1
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Simcox BS, Rohde KH. Orphan response regulator NnaR is critical for nitrate and nitrite assimilation in Mycobacterium abscessus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1411333. [PMID: 38854658 PMCID: PMC11162112 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1411333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is an opportunistic pathogen afflicting individuals with underlying lung disease such as Cystic Fibrosis (CF) or immunodeficiencies. Current treatment strategies for Mab infections are limited by its inherent antibiotic resistance and limited drug access to Mab in its in vivo niches resulting in poor cure rates of 30-50%. Mab's ability to survive within macrophages, granulomas and the mucus laden airways of the CF lung requires adaptation via transcriptional remodeling to counteract stresses like hypoxia, increased levels of nitrate, nitrite, and reactive nitrogen intermediates. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is known to coordinate hypoxic adaptation via induction of respiratory nitrate assimilation through the nitrate reductase narGHJI. Mab, on the other hand, does not encode a respiratory nitrate reductase. In addition, our recent study of the transcriptional responses of Mab to hypoxia revealed marked down-regulation of a locus containing putative nitrate assimilation genes, including the orphan response regulator nnaR (nitrate/nitrite assimilation regulator). These putative nitrate assimilation genes, narK3 (nitrate/nitrite transporter), nirBD (nitrite reductase), nnaR, and sirB (ferrochelatase) are arranged contiguously while nasN (assimilatory nitrate reductase identified in this work) is encoded in a different locus. Absence of a respiratory nitrate reductase in Mab and down-regulation of nitrogen metabolism genes in hypoxia suggest interplay between hypoxia adaptation and nitrate assimilation are distinct from what was previously documented in Mtb. The mechanisms used by Mab to fine-tune the transcriptional regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the context of stresses e.g. hypoxia, particularly the role of NnaR, remain poorly understood. To evaluate the role of NnaR in nitrate metabolism we constructed a Mab nnaR knockout strain (MabΔnnaR ) and complement (MabΔnnaR+C ) to investigate transcriptional regulation and phenotypes. qRT-PCR revealed NnaR is necessary for regulating nitrate and nitrite reductases along with a putative nitrate transporter. Loss of NnaR compromised the ability of Mab to assimilate nitrate or nitrite as sole nitrogen sources highlighting its necessity. This work provides the first insights into the role of Mab NnaR setting a foundation for future work investigating NnaR's contribution to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle H. Rohde
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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2
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Cui Y, Dang G, Wang H, Tang Y, Lv M, Liu S, Song N. DosR's multifaceted role on Mycobacterium bovis BCG revealed through multi-omics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1292864. [PMID: 38076461 PMCID: PMC10703047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1292864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an intracellular bacterium that causes a highly contagious and potentially lethal tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It can maintain a dormant TB infection within the host. DosR (dormancy survival regulator) (Rv3133c) has been recognized as one of the key transcriptional proteins regulating bacterial dormancy and participating in various metabolic processes. In this study, we extensively investigate the still not well-comprehended role and mechanism of DosR in Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) through a combined omics analysis. Our study finds that deleting DosR significantly affects the transcriptional levels of 104 genes and 179 proteins. Targeted metabolomics data for amino acids indicate that DosR knockout significantly upregulates L-Aspartic acid and serine synthesis, while downregulating seven other amino acids, including L-histidine and lysine. This suggests that DosR regulates amino acid synthesis and metabolism. Taken together, these findings provide molecular and metabolic bases for DosR effects, suggesting that DosR may be a novel regulatory target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yiyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyue Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, Weifang, China
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3
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Sevalkar RR, Glasgow JN, Pettinati M, Marti MA, Reddy VP, Basu S, Alipour E, Kim-Shapiro DB, Estrin DA, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosS binds H 2S through its Fe 3+ heme iron to regulate the DosR dormancy regulon. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102316. [PMID: 35489241 PMCID: PMC9062744 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) senses and responds to host-derived gasotransmitters NO and CO via heme-containing sensor kinases DosS and DosT and the response regulator DosR. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule in mammals, but its role in Mtb physiology is unclear. We have previously shown that exogenous H2S can modulate expression of genes in the Dos dormancy regulon via an unknown mechanism(s). Here, we test the hypothesis that Mtb senses and responds to H2S via the DosS/T/R system. Using UV-Vis and EPR spectroscopy, we show that H2S binds directly to the ferric (Fe3+) heme of DosS (KDapp = 5.30 μM) but not the ferrous (Fe2+) form. No interaction with DosT(Fe2+-O2) was detected. We found that the binding of sulfide can slowly reduce the DosS heme iron to the ferrous form. Steered Molecular Dynamics simulations show that H2S, and not the charged HS- species, can enter the DosS heme pocket. We also show that H2S increases DosS autokinase activity and subsequent phosphorylation of DosR, and H2S-mediated increases in Dos regulon gene expression is lost in Mtb lacking DosS. Finally, we demonstrate that physiological levels of H2S in macrophages can induce DosR regulon genes via DosS. Overall, these data reveal a novel mechanism whereby Mtb senses and responds to a third host gasotransmitter, H2S, via DosS(Fe3+). These findings highlight the remarkable plasticity of DosS and establish a new paradigm for how bacteria can sense multiple gasotransmitters through a single heme sensor kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh R Sevalkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Martín Pettinati
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Marti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Swati Basu
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elmira Alipour
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Dario A Estrin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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4
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Greening C, Grinter R. Microbial oxidation of atmospheric trace gases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:513-528. [PMID: 35414013 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere has recently been recognized as a major source of energy sustaining life. Diverse aerobic bacteria oxidize the three most abundant reduced trace gases in the atmosphere, namely hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4). This Review describes the taxonomic distribution, physiological role and biochemical basis of microbial oxidation of these atmospheric trace gases, as well as the ecological, environmental, medical and astrobiological importance of this process. Most soil bacteria and some archaea can survive by using atmospheric H2 and CO as alternative energy sources, as illustrated through genetic studies on Mycobacterium cells and Streptomyces spores. Certain specialist bacteria can also grow on air alone, as confirmed by the landmark characterization of Methylocapsa gorgona, which grows by simultaneously consuming atmospheric CH4, H2 and CO. Bacteria use high-affinity lineages of metalloenzymes, namely hydrogenases, CO dehydrogenases and methane monooxygenases, to utilize atmospheric trace gases for aerobic respiration and carbon fixation. More broadly, trace gas oxidizers enhance the biodiversity and resilience of soil and marine ecosystems, drive primary productivity in extreme environments such as Antarctic desert soils and perform critical regulatory services by mitigating anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Greening
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rhys Grinter
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Stupar M, Furness J, De Voss CJ, Tan L, West NP. Two-component sensor histidine kinases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: beacons for niche navigation. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:973-985. [PMID: 35338720 PMCID: PMC9321153 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis are remarkably adept at surviving within a host, employing a variety of mechanisms to counteract host defenses and establish a protected niche. Constant surveying of the environment is key for pathogenic mycobacteria to discern their immediate location and coordinate the expression of genes necessary for adaptation. Two‐component systems efficiently perform this role, typically comprised of a transmembrane sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. In this review, we describe the role of two‐component systems in bacterial pathogenesis, focusing predominantly on the role of sensor kinases of M. tuberculosis. We highlight important features of sensor kinases in mycobacterial infection, discuss ways in which these signaling proteins sense and respond to environments, and how this is attuned to their intracellular lifestyle. Finally, we discuss recent studies which have identified and characterized inhibitors of two‐component sensor kinases toward establishing a new strategy in anti‐mycobacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljan Stupar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Juanelle Furness
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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6
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Baindara P, Agrawal S, Franco OL. Host-directed therapies for malaria and tuberculosis: common infection strategies and repurposed drugs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:849-869. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2044794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sonali Agrawal
- Immunology Division, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - O. L. Franco
- Proteomics Analysis and Biochemical Center, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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7
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Heme oxygenase-1, carbon monoxide, and malaria – The interplay of chemistry and biology. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Pal VK, Agrawal R, Rakshit S, Shekar P, Murthy DTN, Vyakarnam A, Singh A. Hydrogen sulfide blocks HIV rebound by maintaining mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:68487. [PMID: 34792020 PMCID: PMC8660018 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication is to understand how the virus establishes latency, maintains stable cellular reservoirs, and promotes rebound upon interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we discovered an unexpected role of the ubiquitous gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in HIV latency and reactivation. We show that reactivation of HIV is associated with downregulation of the key H2S producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CTH) and reduction in endogenous H2S. Genetic silencing of CTH disrupts redox homeostasis, impairs mitochondrial function, and remodels the transcriptome of latent cells to trigger HIV reactivation. Chemical complementation of CTH activity using a slow-releasing H2S donor, GYY4137, suppressed HIV reactivation and diminished virus replication. Mechanistically, GYY4137 blocked HIV reactivation by inducing the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, inhibiting NF-κB, and recruiting the epigenetic silencer, YY1, to the HIV promoter. In latently infected CD4+ T cells from ART-suppressed human subjects, GYY4137 in combination with ART prevented viral rebound and improved mitochondrial bioenergetics. Moreover, prolonged exposure to GYY4137 exhibited no adverse influence on proviral content or CD4+ T cell subsets, indicating that diminished viral rebound is due to a loss of transcription rather than a selective loss of infected cells. In summary, this work provides mechanistic insight into H2S-mediated suppression of viral rebound and suggests exploration of H2S donors to maintain HIV in a latent form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar Pal
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ragini Agrawal
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Pooja Shekar
- BMCRI, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Amit Singh
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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9
