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Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are being increasingly used as passive antiviral reagents in prophylactic and therapeutic modalities and to guide viral vaccine design. In vivo, nAbs can mediate antiviral functions through several mechanisms, including neutralization, which is defined by in vitro assays in which nAbs block viral entry to target cells, and antibody effector functions, which are defined by in vitro assays that evaluate nAbs against viruses and infected cells in the presence of effector systems. Interpreting in vivo results in terms of these in vitro assays is challenging but important in choosing optimal passive antibody and vaccine strategies. Here, I review findings from many different viruses and conclude that, although some generalizations are possible, deciphering the relative contributions of different antiviral mechanisms to the in vivo efficacy of antibodies currently requires consideration of individual antibody-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Soto J, Linsley C, Song Y, Chen B, Fang J, Neyyan J, Davila R, Lee B, Wu B, Li S. Engineering Materials and Devices for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19 and Infectious Diseases. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2455. [PMID: 37686965 PMCID: PMC10490511 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Following the global spread of COVID-19, scientists and engineers have adapted technologies and developed new tools to aid in the fight against COVID-19. This review discusses various approaches to engineering biomaterials, devices, and therapeutics, especially at micro and nano levels, for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, serving as a resource for scientists to identify specific tools that can be applicable for infectious-disease-related research, technology development, and treatment. From the design and production of equipment critical to first responders and patients using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to point-of-care devices for rapid diagnosis, these technologies and tools have been essential to address current global needs for the prevention and detection of diseases. Moreover, advancements in organ-on-a-chip platforms provide a valuable platform to not only study infections and disease development in humans but also allow for the screening of more effective therapeutics. In addition, vaccines, the repurposing of approved drugs, biomaterials, drug delivery, and cell therapy are promising approaches for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Following a comprehensive review of all these topics, we discuss unsolved problems and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chase Linsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Binru Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Josephine Neyyan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Raul Davila
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brandon Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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3
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Renn A, Fu Y, Hu X, Hall MD, Simeonov A. Fruitful Neutralizing Antibody Pipeline Brings Hope To Defeat SARS-Cov-2. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:815-829. [PMID: 32829936 PMCID: PMC7572790 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)_ infecting >16 million people worldwide as of 28 July 2020, causing >650 000 deaths, there is a desperate need for therapeutic agents and vaccines. Building on knowledge of previous outbreaks of SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), the development of therapeutic antibodies and vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is taking place at an unprecedented speed. Current efforts towards the development of neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19 are summarized. We also highlight the importance of a fruitful antibody development pipeline to combat the potential escape plans of SARS-CoV-2, including somatic mutations and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Renn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ying Fu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Pierson TC, Diamond MS. A game of numbers: the stoichiometry of antibody-mediated neutralization of flavivirus infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:141-66. [PMID: 25595803 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The humoral response contributes to the protection against viral pathogens. Although antibodies have the potential to inhibit viral infections via several mechanisms, an ability to neutralize viruses directly may be particularly important. Neutralizing antibody titers are commonly used as predictors of protection from infection, especially in the context of vaccine responses and immunity. Despite the simplicity of the concept, how antibody binding results in virus inactivation is incompletely understood despite decades of research. Flaviviruses have been an attractive system in which to seek a structural and quantitative understanding of how antibody interactions with virions modulate infection because of the contribution of antibodies to both protection and pathogenesis. This review will present a stoichiometric model of antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses and discuss how these concepts can inform the development of vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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5
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Neutralization of Virus Infectivity by Antibodies: Old Problems in New Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2014. [PMID: 27099867 DOI: 10.1155/2014/157895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can be both sufficient and necessary for protection against viral infections, although they sometimes act in concert with cellular immunity. Successful vaccines against viruses induce NAbs but vaccine candidates against some major viral pathogens, including HIV-1, have failed to induce potent and effective such responses. Theories of how antibodies neutralize virus infectivity have been formulated and experimentally tested since the 1930s; and controversies about the mechanistic and quantitative bases for neutralization have continually arisen. Soluble versions of native oligomeric viral proteins that mimic the functional targets of neutralizing antibodies now allow the measurement of the relevant affinities of NAbs. Thereby the neutralizing occupancies on virions can be estimated and related to the potency of the NAbs. Furthermore, the kinetics and stoichiometry of NAb binding can be compared with neutralizing efficacy. Recently, the fundamental discovery that the intracellular factor TRIM21 determines the degree of neutralization of adenovirus has provided new mechanistic and quantitative insights. Since TRIM21 resides in the cytoplasm, it would not affect the neutralization of enveloped viruses, but its range of activity against naked viruses will be important to uncover. These developments bring together the old problems of virus neutralization-mechanism, stoichiometry, kinetics, and efficacy-from surprising new angles.
