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Klein JA, Predeus AV, Greissl AR, Clark-Herrera MM, Cruz E, Cundiff JA, Haeberle AL, Howell M, Lele A, Robinson DJ, Westerman TL, Wrande M, Wright SJ, Green NM, Vallance BA, McClelland M, Mejia A, Goodman AG, Elfenbein JR, Knodler LA. Pathogenic diversification of the gut commensal Providencia alcalifaciens via acquisition of a second type III secretion system. Infect Immun 2024:e0031424. [PMID: 39254346 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00314-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Providencia alcalifaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium found in various water and land environments and organisms, including insects and mammals. Some P. alcalifaciens strains encode gene homologs of virulence factors found in pathogenic Enterobacterales members, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. Whether these genes are pathogenic determinants in P. alcalifaciens is not known. In this study, we investigated P. alcalifaciens-host interactions at the cellular level, focusing on the role of two type III secretion systems (T3SS) belonging to the Inv-Mxi/Spa family. T3SS1b is widespread in Providencia spp. and encoded on the chromosome. A large plasmid that is present in a subset of P. alcalifaciens strains, primarily isolated from diarrheal patients, encodes for T3SS1a. We show that P. alcalifaciens 205/92 is internalized into eukaryotic cells, lyses its internalization vacuole, and proliferates in the cytosol. This triggers caspase-4-dependent inflammasome responses in gut epithelial cells. The requirement for the T3SS1a in entry, vacuole lysis, and cytosolic proliferation is host cell type-specific, playing a more prominent role in intestinal epithelial cells than in macrophages or insect cells. In a bovine ligated intestinal loop model, P. alcalifaciens colonizes the intestinal mucosa and induces mild epithelial damage with negligible fluid accumulation in a T3SS1a- and T3SS1b-independent manner. However, T3SS1b was required for the rapid killing of Drosophila melanogaster. We propose that the acquisition of two T3SS has allowed P. alcalifaciens to diversify its host range, from a highly virulent pathogen of insects to an opportunistic gastrointestinal pathogen of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Klein
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | | - Aimee R Greissl
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mattie M Clark-Herrera
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Eddy Cruz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cundiff
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda L Haeberle
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Maya Howell
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaditi Lele
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Donna J Robinson
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Trina L Westerman
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marie Wrande
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah J Wright
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole M Green
- Public Health Laboratory, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Downey, California, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, BC Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andres Mejia
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Research Animal Resources and Compliance, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alan G Goodman
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Johanna R Elfenbein
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh A Knodler
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Klein JA, Predeus AV, Greissl AR, Clark-Herrera MM, Cruz E, Cundiff JA, Haeberle AL, Howell M, Lele A, Robinson DJ, Westerman TL, Wrande M, Wright SJ, Green NM, Vallance BA, McClelland M, Mejia A, Goodman AG, Elfenbein JR, Knodler LA. Pathogenic diversification of the gut commensal Providencia alcalifaciens via acquisition of a second type III secretion system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.595826. [PMID: 38895369 PMCID: PMC11185699 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.595826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Providencia alcalifaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium found in a wide variety of water and land environments and organisms. It has been isolated as part of the gut microbiome of animals and insects, as well as from stool samples of patients with diarrhea. Specific P. alcalifaciens strains encode gene homologs of virulence factors found in other pathogenic members of the same Enterobacterales order, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. Whether these genes are also pathogenic determinants in P. alcalifaciens is not known. Here we have used P. alcalifaciens 205/92, a clinical isolate, with in vitro and in vivo infection models to investigate P. alcalifaciens -host interactions at the cellular level. Our particular focus was the role of two type III secretion systems (T3SS) belonging to the Inv-Mxi/Spa family. T3SS 1b is widespread in Providencia spp. and encoded on the chromosome. T3SS 1a is encoded on a large plasmid that is present in a subset of P. alcalifaciens strains, which are primarily isolates from diarrheal patients. Using a combination of electron and fluorescence microscopy and gentamicin protection assays we show that P. alcalifaciens 205/92 is internalized into eukaryotic cells, rapidly lyses its internalization vacuole and proliferates in the cytosol. This triggers caspase-4 dependent inflammasome responses in gut epithelial cells. The requirement for the T3SS 1a in entry, vacuole lysis and cytosolic proliferation is host-cell type specific, playing a more prominent role in human intestinal epithelial cells as compared to macrophages. In a bovine ligated intestinal loop model, P. alcalifaciens colonizes the intestinal mucosa, inducing mild epithelial damage with negligible fluid accumulation. No overt role for T3SS 1a or T3SS 1b was seen in the calf infection model. However, T3SS 1b was required for the rapid killing of Drosophila melanogaster . We propose that the acquisition of two T3SS by horizontal gene transfer has allowed P. alcalifaciens to diversify its host range, from a highly virulent pathogen of insects to an opportunistic gastrointestinal pathogen of animals.
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Perruzza L, Zagaglia C, Vitiello L, Sarshar M, Strati F, Pasqua M, Grassi F, Nicoletti M, Palamara AT, Ambrosi C, Scribano D. The Shigella flexneri virulence factor apyrase is released inside eukaryotic cells to hijack host cell fate. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0077523. [PMID: 37795996 PMCID: PMC10714728 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00775-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this paper, we demonstrated that apyrase is released within the host cell cytoplasm during infection to target the intracellular ATP pool. By degrading intracellular ATP, apyrase contributes to prevent caspases activation, thereby inhibiting the activation of pyroptosis in infected cells. Our results show, for the first time, that apyrase is involved in the modulation of host cell survival, thereby aiding this pathogen to dampen the inflammatory response. This work adds a further piece to the puzzle of Shigella pathogenesis. Due to its increased spread worldwide, prevention and controlling strategies are urgently needed. Overall, this study highlighted apyrase as a suitable target for an anti-virulence therapy to tackle this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Humabs BioMed, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Strati
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Pasqua
- Institute Pasteur Italy, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Chronic-Neurodegenerative Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Valencia-Gallardo C, Aguilar-Salvador DI, Khakzad H, Cocom-Chan B, Bou-Nader C, Velours C, Zarrouk Y, Le Clainche C, Malosse C, Lima DB, Quenech'Du N, Mazhar B, Essid S, Fontecave M, Asnacios A, Chamot-Rooke J, Malmström L, Tran Van Nhieu G. Shigella IpaA mediates actin bundling through diffusible vinculin oligomers with activation imprint. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112405. [PMID: 37071535 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon activation, vinculin reinforces cytoskeletal anchorage during cell adhesion. Activating ligands classically disrupt intramolecular interactions between the vinculin head and tail domains that bind to actin filaments. Here, we show that Shigella IpaA triggers major allosteric changes in the head domain, leading to vinculin homo-oligomerization. Through the cooperative binding of its three vinculin-binding sites (VBSs), IpaA induces a striking reorientation of the D1 and D2 head subdomains associated with vinculin oligomerization. IpaA thus acts as a catalyst producing vinculin clusters that bundle actin at a distance from the activation site and trigger the formation of highly stable adhesions resisting the action of actin relaxing drugs. Unlike canonical activation, vinculin homo-oligomers induced by IpaA appear to keep a persistent imprint of the activated state in addition to their bundling activity, accounting for stable cell adhesion independent of force transduction and relevant to bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Valencia-Gallardo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel-Isui Aguilar-Salvador
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire de biologie et Pharmacie Appliquée (LBPA), CNRS UMR8113/INSERM U1282, Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hamed Khakzad
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire de biologie et Pharmacie Appliquée (LBPA), CNRS UMR8113/INSERM U1282, Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin Cocom-Chan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire de biologie et Pharmacie Appliquée (LBPA), CNRS UMR8113/INSERM U1282, Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR9198/INSERM U1280, Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charles Bou-Nader
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège De France, CNRS UMR8229, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Velours
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, UMR 5234 CNRS-University of Bordeaux, SFR TransBioMed, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yosra Zarrouk
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR9198/INSERM U1280, Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Le Clainche