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Gwak SY, Kim SJ, Park J, Kim SH, Joe Y, Lee HN, Kim W, Muna IA, Na HK, Chung HT, Surh YJ. Potential Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in the Resolution of Experimentally Induced Colitis through Regulation of Macrophage Polarization. Gut Liver 2021; 16:246-258. [PMID: 34737242 PMCID: PMC8924814 DOI: 10.5009/gnl210058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a central role in cellular defense against inflammatory insults, and its induction in macrophages potentiates their efferocytic activity. In this study, we explored the potential role of macrophage HO-1 in the resolution of experimentally induced colitis. Methods To induce colitis, male C57BL/6 mice were treated with 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in the drinking water for 7 days. To investigate efferocytosis, apoptotic colon epithelial CCD 841 CoN cells were coincubated with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Results Administration of the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) blunted the resolution of DSS-induced intestinal inflammation and expression of the proresolving M2 macrophage marker CD206. BMDMs treated with apoptotic colonic epithelial cells showed significantly elevated expression of HO-1 and its regulator Nrf2. Under the same experimental conditions, the proportion of CD206-expressing macrophages was also enhanced. ZnPP treatment abrogated the upregulation of CD206 expression in BMDMs engulfing apoptotic colonic epithelial cells. This result was verified with BMDMs isolated from HO-1-knockout mice. BMDMs, when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, exhibited increased expression of CD86, a marker of M1 macrophages. Coculture of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BMDMs with apoptotic colonic epithelial cell debris dampened the expression of CD86 as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines in an HO-1-dependent manner. Genetic ablation as well as pharmacologic inhibition of HO-1 significantly reduced the proportion of efferocytic BMDMs expressing the scavenger receptor CD36. Conclusions HO-1 plays a key role in the resolution of experimentally induced colitis by modulating the polarization of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Gwak
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Wonki Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ishrat Aklima Muna
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Monteith AJ, Skaar EP. The impact of metal availability on immune function during infection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:916-928. [PMID: 34483037 PMCID: PMC8516721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient transition metals are required cofactors for many proteins to perform functions necessary for life. As such, the concentration of nutrient metals is carefully maintained to retain critical biological processes while limiting toxicity. During infection, invading bacterial pathogens must acquire essential metals, such as zinc, manganese, iron, and copper, from the host to colonize and cause disease. To combat this, the host exploits the essentiality and toxicity of nutrient metals by producing factors that limit metal availability, thereby starving pathogens or accumulating metals in excess to intoxicate the pathogen in a process termed 'nutritional immunity'. As a result of inflammation, a heterogeneous environment containing both metal-replete and -deplete niches is created, in which nutrient metal availability may have an underappreciated role in regulating immune cell function during infection. How the host manipulates nutrient metal availability during infection, and the downstream effects that nutrient metals and metal-sequestering proteins have on immune cell function, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, & Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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11
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Theobald SJ, Gräb J, Fritsch M, Suárez I, Eisfeld HS, Winter S, Koch M, Hölscher C, Pasparakis M, Kashkar H, Rybniker J. Gasdermin D mediates host cell death but not interleukin-1β secretion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:327. [PMID: 34718331 PMCID: PMC8557205 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic cell death represents a major pathogenic mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. It is increasingly evident that Mtb induces several types of regulated necrosis but how these are interconnected and linked to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines remains unknown. Exploiting a clinical cohort of tuberculosis patients, we show here that the number and size of necrotic lesions correlates with IL-1β plasma levels as a strong indicator of inflammasome activation. Our mechanistic studies reveal that Mtb triggers mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) and subsequently extensive macrophage necrosis, which requires activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3-driven mitochondrial damage is dependent on proteolytic activation of the pore-forming effector protein gasdermin D (GSDMD), which links two distinct cell death machineries. Intriguingly, GSDMD, but not the membranolytic mycobacterial ESX-1 secretion system, is dispensable for IL-1β secretion from Mtb-infected macrophages. Thus, our study dissects a novel mechanism of pathogen-induced regulated necrosis by identifying mitochondria as central regulatory hubs capable of delineating cytokine secretion and lytic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Theobald
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jessica Gräb
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Fritsch
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH), University of Cologne, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabelle Suárez
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah S Eisfeld
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Winter
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koch
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Division of Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, 23845, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Borstel, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH), University of Cologne, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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12
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Wang H, Wan L, Shi J, Zhang T, Zhu H, Jiang S, Meng S, Wu S, Sun J, Chang L, Zhang L, Wan K, Yang J, Zhao X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Dai E, Xu P. Quantitative proteomics reveals that dormancy-related proteins mediate the attenuation in mycobacterium strains. Virulence 2021; 12:2228-2246. [PMID: 34634997 PMCID: PMC8923072 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1965703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) exhibit high similarity, they are characterized by differences with respect to virulence, immune response, and transmissibility. To understand the virulence of these bacteria and identify potential novel therapeutic targets, we systemically investigated the total cell protein contents of virulent H37Rv, attenuated H37Ra, and avirulent M. bovis BCG vaccine strains at the log and stationary phases, based on tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics. Data analysis revealed that we obtained deep-coverage protein identification and high quantification. Although 272 genetic variations were reported in H37Ra and H37Rv, they showed very little expression difference in log and stationary phase. Quantitative comparison revealed H37Ra and H37Rv had significantly dysregulation in log phase (227) compared with stationary phase (61). While BCG and H37Rv, and BCG and H37Ra showed notable differences in stationary phase (1171 and 1124) with respect to log phase (381 and 414). In the log phase, similar patterns of protein abundance were observed between H37Ra and BCG, whereas a more similar expression pattern was observed between H37Rv and H37Ra in the stationary phase. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the upregulated proteins detected for H37Rv and H37Ra in log phase were virulence-related factors. In both log and stationary phases, the dysregulated proteins detected for BCG, which have also been identified as M. tuberculosis response proteins under dormancy conditions. We accordingly describe the proteomic profiles of H37Rv, H37Ra, and BCG, which we believe will potentially provide a better understanding of H37Rv pathogenesis, H37Ra attenuation, and BCG immuno protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Songhao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Shuhong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Shujia Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Capital Medical University, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kanglin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haican Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Erhei Dai
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China.,Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Luo K, Stocker R, Britton WJ, Kikuchi K, Oehlers SH. Haem oxygenase limits Mycobacterium marinum infection-induced detrimental ferrostatin-sensitive cell death in zebrafish. FEBS J 2021; 289:671-681. [PMID: 34544203 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is essential for both sides of the host-pathogen interface. Restricting access of iron slows bacterial growth while iron is also a necessary cofactor for host immunity. Haem oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) is a critical regulator of iron homeostasis that catalyses the liberation of iron during degradation of haem. It is also a stress-responsive protein that can be rapidly upregulated and confers protection to the host. Although a protective role of HMOX1 has been demonstrated in a variety of diseases, the role of HMOX1 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is equivocal across experiments with different host-pathogen combinations. Here, we use the natural host-pathogen pairing of the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection platform to study the role of zebrafish haem oxygenase in mycobacterial infection. We identify zebrafish Hmox1a as the relevant functional paralog of mammalian HMOX1 and demonstrate a conserved role for Hmox1a in protecting the host from M. marinum infection. Using genetic and chemical tools, we show zebrafish Hmox1a protects the host against M. marinum infection by reducing infection-induced iron accumulation and ferrostatin-sensitive cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Luo
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kazu Kikuchi
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Theme and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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14
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Pardoux R, Dolla A, Aubert C. Metal-containing PAS/GAF domains in bacterial sensors. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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15
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Kunota TTR, Rahman MA, Truebody BE, Mackenzie JS, Saini V, Lamprecht DA, Adamson JH, Sevalkar RR, Lancaster JR, Berney M, Glasgow JN, Steyn AJC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 2S Functions as a Sink to Modulate Central Metabolism, Bioenergetics, and Drug Susceptibility. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1285. [PMID: 34439535 PMCID: PMC8389258 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
H2S is a potent gasotransmitter in eukaryotes and bacteria. Host-derived H2S has been shown to profoundly alter M. tuberculosis (Mtb) energy metabolism and growth. However, compelling evidence for endogenous production of H2S and its role in Mtb physiology is lacking. We show that multidrug-resistant and drug-susceptible clinical Mtb strains produce H2S, whereas H2S production in non-pathogenic M. smegmatis is barely detectable. We identified Rv3684 (Cds1) as an H2S-producing enzyme in Mtb and show that cds1 disruption reduces, but does not eliminate, H2S production, suggesting the involvement of multiple genes in H2S production. We identified endogenous H2S to be an effector molecule that maintains bioenergetic homeostasis by stimulating respiration primarily via cytochrome bd. Importantly, H2S plays a key role in central metabolism by modulating the balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, and it functions as a sink to recycle sulfur atoms back to cysteine to maintain sulfur homeostasis. Lastly, Mtb-generated H2S regulates redox homeostasis and susceptibility to anti-TB drugs clofazimine and rifampicin. These findings reveal previously unknown facets of Mtb physiology and have implications for routine laboratory culturing, understanding drug susceptibility, and improved diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafara T. R. Kunota
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Md. Aejazur Rahman
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Barry E. Truebody
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Jared S. Mackenzie
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Dirk A. Lamprecht
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - John H. Adamson
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Ritesh R. Sevalkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.R.S.); (J.N.G.)
