multidisciplinary, and collaborative research on CSA in both India and Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonnakarn Jatchavala
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ramdas Ransing
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Rodrigo Ramalho
- Dept of Social & Community Health, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nilesh Devraj
- Department of Forensic Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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15
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Choudhary V, Satapathy S, Sagar R. Feasibility Trial of a Newly Developed Brief Psychological Trauma Intervention for Children Surviving Sexual Abuse in India. J Child Sex Abus 2024; 33:204-228. [PMID: 38389272 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2319668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Given the alarming increase in incidences of child sexual abuse (CSA), the present study was conceived to conduct a feasibility trial for a brief CSA-focused cognitive-behavioral intervention for children. A quasi-experimental single-group pre-post design with convenient sampling was adopted. The intervention module was administered to 20 children aged 7-13 years (M = 10.4, SD = 1.3) with a CSA history. The intervention was spread across a minimum of six required sessions and a maximum of 12 sessions held weekly for approximately 90 to 120 minutes' duration to restore the child's functioning and to assist the child in processing and managing trauma effectively along with initiating the process of growth. Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS), Children's Impact of Events Scale-13 (CRIES-13), Developmental Psychopathology Checklist (DPCL), Multidimensional Scale for Child Sexual Abuse (MSCSA) and Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) were used to measure the impact of the intervention on the children. Estimation of improvement was done using Wilcoxon signed rank test, effect size and subjective feedback from children. Feasibility assessment was done across five parameters: recruitment, data collection, attrition, adherence and improvement. We found that the intervention led to significant improvement in scores of all scales with a large effect size of .50 for MSCSA and CRIES-13 and medium effect size for CGAS, CRIES-13 (Intrusion & Avoidance), CPSS, and DPCL. Feasibility was estimated to be high across all five parameters of the assessment. Thus, the newly developed intervention was found to be helpful in restoring the child's functioning, and assisting the child in processing, and managing trauma effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh Sagar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Bright M, Gordon B, Bodi C, Ortega D, Coleman J. Development and Implementation of a Preventive Intervention for Youth with Concerns About Their Sexual Thoughts and Behaviors: A Practitioner Narrative. J Prev (2022) 2024; 45:9-16. [PMID: 38038824 PMCID: PMC10844136 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-023-00758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
This practitioner narrative describes the development of an innovative, primary and secondary prevention resource to provide confidential resources to youth with questions about potentially problematic sexual interests and behaviors. WhatsOK is a website and free confidential helpline for youth who are potentially at risk to sexually harm or have harmed someone in the past. By encouraging self-efficacy, helpline counselors respond to these inquires in order to prevent harmful events or lessen the impact. This practitioner narrative begins with an explanation of the planning process, then describes the implementation, piloting and refining the resource, and, finally, explains how evaluation was incorporated. The development of the WhatsOK helpline services was conducted with the goal of creating an evidence-informed resource for youth with concerns about sexual thoughts and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bright
- Center for Violence Prevention Research, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Csenge Bodi
- Center for Violence Prevention Research, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Diana Ortega
- Center for Violence Prevention Research, Gainesville, FL, USA
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17
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Helpingstine CE, Murphy CA, Bernier J, Crane K, Klika JB. Child Sexual Abuse in the United States: A Commentary on Current Policy Approaches to Prevention and Aspirations for the Future. J Child Sex Abus 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38193750 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2300701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a significant threat to the health and well-being of children in the United States (US). Public policies are a key public health strategy for the primary prevention of violence, including CSA. In 2021, the Enough Abuse Campaign and Prevent Child Abuse America published a comprehensive report entitled A Call to Action for Policymakers and Advocates: Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Legislation in the States to encourage state leaders to create a comprehensive strategy to prevent CSA in the US. Findings from the report show that the nation has made some effort to address CSA, but more focus needs to be given to primary prevention strategies that stop it from occurring in the first place. The report also illustrates the variability of CSA prevention policies across the US and highlights critical gaps in current approaches that must be addressed. In the spirit of the special issue, the authors reflect on key policy issues in the field, including the lack of a federal policy framework for CSA prevention, dedicated funding for the prevention of CSA, and research on the effectiveness of policies intended to prevent CSA. Suggestions for future directions in relation to policy development provided in this commentary will be useful to a variety of stakeholders interested in the topic of CSA prevention policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jetta Bernier
- Massachusetts Citizens for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Crane
- Prevent Child Abuse America, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Abdul Latiff M, Fang L, Goh DA, Tan LJ. A systematic review of factors associated with disclosure of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 147:106564. [PMID: 38056036 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Disclosure of CSA is key to victims having access to support and protection, but the current understanding of what factors play a key role is still limited. The present review aims to understand a range of socio-ecological factors that can either facilitate or obstruct the disclosure of CSA. METHODS AND RESULTS Through a systematic review of 27 quantitative studies published from 2000 to 2022, the current review identified 17 significant predictors of CSA disclosure. Facilitators of disclosure included older age, being female, higher IQ, recent abuse, resistance during abuse, clergy perpetrator, non-offending caregiver support, and acculturation. Barriers to disclosure included intellectual disability, avoidant coping, romantic relationships with the perpetrator, family criminality, domestic violence, adherence to traditional Asian values, and ethnic minority identity. The findings also suggested that the relationship between predictors and disclosure tends to be mixed, contradictory, or indirect/interactional, emphasizing the importance of situating the findings in specific social-ecological contexts. CONCLUSIONS The findings can inform future research and practice by providing a comprehensive understanding of the predictors of CSA disclosure and highlighting the importance of considering the socio-ecological context when interpreting findings. Moreover, the review provides a valuable resource for professionals who work with victims of CSA, helping them better identify factors that may facilitate or hinder disclosure and allowing for tailored interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahirah Abdul Latiff
- Clinical and Forensic Psychology Service, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore.
| | - Lue Fang
- Clinical and Forensic Psychology Service, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore.
| | - Deborah A Goh
- Clinical and Forensic Psychology Service, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore.
| | - Li Jen Tan
- Clinical and Forensic Psychology Service, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore.
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19
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Khan MA, Kamal E, Nisar R, Batool S, Faisal I. Child Sexual Abuse in Pakistan: A Phenomenological Study on Parental Understanding and Prevention Strategies for Child Protection. J Child Sex Abus 2024; 33:65-84. [PMID: 38073238 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2293115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is widespread and pervasive in Pakistan, presenting a significant threat to a child's physical health, psychological well-being, and overall development. This study aimed to empirically substantiate the understanding of parents regarding CSA and their utilized preventive strategies. The study utilized Social Ecological Theory to gain a deeper comprehension of the phenomenon. Data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 18 parents from Islamabad capital city, using a qualitative phenomenological research approach along with thematic analysis. Results reveal that most of the parents were highly aware of the most common aspects of sexual assault and molestation, but they were unaware of the more manipulative subtle forms such as "grooming." Additionally, they had a limited understanding of the long-term consequences of sexual abuse. While many parents knew about the option of involving the police in cases of abuse, they were unaware of helpline services and the availability of psychological support. In terms of prevention, most parents employed an integrated approach involving various preventive measures, such as educating their children about appropriate and inappropriate touch. These findings underscore the importance of implementing public-focused initiatives and community-based programs to enhance parental awareness, knowledge, and capabilities in preventing CSA in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erass Kamal
- National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rukham Nisar
- National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Samana Batool
- National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Inbisat Faisal
- National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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20
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Sicilia L, Capella C, Barrios M, Pereda N. Exploring the Meanings of Posttraumatic Growth in Spanish Survivors of Clergy-Perpetrated Child Sexual Abuse: A Phenomenological Approach. J Child Sex Abus 2024; 33:3-25. [PMID: 38229267 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2304241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A healing and recovery perspective related to child sexual abuse (CSA) has gained attention in the past two decades, a concept that accurately refers to the process is posttraumatic growth (PTG). Scarce empirical research on PTG in clergy-perpetrated CSA survivors shows evidence of the presence of growth after the abusive experience and a tendency to create accounts of trauma as a way to heal. The general aim of the study is to explore the experiences and meanings of PTG as lived by survivors of clergy-perpetrated CSA. Seven clergy-perpetrated CSA survivors were interviewed with semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted in person. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we identified three dominant themes in the participants' stories: (a) the hindering of PTG; (b) the meanings of PTG, and (c) the internal and contextual and facilitators of PTG. The present study brings new insights into the meanings of PTG, the close relationship between damage and growth, and the mechanisms (both internal and contextual) that are involved in healing from clergy-perpetrated CSA in Spanish culture.