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR9198, Team "Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Motility", CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christian Malosse
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR 2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, F-75015 Paris
| | - Diogo Borges Lima
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR 2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, F-75015 Paris
| | - Nicole Quenech'Du
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bilal Mazhar
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sami Essid
- Laboratoire de biologie et Pharmacie Appliquée (LBPA), CNRS UMR8113/INSERM U1282, Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège De France, CNRS UMR8229, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR7057, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR 2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, F-75015 Paris
| | - Lars Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire de biologie et Pharmacie Appliquée (LBPA), CNRS UMR8113/INSERM U1282, Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR9198/INSERM U1280, Team "Ca(2+) Signaling and Microbial Infections," CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Holjencin C, Jakymiw A. MicroRNAs and Their Big Therapeutic Impacts: Delivery Strategies for Cancer Intervention. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152332. [PMID: 35954176 PMCID: PMC9367537 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three decades have passed from the initial discovery of a microRNA (miRNA) in Caenorhabditis elegans to our current understanding that miRNAs play essential roles in regulating fundamental physiological processes and that their dysregulation can lead to many human pathologies, including cancer. In effect, restoration of miRNA expression or downregulation of aberrantly expressed miRNAs using miRNA mimics or anti-miRNA inhibitors (anti-miRs/antimiRs), respectively, continues to show therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer. Although the manipulation of miRNA expression presents a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, it is predominantly reliant on nucleic acid-based molecules for their application, which introduces an array of hurdles, with respect to in vivo delivery. Because naked nucleic acids are quickly degraded and/or removed from the body, they require delivery vectors that can help overcome the many barriers presented upon their administration into the bloodstream. As such, in this review, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the current state-of-the-art delivery systems, encompassing viral- and nonviral-based systems, with a specific focus on nonviral nanotechnology-based miRNA delivery platforms, including lipid-, polymer-, inorganic-, and extracellular vesicle-based delivery strategies. Moreover, we also shed light on peptide carriers as an emerging technology that shows great promise in being a highly efficacious delivery platform for miRNA-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Holjencin
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Andrew Jakymiw
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-843-792-2551
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Nasser A, Mosadegh M, Azimi T, Shariati A. Molecular mechanisms of Shigella effector proteins: a common pathogen among diarrheic pediatric population. Mol Cell Pediatr 2022; 9:12. [PMID: 35718793 PMCID: PMC9207015 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different gastrointestinal pathogens cause diarrhea which is a very common problem in children aged under 5 years. Among bacterial pathogens, Shigella is one of the main causes of diarrhea among children, and it accounts for approximately 11% of all deaths among children aged under 5 years. The case-fatality rates for Shigella among the infants and children aged 1 to 4 years are 13.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Shigella uses unique effector proteins to modulate intracellular pathways. Shigella cannot invade epithelial cells on the apical site; therefore, it needs to pass epithelium through other cells rather than the epithelial cell. After passing epithelium, macrophage swallows Shigella, and the latter should prepare itself to exhibit at least two types of responses: (I) escaping phagocyte and (II) mediating invasion of and injury to the recurrent PMN. The presence of PMN and invitation to a greater degree resulted in gut membrane injuries and greater bacterial penetration. Infiltration of Shigella to the basolateral space mediates (A) cell attachment, (B) cell entry, (C) evasion of autophagy recognition, (D) vacuole formation and and vacuole rapture, (E) intracellular life, (F) Shiga toxin, and (G) immune response. In this review, an attempt is made to explain the role of each factor in Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasser
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mosadegh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and medicine research center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
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7
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Tittarelli A. Connexin channels modulation in pathophysiology and treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166258. [PMID: 34450245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Connexin-mediated intercellular communication mechanisms include bidirectional cell-to-cell coupling by gap junctions and release/influx of molecules by hemichannels. These intercellular communications have relevant roles in numerous immune system activities. Here, we review the current knowledge about the function of connexin channels, mainly those formed by connexin-43, on immunity and inflammation. Focusing on those evidence that support the design and development of therapeutic tools to modulate connexin expression and/or channel activities with treatment potential for infections, wounds, cancer, and other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile.
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8
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Karvonen K, Nykky J, Marjomäki V, Gilbert L. Distinctive Evasion Mechanisms to Allow Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Different Human Cell Lines. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:711291. [PMID: 34712208 PMCID: PMC8546339 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is a multisystemic disease caused by the pleomorphic bacteria of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. The exact mechanisms for the infection to progress into a prolonged sequelae of the disease are currently unknown, although immune evasion and persistence of the bacteria in the host are thought to be major contributors. The current study investigated B. burgdorferi infection processes in two human cell lines, both non-immune and non-phagocytic, to further understand the mechanisms of infection of this bacterium. By utilizing light, confocal, helium ion, and transmission electron microscopy, borrelial infection of chondrosarcoma (SW1353) and dermal fibroblast (BJ) cells were examined from an early 30-min time point to a late 9-days post-infection. Host cell invasion, viability of both the host and B. burgdorferi, as well as, co-localization with lysosomes and the presence of different borrelial pleomorphic forms were analyzed. The results demonstrated differences of infection between the cell lines starting from early entry as B. burgdorferi invaded BJ cells in coiled forms with less pronounced host cell extensions, whereas in SW1353 cells, micropodial interactions with spirochetes were always seen. Moreover, infection of BJ cells increased in a dose dependent manner throughout the examined 9 days, while the percentage of infection, although dose dependent, decreased in SW1353 cells after reaching a peak at 48 h. Furthermore, blebs, round body and damaged B. burgdorferi forms, were mostly observed from the infected SW1353 cells, while spirochetes dominated in BJ cells. Both infected host cell lines grew and remained viable after 9 day post-infection. Although damaged forms were noticed in both cell lines, co-localization with lysosomes was low in both cell lines, especially in BJ cells. The invasion of non-phagocytic cells and the lack of cytopathic effects onto the host cells by B. burgdorferi indicated one mechanism of immune evasion for the bacteria. The differences in attachment, pleomorphic form expressions, and the lack of lysosomal involvement between the infected host cells likely explain the ability of a bacterium to adapt to different environments, as well as, a strategy for persistence inside a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jonna Nykky
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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9
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Holjencin CE, Feinberg CR, Hedrick T, Halsey G, Williams RD, Patel PV, Biles E, Cummings JC, Wagner C, Vyavahare N, Jakymiw A. Advancing peptide siRNA-carrier designs through L/D-amino acid stereochemical modifications to enhance gene silencing. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:462-476. [PMID: 33868789 PMCID: PMC8040110 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 599 peptide has been previously shown to effectively deliver small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to cancer cells, inducing targeted-oncogene silencing, with a consequent inhibition of tumor growth. Although effective, this study was undertaken to advance the 599 peptide siRNA-carrier design through L/D-amino acid stereochemical modifications. Consequently, 599 was modified to generate eight different peptide variants, incorporating either different stereochemical patterns of L/D-amino acids or a specific D-amino acid substitution. Upon analysis of the variants, it was observed that these modifications could, in some instances, increase/decrease the binding, nuclease/serum stability, and complex release of siRNAs, as well as influence the gene-silencing efficiencies of the complex. These modifications were also found to affect cellular uptake and intracellular localization patterns of siRNA cargo, with one particular variant capable of mediating binding of siRNAs to specific cellular projections, identified as filopodia. Interestingly, this variant also exhibited the most enhanced gene silencing in comparison to the parent 599 peptide, thus suggesting a possible connection between filopodia binding and enhanced gene silencing. Together, these data demonstrate the utility of peptide stereochemistry, as well as the importance of a key D-amino acid modification, in advancing the 599 carrier design for the enhancement of gene silencing in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Holjencin