| | - Jack R. Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA;
| | - Joel N. Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.R.S.); (J.N.G.)
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.R.S.); (J.N.G.)
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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16
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Anand K, Tripathi A, Shukla K, Malhotra N, Jamithireddy AK, Jha RK, Chaudhury SN, Rajmani RS, Ramesh A, Nagaraja V, Gopal B, Nagaraju G, Narain Seshayee AS, Singh A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis SufR responds to nitric oxide via its 4Fe-4S cluster and regulates Fe-S cluster biogenesis for persistence in mice. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102062. [PMID: 34392160 PMCID: PMC8371249 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major problem in managing tuberculosis (TB). Host-generated nitric oxide (NO) is perceived as one of the signals by Mtb to reprogram metabolism and respiration for persistence. However, the mechanisms involved in NO sensing and reorganizing Mtb's physiology are not fully understood. Since NO damages iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters of essential enzymes, the mechanism(s) involved in regulating Fe-S cluster biogenesis could help Mtb persist in host tissues. Here, we show that a transcription factor SufR (Rv1460) senses NO via its 4Fe-4S cluster and promotes persistence of Mtb by mobilizing the Fe-S cluster biogenesis system; suf operon (Rv1460-Rv1466). Analysis of anaerobically purified SufR by UV-visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and iron-sulfide estimation confirms the presence of a 4Fe-4S cluster. Atmospheric O2 and H2O2 gradually degrade the 4Fe-4S cluster of SufR. Furthermore, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis demonstrates that NO directly targets SufR 4Fe-4S cluster by forming a protein-bound dinitrosyl-iron-dithiol complex. DNase I footprinting, gel-shift, and in vitro transcription assays confirm that SufR directly regulates the expression of the suf operon in response to NO. Consistent with this, RNA-sequencing of MtbΔsufR demonstrates deregulation of the suf operon under NO stress. Strikingly, NO inflicted irreversible damage upon Fe-S clusters to exhaust respiratory and redox buffering capacity of MtbΔsufR. Lastly, MtbΔsufR failed to recover from a NO-induced non-growing state and displayed persistence defect inside immune-activated macrophages and murine lungs in a NO-dependent manner. Data suggest that SufR is a sensor of NO that supports persistence by reprogramming Fe-S cluster metabolism and bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushi Anand
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kaustubh Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Nitish Malhotra
- National Centre for Biological Science, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | | | - Rajiv Kumar Jha
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Raju S Rajmani
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Arati Ramesh
- National Centre for Biological Science, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Ganesh Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Amit Singh
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India; Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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17
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Abstract
Carbon monoxide has an infamous reputation as a toxic gas, and it has been suggested that it has potential as an antibacterial agent. Despite this, how bacteria resist its toxic effects is not well understood. Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is infamous for its acute toxicity. This toxicity predominantly stems from its tendency to form carbonyl complexes with transition metals, thus inhibiting the heme-prosthetic groups of proteins, including respiratory terminal oxidases. While CO has been proposed as an antibacterial agent, the evidence supporting its toxicity toward bacteria is equivocal, and its cellular targets remain poorly defined. In this work, we investigate the physiological response of mycobacteria to CO. We show that Mycobacterium smegmatis is highly resistant to the toxic effects of CO, exhibiting only minor inhibition of growth when cultured in its presence. We profiled the proteome of M. smegmatis during growth in CO, identifying strong induction of cytochrome bd oxidase and members of the dos regulon, but relatively few other changes. We show that the activity of cytochrome bd oxidase is resistant to CO, whereas cytochrome bcc-aa3 oxidase is strongly inhibited by this gas. Consistent with these findings, growth analysis shows that M. smegmatis lacking cytochrome bd oxidase displays a significant growth defect in the presence of CO, while induction of the dos regulon appears to be unimportant for adaptation to CO. Altogether, our findings indicate that M. smegmatis has considerable resistance to CO and benefits from respiratory flexibility to withstand its inhibitory effects. IMPORTANCE Carbon monoxide has an infamous reputation as a toxic gas, and it has been suggested that it has potential as an antibacterial agent. Despite this, how bacteria resist its toxic effects is not well understood. In this study, we investigated how CO influences growth, proteome, and aerobic respiration of wild-type and mutant strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis. We show that this bacterium produces the CO-resistant cytochrome bd oxidase to tolerate poisoning of its CO-sensitive complex IV homolog. Further, we show that aside from this remodeling of its respiratory chain, M. smegmatis makes few other functional changes to its proteome, suggesting it has a high level of inherent resistance to CO.
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18
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Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Monoxide Tolerance in Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050729. [PMID: 34063102 PMCID: PMC8148161 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide share the ability to be beneficial or harmful molecules depending on the concentrations to which organisms are exposed. Interestingly, humans and some bacteria produce small amounts of these compounds. Since several publications have summarized the recent knowledge of its effects in humans, here we have chosen to focus on the role of H2S and CO on microbial physiology. We briefly review the current knowledge on how bacteria produce and use H2S and CO. We address their potential antimicrobial properties when used at higher concentrations, and describe how microbial systems detect and survive toxic levels of H2S and CO. Finally, we highlight their antimicrobial properties against human pathogens when endogenously produced by the host and when released by external chemical donors.
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19
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Gautam K, Negi S, Saini V. Targeting endogenous gaseous signaling molecules as novel host-directed therapies against tuberculosis infection. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:655-670. [PMID: 33641567 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1892091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the complexity of disease and its continuous global spread, there is an urgent need to improvise the strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The current anti-TB regimen lasts for months and warrants strict compliance to clear infection and to minimize the risk of development of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis. This underscores the need to have new and improved therapeutics for TB treatment. Several studies have highlighted the unique ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to exploit host factors to support its survival inside the intracellular environment. One of the key players to mycobacterial disease susceptibility and infection are endogenous gases such as oxygen, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as the physiological gaseous messengers are considered important to the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The role of hydrogen sulfide in human tuberculosis is yet not fully elucidated, but this gas has been shown to play a significant role in bacterial respiration, growth and pathogenesis. This review will focus on the host factors majorly endogenous gaseous signaling molecules which contributes to Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival inside the intracellular environment and highlight the potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Gautam
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Vikram Saini
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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20
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Amaral EP, Vinhaes CL, Oliveira-de-Souza D, Nogueira B, Akrami KM, Andrade BB. The Interplay Between Systemic Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Tissue Remodeling in Tuberculosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:471-485. [PMID: 32559410 PMCID: PMC8020551 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Excessive and prolonged proinflammatory responses are associated with oxidative stress, which is commonly observed during chronic tuberculosis (TB). Such condition favors tissue destruction and consequently bacterial spread. A tissue remodeling program is also triggered in chronically inflamed sites, facilitating a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Recent Advances: Since persistent and exacerbated oxidative stress responses have been associated with severe pathology, a number of studies have suggested that the inhibition of this augmented stress response by improving host antioxidant status may represent a reasonable strategy to ameliorate tissue damage in TB. Critical Issues: This review summarizes the interplay between oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and tissue remodeling, and its consequences in promoting TB disease. We emphasize the most important mechanisms associated with stress responses that contribute to the progression of TB. We also point out important host immune components that may influence the exacerbation of cellular stress and the subsequent tissue injury. Future Directions: Further research should reveal valuable targets for host-directed therapy of TB, preventing development of severe immunopathology and disease progression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 471-485.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo P Amaral
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caian L Vinhaes
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (FTC), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Deivide Oliveira-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (FTC), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Betania Nogueira
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (FTC), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Kevan M Akrami
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (FTC), Salvador, Brazil.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
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21
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Heme Oxygenase-1 as a Pharmacological Target for Host-Directed Therapy to Limit Tuberculosis Associated Immunopathology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020177. [PMID: 33530574 PMCID: PMC7911872 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammation and tissue damage are pathological hallmarks of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Despite decades of research, host regulation of these clinical consequences is poorly understood. A sustained effort has been made to understand the contribution of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to this process. HO-1 is an essential cytoprotective enzyme in the host that controls inflammation and oxidative stress in many pathological conditions. While HO-1 levels are upregulated in animals and patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), how it regulates host responses and disease pathology during TB remains unclear. This lack of clarity is due in part to contradictory studies arguing that HO-1 induction contributes to both host resistance as well as disease progression. In this review, we discuss these conflicting studies and the role of HO-1 in modulating myeloid cell functions during Mtb disease progression. We argue that HO-1 is a promising target for host-directed therapy to improve TB immunopathology.