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6
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Monoclonal antibodies for prophylactic and therapeutic use against viral infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 88:T15-T23. [PMID: 32287402 PMCID: PMC7111719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pepo.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies play an essential part in antiviral immunity and are instrumental in preventing or modulating viral diseases. Polyclonal antibody preparations are increasingly being replaced by highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Cocktails of mAbs and bispecific constructs can be used to simultaneously target multiple viral epitopes and to overcome issues of neutralization escape. Advances in antibody engineering have led to a large array of novel mAb formats, while deeper insight into the biology of several viruses and increasing knowledge of their neutralizing epitopes has extended the list of potential targets. In addition, progress in developing inexpensive production platforms will make antiviral mAbs more widely available and affordable.
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Benhnia MREI, Maybeno M, Blum D, Aguilar-Sino R, Matho M, Meng X, Head S, Felgner PL, Zajonc DM, Koriazova L, Kato S, Burton DR, Xiang Y, Crowe JE, Peters B, Crotty S. Unusual features of vaccinia virus extracellular virion form neutralization resistance revealed in human antibody responses to the smallpox vaccine. J Virol 2013; 87:1569-85. [PMID: 23152530 PMCID: PMC3554146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02152-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular virion form (EV) of vaccinia virus (VACV) is essential for viral pathogenesis and is difficult to neutralize with antibodies. Why this is the case and how the smallpox vaccine overcomes this challenge remain incompletely understood. We previously showed that high concentrations of anti-B5 antibodies are insufficient to directly neutralize EV (M. R. Benhnia, et al., J. Virol. 83:1201-1215, 2009). This allowed for at least two possible interpretations: covering the EV surface is insufficient for neutralization, or there are insufficient copies of B5 to allow anti-B5 IgG to cover the whole surface of EV and another viral receptor protein remains active. We endeavored to test these possibilities, focusing on the antibody responses elicited by immunization against smallpox. We tested whether human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the three major EV antigens, B5, A33, and A56, could individually or together neutralize EV. While anti-B5 or anti-A33 (but not anti-A56) MAbs of appropriate isotypes were capable of neutralizing EV in the presence of complement, a mixture of anti-B5, anti-A33, and anti-A56 MAbs was incapable of directly neutralizing EV, even at high concentrations. This remained true when neutralizing the IHD-J strain, which lacks a functional version of the fourth and final known EV surface protein, A34. These immunological data are consistent with the possibility that viral proteins may not be the active component of the EV surface for target cell binding and infectivity. We conclude that the protection afforded by the smallpox vaccine anti-EV response is predominantly mediated not by direct neutralization but by isotype-dependent effector functions, such as complement recruitment for antibodies targeting B5 and A33.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Blum
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rowena Aguilar-Sino
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Matho
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Steven Head
- DNA Array Core Facility and Consortium for Functional Glycomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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8
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Both L, Banyard AC, van Dolleweerd C, Wright E, Ma JKC, Fooks AR. Monoclonal antibodies for prophylactic and therapeutic use against viral infections. Vaccine 2013; 31:1553-9. [PMID: 23370150 PMCID: PMC7115371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies play an essential part in antiviral immunity and are instrumental in preventing or modulating viral diseases. Polyclonal antibody preparations are increasingly being replaced by highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Cocktails of mAbs and bispecific constructs can be used to simultaneously target multiple viral epitopes and to overcome issues of neutralization escape. Advances in antibody engineering have led to a large array of novel mAb formats, while deeper insight into the biology of several viruses and increasing knowledge of their neutralizing epitopes has extended the list of potential targets. In addition, progress in developing inexpensive production platforms will make antiviral mAbs more widely available and affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Both
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - Craig van Dolleweerd
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
- National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
- Corresponding author at: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK. Tel.: +44 01932 357840; fax: +44 01932 357239.