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Colton R Feinberg
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Biology, Swain Family School of Science and Mathematics, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| | - Travis Hedrick
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Gregory Halsey
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Robert D Williams
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Priya V Patel
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Evan Biles
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - James C Cummings
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Chance Wagner
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren Vyavahare
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Andrew Jakymiw
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, MUSC, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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10
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Shad AA, Shad WA. Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:45-58. [PMID: 32929595 PMCID: PMC7489455 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Shigella sonnei is the emerging pathogen globally, as it is the second common infectious species of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the leading one in developed world. The multifactorial processes and novel mechanisms have been identified in S. sonnei, that are collectively playing apart a substantial role in increasing its prevalence, while replacing the S. flexneri and other Gram-negative gut pathogens niche occupancy. Recently, studies suggest that due to improvement in sanitation S. sonnei has reduced cross-immunization from Plesiomonas shigelliodes (having same O-antigen as S. sonnei) and also found to outcompete the two major species of Enterobacteriaceae family (Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli), due to encoding of type VI secretion system (T6SS). This review aimed to highlight S. sonnei as an emerging pathogen in the light of recent research with pondering aspects on its epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, this paper aimed to review S. sonnei disease pattern and related complications, symptoms, and laboratory diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the available treatment reigns and antibiotic-resistance patterns of S. sonnei are also discussed, as the ciprofloxacin and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei has already intensified the global spread and burden of antimicrobial resistance. In last, prevention and controlling strategies are briefed to limit and tackle S. sonnei and possible future areas are also explored that needed more research to unravel the hidden mysteries surrounding S. sonnei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahtesham Ahmad Shad
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Wajahat Ahmed Shad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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11
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Trivedi DV, Nag S, Spudich A, Ruppel KM, Spudich JA. The Myosin Family of Mechanoenzymes: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Approaches. Annu Rev Biochem 2020; 89:667-693. [PMID: 32169021 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-011520-105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myosins are among the most fascinating enzymes in biology. As extremely allosteric chemomechanical molecular machines, myosins are involved in myriad pivotal cellular functions and are frequently sites of mutations leading to disease phenotypes. Human β-cardiac myosin has proved to be an excellent target for small-molecule therapeutics for heart muscle diseases, and, as we describe here, other myosin family members are likely to be potentially unique targets for treating other diseases as well. The first part of this review focuses on how myosins convert the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical movement, followed by a description of existing therapeutic approaches to target human β-cardiac myosin. The next section focuses on the possibility of targeting nonmuscle members of the human myosin family for several diseases. We end the review by describing the roles of myosin in parasites and the therapeutic potential of targeting them to block parasitic invasion of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan V Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; , , .,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Suman Nag
- MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California 94005, USA;
| | - Annamma Spudich
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560-097, India;
| | - Kathleen M Ruppel
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; , , .,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - James A Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; , , .,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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12
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Shigella IpaA Binding to Talin Stimulates Filopodial Capture and Cell Adhesion. Cell Rep 2020; 26:921-932.e6. [PMID: 30673614 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Shigella type III effector IpaA contains three binding sites for the focal adhesion protein vinculin (VBSs), which are involved in bacterial invasion of host cells. Here, we report that IpaA VBS3 unexpectedly binds to talin. The 2.5 Å resolution crystal structure of IpaA VBS3 in complex with the talin H1-H4 helices shows a tightly folded α-helical bundle, which is in contrast to the bundle unraveling upon vinculin interaction. High-affinity binding to talin H1-H4 requires a core of hydrophobic residues and electrostatic interactions conserved in talin VBS H46. Remarkably, IpaA VBS3 localizes to filopodial distal adhesions enriched in talin, but not vinculin. In addition, IpaA VBS3 binding to talin was required for filopodial adhesions and efficient capture of Shigella. These results point to the functional diversity of VBSs and support a specific role for talin binding by a subset of VBSs in the formation of filopodial adhesions.
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13
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Mukhopadhyay S, Ganguli S, Chakrabarti S. <em>Shigella</em> pathogenesis: molecular and computational insights. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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14
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Shigella
is a genus of Gram-negative enteropathogens that have long been, and continue to be, an important public health concern worldwide. Over the past several decades,
Shigella
spp. have also served as model pathogens in the study of bacterial pathogenesis, and
Shigella flexneri
has become one of the best-studied pathogens on a molecular, cellular, and tissue level. In the arms race between
Shigella
and the host immune system,
Shigella
has developed highly sophisticated mechanisms to subvert host cell processes in order to promote infection, escape immune detection, and prevent bacterial clearance. Here, we give an overview of
Shigella
pathogenesis while highlighting innovative techniques and methods whose application has significantly advanced our understanding of
Shigella
pathogenesis in recent years.
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15
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Wong J, Chopra J, Chiang LLW, Liu T, Ho J, Wu WKK, Tse G, Wong SH. The Role of Connexins in Gastrointestinal Diseases. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:643-652. [PMID: 30639409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions are hexagonal arrays of protein molecules in the plasma membrane and were first described in Mauthner cell synapses of goldfish. They form pathways for coupling between cells, allowing passive, electrotonic spread of ions and also passage of larger molecules such as amino acids and nucleotides. They are expressed in both excitable and non-excitable tissues. Each gap junction is made of two connexons, which are hexameric proteins of the connexin subunit. In this review, the roles that connexins play in gastrointestinal motility, the mechanisms of altered connexin expression leading to inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal infections, and gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic spectrum disorder are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Wong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jasmine Chopra
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China
| | - Jeffery Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
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16
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Ceftriaxone Administration Disrupts Intestinal Homeostasis, Mediating Noninflammatory Proliferation and Dissemination of Commensal Enterococci. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00674-18. [PMID: 30224553 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00674-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive commensals of the mammalian intestinal tract and harbor intrinsic resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Disruption of colonization resistance in humans by antibiotics allows enterococci to proliferate in the gut and cause disseminated infections. In this study, we used Enterococcus faecalis (EF)-colonized mice to study the dynamics of enterococci, commensal microbiota, and the host in response to systemic ceftriaxone administration. We found that the mouse model recapitulates intestinal proliferation and dissemination of enterococci seen in humans. Employing a ceftriaxone-sensitive strain of enterococci (E. faecalis JL308), we showed that increased intestinal abundance is critical for the systemic dissemination of enterococci. Investigation of the impact of ceftriaxone on the mucosal barrier defenses and integrity suggested that translocation of enterococci across the intestinal mucosa was not associated with intestinal pathology or increased permeability. Ceftriaxone-induced alteration of intestinal microbial composition was associated with transient increase in the abundance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in addition to enterococci, for example, lactobacilli, which also disseminated to the extraintestinal organs. Collectively, these results emphasize that ceftriaxone-induced disruption of colonization resistance and alteration of mucosal homeostasis facilitate increased intestinal abundance of a limited number of commensals along with enterococci, allowing their translocation and systemic dissemination in a healthy host.