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22
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Zhong Q, Kobe B, Kappler U. Molybdenum Enzymes and How They Support Virulence in Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:615860. [PMID: 33362753 PMCID: PMC7759655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear molybdoenzymes are highly versatile catalysts that occur in organisms in all domains of life, where they mediate essential cellular functions such as energy generation and detoxification reactions. Molybdoenzymes are particularly abundant in bacteria, where over 50 distinct types of enzymes have been identified to date. In bacterial pathogens, all aspects of molybdoenzyme biology such as molybdate uptake, cofactor biosynthesis, and function of the enzymes themselves, have been shown to affect fitness in the host as well as virulence. Although current studies are mostly focused on a few key pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some common themes for the function and adaptation of the molybdoenzymes to pathogen environmental niches are emerging. Firstly, for many of these enzymes, their role is in supporting bacterial energy generation; and the corresponding pathogen fitness and virulence defects appear to arise from a suboptimally poised metabolic network. Secondly, all substrates converted by virulence-relevant bacterial Mo enzymes belong to classes known to be generated in the host either during inflammation or as part of the host signaling network, with some enzyme groups showing adaptation to the increased conversion of such substrates. Lastly, a specific adaptation to bacterial in-host survival is an emerging link between the regulation of molybdoenzyme expression in bacterial pathogens and the presence of immune system-generated reactive oxygen species. The prevalence of molybdoenzymes in key bacterial pathogens including ESKAPE pathogens, paired with the mounting evidence of their central roles in bacterial fitness during infection, suggest that they could be important future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Zhong
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ulrike Kappler
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Costa DL, Amaral EP, Andrade BB, Sher A. Modulation of Inflammation and Immune Responses by Heme Oxygenase-1: Implications for Infection with Intracellular Pathogens. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121205. [PMID: 33266044 PMCID: PMC7761188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the degradation of heme molecules releasing equimolar amounts of biliverdin, iron and carbon monoxide. Its expression is induced in response to stress signals such as reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive consequences for the host. Interestingly, several intracellular pathogens responsible for major human diseases have been shown to be powerful inducers of HO-1 expression in both host cells and in vivo. Studies have shown that this HO-1 response can be either host detrimental by impairing pathogen control or host beneficial by limiting infection induced inflammation and tissue pathology. These properties make HO-1 an attractive target for host-directed therapy (HDT) of the diseases in question, many of which have been difficult to control using conventional antibiotic approaches. Here we review the mechanisms by which HO-1 expression is induced and how the enzyme regulates inflammatory and immune responses during infection with a number of different intracellular bacterial and protozoan pathogens highlighting mechanistic commonalities and differences with the goal of identifying targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L. Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-3061
| | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (E.P.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador 40210-320, Bahia, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (UniFTC), Salvador 41741-590, Bahia, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate International Universities, Salvador 41770-235, Bahia, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador 40290-000, Bahia, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (E.P.A.); (A.S.)
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24
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Campaniço A, Harjivan SG, Warner DF, Moreira R, Lopes F. Addressing Latent Tuberculosis: New Advances in Mimicking the Disease, Discovering Key Targets, and Designing Hit Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228854. [PMID: 33238468 PMCID: PMC7700174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being discovered and isolated more than one hundred years ago, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health concern arch. Our inability to eradicate this bacillus is strongly related with the growing resistance, low compliance to current drugs, and the capacity of the bacteria to coexist in a state of asymptomatic latency. This last state can be sustained for years or even decades, waiting for a breach in the immune system to become active again. Furthermore, most current therapies are not efficacious against this state, failing to completely clear the infection. Over the years, a series of experimental methods have been developed to mimic the latent state, currently used in drug discovery, both in vitro and in vivo. Most of these methods focus in one specific latency inducing factor, with only a few taking into consideration the complexity of the granuloma and the genomic and proteomic consequences of each physiological factor. A series of targets specifically involved in latency have been studied over the years with promising scaffolds being discovered and explored. Taking in account that solving the latency problem is one of the keys to eradicate the disease, herein we compile current therapies and diagnosis techniques, methods to mimic latency and new targets and compounds in the pipeline of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Campaniço
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.); (S.G.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Shrika G. Harjivan
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.); (S.G.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Digby F. Warner
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa;
- Department of Pathology, SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Welcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.); (S.G.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Francisca Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.); (S.G.H.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) from Biomass Combustion Induces an Anti-Oxidative Response and Cancer Drug Resistance in Human Bronchial Epithelial BEAS-2B Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218193. [PMID: 33171923 PMCID: PMC7664250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nearly half of the world’s population relies on combustion of solid biofuels to cover fundamental energy demands. Epidemiologic data demonstrate that particularly long-term emissions adversely affect human health. However, pathological molecular mechanisms are insufficiently characterized. Here we demonstrate that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from biomass combustion had no impact on cellular viability and proliferation but increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Exposure to PM2.5 induced the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and mediated an anti-oxidative response, including enhanced levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and nuclear accumulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Activation of Nrf2 was promoted by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK1/2, but not p38 or Akt, which were also induced by PM2.5. Furthermore, cells exposed to PM2.5 acquired chemoresistance to doxorubicin, which was associated with inhibition of apoptosis and elevated levels of GSH in these cells. Our findings propose that exposure to PM2.5 induces molecular defense mechanisms, which prevent cellular damage and may thus explain the initially relative rare complications associated with PM2.5. However, consistent induction of pro-survival pathways may also promote the progression of diseases. Environmental conditions inducing anti-oxidative responses may have the potential to promote a chemoresistant cellular phenotype.
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26
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Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, Magierowski M, Poole RK, Wollborn J, Wang B. Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13273-13311. [PMID: 33089988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nature is full of examples of symbiotic relationships. The critical symbiotic relation between host and mutualistic bacteria is attracting increasing attention to the degree that the gut microbiome is proposed by some as a new organ system. The microbiome exerts its systemic effect through a diverse range of metabolites, which include gaseous molecules such as H2, CO2, NH3, CH4, NO, H2S, and CO. In turn, the human host can influence the microbiome through these gaseous molecules as well in a reciprocal manner. Among these gaseous molecules, NO, H2S, and CO occupy a special place because of their widely known physiological functions in the host and their overlap and similarity in both targets and functions. The roles that NO and H2S play have been extensively examined by others. Herein, the roles of CO in host-gut microbiome communication are examined through a discussion of (1) host production and function of CO, (2) available CO donors as research tools, (3) CO production from diet and bacterial sources, (4) effect of CO on bacteria including CO sensing, and (5) gut microbiome production of CO. There is a large amount of literature suggesting the "messenger" role of CO in host-gut microbiome communication. However, much more work is needed to begin achieving a systematic understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Hopper
- Institute for Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria DE 97080, Germany.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ladie Kimberly De La Cruz
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kristin V Lyles
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zehava Eichenbaum
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Cellular Engineering and Isotope Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow PL 31-531, Poland
| | - Robert K Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Jakob Wollborn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg DE 79085, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Management, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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27
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Anand K, Tripathi A, Shukla K, Malhotra N, Jamithireddy A, Jha RK, Chaudhury SN, Rajmani RS, Ramesh A, Nagaraja V, Gopal B, Nagaraju G, Seshasayee ASN, Singh A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis SufR Responds to Nitric oxide via its 4Fe-4S cluster and Regulates Fe-S cluster Biogenesis for Persistence in Mice.. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.10.245365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major problem in managing tuberculosis. Host–generated nitric oxide (NO) is perceived as one of the signals by Mtb to reprogram metabolism and respiration for persistence. However, the mechanisms involved in NO sensing and reorganizing Mtb′s physiology are not fully understood. Since NO damages iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters of essential enzymes, the mechanism(s) involved in regulating Fe–S cluster biogenesis could help Mtb persist in host tissues. Here, we show that a transcription factor SufR (Rv1460) senses NO via its 4Fe–4S cluster and promotes persistence of Mtb by mobilizing the Fe-S cluster biogenesis system; suf operon (Rv1460–Rv1466). Analysis of anaerobically purified SufR by UV-visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and iron-sulfide estimation confirms the presence of a 4Fe–4S cluster. Atmospheric O2 and H2O2 gradually degrade the 4Fe–4S cluster of SufR. Furthermore, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis demonstrates that NO directly targets SufR 4Fe–4S cluster by forming a protein-bound dinitrosyl–iron–dithiol complex. DNase I footprinting, gel–shift, and in vitro transcription assays confirm that SufR directly regulates the expression of the suf operon in response to NO. Consistent with this, RNA–sequencing of Mtb ΔsufR demonstrates deregulation of the suf operon under NO stress. Strikingly, NO inflicted irreversible damage upon Fe–S clusters to exhaust respiratory and redox buffering capacity of MtbΔsufR. Lastly, Mtb ΔsufR failed to recover from a NO-induced non-growing state and displayed persistence defect inside immune–activated macrophages and murine lungs in a NO–dependent manner. Data suggest that SufR is a sensor of NO that supports persistence by reprogramming Fe–S cluster metabolism and bioenergetics.