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9
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Dowd KA, Pierson TC. Antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses: a reductionist view. Virology 2011; 411:306-15. [PMID: 21255816 PMCID: PMC3100196 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a group of ~70 small RNA viruses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality across the globe. Efforts to develop effective vaccines for several clinically important flaviviruses are underway. Antibodies are a significant component of the host's protective response against flavivirus infection with the potential to contribute to immunity via several distinct mechanisms, including an ability to directly neutralize virus infection. Conversely, virus-reactive antibodies have been implicated in the increased risk of severe clinical manifestations following secondary dengue virus infection. In this review, we will discuss recent progress toward understanding the molecular basis of antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses. Neutralization requires engagement of the virion with a stoichiometry that exceeds a required threshold. From this perspective, we will discuss viral and host factors that impact the number of antibody molecules bound to the virus particle and significantly modulate the potency of neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Alonso-Padilla J, de Oya NJ, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Escribano JM, Saiz JC. Recombinant West Nile virus envelope protein E and domain III expressed in insect larvae protects mice against West Nile disease. Vaccine 2011; 29:1830-5. [PMID: 21211580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, West Nile virus (WNV) envelope (rE) protein and its domain III (rDIII) were efficiently expressed in a cost-effective system based on insect larvae as non-fermentative living biofactories. Mice immunized with the partially purified rE or rDIII elicited high antibodies titers that neutralized viral infectivity in cell culture and in suckling mice. All vaccinated animals were fully protected when challenged with neurovirulent WNV NY99. Passive transfer of protective antibodies from immunized mothers to their offspring occurred both by transplacental and lactation routes. These results indicate that the insect-derived antigens tested may constitute potential vaccine candidates to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alonso-Padilla
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Benhnia MREI, McCausland MM, Laudenslager J, Granger SW, Rickert S, Koriazova L, Tahara T, Kubo RT, Kato S, Crotty S. Heavily isotype-dependent protective activities of human antibodies against vaccinia virus extracellular virion antigen B5. J Virol 2009; 83:12355-67. [PMID: 19793826 PMCID: PMC2786738 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01593-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against the extracellular virion (EV or EEV) form of vaccinia virus are an important component of protective immunity in animal models and likely contribute to the protection of immunized humans against poxviruses. Using fully human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), we now have shown that the protective attributes of the human anti-B5 antibody response to the smallpox vaccine (vaccinia virus) are heavily dependent on effector functions. By switching Fc domains of a single MAb, we have definitively shown that neutralization in vitro--and protection in vivo in a mouse model--by the human anti-B5 immunoglobulin G MAbs is isotype dependent, thereby demonstrating that efficient protection by these antibodies is not simply dependent on binding an appropriate vaccinia virion antigen with high affinity but in fact requires antibody effector function. The complement components C3 and C1q, but not C5, were required for neutralization. We also have demonstrated that human MAbs against B5 can potently direct complement-dependent cytotoxicity of vaccinia virus-infected cells. Each of these results was then extended to the polyclonal human antibody response to the smallpox vaccine. A model is proposed to explain the mechanism of EV neutralization. Altogether these findings enhance our understanding of the central protective activities of smallpox vaccine-elicited antibodies in immunized humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Megan M. McCausland
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John Laudenslager
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Steven W. Granger
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Sandra Rickert
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lilia Koriazova
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Tomoyuki Tahara
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ralph T. Kubo
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Shinichiro Kato
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California, La Jolla, California 92037
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12
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Diamond MS, Pierson TC, Fremont DH. The structural immunology of antibody protection against West Nile virus. Immunol Rev 2009; 225:212-25. [PMID: 18837784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Recent investigations of the interaction between the West Nile virus (WNV) envelope protein (E) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have elucidated fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms of neutralization. Structural studies have defined an epitope on the lateral ridge of domain III (DIII-lr) of the WNV E protein that is recognized by antibodies with the strongest neutralizing activity in vitro and in vivo. Antibodies that bind this epitope are highly potent because they efficiently block at a post-entry step of viral infection with relatively low virion occupancy requirements. In this review, we discuss the structural, molecular, and immunologic basis for antibody-mediated protection against WNV, and its implications for novel therapeutic or vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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13