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21
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Mathews B, Finkelhor D, Pacella R, Scott JG, Higgins DJ, Meinck F, Erskine HE, Thomas HJ, Lawrence D, Malacova E, Haslam DM, Collin-Vézina D. Child sexual abuse by different classes and types of perpetrator: Prevalence and trends from an Australian national survey. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 147:106562. [PMID: 38061281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little evidence exists about the prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) inflicted by different relational classes of perpetrators (e.g., parents; institutional adults; adolescents), and by individual types of perpetrators (e.g., fathers and male relatives; male teachers and male clergy; known and unknown adolescents). OBJECTIVE To generate evidence of the prevalence of CSA by different perpetrators, and trends by victim gender and age group. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The Australian Child Maltreatment Study collected information about CSA victimisation from a nationally-representative sample of 8503 individuals aged 16 and over. METHODS We analysed data about 42 perpetrator types, collapsed into eight classes. We generated national prevalence estimates of CSA inflicted by each perpetrator class and individual perpetrator type, and compared results by victim gender and age group. RESULTS Australian CSA prevalence was 28.5%, with the following prevalence by perpetrator classes: other known adolescents (non-romantic): 10.0%; parents/caregivers in the home: 7.8%; other known adults: 7.5%; unknown adults: 4.9%; adolescents (current/former romantic partners): 2.5%; institutional caregivers: 2.0%; siblings: 1.6%; unknown adolescents: 1.4%. Women experienced more CSA by all perpetrator classes except institutional caregivers. Age group comparison showed significant declines in CSA by parents/caregivers, and other known adults; and increases in CSA by adolescents (current/former romantic partners). Individual perpetrator type comparison showed declines in CSA by fathers, male relatives living in the home, non-resident male relatives, and other known male adults; and increases in CSA by known male adolescents, current boyfriends, and former boyfriends. CONCLUSIONS CSA by adults has declined, indicating positive impacts of prevention efforts. However, CSA by adolescents has increased. Further declines in CSA by adults are required and possible. Targeted prevention of CSA by adolescents must be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mathews
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Australian Centre for Health Law Research, School of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
| | - David Finkelhor
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, Department of Sociology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Rosana Pacella
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
| | - James G Scott
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia; QIMR Berghofer, Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daryl J Higgins
- Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; OPTENTIA, Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Holly E Erskine
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Hannah J Thomas
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia; QIMR Berghofer, Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Eva Malacova
- QIMR Berghofer, Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Divna M Haslam
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Australian Centre for Health Law Research, School of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; Parenting and Family Suppport Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Naidoo L, Rasool S, Van Hout MC. Non-offending caregivers reflections on the use of a film encompassing child sexual abuse perpetrator's testimonies for potential child protection initiatives in South Africa. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 146:106485. [PMID: 37844457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse (CSA) remains a challenge in South Africa, despite various legislative developments to address child abuse. Despite non-offending caregivers (NOC) playing a critical role in child safeguarding, and supporting disclosure and recovery, very little research has focused on understanding what works in assisting them in supporting child victims in South Africa. OBJECTIVES The study examines the exposure of NOC who watched a short film based on the testimonies of four CSA perpetrators in therapy, with a view to exploring whether this film could be useful for CSA prevention, disclosure and support initiatives. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A convenience sample of eight NOC attending a community support service in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. METHODS After viewing the film, the NOC completed a questionnaire, and were asked to discuss usefulness of film content based on perpetrator testimonials in sensitizing NOC around disclosure of sexual abuse and support of the child. Thematic data analysis combined their perceptions of sexual abuse experienced by their children/grandchildren and the effect that content of the film had on their perceptions. RESULTS Five themes emerged; Awareness of CSA and available child protection programs; Views toward CSA disclosure; Emotive responses; Lessons learnt for identification of CSA and child protection; and Recommendations for future programs. CONCLUSIONS The process of viewing and discussing the film stimulated a shift for NOC to identify risk, facilitate disclosure of CSA, and become more supportive toward child victims. The study highlights the potential of using film to guide NOC targeted child protection and safeguarding initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Naidoo
- School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shahana Rasool
- Department of Social Work, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Glucklich T, Attrash-Najjar A, Massarweh N, Katz C. What do adults who experienced child sexual abuse want to convey about therapy? Child Abuse Negl 2023; 146:106435. [PMID: 37722294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse (CSA) studies have significantly advanced the understanding of its prevalence and adverse consequences. Tremendous efforts worldwide have been devoted to CSA interventions. However, surprisingly, there is a lack of research dedicated to learning about experiences with therapy among adults who experienced CSA. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to address this gap by exploring the perspectives and experiences with therapy among adults who experienced CSA. METHODS Thirty-nine written testimonies comprised the current sample. All of the testimonies were provided to the Israeli Independent Public Inquiry into CSA by adults who experienced CSA and received therapy at one point in their lives. A qualitative inductive thematic analysis guided the exploration of the testimonies. RESULTS The testimonies provided an important glance into significant characteristics of therapy, such as the timing and reasons leading to therapy, and perceptions regarding what constitutes appropriate therapy. Although beneficial and rehabilitating therapy experiences were mentioned by some of the participants, the majority of the testimonies focused on experiences related to the obstacles and challenges to accessing and engaging in therapy faced by those who experienced CSA. CONCLUSIONS The testimonies not only addressed essential aspects of therapy, but also highlighted the importance of thoroughly comprehending the broad context of a person's life that leads them to seek therapy. The discussion points to grave social and policy lacunas that prevent people who experienced CSA from receiving therapy that is accessible, timely, subsidized, stigma-free and multifaceted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Glucklich
- The Haruv Institute, The Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 9765418, Israel
| | - Afnan Attrash-Najjar
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nadia Massarweh
- The Al-Qasemi Educational College of Education, Baqa-El-Gharbia 3010000, P.O. Box 124, Israel
| | - Carmit Katz
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Miele C, Maquigneau A, Joyal CC, Bertsch I, Gangi O, Gonthier H, Rawlinson C, Vigourt-Oudart S, Symphorien E, Heasman A, Letourneau E, Moncany AH, Lacambre M. International guidelines for the prevention of sexual violence: A systematic review and perspective of WHO, UN Women, UNESCO, and UNICEF's publications. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 146:106497. [PMID: 37832246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence is a major public health issue worldwide, with a high prevalence and extensive human and financial costs. Implementing prevention programs is complex, requiring not only evidence-based practices and high ethical standards, but also close collaboration with local governments and non-governmental organizations. In order to guide and support all stakeholders necessary to achieve large-scale prevention (e.g., politicians, decision-makers, in-field professionals), it is essential to establish international benchmarks for the prevention of sexual violence. OBJECTIVE The main goal of this collaborative study was to conduct a systematic review of the frameworks adopted by WHO, UN Women, UNESCO, and UNICEF to help prevent sexual violence worldwide, according to the PRISMA methodology. A secondary objective was to highlight the levels of prevention and determinants of health targeted by these organizations. RESULTS Overall, 1008 references were identified, of which 50 met the inclusion criteria. All international guidelines were limited to primary or tertiary prevention, and they were not specifically dedicated to sexual violence. In addition, each organization had developed idiosyncratic prevention strategies. Common primary prevention determinants of health were still found across organizations, including education, socio-economic inequalities, and life skills training. Tertiary prevention was poorly developed and polarized between victims and perpetrators. Secondary prevention was never addressed, however, despite the effectiveness of approaches such as helplines for people sexually attracted to children. DISCUSSION Given these results, an international French-speaking consortium of professional teams, all involved in the secondary prevention of sexual violence, was recently formed with a ratified charter presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Miele
- Service de Psychiatrie Général, CMP B, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Fédération Française des Centres Ressources pour les Intervenants auprès des Auteurs de Violences Sexuelles (FFCRIAVS), 7 rue du Colonel Driant, appt 9, 31400 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Recherche Qualipsy, EE 1901, Université de Tours, 3 rue des Tanneurs, BP 4103, 37041 Tours cedex 1, France.