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28
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Song N, Zhu Y, Cui Y, Lv M, Tang Y, Cui Z, Dang G, Zheng H, Liu S. Vitamin B and Vitamin C Affect DNA Methylation and Amino Acid Metabolism in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 32390998 PMCID: PMC7188828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are essential nutrients and key cofactors of enzymes that regulate cellular metabolism, and also activate the immune system. Recent studies have shown that vitamin B1 (VB 1) and vitamin C (Vc) can inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, but the precise mechanism is still not well understood. In the present study, we have used RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing to analyze the transcriptional, metabolic and methylation profiles of Mycobacterium bovis BCG when treated with VB 1 and Vc. Our results show that, after vitamin treatment, variant metabolites were mainly clustered in pathways related to amino acid metabolism. Treatment with both vitamins significantly up-regulated the gene encoding cysteine synthase A. Additionally, only BCG that was treated with VC showed m4c modifications. Genes harboring this methylation were up-regulated, suggesting that m4c methylation can promote gene transcription to some extent. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the effects of VB 1 and VC, and suggests that these vitamins constitute potential anti-tuberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yiyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ziyin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huajun Zheng
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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29
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Abstract
Macrophage dysfunction is associated with increased tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, the mechanisms underlying how HIV infection impairs macrophage function are unclear. Here, we found that levels of autoantibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) were significantly elevated in patients with HIV as determined by direct antiglobulin test (DAT). DAT positivity was significantly associated with TB incidence in both univariate and multivariate analyses (odds ratio [OR] = 11.96 [confidence interval {CI}, 4.68 to 30.93] and 12.65 [3.33 to 52.75], respectively). Ex vivo analysis showed that autoantibodies against RBCs enhanced erythrophagocytosis and thus significantly impaired macrophage bactericidal function against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mechanistically, autoantibody-mediated erythrophagocytosis increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which inhibited M. tuberculosis-induced autophagy in macrophages. Silencing ATG5, a key component for autophagy, completely abrogated the effect of erythrophagocytosis on macrophage bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis In conclusion, we have demonstrated that HIV infection increases autoantibody-mediated erythrophagocytosis. This process impairs macrophage bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis by inhibiting HO-1-associated autophagy. These findings reveal a novel mechanism as to how HIV infection increases TB susceptibility.IMPORTANCE HIV infection significantly increases TB susceptibility due to CD4 T-cell loss and macrophage dysfunction. Although it is relatively clear that CD4 T-cell loss represents a direct effect of HIV infection, the mechanism underlying how HIV infection dampens macrophage function is unknown. Here, we show that HIV infection enhances autoantibody-mediated erythrophagocytosis, which dampens macrophage bactericidal activity against TB by inhibiting HO-1-associated autophagy. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism explaining how HIV infection increases susceptibility to TB. We propose that DAT could be a potential measure to identify HIV patients who are at high TB risk and who would be suitable for anti-TB chemotherapy preventive treatment.
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30
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Abstract
Progress against tuberculosis (TB) requires faster-acting drugs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death by an infectious disease and its treatment is challenging and lengthy. Mtb is remarkably successful, in part, due to its ability to become dormant in response to host immune pressures. The DosRST two-component regulatory system is induced by hypoxia, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide and remodels Mtb physiology to promote nonreplicating persistence (NRP). NRP bacteria are thought to play a role in the long course of TB treatment. Therefore, inhibitors of DosRST-dependent adaptation may function to kill this reservoir of persisters and potentially shorten therapy. This review examines the function of DosRST, newly discovered compounds that inhibit DosRST signaling and considers future development of DosRST inhibitors as adjunct therapies.
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31
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Saini V, Chinta KC, Reddy VP, Glasgow JN, Stein A, Lamprecht DA, Rahman MA, Mackenzie JS, Truebody BE, Adamson JH, Kunota TTR, Bailey SM, Moellering DR, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. Hydrogen sulfide stimulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis respiration, growth and pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:557. [PMID: 31992699 PMCID: PMC6987094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in numerous pathophysiological processes and shares overlapping functions with CO and •NO. However, the importance of host-derived H2S in microbial pathogenesis is unknown. Here we show that Mtb-infected mice deficient in the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) survive longer with reduced organ burden, and that pharmacological inhibition of CBS reduces Mtb bacillary load in mice. High-resolution respirometry, transcriptomics and mass spectrometry establish that H2S stimulates Mtb respiration and bioenergetics predominantly via cytochrome bd oxidase, and that H2S reverses •NO-mediated inhibition of Mtb respiration. Further, exposure of Mtb to H2S regulates genes involved in sulfur and copper metabolism and the Dos regulon. Our results indicate that Mtb exploits host-derived H2S to promote growth and disease, and suggest that host-directed therapies targeting H2S production may be potentially useful for the management of tuberculosis and other microbial infections. The importance of host-produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in microbial pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, Saini et al. show that H2S alters Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) central metabolism, stimulates respiration to promote growth and TB disease, and upregulates the Dos regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Asaf Stein
- Department of Environment Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dirk A Lamprecht
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shannon M Bailey
- Department of Environment Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Douglas R Moellering
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Medicine, and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. .,Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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32
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Maya-Hoyos M, Rosales C, Novoa-Aponte L, Castillo E, Soto CY. The P-type ATPase CtpF is a plasma membrane transporter mediating calcium efflux in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02852. [PMID: 31788573 PMCID: PMC6879984 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the 12 P-type ATPases encoded by the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb), CtpF responds to the greatest number of stress conditions, including oxidative stress, hypoxia, and infection. CtpF is the mycobacterial homolog of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) of higher eukaryotes. Its expression is regulated by the global regulator of latency, DosR. However, the role that CtpF plays in the mycobacterial plasma membrane remains unknown. In this study, different functional analyses showed that CtpF is associated with calcium pumping from mycobacterial cells. Specifically, Mtb CtpF expression in Mycobacterium smegmatis cells prevents Ca2+ accumulation compared with wild type (WT) cells. In addition, plasma membrane vesicles from recombinant membranes, in which the direction of ion transport is inverted, accumulate more Ca2+ compared with vesicles obtained from the WT strain. This findings support the hypothesis that CtpF contributes to calcium efflux from mycobacterial cells. Accordingly, Mtb cells defective in ctpF (MtbΔctpF) accumulate more Ca2+ compared with WT cells, while the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity is significantly lower in the mutant cells. Interestingly, the deletion of ctpF in Mtb impairs the tolerance of the bacteria to oxidative and nitrosative stress. Overall, our results indicate that CtpF is associated with calcium pumping from mycobacterial cells and the response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Maya-Hoyos
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cristian Rosales
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lorena Novoa-Aponte
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elianna Castillo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Y Soto
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
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33
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In the respiratory chain of Escherichia coli cytochromes bd-I and bd-II are more sensitive to carbon monoxide inhibition than cytochrome bo 3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:148088. [PMID: 31669488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria can not only encounter carbon monoxide (CO) in their habitats but also produce the gas endogenously. Bacterial respiratory oxidases, thus, represent possible targets for CO. Accordingly, host macrophages were proposed to produce CO and release it into the surrounding microenvironment to sense viable bacteria through a mechanism that in Escherichia (E.) coli was suggested to involve the targeting of a bd-type respiratory oxidase by CO. The aerobic respiratory chain of E. coli possesses three terminal quinol:O2-oxidoreductases: the heme-copper oxidase bo3 and two copper-lacking bd-type oxidases, bd-I and bd-II. Heme-copper and bd-type oxidases differ in the mechanism and efficiency of proton motive force generation and in resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress, cyanide and hydrogen sulfide. Here, we investigated at varied O2 concentrations the effect of CO gas on the O2 reductase activity of the purified cytochromes bo3, bd-I and bd-II of E. coli. We found that CO, in competition with O2, reversibly inhibits the three enzymes. The inhibition constants Ki for the bo3, bd-I and bd-II oxidases are 2.4 ± 0.3, 0.04 ± 0.01 and 0.2 ± 0.1 μM CO, respectively. Thus, in E. coli, bd-type oxidases are more sensitive to CO inhibition than the heme-copper cytochrome bo3. The possible physiological consequences of this finding are discussed.