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17
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Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton-a collection of actin filaments with their accessory and regulatory proteins-is the primary force-generating machinery in the cell. It can produce pushing (protrusive) forces through coordinated polymerization of multiple actin filaments or pulling (contractile) forces through sliding actin filaments along bipolar filaments of myosin II. Both force types are particularly important for whole-cell migration, but they also define and change the cell shape and mechanical properties of the cell surface, drive the intracellular motility and morphogenesis of membrane organelles, and allow cells to form adhesions with each other and with the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 221 Leidy Labs, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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18
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Belotserkovsky I, Sansonetti PJ. Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia Coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 416:1-26. [PMID: 30218158 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) in humans, which is characterized by invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. Different EIEC and Shigella subgroups rose independently from commensal E. coli through patho-adaptive evolution that included loss of functional genes interfering with the virulence and/or with the intracellular lifestyle of the bacteria, as well as acquisition of genetic elements harboring virulence genes. Among the latter is the large virulence plasmid encoding for a type three secretion system (T3SS), which enables translocation of virulence proteins (effectors) from the bacterium directly into the host cell cytoplasm. These effectors enable the pathogen to subvert epithelial cell functions, promoting its own uptake, replication in the host cytosol, and dissemination to adjacent cells while concomitantly inhibiting pro-inflammatory cell death. Furthermore, T3SS effectors are directly involved in Shigella manipulation of immune cells causing their dysfunction and promoting cell death. In the current chapter, we first describe the evolution of the enteroinvasive pathovars and then summarize the overall knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of these bacteria, with a particular focus on Shigella flexneri. Subversion of host cell functions in the human gut, both epithelial and immune cells, by different virulence factors is especially highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Belotserkovsky
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005, Paris, France
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19
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Sun CH, Wacquier B, Aguilar DI, Carayol N, Denis K, Boucherie S, Valencia-Gallardo C, Simsek C, Erneux C, Lehman A, Enninga J, Arbibe L, Sansonetti P, Dupont G, Combettes L, Tran Van Nhieu G. The Shigella type III effector IpgD recodes Ca 2+ signals during invasion of epithelial cells. EMBO J 2017; 36:2567-2580. [PMID: 28701483 PMCID: PMC5579377 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of second messengers in the diversion of cellular processes by pathogens remains poorly studied despite their importance. Among these, Ca2+ virtually regulates all known cell processes, including cytoskeletal reorganization, inflammation, or cell death pathways. Under physiological conditions, cytosolic Ca2+ increases are transient and oscillatory, defining the so-called Ca2+ code that links cell responses to specific Ca2+ oscillatory patterns. During cell invasion, Shigella induces atypical local and global Ca2+ signals. Here, we show that by hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)bisphosphate, the Shigella type III effector IpgD dampens inositol-(1,4,5)trisphosphate (InsP3) levels. By modifying InsP3 dynamics and diffusion, IpgD favors the elicitation of long-lasting local Ca2+ signals at Shigella invasion sites and converts Shigella-induced global oscillatory responses into erratic responses with atypical dynamics and amplitude. Furthermore, IpgD eventually inhibits InsP3-dependent responses during prolonged infection kinetics. IpgD thus acts as a pathogen regulator of the Ca2+ code implicated in a versatility of cell functions. Consistent with this function, IpgD prevents the Ca2+-dependent activation of calpain, thereby preserving the integrity of cell adhesion structures during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hui Sun
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of excellence and Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
- Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
- Inserm, UMRS1174, Orsay, France
| | - Benjamin Wacquier
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel I Aguilar
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of excellence and Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Carayol
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of excellence and Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Denis
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of excellence and Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | | | - Cesar Valencia-Gallardo
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of excellence and Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Ceren Simsek
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of excellence and Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Erneux
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Lehman
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jost Enninga
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Institut Pasteur, Unité de la Dynamique des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Arbibe
- Equipe Plasticité du Génome et Infection, INSERM UMR_S1151 - CNRS UMR8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Sansonetti
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Unité Inserm 1202, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Dupont
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of excellence and Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
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20
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Gleisner MA, Navarrete M, Hofmann F, Salazar-Onfray F, Tittarelli A. Mind the Gaps in Tumor Immunity: Impact of Connexin-Mediated Intercellular Connections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1067. [PMID: 28919895 PMCID: PMC5585150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs)-mediated intercellular communications (GJICs) are connexin (Cx)-formed plasma membrane channels that allow for the passage of small molecules between adjacent cells, and are involved in several physiopathological processes, including immune responses against cancer. In general, tumor cells are poorly coupled through GJs, mainly due to low Cx expression or reduced channel activity, suggesting that Cxs may have tumor suppressor roles. However, more recent data indicate that Cxs and/or GJICs may also in some cases promote tumor progression. This dual role of Cx channels in tumor outcome may be due, at least partially, to the fact that GJs not only interconnect cells from the same type, such as cancer cells, but also promote the intercellular communication of tumor cells with different types of cells from their microenvironment, and such diverse intercellular interactions have distinctive impact on tumor development. For example, whereas GJ-mediated interactions among tumor cells and microglia have been implicated in promotion of tumor growth, tumor cells delivery to dendritic cells of antigenic peptides through GJs have been associated with enhanced immune-mediated tumor elimination. In this review, we provide an updated overview on the role of GJICs in tumor immunity, focusing on the pro-tumor and antitumor effect of GJs occurring among tumor and immune cells. Accumulated data suggest that GJICs may act as tumor suppressors or enhancers depending on whether tumor cells interact predominantly with antitumor immune cells or with stromal cells. The complex modulation of immune-tumor cell GJICs should be taken into consideration in order to potentiate current cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Navarrete
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Hofmann
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Sunkavalli U, Aguilar C, Silva RJ, Sharan M, Cruz AR, Tawk C, Maudet C, Mano M, Eulalio A. Analysis of host microRNA function uncovers a role for miR-29b-2-5p in Shigella capture by filopodia. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006327. [PMID: 28394930 PMCID: PMC5398735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in the interplay between bacterial pathogens and host cells, participating as host defense mechanisms, as well as exploited by bacteria to subvert host cellular functions. Here, we show that microRNAs modulate infection by Shigella flexneri, a major causative agent of bacillary dysentery in humans. Specifically, we characterize the dual regulatory role of miR-29b-2-5p during infection, showing that this microRNA strongly favors Shigella infection by promoting both bacterial binding to host cells and intracellular replication. Using a combination of transcriptome analysis and targeted high-content RNAi screening, we identify UNC5C as a direct target of miR-29b-2-5p and show its pivotal role in the modulation of Shigella binding to host cells. MiR-29b-2-5p, through repression of UNC5C, strongly enhances filopodia formation thus increasing Shigella capture and promoting bacterial invasion. The increase of filopodia formation mediated by miR-29b-2-5p is dependent on RhoF and Cdc42 Rho-GTPases. Interestingly, the levels of miR-29b-2-5p, but not of other mature microRNAs from the same precursor, are decreased upon Shigella replication at late times post-infection, through degradation of the mature microRNA by the exonuclease PNPT1. While the relatively high basal levels of miR-29b-2-5p at the start of infection ensure efficient Shigella capture by host cell filopodia, dampening of miR-29b-2-5p levels later during infection may constitute a bacterial strategy to favor a balanced intracellular replication to avoid premature cell death and favor dissemination to neighboring cells, or alternatively, part of the host response to counteract Shigella infection. Overall, these findings reveal a previously unappreciated role of microRNAs, and in particular miR-29b-2-5p, in the interaction of Shigella with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Sunkavalli
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ricardo Jorge Silva
- UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Malvika Sharan
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana Rita Cruz
- UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Caroline Tawk
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claire Maudet
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miguel Mano
- UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ana Eulalio
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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22
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Manipulation of host membranes by the bacterial pathogens Listeria, Francisella, Shigella and Yersinia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:155-167. [PMID: 27448494 PMCID: PMC7082150 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens display an impressive arsenal of molecular mechanisms that allow survival in diverse host niches. Subversion of plasma membrane and cytoskeletal functions are common themes associated to infection by both extracellular and intracellular pathogens. Moreover, intracellular pathogens modify the structure/stability of their membrane-bound compartments and escape degradation from phagocytic or autophagic pathways. Here, we review the manipulation of host membranes by Listeria monocytogenes, Francisella tularensis, Shigella flexneri and Yersinia spp. These four bacterial model pathogens exemplify generalized strategies as well as specific features observed during bacterial infection processes.