| | - Aurélie Maquigneau
- Fédération Française des Centres Ressources pour les Intervenants auprès des Auteurs de Violences Sexuelles (FFCRIAVS), 7 rue du Colonel Driant, appt 9, 31400 Toulouse, France; CRIR-AVS PACA, AP-HM, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Pavillon 1 au 1er étage, 270 bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13274 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
| | - Christian C Joyal
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500 Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Ingrid Bertsch
- Fédération Française des Centres Ressources pour les Intervenants auprès des Auteurs de Violences Sexuelles (FFCRIAVS), 7 rue du Colonel Driant, appt 9, 31400 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Recherche Qualipsy, EE 1901, Université de Tours, 3 rue des Tanneurs, BP 4103, 37041 Tours cedex 1, France; UC3P, CHRU de Tours, 7 rue de la Dolve, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Océane Gangi
- Faculté de Droit, de Science Politique et de Criminologie, Université de Liège, Bâtiment B31, Quartier Agora, Place des Orateurs 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Service du SéOS, Unité de Psychopathologie légale, Rue Despars 92, 7500 Tournai, Belgium
| | - Hakim Gonthier
- Association DIS NO, avenue Saint-Paul 2, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cloé Rawlinson
- Association DIS NO, avenue Saint-Paul 2, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Vigourt-Oudart
- Fédération Française des Centres Ressources pour les Intervenants auprès des Auteurs de Violences Sexuelles (FFCRIAVS), 7 rue du Colonel Driant, appt 9, 31400 Toulouse, France; CRIAVS Champagne-Ardenne, EPSM de la Marne, 1 chemin de Bouy - BP 70555, 51022 Châlons-en-Champagne, France
| | - Emeline Symphorien
- Fédération Française des Centres Ressources pour les Intervenants auprès des Auteurs de Violences Sexuelles (FFCRIAVS), 7 rue du Colonel Driant, appt 9, 31400 Toulouse, France; CRIAVS Champagne-Ardenne, EPSM de la Marne, 1 chemin de Bouy - BP 70555, 51022 Châlons-en-Champagne, France
| | - Ainslie Heasman
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Letourneau
- Moore Center for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anne-Hélène Moncany
- Fédération Française des Centres Ressources pour les Intervenants auprès des Auteurs de Violences Sexuelles (FFCRIAVS), 7 rue du Colonel Driant, appt 9, 31400 Toulouse, France; CRIAVS Midi-Pyrénées, CH Marchant, 7 rue du Colonel Driant, appt 9, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Lacambre
- Fédération Française des Centres Ressources pour les Intervenants auprès des Auteurs de Violences Sexuelles (FFCRIAVS), 7 rue du Colonel Driant, appt 9, 31400 Toulouse, France; Filière de psychiatrie légale, CHU de Montpellier, 191 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France; INSERM Unit 1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Glucklich T, Attrash-Najjar A, Katz C. "I was alone. No one offered me a real intervention": Israeli child protection services as experienced by adults who underwent child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 146:106509. [PMID: 37862734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many children worldwide come into contact with child protection social workers (CPSW) following child sexual abuse (CSA). Surprisingly, little is known concerning how they experience and perceive these encounters. OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to examine the way adults who underwent CSA experienced and perceived child protection services (CPS) in Israel as conveyed in their written testimonies. METHOD The current sample included 83 written testimonies sent to the Israeli Independent Public Inquiry on CSA, analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS The participants' testimonies uncovered two main themes: 1) experiences with CPSW interventions, including being disregarded, abandoned and disbelieved; and 2) constructions of the CPSW practice as poor, maladapted and abusive. Some participants described their active efforts to change the system from within. CONCLUSIONS The participants' testimonies, which reflected the negative manifestations of neoliberal policy in the CPS, will be broached in the discussion section, alongside two other significant concepts: child participation and a context-informed perspective of child risk and protection. The ramifications for policy and practice will be expanded while acknowledging the complex role of social workers in CPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Glucklich
- The Haruv Institute, The Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 9765418, Israel
| | - Afnan Attrash-Najjar
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Carmit Katz
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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Ferragut M, Cerezo MV, Ortiz-Tallo M, Rodríguez-Fernandez R. Effectiveness of child sexual abuse prevention programs on knowledge acquisition: A meta-analytical study. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 146:106489. [PMID: 37804801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a type of maltreatment considered a global health problem. CSA is a traumatic experience with important consequences for the victim's health. It is essential to report the effectiveness of CSA prevention programs to offer society useful tools to combat this abuse. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the effectiveness of CSA prevention programs on the knowledge acquisition based on comparing pre- and post-treatment changes, and also if their effectiveness is related to program-related and methodological variables. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS Standardised mean change (with studies that report pre-post program measures) of the effectiveness of CSA prevention programs published between 2014 and 2021 was carried out. METHODS The general effectiveness of these programs and whether the results were influenced by program-related variables (the duration, the target population, participants' age, or the type of intervention) or by methodology-related factors (the agent who taught them, the geographical area where they were carried out or the way the programs were evaluated) were analysed. A total of 43 samples analysing knowledge about CSA as a dependent variable were included. RESULTS The results reported a combined effect size considered large (dMR = -0.96, 95 % CI [-1.10, -0.82], p < .001). High inter-study heterogeneity was observed in the meta-analysis, although only the geographic area where the studies were conducted appears as a significant moderator. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the prevention programs included in this analysis significantly improved the participants' knowledge acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferragut
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Psychology and Speech Therapy Faculty, University of Malaga, Spain.