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Mouton JM, Heunis T, Dippenaar A, Gallant JL, Kleynhans L, Sampson SL. Comprehensive Characterization of the Attenuated Double Auxotroph Mycobacterium tuberculosisΔ leuDΔ panCD as an Alternative to H37Rv. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1922. [PMID: 31481950 PMCID: PMC6710366 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although currently available model organisms such as Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) have significantly contributed to our understanding of tuberculosis (TB) biology, these models have limitations such as differences in genome size, growth rates and virulence. However, attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may provide more representative, safer models to study M. tuberculosis biology. For example, the M. tuberculosis ΔleuDΔpanCD double auxotroph, has undergone rigorous in vitro and in vivo safety testing. Like other auxotrophic strains, this has subsequently been approved for use in biosafety level (BSL) 2 facilities. Auxotrophic strains have been assessed as models for drug-resistant M. tuberculosis and for studying latent TB. These offer the potential as safe and useful models, but it is important to understand how well these recapitulate salient features of non-attenuated M. tuberculosis. We therefore performed a comprehensive comparison of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. tuberculosisΔleuDΔpanCD. These strains demonstrated similar in vitro and intra-macrophage replication rates, similar responses to anti-TB agents and whole genome sequence conservation. Shotgun proteomics analysis suggested that M. tuberculosisΔleuDΔpanCD has a heightened stress response that leads to reduced bacterial replication during exposure to acid stress, which has been verified using a dual-fluorescent replication reporter assay. Importantly, infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the 2 strains elicited comparable cytokine production, demonstrating the suitability of M. tuberculosisΔleuDΔpanCD for immunological assays. We provide comprehensive evidence to support the judicious use of M. tuberculosisΔleuDΔpanCD as a safe and suitable model organism for M. tuberculosis research, without the need for a BSL3 facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomien M Mouton
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James L Gallant
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Section of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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35
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Batyrshina YR, Schwartz YS. Modeling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy in bacterial cultures. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 117:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Song N, Li Z, Cui Z, Chen L, Cui Y, Dang G, Li Z, Li H, Liu S. The prominent alteration in transcriptome and metabolome of Mycobacterium bovis BCG str. Tokyo 172 induced by vitamin B 1. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:104. [PMID: 31117936 PMCID: PMC6530141 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin B1 (VB1) is a crucial dietary nutrient and essential cofactor for several key enzymes in the regulation of cellular and metabolic processes, and more importantly in the activation of immune system. To date, the precise role of VB1 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains to be fully understood. RESULTS In this study, the transcriptional and metabolic profiles of VB1-treated Mycobacterium. bovis BCG were analyzed by RNA-sequencing and LC-MS (Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry). The selection of BCG strain was based on its common physiological features shared with M. tuberculosis. The results of cell growth assays demonstrated that VB1 inhibited the BCG growth rate in vitro. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression levels of genes related to fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, glycolipid catabolism, DNA replication, protein translation, cell division and cell wall formation were significantly downregulated in M. bovis BCG treated with VB1. In addition, the metabolomics LC-MS data indicated that most of the amino acids and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were decreased in M. bovis BCG strain after VB1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the molecular and metabolic bases to understand the impacts of VB1 on M.bovis BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ziyin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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37
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Sevilla E, Bes MT, González A, Peleato ML, Fillat MF. Redox-Based Transcriptional Regulation in Prokaryotes: Revisiting Model Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1651-1696. [PMID: 30073850 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The successful adaptation of microorganisms to ever-changing environments depends, to a great extent, on their ability to maintain redox homeostasis. To effectively maintain the redox balance, cells have developed a variety of strategies mainly coordinated by a battery of transcriptional regulators through diverse mechanisms. Recent Advances: This comprehensive review focuses on the main mechanisms used by major redox-responsive regulators in prokaryotes and their relationship with the different redox signals received by the cell. An overview of the corresponding regulons is also provided. CRITICAL ISSUES Some regulators are difficult to classify since they may contain several sensing domains and respond to more than one signal. We propose a classification of redox-sensing regulators into three major groups. The first group contains one-component or direct regulators, whose sensing and regulatory domains are in the same protein. The second group comprises the classical two-component systems involving a sensor kinase that transduces the redox signal to its DNA-binding partner. The third group encompasses a heterogeneous group of flavin-based photosensors whose mechanisms are not always fully understood and are often involved in more complex regulatory networks. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Redox-responsive transcriptional regulation is an intricate process as identical signals may be sensed and transduced by different transcription factors, which often interplay with other DNA-binding proteins with or without regulatory activity. Although there is much information about some key regulators, many others remain to be fully characterized due to the instability of their clusters under oxygen. Understanding the mechanisms and the regulatory networks operated by these regulators is essential for the development of future applications in biotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sevilla
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,2 Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,3 Grupo de Bioquímica, Biofísica y Biología Computacional (BIFI, UNIZAR), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa Bes
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,2 Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,3 Grupo de Bioquímica, Biofísica y Biología Computacional (BIFI, UNIZAR), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés González
- 2 Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,3 Grupo de Bioquímica, Biofísica y Biología Computacional (BIFI, UNIZAR), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain.,4 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Luisa Peleato
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,2 Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,3 Grupo de Bioquímica, Biofísica y Biología Computacional (BIFI, UNIZAR), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María F Fillat
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,2 Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,3 Grupo de Bioquímica, Biofísica y Biología Computacional (BIFI, UNIZAR), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
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Sun X, Zhang L, Jiang J, Ng M, Cui Z, Mai J, Ahn SK, Liu J, Zhang J, Liu J, Li Y. Transcription factors Rv0081 and Rv3334 connect the early and the enduring hypoxic response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2019; 9:1468-1482. [PMID: 30165798 PMCID: PMC6177252 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1514237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) to survive and persist in the host for decades in an asymptomatic state is an important aspect of tuberculosis pathogenesis. Although adaptation to hypoxia is thought to play a prominent role underlying M. tb persistence, how the bacteria achieve this goal is largely unknown. Rv0081, a member of the DosR regulon, is induced at the early stage of hypoxia while Rv3334 is one of the enduring hypoxic response genes. In this study, we uncovered genetic interactions between these two transcription factors. RNA-seq analysis of ΔRv0081 and ΔRv3334 revealed that the gene expression profiles of these two mutants were highly similar. We also found that under hypoxia, Rv0081 positively regulated the expression of Rv3334 while Rv3334 repressed transcription of Rv0081. In addition, we demonstrated that Rv0081 formed dimer and bound to the promoter region of Rv3334. Taken together, these data suggest that Rv0081 and Rv3334 work in the same regulatory pathway and that Rv3334 functions immediately downstream of Rv0081. We also found that Rv3334 is a bona fide regulator of the enduring hypoxic response genes. Our study has uncovered a regulatory pathway that connects the early and the enduring hypoxic response, revealing a transcriptional cascade that coordinates the temporal response of M. tb to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lu Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jun Jiang
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Mark Ng
- b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Zhenling Cui
- c Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Medical School , Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Juntao Mai
- b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Sang Kyun Ahn
- b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Jingqian Liu
- b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jun Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Yao Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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39