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Killackey SA, Sorbara MT, Girardin SE. Cellular Aspects of Shigella Pathogenesis: Focus on the Manipulation of Host Cell Processes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:38. [PMID: 27066460 PMCID: PMC4814626 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a Gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for shigellosis. Over the years, the study of Shigella has provided a greater understanding of how the host responds to bacterial infection, and how bacteria have evolved to effectively counter the host defenses. In this review, we provide an update on some of the most recent advances in our understanding of pivotal processes associated with Shigella infection, including the invasion into host cells, the metabolic changes that occur within the bacterium and the infected cell, cell-to-cell spread mechanisms, autophagy and membrane trafficking, inflammatory signaling and cell death. This recent progress sheds a new light into the mechanisms underlying Shigella pathogenesis, and also more generally provides deeper understanding of the complex interplay between host cells and bacterial pathogens in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Killackey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
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The HC, Thanh DP, Holt KE, Thomson NR, Baker S. The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:235-50. [PMID: 26923111 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Shigella spp. are some of the key pathogens responsible for the global burden of diarrhoeal disease. These facultative intracellular bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, together with other intestinal pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The genus Shigella comprises four different species, each consisting of several serogroups, all of which show phenotypic similarity, including invasive pathogenicity. DNA sequencing suggests that this similarity results from the convergent evolution of different Shigella spp. founders. Here, we review the evolutionary relationships between Shigella spp. and E . coli, and we highlight how the genomic plasticity of these bacteria and their acquisition of a distinctive virulence plasmid have enabled the development of such highly specialized pathogens. Furthermore, we discuss the insights that genotyping and whole-genome sequencing have provided into the phylogenetics and intercontinental spread of Shigella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Bacterial Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,Department of Pathogen and Molecular Biology, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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25
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Bonnet M, Tran Van Nhieu G. How Shigella Utilizes Ca(2+) Jagged Edge Signals during Invasion of Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:16. [PMID: 26904514 PMCID: PMC4748038 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery invades intestinal epithelial cells using a type III secretion system (T3SS). Through the injection of type III effectors, Shigella manipulates the actin cytoskeleton to induce its internalization in epithelial cells. At early invasion stages, Shigella induces atypical Ca(2+) responses confined at entry sites allowing local cytoskeletal remodeling for bacteria engulfment. Global Ca(2+) increase in the cell triggers the opening of connexin hemichannels at the plasma membrane that releases ATP in the extracellular milieu, favoring Shigella invasion and spreading through purinergic receptor signaling. During intracellular replication, Shigella regulates inflammatory and death pathways to disseminate within the epithelium. At later stages of infection, Shigella downregulates hemichannel opening and the release of extracellular ATP to dampen inflammatory signals. To avoid premature cell death, Shigella activates cell survival by upregulating the PI3K/Akt pathway and downregulating the levels of p53. Furthermore, Shigella interferes with pro-apoptotic caspases, and orients infected cells toward a slow necrotic cell death linked to mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload. In this review, we will focus on the role of Ca(2+) responses and their regulation by Shigella during the different stages of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Bonnet
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de FranceParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7241Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science LettreParis, France
| | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de FranceParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7241Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science LettreParis, France
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26
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Charles-Orszag A, Lemichez E, Tran Van Nhieu G, Duménil G. Microbial pathogenesis meets biomechanics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 38:31-7. [PMID: 26849533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introducing concepts from soft matter physics and mechanics has largely contributed to our understanding of a variety of biological processes. In this review, we argue that this holds true for bacterial pathogenesis. We base this argument on three examples of bacterial pathogens and their interaction with host cells during infection: (i) Shigella flexneri exploits actin-dependent forces to come into close contact with epithelial cells prior to invasion of the epithelium; (ii) Neisseria meningitidis manipulates endothelial cells to resist shear stress during vascular colonization; (iii) bacterial toxins take advantage of the biophysical properties of the host cell plasma membrane to generate transcellular macroapertures in the vascular wall. Together, these examples show that a multidisciplinary approach integrating physics and biology is more necessary than ever to understand complex infectious phenomena. Moreover, this avenue of research will allow the exploration of general processes in cell biology, highlighted by pathogens, in the context of other non-communicable human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Charles-Orszag
- Pathogenesis of vascular infections unit, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- INSERM, U1065, Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Centre Méditerranéen De Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, 151 Route St Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Duménil
- Pathogenesis of vascular infections unit, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
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27
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Van Nhieu GT, Romero S. Common Themes in Cytoskeletal Remodeling by Intracellular Bacterial Effectors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 235:207-235. [PMID: 27807696 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens interact with various types of tissues to promote infection. Because it controls the formation of membrane extensions, adhesive processes, or the junction integrity, the actin cytoskeleton is a key target of pathogens during infection. We will highlight common and specific functions of the actin cytoskeleton during bacterial infections, by first reviewing the mechanisms of intracellular motility of invasive Shigella, Listeria, and Rickettsia. Through the models of EPEC/EHEC, Shigella, Salmonella, and Chlamydia spp., we will illustrate various strategies of diversion of actin cytoskeletal processes used by these bacteria to colonize or breach epithelial/endothelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, 75005, Paris, France. .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, 75005, Paris, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7241, 75005, Paris, France. .,MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Stéphane Romero
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, 75005, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7241, 75005, Paris, France.,MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre, 75005, Paris, France
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28
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Actin-Dependent Regulation of Borrelia burgdorferi Phagocytosis by Macrophages. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 399:133-154. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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29
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Naquet P, Giessner C, Galland F. Metabolic adaptation of tissues to stress releases metabolites influencing innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 38:30-8. [PMID: 26605965 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments have demonstrated that metabolic rewiring imposed by adaptation of tissues to stress leads to the release of various metabolites which directly or indirectly impact innate immune responses and inflammation. Some metabolites can behave as second messengers and leave local cues in tissues. Immune cells which infiltrate stressed tissues reorient their metabolism to cope with these microenvironmental cues while preserving their effector functions in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Naquet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Caroline Giessner
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Galland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
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30
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EtpE Binding to DNase X Induces Ehrlichial Entry via CD147 and hnRNP-K Recruitment, Followed by Mobilization of N-WASP and Actin. mBio 2015; 6:e01541-15. [PMID: 26530384 PMCID: PMC4631803 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01541-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obligate intracellular bacteria, such as Ehrlichia chaffeensis, perish unless they can enter eukaryotic cells. E. chaffeensis is the etiological agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, an emerging infectious disease. To infect cells, Ehrlichia uses the C terminus of the outer membrane invasin entry-triggering protein (EtpE) of Ehrlichia (EtpE-C), which directly binds the mammalian cell surface glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein, DNase X. How this binding drives Ehrlichia entry is unknown. Here, using affinity pulldown of host cell lysates with recombinant EtpE-C (rEtpE-C), we identified two new human proteins that interact with EtpE-C: CD147 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP-K). The interaction of CD147 with rEtpE-C was validated by far-Western blotting and coimmunoprecipitation of native EtpE with endogenous CD147. CD147 was ubiquitous on the cell surface and also present around foci of rEtpE-C-coated-bead entry. Functional neutralization of surface-exposed CD147 with a specific antibody inhibited Ehrlichia internalization and infection but not binding. Downregulation of CD147 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) impaired E. chaffeensis infection. Functional ablation of cytoplasmic hnRNP-K by a nanoscale intracellular antibody markedly attenuated bacterial entry and infection but not binding. EtpE-C also interacted with neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), which is activated by hnRNP-K. Wiskostatin, which inhibits N-WASP activation, and cytochalasin D, which inhibits actin polymerization, inhibited Ehrlichia entry. Upon incubation with host cell lysate, EtpE-C but not an EtpE N-terminal fragment stimulated in vitro actin polymerization in an N-WASP- and DNase X-dependent manner. Time-lapse video images revealed N-WASP recruitment at EtpE-C-coated bead entry foci. Thus, EtpE-C binding to DNase X drives Ehrlichia entry by engaging CD147 and hnRNP-K and activating N-WASP-dependent actin polymerization. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligate intracellular bacterium, causes a blood-borne disease called human monocytic ehrlichiosis, one of the most prevalent life-threatening emerging tick-transmitted infectious diseases in the United States. The survival of Ehrlichia bacteria, and hence, their ability to cause disease, depends on their specific mode of entry into eukaryotic host cells. Understanding the mechanism by which E. chaffeensis enters cells will create new opportunities for developing effective therapies to prevent bacterial entry and disease in humans. Our findings reveal a novel cellular signaling pathway triggered by an ehrlichial surface protein called EtpE to induce its infectious entry. The results are also important from the viewpoint of human cell physiology because three EtpE-interacting human proteins, DNase X, CD147, and hnRNP-K, are hitherto unknown partners that drive the uptake of small particles, including bacteria, into human cells.