| | - M Victoria Cerezo
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Psychology and Speech Therapy Faculty, University of Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Rodríguez-Fernandez
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Faculty, Distance Learning National University (UNED), Spain
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Salter M, Woodlock D, Wong T. The sexual politics of technology industry responses to online child sexual exploitation during COVID-19: "This pernicious elitism". Child Abuse Negl 2023:106559. [PMID: 37993364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing rates of online child sexual exploitation further spiked during the COVID-19 pandemic at a time of disrupted child protection capacity. While the technology industry is central to coordinated efforts to prevent online abuse and remove harmful content, it is largely exempt from formal child protection obligations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the response of the technology industry to online child sexual exploitation during COVID-19 from the perspective of anti-exploitation professionals. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING An international sample of fifteen anti-exploitation professionals were interviewed as part of a larger study on the impacts of COVID-19 on online child sexual exploitation. METHODS Interviews were coded based on a template analysis with a focus on interactions with the technology sector during COVID-19. RESULTS Major themes arising from the analysis were 1) the burden of online safety work on victims and services, 2) the lack of prioritisation of online child protection by technology companies during COVID-19 and 3) the complicity of the technology industry with the online sexploitation of children. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of the views of anti-exploitation professionals highlights the alignment between the economic interests of the technology sector and the sexual interests of online child abusers in the absence of government oversight. A framework of sexual politics highlights the gendered nature this alignment and emphasises the need for regulatory intervention, harm minimisation and the restructuring of the online environment and technology sector in the interests of child safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Salter
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Delanie Woodlock
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tim Wong
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Ochoa MK, Constantin K. Impacts of child sexual abuse: The mediating role of future orientation on academic outcomes. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 145:106437. [PMID: 37659153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) has significant impacts on an individual's physical and mental well-being including substance use, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, relationship issues, as well as sexual revictimization in adulthood. Positive future orientation is associated with higher educational outcomes and successful goal attainment, but CSA survivors have lower educational attainment and less employment opportunities leading to less financial security in adulthood. OBJECTIVE Our study seeks to examine whether future orientation mediates the relationship between CSA and academic outcomes using data from the Kaplan Longitudinal and Multigenerational Study (KLAMS). PARTICIPANTS & SETTING KLAMS is a U.S. based panel study which captures information about the mental health, relationships, academic outcomes, and deviant behavior of two generations of family members at multiple points in time. In the present study, we use data from two separate interviews with the children (N = 2084) of the original respondents. METHODS We estimated a series of regressions using generalized structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between child sexual abuse, future orientation, and three different types of academic outcomes. RESULTS Youth who experienced sexual abuse had lower grades in school, were more likely to drop out, and had lower levels of education than children with no history of sexual abuse. Negative future orientation mediated the relationship between child sexual abuse and all three outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In support of existing research, we found child sexual abuse has a negative impact on positive future orientation, and positive future orientation contributes to better academic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Ochoa
- Department of Women's and Gender Studies, Saint Louis University, 3750 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America.
| | - Katie Constantin
- Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, 467 Social Sciences & Humanities, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America.
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29
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Alkış Küçükaydın M, Ulum H, Sayıcı E. Variables affecting the attitudes of teachers and school principals in reporting child abuse: An analysis of demographic characteristics, awareness, and self-efficacy. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 145:106400. [PMID: 37607453 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teachers and school principals have an important role in the lives of children because they spend so much time with them, creating trusting relationships that make it easier to disclose abuse events. As a result, it's critical to look at the factors that influence teachers' and principals' attitudes towards reporting child abuse. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to look at the factors that influence preschool teachers, primary school teachers, and school principals (N = 432) attitudes towards reporting child abuse in a Turkish sample. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study comprised 432 participants, including preschool teachers, primary school teachers, and school principals. Seniority, educational levels, knowledge of abuse, awareness of abuse, and self-efficacy were among the criteria considered while analysing the participants. METHODS The study employed a survey model to assess the attitudes of the participants. Seniority, educational levels, knowledge of abuse, awareness of abuse, and self-efficacy were all considered predictors of attitudes towards reporting abuse. RESULTS The investigation found that elementary school teachers were more likely than other participants to report abuse. The branch of education, awareness of sexual abuse, and self-efficacy were found to be important predictors of attitudes towards reporting abuse in a hierarchical analysis. The complete study report will include specific effect sizes and their statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the factors influencing teachers' and principals' attitudes towards reporting child abuse in Turkey. Primary school teachers had more favourable attitudes, with the education branch, awareness of sexual abuse, and self-efficacy emerging as important predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hakan Ulum
- Necmettin Erbakan University Eregli Faculty of Education, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Elif Sayıcı
- Necmettin Erbakan University Eregli Faculty of Education, Konya, Turkey.
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30
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Bomfim KDXD, Leite UDR, Goes PSAD. A systematic review of the measurement properties of self-report screening tools to detect risk or exposure to child sexual abuse for children under 12. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21027. [PMID: 38027830 PMCID: PMC10663738 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a substantial public health issue that is challenging to measure epidemiologically due to the "pact of silence" among those involved. Validated tools could contribute to early recognition or risk detection for CSA. We aimed to systematically assess self-report tools' measurement properties and methodological quality that detect risk or exposure to CSA for children under twelve. The search strategy, selection criteria, data extraction, data analysis, and synthesis followed the COSMIN methodology for systematic reviews (2018). PROSPERO 2021 registration CRD42021278465. MEDLINE, COCHRANE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and ERIC were searched until August 2021, with an updated search on September 23, 2021, and unlimited by language. The inclusion criteria were: to assess risk or exposure to CSA under twelve years old by objective items and self-report tools; sexual violence risk or exposure in the domestic context; the application context should include health facilities (such as hospital emergency rooms, outpatient clinics, pediatric wards, psychology centers, social services), education (such as schools) and community; no language or date restriction. The exclusion criteria were: non-self-report tools studies, comprehensive articles, comments, editorials, expert opinions, and studies of projective techniques. The COSMIN risk of bias checklist was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Feasibility aspects were assessed. This study had no funding source; 29 studies describing eight tools met eligibility criteria. No single instrument reported all nine measurement properties outlined by the COSMIN methodology. The strength of the evidence was moderate to high for six out of eight instruments. ICAST-C and JVQ were the tools that obtained the highest number of rated measurement properties and strength of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umbelina do Rego Leite
- Psychology Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sávio Angeiras de Goes
- Post-graduate Program on Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Berens KA, Bruer KC, Schick KD, Evans AD, Price HL. A taxonomy of groomer profiles: Comparisons of in-person, online, and mixed groomers through the examination of Canadian judicial decisions. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 145:106407. [PMID: 37651823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual grooming in cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) has captured the attention of researchers over the past decades. While early research focused on offenders who groomed children in person, our knowledge of online groomers has begun to increase. However, there has not been a concomitant increase in understanding of groomers who use both in-person and online grooming strategies (i.e., mixed groomers); it is not clear if mixed groomers more closely resemble in-person groomers, online groomers, or if they are their own distinct groomer type. OBJECTIVE The current study creates the first taxonomy of in-person, online, and mixed groomer profiles through the empirical analysis of Canadian judicial decisions. PARTICIPANTS, SETTING, AND METHODS 180 Canadian judicial decisions from 153 cases of CSA involving grooming were extracted from the Canadian Legal Information Institute and coded for information related to grooming strategies, the accused, the complainant, and the alleged offence. RESULTS Mixed groomers used more grooming strategies per case than in-person and online groomers. Mixed groomers initiated contact online with complainants less often than online groomers, but identified more vulnerable victims, engaged in more non-sexual yet inappropriate conversations, and used more gain cooperation strategies than in-person groomers. Online groomers were older and had shorter delays to criminal proceedings than mixed and in-person groomers. Complainants groomed in person were younger and abused for longer durations than mixed and online complainants. CONCLUSIONS The proposed taxonomy of groomer profiles can inform education and prevention programs about the heterogeneous nature of grooming. Those who groomed children in-person, online, or using a mixture of both methods varied greatly in their grooming strategies, victim age preferences, relationship to the child, and pathways to disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Berens
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Canada
| | - Kaila C Bruer
- Department of Psychology, Luther College at the University of Regina, Canada
| | - Kayla D Schick
- Department of Psychology, Luther College at the University of Regina, Canada
| | | | - Heather L Price
- Department of Psychology, Thompson Rivers University, Canada.