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Tamgue O, Gcanga L, Ozturk M, Whitehead L, Pillay S, Jacobs R, Roy S, Schmeier S, Davids M, Medvedeva YA, Dheda K, Suzuki H, Brombacher F, Guler R. Differential Targeting of c-Maf, Bach-1, and Elmo-1 by microRNA-143 and microRNA-365 Promotes the Intracellular Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Alternatively IL-4/IL-13 Activated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:421. [PMID: 30941122 PMCID: PMC6433885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can subvert the host defense by skewing macrophage activation toward a less microbicidal alternative activated state to avoid classical effector killing functions. Investigating the molecular basis of this evasion mechanism could uncover potential candidates for host directed therapy against tuberculosis (TB). A limited number of miRNAs have recently been shown to regulate host-mycobacterial interactions. Here, we performed time course kinetics experiments on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) alternatively activated with IL-4, IL-13, or a combination of IL-4/IL-13, followed by infection with Mtb clinical Beijing strain HN878. MiR-143 and miR-365 were highly induced in Mtb-infected M(IL-4/IL-13) BMDMs and MDMs. Knockdown of miR-143 and miR-365 using antagomiRs decreased the intracellular growth of Mtb HN878, reduced the production of IL-6 and CCL5 and promoted the apoptotic death of Mtb HN878-infected M(IL-4/IL-13) BMDMs. Computational target prediction identified c-Maf, Bach-1 and Elmo-1 as potential targets for both miR-143 and miR-365. Functional validation using luciferase assay, RNA-pulldown assay and Western blotting revealed that c-Maf and Bach-1 are directly targeted by miR-143 while c-Maf, Bach-1, and Elmo-1 are direct targets of miR-365. Knockdown of c-Maf using GapmeRs promoted intracellular Mtb growth when compared to control treated M(IL-4/IL-13) macrophages. Meanwhile, the blocking of Bach-1 had no effect and blocking Elmo-1 resulted in decreased Mtb growth. Combination treatment of M(IL-4/IL-13) macrophages with miR-143 mimics or miR-365 mimics and c-Maf, Bach-1, or Elmo-1 gene-specific GapmeRs restored Mtb growth in miR-143 mimic-treated groups and enhanced Mtb growth in miR-365 mimics-treated groups, thus suggesting the Mtb growth-promoting activities of miR-143 and miR-365 are mediated at least partially through interaction with c-Maf, Bach-1, and Elmo-1. We further show that knockdown of miR-143 and miR-365 in M(IL-4/IL-13) BMDMs decreased the expression of HO-1 and IL-10 which are known targets of Bach-1 and c-Maf, respectively, with Mtb growth-promoting activities in macrophages. Altogether, our work reports a host detrimental role of miR-143 and miR-365 during Mtb infection and highlights for the first time the role and miRNA-mediated regulation of c-Maf, Bach-1, and Elmo-1 in Mtb-infected M(IL-4/IL-13) macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Tamgue
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lorna Gcanga
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lauren Whitehead
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shandre Pillay
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raygaana Jacobs
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sugata Roy
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sebastian Schmeier
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Malika Davids
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yulia A. Medvedeva
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Computational Biology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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40
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Ortega Ugalde S, Boot M, Commandeur JNM, Jennings P, Bitter W, Vos JC. Function, essentiality, and expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and their cognate redox partners in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: are they drug targets? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3597-3614. [PMID: 30810776 PMCID: PMC6469627 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the current knowledge of the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and their endogenous redox partners, focusing on their biological function, expression, regulation, involvement in antibiotic resistance, and suitability for exploitation as antitubercular targets. The Mtb genome encodes twenty CYPs and nine associated redox partners required for CYP catalytic activity. Transposon insertion mutagenesis studies have established the (conditional) essentiality of several of these enzymes for in vitro growth and host infection. Biochemical characterization of a handful of Mtb CYPs has revealed that they have specific physiological functions in bacterial virulence and persistence in the host. Analysis of the transcriptional response of Mtb CYPs and redox partners to external insults and to first-line antibiotics used to treat tuberculosis showed a diverse expression landscape, suggesting for some enzymes a potential role in drug resistance. Combining the knowledge about the physiological roles and expression profiles indicates that, at least five Mtb CYPs, CYP121A1, CYP125A1, CYP139A1, CYP142A1, and CYP143A1, as well as two ferredoxins, FdxA and FdxC, can be considered promising novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ortega Ugalde
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maikel Boot
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Section of Molecular Microbiology, AIMMS, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Chris Vos
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Amaral EP, Costa DL, Namasivayam S, Riteau N, Kamenyeva O, Mittereder L, Mayer-Barber KD, Andrade BB, Sher A. A major role for ferroptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced cell death and tissue necrosis. J Exp Med 2019; 216:556-570. [PMID: 30787033 PMCID: PMC6400546 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic tissue damage is a major pathological feature of tuberculosis. Here, Amaral et al. show that ferroptosis, a newly described regulated cell death pathway, plays an important role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis–induced cellular necrosis both in vitro and in vivo. Necrotic cell death during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is considered host detrimental since it facilitates mycobacterial spread. Ferroptosis is a type of regulated necrosis induced by accumulation of free iron and toxic lipid peroxides. We observed that Mtb-induced macrophage necrosis is associated with reduced levels of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase-4 (Gpx4), along with increased free iron, mitochondrial superoxide, and lipid peroxidation, all of which are important hallmarks of ferroptosis. Moreover, necrotic cell death in Mtb-infected macrophage cultures was suppressed by ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a well-characterized ferroptosis inhibitor, as well as by iron chelation. Additional experiments in vivo revealed that pulmonary necrosis in acutely infected mice is associated with reduced Gpx4 expression as well as increased lipid peroxidation and is likewise suppressed by Fer-1 treatment. Importantly, Fer-1–treated infected animals also exhibited marked reductions in bacterial load. Together, these findings implicate ferroptosis as a major mechanism of necrosis in Mtb infection and as a target for host-directed therapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo P Amaral
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Diego L Costa
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicolas Riteau
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,University of Orleans and CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lara Mittereder
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, José Silveira Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.,Universidade Salvador, Laureate University, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Sharma S, Kumari P, Vashist A, Kumar C, Nandi M, Tyagi JS. Cognate sensor kinase-independent activation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis response regulator DevR (DosR) by acetyl phosphate: implications in anti-mycobacterial drug design. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:1182-1194. [PMID: 30589958 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The DevRS/DosT two-component system is essential for mycobacterial survival under hypoxia, a prevailing stress within granulomas. DevR (also known as DosR) is activated by an inducing stimulus, such as hypoxia, through conventional phosphorylation by its cognate sensor kinases, DevS (also known as DosS) and DosT. Here, we show that the DevR regulon is activated by acetyl phosphate under 'non-inducing' aerobic conditions when Mycobacterium tuberculosis devS and dosT double deletion strain is cultured on acetate. Overexpression of phosphotransacetylase caused a perturbation of the acetate kinase-phosphotransacetylase pathway, a decrease in the concentration of acetyl phosphate and dampened the aerobic induction response in acetate-grown bacteria. The operation of two pathways of DevR activation, one through sensor kinases and the other by acetyl phosphate, was established by an analysis of wild-type DevS and phosphorylation-defective DevSH395Q mutant strains under conditions partially mimicking a granulomatous-like environment of acetate and hypoxia. Our findings reveal that DevR can be phosphorylated in vivo by acetyl phosphate. Importantly, we demonstrate that acetyl phosphate-dependent phosphorylation can occur in the absence of DevR's cognate kinases. Based on our findings, we conclude that anti-mycobacterial therapy should be targeted to DevR itself and not to DevS/DosT kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.,Experimental Animal Facility, National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Atul Vashist
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Chanchal Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Malobi Nandi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Haryana, India
| | - Jaya Sivaswami Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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43
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Chinta KC, Rahman MA, Saini V, Glasgow JN, Reddy VP, Lever JM, Nhamoyebonde S, Leslie A, Wells RM, Traylor A, Madansein R, Siegal GP, Antony VB, Deshane J, Wells G, Nargan K, George JF, Ramdial PK, Agarwal A, Steyn AJC. Microanatomic Distribution of Myeloid Heme Oxygenase-1 Protects against Free Radical-Mediated Immunopathology in Human Tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1938-1952.e5. [PMID: 30428359 PMCID: PMC6250977 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective enzyme that controls inflammatory responses and redox homeostasis; however, its role during pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains unclear. Using freshly resected human TB lung tissue, we examined the role of HO-1 within the cellular and pathological spectrum of TB. Flow cytometry and histopathological analysis of human TB lung tissues showed that HO-1 is expressed primarily in myeloid cells and that HO-1 levels in these cells were directly proportional to cytoprotection. HO-1 mitigates TB pathophysiology by diminishing myeloid cell-mediated oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen intermediates, which control granulocytic karyorrhexis to generate a zonal HO-1 response. Using whole-body or myeloid-specific HO-1-deficient mice, we demonstrate that HO-1 is required to control myeloid cell infiltration and inflammation to protect against TB progression. Overall, this study reveals that zonation of HO-1 in myeloid cells modulates free-radical-mediated stress, which regulates human TB immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeremie M Lever
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan M Wells
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Amie Traylor
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Gene P Siegal
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Veena B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jessy Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gordon Wells
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | | | - James F George
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Pratistadevi K Ramdial
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, NHLS, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4091, South Africa
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa; UAB Center for AIDS Research, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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44