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31
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Abstract
Myosin-X (Myo10) is a motor protein best known for its role in filopodia formation. New research implicates Myo10 in a number of disease states including cancer metastasis and pathogen infection. This review focuses on these developments with emphasis on the emerging roles of Myo10 in formation of cancer cell protrusions and metastasis. A number of aggressive cancers show high levels of Myo10 expression and knockdown of Myo10 has been shown to dramatically limit cancer cell motility in 2D and 3D systems. Myo10 knockdown also limits spread of intracellular pathogens marburgvirus and Shigella flexneri. Consideration is given to how these properties might arise and potential paths of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Courson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Richard E Cheney
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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32
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Ribet D, Cossart P. How bacterial pathogens colonize their hosts and invade deeper tissues. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:173-83. [PMID: 25637951 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved a wide range of strategies to colonize and invade human organs, despite the presence of multiple host defense mechanisms. In this review, we will describe how pathogenic bacteria can adhere and multiply at the surface of host cells, how some bacteria can enter and proliferate inside these cells, and finally how pathogens may cross epithelial or endothelial host barriers and get access to internal tissues, leading to severe diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ribet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, F-75015 Paris, France; INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France; INRA, USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, F-75015 Paris, France; INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France; INRA, USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France.
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33
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Valencia-Gallardo CM, Carayol N, Tran Van Nhieu G. Cytoskeletal mechanics during Shigella invasion and dissemination in epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:174-82. [PMID: 25469430 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is key to the barrier function of epithelial cells, by permitting the establishment and maintenance of cell-cell junctions and cell adhesion to the basal matrix. Actin exists under monomeric and polymerized filamentous form and its polymerization following activation of nucleation promoting factors generates pushing forces, required to propel intracellular microorganisms in the host cell cytosol or for the formation of cell extensions that engulf bacteria. Actin filaments can associate with adhesion receptors at the plasma membrane via cytoskeletal linkers. Membrane anchored to actin filaments are then subjected to the retrograde flow that may pull membrane-bound bacteria inside the cell. To induce its internalization by normally non-phagocytic cells, bacteria need to establish adhesive contacts and trick the cell into apply pulling forces, and/or to generate protrusive forces that deform the membrane surrounding its contact site. In this review, we will focus on recent findings on actin cytoskeleton reorganization within epithelial cells during invasion and cell-to-cell spreading by the enteroinvasive pathogen Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar M Valencia-Gallardo
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Paris, France
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Pizarro-Cerdá J, Kühbacher A, Cossart P. Phosphoinositides and host-pathogen interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:911-8. [PMID: 25241942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides control key cellular processes including vesicular trafficking and actin polymerization. Intracellular bacterial pathogens manipulate phosphoinositide metabolism in order to promote their uptake by target cells and to direct in some cases the biogenesis of their replication compartments. In this chapter, we review the molecular strategies that major pathogens including Listeria, Mycobacterium, Shigella, Salmonella, Legionella and Yersinia use to hijack phosphoinositides during infection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pizarro-Cerdá
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, F-75015 Paris, France; INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France; INRA, USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Andreas Kühbacher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Stuttgart G-70569, Germany
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, F-75015 Paris, France; INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France; INRA, USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France
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35
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Nguyen CT, Le NT, Tran TDH, Kim EH, Park SS, Luong TT, Chung KT, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Streptococcus pneumoniae ClpL modulates adherence to A549 human lung cells through Rap1/Rac1 activation. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3802-10. [PMID: 24980975 PMCID: PMC4187815 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02012-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caseinolytic protease L (ClpL) is a member of the HSP100/Clp chaperone family, which is found mainly in Gram-positive bacteria. ClpL is highly expressed during infection for refolding of stress-induced denatured proteins, some of which are important for adherence. However, the role of ClpL in modulating pneumococcal virulence is poorly understood. Here, we show that ClpL impairs pneumococcal adherence to A549 lung cells by inducing and activating Rap1 and Rac1, thus increasing phosphorylation of cofilin (inactive form). Moreover, infection with a clpL mutant (ΔclpL) causes a greater degree of filopodium formation than D39 wild-type (WT) infection. Inhibition of Rap1 and Rac1 impairs filopodium formation and pneumococcal adherence. Therefore, ClpL can reduce pneumococcal adherence to A549 cells, likely via modulation of Rap1- and Rac1-mediated filopodium formation. These results demonstrate a potential role for ClpL in pneumococcal resistance to host cell adherence during infection. This study provides insight into further understanding the interactions between hosts and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Eun-Hye Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Sang Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Kyung-Tae Chung
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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36
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Abstract
Of the many pathogens that infect humans and animals, a large number use cells of the host organism as protected sites for replication. To reach the relevant intracellular compartments, they take advantage of the endocytosis machinery and exploit the network of endocytic organelles for penetration into the cytosol or as sites of replication. In this review, we discuss the endocytic entry processes used by viruses and bacteria and compare the strategies used by these dissimilar classes of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris F-75015, France; INSERM U604, Paris F-75015, France; and INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Pathogenesis of human enterovirulent bacteria: lessons from cultured, fully differentiated human colon cancer cell lines. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2014; 77:380-439. [PMID: 24006470 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00064-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts are protected from attack by potentially harmful enteric microorganisms, viruses, and parasites by the polarized fully differentiated epithelial cells that make up the epithelium, providing a physical and functional barrier. Enterovirulent bacteria interact with the epithelial polarized cells lining the intestinal barrier, and some invade the cells. A better understanding of the cross talk between enterovirulent bacteria and the polarized intestinal cells has resulted in the identification of essential enterovirulent bacterial structures and virulence gene products playing pivotal roles in pathogenesis. Cultured animal cell lines and cultured human nonintestinal, undifferentiated epithelial cells have been extensively used for understanding the mechanisms by which some human enterovirulent bacteria induce intestinal disorders. Human colon carcinoma cell lines which are able to express in culture the functional and structural characteristics of mature enterocytes and goblet cells have been established, mimicking structurally and functionally an intestinal epithelial barrier. Moreover, Caco-2-derived M-like cells have been established, mimicking the bacterial capture property of M cells of Peyer's patches. This review intends to analyze the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of human enterovirulent bacteria observed in infected cultured human colon carcinoma enterocyte-like HT-29 subpopulations, enterocyte-like Caco-2 and clone cells, the colonic T84 cell line, HT-29 mucus-secreting cell subpopulations, and Caco-2-derived M-like cells, including cell association, cell entry, intracellular lifestyle, structural lesions at the brush border, functional lesions in enterocytes and goblet cells, functional and structural lesions at the junctional domain, and host cellular defense responses.