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Moorman J, Romano E. The experience of childhood sexual abuse: An exploratory description of psychological and adaptive functioning in Canadian men. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 145:106402. [PMID: 37603934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) affects a number of men yet knowledge gaps remain around comprehensively describing psychological and adaptive outcomes for this population. OBJECTIVE Examine how a Canadian sample of men with and without CSA histories compares on broader areas of psychological and adaptive functioning. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This exploratory study included 109 adult men aged 25-60 years who were grouped according to whether they experienced CSA (n = 69) or not (n = 40). Participants were recruited from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. METHOD Using a multi-method approach, we conducted an exploratory and comprehensive examination of how CSA contributes to various areas of psychological (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, dissociation, anger, PTSD) and adaptive functioning (e.g., friendship quality, employment) using self-report and clinician-administered measures. RESULTS CSA men were an average of 8.5 years old at abuse onset. Most (62.3 %) had disclosed their CSA experience, waiting an average of 13.6 years before disclosure. After controlling for covariates (i.e., other types of maltreatment, non-maltreatment adversities, education, income), results indicated a significant association between CSA and men's psychological functioning, but not their adaptive functioning. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of broadening our understanding of how the experience of CSA, controlling for important covariates, can contribute to the well-being of men in order to better respond to their psychological needs.
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Apaydin Cirik V, Aksoy B, Bulut E. Investigation of fathers' metaphors regarding child sexual abuse in Turkey: A metaphor study. J Pediatr Nurs 2023; 72:e210-e216. [PMID: 37385940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study was designed to determine the perceptions of fathers about child sexual abuse in Turkey using metaphors to facilitate understanding of child sexual abuse. METHODS The study was conducted as a qualitative study based on metaphor analysis. The data were collected from 164 Turkish fathers in Turkey between August 2022 and September 2022 using a descriptive information form for fathers and a semi-structured interview form exploring fathers' perceptions of child sexual abuse. The semi-structured interview form included metaphor statements like "Child sexual abuse is like....... because .......", and "Child sexual abuse reminds me of the color....... because .......". The data were analyzed using the content analysis technique. The study was reported based on Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR). RESULTS According to the results, 77.4% of the fathers had knowledge about protecting their children from sexual abuse, 40.9% got this information from the internet, and only 11.1% educated their children about sexual abuse. Seventy three percent of the fathers were afraid of confusing their children while educating them. The fathers involved in the study used 20 metaphors related to "child sexual abuse" and "the color evoked by child sexual abuse". The metaphors created by the fathers were analyzed under six categories: "emotions, feeling inadequate, punishment method, abuser, child concept, and uncertainty". CONCLUSION Based on the results of the study, fathers had common feelings and emphasize the same concepts about child sexual abuse. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Metaphors provide a unique approach to identifying fathers' conceptual images of child sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Apaydin Cirik
- Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Child Health and Disease Nursing, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Bahar Aksoy
- Akdeniz University, Kumluca Faculty of Health Sciences, Child Health and Disease Nursing Department, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Elif Bulut
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Child Health and Disease Nursing Department, Trabzon, Turkey
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Amoatika DA, Brown MJ, Addo PNO, Kaur A. Coping strategies among older adults living with HIV/AIDS with history of childhood sexual abuse. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:687-693. [PMID: 37147925 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231173030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may be a risk factor for poor mental health in adulthood. Survivors may experience emotions detrimental to their social and mental wellbeing. Some of these emotions may include anger, fear, rage, helplessness, guilt, shame, which may impact their coping strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the association between CSA and coping among older adults living with HIV (OALH). Method: Data were obtained from 91 OALH via convenience sampling. The participants were recruited from an immunology clinic and were at least 50 years or older and living with HIV. CSA was operationalized using questions from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. Coping was assessed using the Brief COPE Inventory. Crude and adjusted linear regression models, controlling for age, sex, race, gender, and income were used to determine the association between CSA and each coping subscale. The analyses were conducted in SAS version 9.4. Results: Crude analyses showed statistically significant associations between CSA and specific coping strategies: humor (β = 1.244; p = 0.0018), religion (β = 1.122; p = 0.0291), Self-blame (β = 1.103; p = 0.0154), planning β = 1.197; p = 0.0196), venting (β = 1.218; p = 0.0063), substance use (β = 0.828; p = 0.0335) and instrumental support (β = 0.949; p = 0.0416) After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, there was a statistically significant association between CSA and humor (β = 1.321; p = 0.0048) and self-blame (β = 1.046; p = 0.0382). Conclusion: OALH with a history of CSA were more likely to use humor and self-blame as coping strategies. Trauma-informed interventions should be geared towards decreasing self-blame for OALH who are CSA survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Amoatika
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Monique J Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Office for the Study on Aging, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prince N O Addo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Schröder J, Briken P, Tozdan S. Comparing female- to male-perpetrated child sexual abuse as presumed by survivors - A qualitative content analysis. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 143:106252. [PMID: 37295191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female-perpetrated child sexual abuse (CSA) is taboo topic in society and an under-recognized issue in research and mental health care. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to examine perspectives of individuals surviving female-perpetrated CSA (in parts in addition with male-perpetrated CSA) on the question whether female-perpetrated CSA and its sequelae were considered different compared to male-perpetrated CSA. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The perspectives of 212 survivors of female-perpetrated CSA were captured in a cross-sectional online study. METHODS Answers to the questions "How does female-perpetrated CSA differ from male-perpetrated CSA?" and "How do consequences of female-perpetrated CSA differ from those of male-perpetrated CSA?" were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS The analyses reveal ten categories of differences, such as a more subtle approach, different levels of violence, and more psychological manipulation. Further, the analyses suggest ten categories of different personal consequences, such as less belief and support, more psychological sequelae, and disturbed relationships with women. CONCLUSIONS Approaches to raise awareness about gender stereotypes in the context of CSA are needed and special needs of survivors of female-perpetrated CSA in psychotherapeutic treatment can be derived from the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schröder
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Safiye Tozdan
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Nodzenski M, Davis J. Frontline support services for boys who have experienced child sexual exploitation: A thematic review of survey data from seven countries. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 142:106077. [PMID: 36764889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA) affects all children, but research on the needs and experiences of boys is lacking, support services are limited, and workers lack specialized training to meet their specific needs. This paper explores the perspectives and experiences of 404 Frontline Support Workers providing services to children with CSEA experiences in seven countries, considering trends and implications for boys. A mixed-methods online survey of 121 questions explores characteristics of cases, perceived vulnerabilities, and gender-based challenges in CSEA response. A descriptive analysis of survey data, disaggregated by country, was conducted, allowing for a discussion of broad themes and trends. Despite differences, participants described similar vulnerabilities for boys across these contexts, including poverty as well as sex and sexuality-related taboos, stigmas, and other gendered beliefs, which were perceived to not only increase vulnerability to CSEA but also complicate disclosure in all countries. The implications of these findings on service delivery and recommendations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Nodzenski
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Pl, Kings Cross, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Jarrett Davis
- up! International, Schwanengasse 1, 3011, Bern, Switzerland.