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Vashist A, Malhotra V, Sharma G, Tyagi JS, Clark-Curtiss JE. Interplay of PhoP and DevR response regulators defines expression of the dormancy regulon in virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16413-16425. [PMID: 30181216 PMCID: PMC6200940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The DevR response regulator of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an established regulator of the dormancy response in mycobacteria and can also be activated during aerobic growth conditions in avirulent strains, suggesting a complex regulatory system. Previously, we reported culture medium-specific aerobic induction of the DevR regulon genes in avirulent M. tuberculosis H37Ra that was absent in the virulent H37Rv strain. To understand the underlying basis of this differential response, we have investigated aerobic expression of the Rv3134c-devR-devS operon using M. tuberculosis H37Ra and H37Rv devR overexpression strains, designated as LIX48 and LIX50, respectively. Overexpression of DevR led to the up-regulation of a large number of DevR regulon genes in aerobic cultures of LIX48, but not in LIX50. To ascertain the involvement of PhoP response regulator, also known to co-regulate a subset of DevR regulon genes, we complemented the naturally occurring mutant phoPRa gene of LIX48 with the WT phoPRv gene. PhoPRv dampened the induced expression of the DevR regulon by >70-80%, implicating PhoP in the negative regulation of devR expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed phosphorylation-independent binding of PhoPRv to the Rv3134c promoter and further revealed that DevR and PhoPRv proteins exhibit differential DNA binding properties to the target DNA. Through co-incubations with DNA, ELISA, and protein complementation assays, we demonstrate that DevR forms a heterodimer with PhoPRv but not with the mutant PhoPRa protein. The study puts forward a new possible mechanism for coordinated expression of the dormancy regulon, having implications in growth adaptations critical for development of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Vashist
- the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Vandana Malhotra
- the Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, and
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Jaya Sivaswami Tyagi
- the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Josephine E Clark-Curtiss
- the Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, and
- the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, and
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45
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Do nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide really qualify as 'gasotransmitters' in bacteria? Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1107-1118. [PMID: 30190328 PMCID: PMC6195638 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A gasotransmitter is defined as a small, generally reactive, gaseous molecule that, in solution, is generated endogenously in an organism and exerts important signalling roles. It is noteworthy that these molecules are also toxic and antimicrobial. We ask: is this definition of a gasotransmitter appropriate in the cases of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in microbes? Recent advances show that, not only do bacteria synthesise each of these gases, but the molecules also have important signalling or messenger roles in addition to their toxic effects. However, strict application of the criteria proposed for a gasotransmitter leads us to conclude that the term ‘small molecule signalling agent’, as proposed by Fukuto and others, is preferable terminology.
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46
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Abramovitch RB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reporter Strains as Tools for Drug Discovery and Development. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:818-825. [PMID: 29707888 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reporter strains have proven to be powerful tools to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) physiology. Transcriptional and translational reporter strains are engineered by fusing a readout gene, encoding a fluorescent, luminescent or enzymatic protein, downstream of a promoter or in-frame with a gene of interest. When the reporter is expressed, it generates a signal that acts as a synthetic phenotype, enabling the study of physiologies that might have otherwise been hidden. This review will discuss approaches for generating reporter strains in Mtb and how they can be used as tools for high-throughput genetic and small molecule screening and as biomarkers for examining Mtb responses to drug or immune stresses during animal infections. Fluorescent reporter strains have an added benefit in that they can be used for single-cell studies both in vitro and in vivo, thus enabling the study of mechanisms underlying phenotypic heterogeneity. Recent examples of the use of Mtb reporter strains will be presented with a focus on how they can be used as tools for drug discovery and development. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):818-825, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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47
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Abstract
A growing body of research suggests bacterial metabolism and membrane bioenergetics affect the lethality of a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Electrochemical gradients spanning energy-transducing membranes are the foundation of the chemiosmotic hypothesis and are essential for life; accordingly, their dysfunction appears to be a critical factor in bacterial death. Proton flux across energy-transducing membranes is central for cellular homeostasis as vectorial proton translocation generates a proton motive force used for ATP synthesis, pH homeostasis, and maintenance of solute gradients. Our recent investigations indicate that maintenance of pH homeostasis is a critical factor in antibiotic killing and suggest an imbalance in proton flux initiates disruptions in chemiosmotic gradients that lead to cell death. The complex and interconnected relationships between electron transport systems, central carbon metabolism, oxidative stress generation, pH homeostasis, and electrochemical gradients provide challenging obstacles to deciphering the roles for each of these processes in antibiotic lethality. In this chapter, we will present evidence for the pH homeostasis hypothesis of antibiotic lethality that bactericidal activity flows from disruption of cellular energetics and loss of chemiosmotic homeostasis. A holistic understanding of the interconnection of energetic processes and antibiotic activity may direct future research toward the development of more effective therapeutic interventions.
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48
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Katiyar A, Singh H, Azad KK. Identification of Missing Carbon Fixation Enzymes as Potential Drug Targets in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. J Integr Bioinform 2018; 15:/j/jib.2018.15.issue-3/jib-2017-0041/jib-2017-0041.xml. [PMID: 30218604 PMCID: PMC6340126 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptation to the host environment has been recognized as an essential mechanism of pathogenicity and the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the lungs for decades. The Mtb uses CO2 as a source of carbon during the dormant or non-replicative state. However, there is a lack of biochemical knowledge of its metabolic networks. In this study, we investigated the CO2 fixation pathways (such as ko00710 and ko00720) most likely involved in the energy production and conversion of CO2 in Mtb. Extensive pathway evaluation of 23 completely sequenced strains of Mtb confirmed the existence of a complete list of genes encoding the relevant enzymes of the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle. This provides the evidence that an rTCA cycle may function to fix CO2 in this bacterium. We also proposed that as CO2 is plentiful in the lungs, inhibition of CO2 fixation pathways (by targeting the relevant CO2 fixation enzymes) could be used in the expansion of new drugs against the dormant Mtb. In support of the suggested hypothesis, the CO2 fixation enzymes were confirmed as a potential drug target by analyzing a number of attributes necessary to be a good bacterial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Katiyar
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India.,Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India.,Division of Informatics Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India, Phone: +91-11-26589556, Fax: +91-11-26588662
| | - Krishna Kant Azad
- Division of Informatics Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India
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49
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Yang T, Ge B. miRNAs in immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cancer Lett 2018; 431:22-30. [PMID: 29803788 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most fatal infectious diseases, affecting one third of the world's population. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has a well-established ability to circumvent the host's immune system for its long-term intracellular survival. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial post-transcriptional regulators of immune response. They act by negatively regulating the expression levels of important genes in both innate and adaptive immunity. It has been established in recent studies that the host immune response against Mtb is regulated by many miRNAs, most of which are induced by Mtb infection. Moreover, differential expression of miRNA in tuberculosis (TB) patients may help distinguish between TB patients and healthy individuals or latent TB. In this review, we present the recent advancements on the miRNA regulation of the host responses against Mtb infection, as well as the potential of miRNAs to as biomarkers for TB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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50
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CD82 hypomethylation is essential for tuberculosis pathogenesis via regulation of RUNX1-Rab5/22. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-15. [PMID: 29760437 PMCID: PMC5951854 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene CD82/KAI1 is a member of the tetraspanin superfamily and organizes various membrane-based processes. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) persists in host macrophages by interfering with phagolysosome biogenesis and inflammatory responses, but the role of CD82 in controlling the intracellular survival of pathogenic mycobacteria within macrophages remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the virulent MTB strain H37Rv (MTB Rv) induced CD82 promoter hypomethylation, resulting in CD82 expression. Targeting of the runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) by CD82 is essential for phagosome arrest via interacting with Rab5/22. This arrest is required for the intracellular growth of MTB in vitro and in vivo, but not for that of MTB H37Ra (MTB Ra) in macrophages. In addition, knockdown or knockout of CD82 or RUNX1 increased antibacterial host defense via phagolysosome biogenesis, inflammatory cytokine production, and subsequent antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the levels of CD82 and RUNX1 in granulomas were elevated in tuberculosis (TB) patients, indicating that CD82 and RUNX1 have clinical significance in human TB. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of CD82 hypomethylation in the regulation of phagosome maturation, enhanced intracellular survival, and the innate host immune response to MTB. Thus, the CD82-RUNX1-Rab5/22 axis may be a previously unrecognized virulence mechanism of MTB pathogenesis.
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