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38
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Bou Saab J, Losa D, Chanson M, Ruez R. Connexins in respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosal immunity. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1288-96. [PMID: 24631537 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal lining forms the physical and chemical barrier that protects against pathogens and hostile particles and harbors its own population of bacteria, fungi and archea, known as the microbiota. The immune system controls tolerance of this population of microorganisms that have proven to be beneficial for its host. Keeping its physical integrity and a correct balance with the microbiota, the mucosa preserves its homeostasis and its protective function and maintains host's health. However, in some conditions, pathogens may succeed in breaching mucosal homeostasis and successfully infecting the host. In this review we will discuss the role the mucosa plays in the defense against bacterial pathogens by considering the gap junction protein connexins. We will detail their implication in mucosal homeostasis and upon infection with bacteria in the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bou Saab
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davide Losa
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Chanson
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Richard Ruez
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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39
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Blanchoin L, Boujemaa-Paterski R, Sykes C, Plastino J. Actin dynamics, architecture, and mechanics in cell motility. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:235-63. [PMID: 24382887 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight coupling between biochemical and mechanical properties of the actin cytoskeleton drives a large range of cellular processes including polarity establishment, morphogenesis, and motility. This is possible because actin filaments are semi-flexible polymers that, in conjunction with the molecular motor myosin, can act as biological active springs or "dashpots" (in laymen's terms, shock absorbers or fluidizers) able to exert or resist against force in a cellular environment. To modulate their mechanical properties, actin filaments can organize into a variety of architectures generating a diversity of cellular organizations including branched or crosslinked networks in the lamellipodium, parallel bundles in filopodia, and antiparallel structures in contractile fibers. In this review we describe the feedback loop between biochemical and mechanical properties of actin organization at the molecular level in vitro, then we integrate this knowledge into our current understanding of cellular actin organization and its physiological roles.
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Puhar A, Tronchère H, Payrastre B, Nhieu GTV, Sansonetti PJ. A Shigella effector dampens inflammation by regulating epithelial release of danger signal ATP through production of the lipid mediator PtdIns5P. Immunity 2014; 39:1121-31. [PMID: 24332032 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection with Shigella flexneri, epithelial cells release ATP through connexin hemichannels. However, the pathophysiological consequence and the regulation of this process are unclear. Here we showed that in intestinal epithelial cell ATP release was an early alert response to infection with enteric pathogens that eventually promoted inflammation of the gut. Shigella evolved to escape this inflammatory reaction by its type III secretion effector IpgD, which blocked hemichannels via the production of the lipid PtdIns5P. Infection with an ipgD mutant resulted in rapid hemichannel-dependent accumulation of extracellular ATP in vitro and in vivo, which preceded the onset of inflammation. At later stages of infection, ipgD-deficient Shigella caused strong intestinal inflammation owing to extracellular ATP. We therefore describe a new paradigm of host-pathogen interaction based on endogenous danger signaling and identify extracellular ATP as key regulator of mucosal inflammation during infection. Our data provide new angles of attack for the development of anti-inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Puhar
- Inserm U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Hélène Tronchère
- Inserm U1048, I2MC, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse 3, I2MC, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Inserm U1048, I2MC, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse 3, I2MC, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CHU Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Inserm U1050, Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, CIRB, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France; CNRS UMR7241, Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, CIRB, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France; Collège de France, Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, CIRB, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Inserm U786, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Schuppler M. How the interaction of Listeria monocytogenes and Acanthamoeba spp. affects growth and distribution of the food borne pathogen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2907-16. [PMID: 24557567 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne opportunistic pathogen capable to switch from an environmental saprophyte to a potentially fatal human pathogen. The fact that the pathogen maintains the genes suitable for an elaborate infectious process indicates that these genes are required to survive in the environment. However, no environmental host reservoir for L. monocytogenes has been identified so far. The similarity of free-living, bacteria-scavenging amoebae to macrophages led to the hypothesis that protozoa may represent the missing link in the ecology and pathology of L. monocytogenes. Consequently, numerous studies have been published reporting on the potential of Acanthamoeba spp. to serve as host for a variety of pathogenic bacteria. However, the data on the interaction of L. monocytogenes with Acanthamoeba spp. are inconsistent and relatively little information on the impact of this interaction on growth and distribution of the foodborne pathogen is currently available. Hence, this review focuses on the interaction of L. monocytogenes and Acanthamoeba spp. affecting survival and growth of the foodborne pathogen in natural and man-made environments, in order to highlight the potential impact of this interplay on food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schuppler
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland,
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42
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Eugenin EA. Role of connexin/pannexin containing channels in infectious diseases. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1389-95. [PMID: 24486013 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years it has become evident that gap junctions and hemichannels, in concert with extracellular ATP and purinergic receptors, play key roles in several physiological processes and pathological conditions. However, only recently has their importance in infectious diseases been explored, likely because early reports indicated that connexin containing channels were completely inactivated under inflammatory conditions, and therefore no further research was performed. However, recent evidence indicates that several infectious agents take advantage of these communication systems to enhance inflammation and apoptosis, as well as to participate in the infectious cycle of several pathogens. In the current review, we will discuss the role of these channels/receptors in the pathogenesis of several infectious diseases and the possibilities of generating novel therapeutic approaches to reduce or prevent these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Epidermal growth factor receptor-PI3K signaling controls cofilin activity to facilitate herpes simplex virus 1 entry into neuronal cells. mBio 2014; 5:e00958-13. [PMID: 24425731 PMCID: PMC3903278 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00958-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes latency in neurons and can cause severe disseminated infection with neurological impairment and high mortality. This neurodegeneration is thought to be tightly associated with virus-induced cytoskeleton disruption. Currently, the regulation pattern of the actin cytoskeleton and the involved molecular mechanisms during HSV-1 entry into neurons remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the entry of HSV-1 into neuronal cells induces biphasic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and an initial inactivation followed by the subsequent activation of cofilin, a member of the actin depolymerizing factor family that is critical for actin reorganization. The disruption of F-actin dynamics or the modulation of cofilin activity by mutation, knockdown, or overexpression affects HSV-1 entry efficacy and virus-mediated cell ruffle formation. Binding of the HSV-1 envelope initiates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, which leads to virus-induced early cofilin phosphorylation and F-actin polymerization. Moreover, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase and Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK) are recruited as downstream mediators of the HSV-1-induced cofilin inactivation pathway. Inhibitors specific for those kinases significantly reduce the virus infectivity without affecting virus binding to the target cells. Additionally, lipid rafts are clustered to promote EGFR-associated signaling cascade transduction. We propose that HSV-1 hijacks cofilin to initiate infection. These results could promote a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HSV-1-induced neurological diseases. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in many crucial cellular processes and acts as an obstacle to pathogen entry into host cells. Because HSV-1 establishes lifelong latency in neurons and because neuronal cytoskeletal disruption is thought to be the main cause of HSV-1-induced neurodegeneration, understanding the F-actin remodeling pattern by HSV-1 infection and the molecular interactions that facilitate HSV-1 entry into neurons is important. In this study, we showed that HSV-1 infection induces the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton as well as the initial inactivation and subsequent activation of cofilin. Then, we determined that activation of the EGFR-PI3K-Erk1/2 signaling pathway inactivates cofilin and promotes F-actin polymerization. We postulate that by regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics, cofilin biphasic activation could represent the specific cellular machinery usurped by pathogen infection, and these results will greatly contribute to the understanding of HSV-1-induced early and complex changes in host cells that are closely linked to HSV-1 pathogenesis.