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Kavenagh M, Hua N, Wekerle C. Sexual exploitation of children: Barriers for boys in accessing social supports for victimization. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 142:106129. [PMID: 36925353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global evidence regarding sexual exploitation of children (SEC) is expanding, however, the majority of research continues to focus on girls. ECPAT International's Global Boys Initiative is a major contribution to broadening knowledge by exploring how sexual exploitation impacts boys specifically. OBJECTIVE This discussion paper explores data from the initiative to better understand how boys and children of all genders may be impacted by sexual exploitation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING During 2019-21, research was undertaken by ECPAT member organizations into the sexual exploitation of boys in 10 primarily low-and-middle income countries globally. The initiative also supported a global systematic scoping review of published and gray literature published in this issue (Moss et al., in press). METHODS Gender norms analysis of Initiative data identifies critical thematic issues impairing access to support services for victimized boys. RESULTS Most disconcerting is gender-based stigmatization from services that can compound children's trauma. Justice-based, rather than trauma-informed models of support predominate in responses for boys. Legal frameworks create barriers when binary gendered terminology defines sexual violence, thereby excluding anyone other than women and girls from protection. CONCLUSIONS Three solutions emerged to improve access to support for more children affected by sexual exploitation: (1) challenge problematic gender norms and consequent practices, such as gendered terminology in legislation, that create barriers for boys and gender-diverse children; (2) create psychologically, emotionally, and physically safe circumstances (i.e. trauma-informed care) for all children to know help-seeking is possible; and (3) undertake proactive support that specifically connects boys and gender-diverse children to therapeutic services like drop-in centers, night-time counseling, and emergency shelter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Hua
- McMaster University, Departments of Pediatrics & Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Wekerle
- McMaster University, Departments of Pediatrics & Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, South Africa
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Moss C, Smith SJ, Kim K, Hua N, Noronha N, Kavenagh M, Wekerle C. A global systematic scoping review of literature on the sexual exploitation of boys. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 142:106244. [PMID: 37244784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual exploitation of children (SEC) is a widespread crime which impacts the child victim across developmental, health and well-being domains. As victims, boys have received much less clinical and research attention. While context-specific factors likely shape the SEC risk, under-recognized gender norms can deny boys' vulnerability. Professional failures to recognize and respond adequately to boys' sexual exploitation may prevent access to support. OBJECTIVE This systematic scoping review updates and broadens a previous review of literature addressing prevalence, victim/offender/facilitator characteristics, control mechanisms, as well as the health correlates and outcomes regarding sexual exploitation of boys. This review included international peer-reviewed and gray literature from 38 countries in 14 languages. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Studies from the years 2000 to 2022 that included samples of boys under age 18, or sex-disaggregated data for children under 18, were included. Case studies, systematic reviews, and those reporting on retrospective experiences by adults over 18 were excluded. A total of 254,744 boys were represented across 81 studies. METHODS A systematic scoping review considered qualitative and quantitative peer-reviewed publications from eight, English-language databases. English and non-English non-peer reviewed publications ('gray literature') was identified by both ECPAT International's global network of member organizations and citation chaining. RESULTS Overall, 81 peer-reviewed (n = 51) and gray literature (n = 30) documents from 38 countries were included. In total, 254,744 youth participated in peer-reviewed studies (N = 217,726) and gray literature (N = 37,018). General prevalence of sexual exploitation of boys was reported at up to 5 %, with higher rates noted in specifically vulnerable sub-populations (e.g., 10 %, trans youth; 26 %, street-connected youth). The literature indicates that sexual exploitation of boys is reported as occurring primarily between 12 and 18 years old. Multi-level factors are linked to SEC, including individual (e.g., disability status), relationship (e.g., child maltreatment, dating violence), community (e.g., community violence), and societal domains (e.g., discriminatory beliefs). SEC victimization is linked with youth mental and physical health concerns, particularly sexual health. Post-traumatic stress symptomatology or disorder was rarely evaluated. Evidence-based treatments were not available, which may be related to a lack of gender-based theoretical models for understanding SEC specifically. CONCLUSION The sexual exploitation of boys is a prevalent public health, child rights, and clinical issue. All young people experiencing sexual exploitation face sex- and gender-specific challenges, and this remains the case for boys with indications including family rejection, implicit community tolerance for abuse to service accessibility barriers. Actioning our duty to care for all children requires gender- and trauma-informed lenses. Ongoing surveillance of all forms of violence against children, with gender disaggregation, is essential for practice and policy advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Moss
- McMaster University, Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Savanah Jordan Smith
- McMaster University, Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine Kim
- University of Toronto, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Hua
- McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Noella Noronha
- McMaster University, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Hamilton, ON, Canada; McMaster University, School of Interdisciplinary Science, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Christine Wekerle
- McMaster University, Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton, ON, Canada; McMaster University, Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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de Roos MS, Oliver C, Carré JR, Jones DN. Mimicry Deception Theory applied to sexual abuse of children. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 143:106339. [PMID: 37406466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexual abuse of children remains a widespread problem with well-documented, adverse consequences. Often, abuse ending is contingent on a disclosure made by the victim, but victims delay disclosure if they tell someone at all. The factors associated with (non)disclosure are complex and interrelated. In this paper, we propose a new theoretical framework (Mimicry Deception Theory; MDT) to explore various aspects of the grooming process, using a qualitative content analysis of US court appeal cases (N = 25). Specifically, we focus on how MDT components contribute to the likelihood of a CSA disclosure. MDT is made up of five components: Victim Selection, Community Integration, Complexity of Deception, Resource Extraction, and Detectability. These five components allow us to look at several characteristics of abuse in tandem and examine how they interact to impact various outcomes, such as (non)disclosure. We provide a detailed codebook for this framework, that can be used to systematically extract relevant information from large amounts of data. Through the application of this framework, we were able to identify several factors that may play a role in delayed or non-disclosure. Further, we found repeat offenders were likely to use the exact same methods of access, grooming, and remaining undetected across victims. Implications for prevention, as well as clinical interventions with perpetrators as well as victims are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe Oliver
- Roehampton University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Tuaau K. Culturally Competent Interventions for Child Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review of the Literature and the Implications for American Samoa. J Child Sex Abus 2023; 32:904-920. [PMID: 37849339 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2269146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Significant stigma regarding child sexual abuse exists in American Samoa. Although cultural interventions may help prevent child sexual abuse, very little is known about such interventions. Therefore, through a scoping review process, this study aimed to gain a broad understanding of past and current culturally tailored interventions to prevent child sexual abuse. Because no studies examine interventions to prevent child sexual abuse in American Samoa specifically, the reviewed literature investigates interventions in different cultures. The literature search initially identified 180 relevant articles. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine studies met the eligibility criteria for review. Extracted data from these articles included the country or population, sample, study methods, children's age, intervention type, and details about the intervention. Results suggest that culturally tailored interventions for preventing child sexual abuse exist in various countries and cultural contexts. Results highlight that child sexual abuse prevention interventions are effective if translated into the native language. Findings from this study highlight the importance of using a culturally tailored approach to addressing child sexual abuse and can help guide the development of new interventions. Although more research on the prevention of child sexual abuse in American Samoa is needed, the results of this study might inform the development of culturally tailored interventions for the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuini Tuaau
- California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
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41
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Cash DK, Spenard KD, Russell TD. Knowledge of Adult Sexual Orientation Influences Perceptions of Adult-Child Interactions. J Child Sex Abus 2023; 32:997-1015. [PMID: 37847188 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2271488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a highly prevalent concern that carries lifelong consequences for the survivor. Many instances of CSA may be prevented when people correctly recognize precursory behaviors to abuse; however, research has shown that people's biases color their perceptions of behavior. Past research demonstrated sexual and gender minority adults are more likely to erroneously be seen as predators and face harsher consequences compared to straight adults. The current study examined how knowledge of adults' sexual orientation influenced perceptions regarding the nature of adult-child interactions. Participants in the current study read a series of vignettes describing interactions between adults and children where the adult sexual orientation (straight male, gay male) and the gender of the child (male, female) were manipulated. Participants then indicated whether they believed the behavior to be predatory or innocuous. Participants were less likely to recognize dangerous behaviors when the adult was described as a straight man interacting with a male child, suggesting that harmful adult-child interactions are more likely to go undetected in these instances.