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Vaccinia virus extracellular enveloped virion neutralization in vitro and protection in vivo depend on complement. J Virol 2008; 83:1201-15. [PMID: 19019965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01797-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody neutralization is an important component of protective immunity against vaccinia virus (VACV). Two distinct virion forms, mature virion and enveloped virion (MV and EV, respectively), possess separate functions and nonoverlapping immunological properties. In this study we examined the mechanics of EV neutralization, focusing on EV protein B5 (also called B5R). We show that neutralization of EV is predominantly complement dependent. From a panel of high-affinity anti-B5 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), the only potent neutralizer in vitro (90% at 535 ng/ml) was an immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a), and neutralization was complement mediated. This MAb was the most protective in vivo against lethal intranasal VACV challenge. Further studies demonstrated that in vivo depletion of complement caused a >50% loss of anti-B5 IgG2a protection, directly establishing the importance of complement for protection against the EV form. However, the mechanism of protection is not sterilizing immunity via elimination of the inoculum as the viral inoculum consisted of a purified MV form. The prevention of illness in vivo indicated rapid control of infection. We further demonstrate that antibody-mediated killing of VACV-infected cells expressing surface B5 is a second protective mechanism provided by complement-fixing anti-B5 IgG. Cell killing was very efficient, and this effector function was highly isotype specific. These results indicate that anti-B5 antibody-directed cell lysis via complement is a powerful mechanism for clearance of infected cells, keeping poxvirus-infected cells from being invisible to humoral immune responses. These findings highlight the importance of multiple mechanisms of antibody-mediated protection against VACV and point to key immunobiological differences between MVs and EVs that impact the outcome of infection.
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14
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Marasco WA, Sui J. The growth and potential of human antiviral monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 25:1421-34. [PMID: 18066039 PMCID: PMC7097443 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have long provided powerful research tools for virologists to understand the mechanisms of virus entry into host cells and of antiviral immunity. Even so, commercial development of human (or humanized) mAbs for the prophylaxis, preemptive and acute treatment of viral infections has been slow. This is surprising, as new antibody discovery tools have increased the speed and precision with which potent neutralizing human antiviral mAbs can be identified. As longstanding barriers to antiviral mAb development, such as antigenic variability of circulating viral strains and the ability of viruses to undergo neutralization escape, are being overcome, deeper insight into the mechanisms of mAb action and engineering of effector functions are also improving the efficacy of antiviral mAbs. These successes, in both industrial and academic laboratories, coupled with ongoing changes in the biomedical and regulatory environments, herald an era when the commercial development of human antiviral mAb therapies will likely surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School 44, Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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15
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Klasse PJ. Modeling how many envelope glycoprotein trimers per virion participate in human immunodeficiency virus infectivity and its neutralization by antibody. Virology 2007; 369:245-62. [PMID: 17825343 PMCID: PMC2317823 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimers of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) effectuate viral entry into susceptible cells. Therefore Env trimers are the targets for neutralizing antibodies. This study models the number of trimers required for virion infectivity. It also delineates the minimum number of antibody molecules that would neutralize a virion. First, Env function was assumed to be incremental (all envelope glycoprotein units contribute equally) or liminal (characterized by thresholds). Then, such models were combined and shown to fit published data on phenotypically mixed pseudotype viruses. Virions with 9 trimers would require around a median of 5 of them for strong infectivity; the proportion varies among strains and mutants. In addition, the models account for both liminal and incremental protomeric effects at the trimer level: different inert Env mutants may affect trimer function in different degrees. Because of compensatory effects at the virion and trimer levels, however, current data cannot differentiate between all plausible models. But the biophysically and mathematically rationalized blurring of thresholds yields candidate models that fit different data excellently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Weill Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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