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42
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Guastaferro K, Shipe SL, Connell CM, Holloway JL, Pulido ML, Noll JG. Knowledge Gains from the Implementation of a Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program and the Future of School-Based Prevention Education. J Child Sex Abus 2023; 32:845-859. [PMID: 37814960 PMCID: PMC10841592 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2268618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
School-based child sexual abuse (CSA) programs effectively increase students' CSA-related knowledge. This study focuses on an implementation trial of Safe Touches, an empirically supported, school-based CSA prevention program, that was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to demonstrate gains in CSA-related knowledge following Safe Touches but were limited to a pre-post design. A total of 2,210 students across five counties in a Mid-Atlantic state received the Safe Touches workshop between September 2019 and March 2020. McNemar's chi-square test was used to assess changes in the proportion of correct responses pre-workshop (Time 1) and one-week post-workshop (Time 2). Students' CSA-related knowledge increased significantly based on changes in mean CSA knowledge scores and the number of correct item-level responses assessed at Time 1 and Time 2 (p < .000). Leveraging the experience of the facilitators' who delivered these workshops prior to the disruption of implementation, we gathered facilitators' perspectives to explore the viability of offering Safe Touches virtually. In July 2020, 16 facilitators completed an electronic survey designed to understand the viability of a virtual Safe Touches workshop. Three themes emerged from facilitator feedback on virtual programming: student engagement concerns, handling disclosures, and technology access to a virtual program. The findings of this study indicate that the Safe Touches workshop significantly increased CSA-related knowledge and, overall, facilitators supported further exploration and development of a virtual Safe Touches workshop. The transition of empirically supported school-based CSA prevention programs to a virtual delivery modality is necessary to maintain an effective means of primary prevention and opportunity for disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Guastaferro
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University
| | - Stacey L. Shipe
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
- Department of Social Work, State University of New York, Binghamton
| | - Christian M. Connell
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Mary L. Pulido
- New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
| | - Jennie G. Noll
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
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Guastaferro K, Melchior M, Murphy-Costanzo AS, Anderson A, Melamed N, Madden S. Preventive Education Outreach on Social Media: The Quest to Enroll Community Members in a Child Sexual Prevention Workshop. J Child Sex Abus 2023; 32:963-978. [PMID: 37915237 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2274889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Social media is a frequently used tool in health promotion efforts although less so for the prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA). This is due, in part, to the lack of standardized branding guides for community-based efforts in how to craft messages related to CSA prevention. This study examined the use of Twitter (now "X") as a means of promoting participation in the adult-focused Stewards of Children CSA prevention workshop, prior to and following the implementation of a standardized branding guide. The exposure, reach, and engagement of the top tweets and top media tweets were examined over 24-months pre- and post-implementation of a five-point branding guide. Engagement was descriptively compared to the number of adults who enrolled in the Stewards of Children workshop. As evidenced by the increase in tweet impressions and the number of adults trained, it is likely the implementation of the branding guide was beneficial in promoting participation in the Stewards of Children workshop. Though participation in a program does not inherently suggest behavior change, getting participants to enroll is a crucial first step. The findings emphasize the potential of using social media to ultimately promote behavior change in the field of CSA prevention and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Melchior
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Melamed
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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44
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Gauthier-Duchesne A, Hébert M, Blais M, Wekerle C. Differential Profiles of Sexually Abused Adolescent Boys. J Child Sex Abus 2023; 32:655-673. [PMID: 37335029 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2226652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Victims of child sexual abuse (CSA) are a heterogeneous population. Several characteristics may influence the outcomes associated with this adverse childhood experience, including personal (e.g. age) and CSA characteristics (e.g. relationship to the perpetrator). This study relied on a person-centered approach to account for this heterogeneity and focused on adolescent boys, an understudied population. Data were drawn from a representative sample of high school students aged 14 to 18 years old in Quebec, Canada. A total of 3.9% (n = 138) of boys reported CSA. Various CSA characteristics (severity, relationship to the perpetrator, and number of events) were used as indicators to derive classes. A four-class solution emerged from the latent class analysis: CSA in a sports context (6%), intrafamilial CSA (8%), extrafamilial CSA (52%) and multiple CSA (34%). The multiple CSA profile included boys who were sexually abused in multiple situations by different perpetrators and who were victims of acts involving penetration. The exploration of correlates associated with class membership revealed that adolescent boys included in the multiple CSA profile were distinguished by higher rates of delinquent behaviors and alcohol and drug use. They were more likely than members of other latent classes to belong to sexual minorities. This exploratory study sheds light on sexually victimized adolescent boys and the deleterious consequences that may affect them, particularly boys who have experienced multiple CSA events. We conclude that prevention efforts should focus on the demystification of sexual trauma among boys and on using trauma-informed care approaches for adolescent externalizing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Hébert
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Blais
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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45
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Choudhary V, Satapathy S, Sagar R. Development of a Brief Psychological Trauma Intervention for Child Sexual Abuse in India. J Child Sex Abus 2023; 32:879-903. [PMID: 37640395 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2249873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the alarming increase in incidences of child sexual abuse (CSA) in India, intervention research remains preliminary and generic. Although Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been found to be consistently effective in addressing the adverse consequences of CSA, none of the cultural adaptations of CBT have been evidenced in India so far. Hence, the present study was conceived to develop a CSA-focused brief CBT intervention for children between 7 and 13 years of age. Intervention development progressed through four steps: 1) a systematic review of literature; 2) a qualitative study, including focused group discussions, conducted with 19 mental health professionals; 3) development of the intervention; 4) expert evaluation and finalization. We developed the intervention with three key elements: restoring the child's functioning, assisting the child in processing, and managing trauma effectively and initiating the process of growth. The intervention predominantly followed the CBT framework while integrating culturally specified techniques. The intervention contains 8 modules and 18 sub-modules structured around three phases of intervention. The intervention is spread across a minimum of 6 required sessions and a maximum of 12 session held twice weekly for approximately 90-120 min duration. A list of 35 activities corresponding to each phase and sub-module of the present intervention has been designed as an intervention workbook. In conclusion, the newly developed intervention is a manualised, culturally competent, psychological intervention developed within the CBT framework for children aged 7-13 years with experience of CSA. The next phases include piloting intervention for feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Choudhary
- Swayam Psychotherapy Centre, New Delhi, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajesh Sagar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Young JA, Mann-Williams A. Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Live Musical Theater-Based Approach to Child Sexual Abuse Prevention in Elementary Schools. J Child Sex Abus 2023; 32:860-878. [PMID: 37921222 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2273311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Hugs and Kisses is a theater-based child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention program designed for children in kindergarten through fifth grades. The purpose of this cross-sectional case study is to evaluate how a comprehensive live musical theater program can prepare teachers to discuss and identify the signs of CSA, help children increase their knowledge, and learn prevention strategies to stop CSA in the future. A total of 154 teachers and 2,700 children from 31 schools participated in this program during 2016. Findings show this program increases children's awareness of touch and action knowledge through five primary safety lessons taught during the program and reinforced by a teacher led in-person discussion after the play. Nearly 85% of the students across all grade levels in this sample understood the lessons taught in the play, and students whose teachers held an in-class discussion after the play scored better than those students whose teachers did not hold a discussion. Teachers who were prepared with training resources also held longer in-class discussions compared to those who were not prepared. The Hugs play has the potential to be a national model for evidence-based CSA programs.
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Wu Y, Hartman D, Wang Y, Goldfarb D, Goodman GS. Suppression and Memory for Childhood Traumatic Events: Trauma Symptoms and Non-Disclosure. Top Cogn Sci 2023. [PMID: 37352442 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Self-reported lost memory of child sexual abuse (CSA) can be mistaken for "repressed memory." Based on our longitudinal studies of memory and disclosure in child maltreatment victims who are now adults, we discuss findings relevant to "repressed memory cases." We examined relations between self-report of temporarily lost memory of CSA (subjective forgetting) and memory accuracy for maltreatment-related experiences (objective memory). Across two studies involving separate samples, we find evidence for memory suppression rather than repression: (1) Most adults who claimed temporary lost memory of CSA reported memory suppression and clarified that they could have remembered the event if asked; (2) subjective forgetting was positively associated with accurate objective memory for maltreatment-related experiences. Subjective forgetting was also related to increased adult trauma symptoms and related to childhood non-disclosure of CSA. Moreover, trauma-related psychopathology mediated the relation between non-disclosure and subjective forgetting. Implications for psychological theory and repressed memory cases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerui Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | - Dana Hartman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | | | - Gail S Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
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Vega E, Tuval Mashiach R. Awareness, Incidence and Psychological Wellbeing of Childhood Sexual Abuse as Reported by Ultra-Orthodox Mothers. J Child Sex Abus 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37309198 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2222014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The harm caused by child sexual abuse (CSA) is well-documented, calling for more awareness and efforts at prevention. However, CSA in closed religious societies is still tightly under wraps, and therefore underreported and understudied. We chose to use the mother's point of view, in order get an estimate of the prevalence, the reporting rates and their psychological wellbeing. The current study aims at addressing this in the Jewish ultra-Orthodox community, an insular religious one, which may thus serve as a test case for understanding other closed, religious communities. Three hundred forty-seven ultra-Orthodox Israeli women completed self-report questionnaires and reported on their, or their children's exposure to CSA sexual abuse, about their emotional coping, and about considerations regarding disclosing the abuse. About 24% the participants reported that they were victims of sexual abuse. Only 24.3% of cases were reported to the police or official welfare services, with cultural reasons offered by the women to explain it. Lower psychological wellbeing was found among mothers who themselves or their children were victims of child sexual abuse, compared to controls. Interestingly, mothers who reported having undergone psychological treatment suffered a higher degree of distress than those who had not. These findings contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of sexual abuse exposure and disclosure in the ultraorthodox community, and in close societies and highlight the changes required to improve safeguarding of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esti Vega
- Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Rudolph JI, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Straker D, Hambour V, Hawes T, Swan K. Parental-Led Sexual Abuse Education Amongst At-Risk Parents: Associations with Parenting Practices, and Parent and Child Symptomology. J Child Sex Abus 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37290017 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2222116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Considering the emphasis on parent-led sexual abuse education (PLSAE) in child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention, and the imperative of prevention in families living with demonstrated risk factors, it is important to understand the extent to which this group delivers PLSAE to their children, whether this is associated with any barriers or facilitators, whether parents are engaging in other protective behaviors (such as monitoring and involvement) and the relationship between these variables and other risk factors such as parent and child symptomology. We surveyed 117 parents, with children ranging in age from 25-89 months (67% boys), attending a parenting program for assistance with a range of parenting difficulties and child behavior problems from 2020-22. A large majority of parents reported not giving their children comprehensive prevention messages, discussing body integrity and abduction dangers to a greater extent. PLSAE was significantly positively associated with child internalizing and externalizing symptoms; parent and child age; and discussion of body integrity and abduction. However, PLSAE was not associated with any other measured variables (protective parenting; CSA knowledge; parenting self-efficacy; general and own-child risk appraisal; parent burnout, stress, depression or anxiety; child diagnosis; parental education level; employment or marital status; or income). The current findings suggest that investing resources into increasing parental knowledge, risk perception and confidence may be misguided. Future endeavors should consider helping parents be protective in other ways, for example, through the creation of safe environments and reducing the risks of CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I Rudolph
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Melanie J Zimmer-Gembeck
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Drew Straker
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Victoria Hambour
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Tanya Hawes
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kellie Swan
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Rind B. Subjective Reactions to First Coitus in Relation to Participant Sex, Partner Age, and Context in a German Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents and Young Adults. Arch Sex Behav 2023:10.1007/s10508-023-02631-5. [PMID: 37286764 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of a Finnish nationally representative student sample found that subjective reactions to first intercourse (mostly heterosexual; usually in adolescence) were highly positive for boys and mostly positive for girls, whether involved with peers or adults (Rind, 2022). The present study examined the generality of these findings by examining subjective reactions to first coitus (heterosexual intercourse) in a German nationally representative sample of young people (data collected in 2014). Most first coitus was postpubertal. Males reacted mostly positively and uncommonly negatively in similar fashion in all age pairings: boy-girl (71% positive, 13% negative); boy-woman (73% positive; 17% negative); man-woman (73% positive, 15% negative). Females' reactions were more mixed, similar in the girl-boy (48% positive; 37% negative) and woman-man (46% positive, 36% negative) groups, but less favorable in the girl-man group (32% positive, 47% negative). In logistic regressions, adjusting for other factors, rates of positive reactions were unrelated to age groups. These rates did increase, in order of importance, when participants were male, their partners were close, they expected the coitus to happen, and they affirmatively wanted it. Reaction rates were computed from the Finnish sample, restricting cases to first coitus occurring in the 2000s, and then compared to minors' reactions in the German sample. The Finns reacted more favorably, similarly in both minor-peer and minor-adult coitus, with twice the odds of reacting positively. It was argued that this discrepancy was due to cultural differences (e.g., Finnish culture is more sex-positive). To account for the reaction patterns shown in the adolescent-adult coitus, sizably at odds with expectations from mainstream professional thinking, an evolutionary framework was employed.
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