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Bornschlögl T, Bassereau P. The sense is in the fingertips: The distal end controls filopodial mechanics and dynamics in response to external stimuli. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e27341. [PMID: 24753790 PMCID: PMC3984293 DOI: 10.4161/cib.27341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small hair-like cell protrusions, called filopodia, often establish adhesive contacts with the cellular surroundings with a subsequent build up of retraction force. This process seems to be important for cell migration, embryonic development, wound healing, and pathogenic infection pathways. We have shown that filopodial tips are able to sense adhesive contact and, as a consequence, locally reduce actin polymerization speed. This induces filopodial retraction via forces generated by the cell membrane tension and by the filopodial actin shaft that is constantly pulled rearwards via the retrograde flow of actin at the base. The tip is also the weakest point of actin-based force transduction. Forces higher than 15 pN can disconnect the actin shaft from the membrane, which increases actin polymerization at the tip. Together, this points toward the tip as a mechano-chemical sensing and steering unit for filopodia, and it calls for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bornschlögl
- Institut Curie; Centre de Recherche; Paris, France ; CNRS; UMR 168; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris, France ; CelTisPhyBioLabex and Paris Sciences et Lettres; Paris, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Institut Curie; Centre de Recherche; Paris, France ; CNRS; UMR 168; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris, France ; CelTisPhyBioLabex and Paris Sciences et Lettres; Paris, France
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Filopodial retraction force is generated by cortical actin dynamics and controlled by reversible tethering at the tip. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18928-33. [PMID: 24198333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316572110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like plasma membrane protrusions that sense the mechanical and chemical surroundings of the cell. Here, we show in epithelial cells that the dynamics of filopodial extension and retraction are determined by the difference between the actin polymerization rate at the tip and the retrograde flow at the base of the filopodium. Adhesion of a bead to the filopodial tip locally reduces actin polymerization and leads to retraction via retrograde flow, reminiscent of a process used by pathogens to invade cells. Using optical tweezers, we show that filopodial retraction occurs at a constant speed against counteracting forces up to 50 pN. Our measurements point toward retrograde flow in the cortex together with frictional coupling between the filopodial and cortical actin networks as the main retraction-force generator for filopodia. The force exerted by filopodial retraction, however, is limited by the connection between filopodial actin filaments and the membrane at the tip. Upon mechanical rupture of the tip connection, filopodia exert a passive retraction force of 15 pN via their plasma membrane. Transient reconnection at the tip allows filopodia to continuously probe their surroundings in a load-and-fail manner within a well-defined force range.
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Samuelson DR, Konkel ME. Serine phosphorylation of cortactin is required for maximal host cell invasion by Campylobacter jejuni. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:82. [PMID: 24188565 PMCID: PMC3832248 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni causes acute disease characterized by severe diarrhea containing blood and leukocytes, fever, and abdominal cramping. Disease caused by C. jejuni is dependent on numerous bacterial and host factors. C. jejuni invasion of the intestinal epithelial cells is seen in both clinical samples and animal models indicating that host cell invasion is, in part, necessary for disease. C. jejuni utilizes a flagellar Type III Secretion System (T3SS) to deliver the Campylobacter invasion antigens (Cia) to host cells. The Cia proteins modulate host cell signaling leading to actin cytoskeleton rearrangement necessary for C. jejuni host cell invasion, and are required for the development of disease. RESULTS This study was based on the hypothesis that the C. jejuni CiaD effector protein mediates Erk 1/2 dependent cytoskeleton rearrangement. We showed that CiaD was required for the maximal phosphorylation of Erk 1/2 by performing an immunoblot with a p-Erk 1/2 specific antibody and that Erk 1/2 participates in C. jejuni invasion of host cells by performing the gentamicin protection assay in the presence and absence of the PD98059 (a potent inhibitor of Erk 1/2 activation). CiaD was also found to be required for the maximal phosphorylation of cortactin S405 and S418, as judged by immunoblot analysis. The response of human INT 407 epithelial cells to infection with C. jejuni was evaluated by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine the extent of membrane ruffling. This analysis revealed that CiaD, Erk 1/2, and cortactin participate in C. jejuni-induced membrane ruffling. Finally, cortactin and N-WASP were found to be involved in C. jejuni invasion of host cells using siRNA to N-WASP, and siRNA to cortactin, coupled with the gentamicin protection assay. CONCLUSION We conclude that CiaD is involved in the activation of Erk 1/2 and that activated Erk 1/2 facilitates C. jejuni invasion by phosphorylation of cortactin on serine 405 and 418. This is the first time that cortactin and N-WASP have been shown to be involved in C. jejuni invasion of host cells. These data also provide a mechanistic basis for the requirement of Erk 1/2 in C. jejuni-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Life Sciences Bldg, Room 302c, Pullman, Washington 99164-7520, USA.
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Samuelson DR, Eucker TP, Bell JA, Dybas L, Mansfield LS, Konkel ME. The Campylobacter jejuni CiaD effector protein activates MAP kinase signaling pathways and is required for the development of disease. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:79. [PMID: 24144181 PMCID: PMC3833307 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteric pathogens utilize a distinct set of proteins to modulate host cell signaling events that promote host cell invasion, induction of the inflammatory response, and intracellular survival. Human infection with Campylobacter jejuni, the causative agent of campylobacteriosis, is characterized by diarrhea containing blood and leukocytes. The clinical presentation of acute disease, which is consistent with cellular invasion, requires the delivery of the Campylobacter invasion antigens (Cia) to the cytosol of host cells via a flagellar Type III Secretion System (T3SS). We identified a novel T3SS effector protein, which we termed CiaD that is exported from the C. jejuni flagellum and delivered to the cytosol of host cells. Results We show that the host cell kinases p38 and Erk 1/2 are activated by CiaD, resulting in the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from host cells. Additional experiments revealed that CiaD-mediated activation of p38 and Erk 1/2 are required for maximal invasion of host cells by C. jejuni. CiaD contributes to disease, as evidenced by infection of IL-10 knockout mice. Noteworthy is that CiaD contains a Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-docking site that is found within effector proteins produced by other enteric pathogens. These findings indicate that C. jejuni activates the MAP kinase signaling pathways Erk 1/2 and p38 to promote cellular invasion and the release of the IL-8 pro-inflammatory chemokine. Conclusions The identification of a novel T3SS effector protein from C. jejuni significantly expands the knowledge of virulence proteins associated with C. jejuni pathogenesis and provides greater insight into the mechanism utilized by C. jejuni to invade host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael E Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Life Sciences Bldg, Room 302c, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA.
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Carayol N, Tran Van Nhieu G. The inside story of Shigella invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a016717. [PMID: 24086068 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As opposed to other invasive pathogens that reside into host cells in a parasitic mode, Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades the colonic mucosa but does not penetrate further to survive into deeper tissues. Instead, Shigella invades, replicates, and disseminates within the colonic mucosa. Bacterial invasion and spreading in intestinal epithelium lead to the elicitation of inflammatory responses responsible for the tissue destruction and shedding in the environment for further infection of other hosts. In this article, we highlight specific features of the Shigella arsenal of virulence determinants injected by a type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) that point to the targeting of intestinal epithelial cells as a discrete route of invasion during the initial event of the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Carayol
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
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Bornschlögl T. How filopodia pull: what we know about the mechanics and dynamics of filopodia. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:590-603. [PMID: 23959922 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the dynamic, hair-like cell protrusions called filopodia have attracted considerable attention. They have been found in a multitude of different cell types and are often called "sensory organelles," since they seem to sense the mechanical and chemical environment of a cell. Once formed, filopodia can exhibit complex behavior, they can grow and retract, push or pull, and transform into distinct structures. They are often found to make first adhesive contact with the extracellular matrix, pathogens or with adjacent cells, and to subsequently exert pulling forces. Much is known about the cytoskeletal players involved in filopodia formation, but only recently have we started to explore the mechanics of filopodia together with the related cytoskeletal dynamics. This review summarizes current advancements in our understanding of the mechanics and dynamics of filopodia, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms behind filopodial force exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bornschlögl
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire, Physico-Chimie UMR CNRS, 168, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
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Adenosine-A3 receptors in neutrophil microdomains promote the formation of bacteria-tethering cytonemes. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:726-32. [PMID: 23817552 PMCID: PMC3736131 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
These study shows that A3ARs aggregate in polarized immunomodulatory microdomains on human neutrophils and induce filipodia-like projections that tether and 'reel-in' pathogens, increasing phagocytic efficiency. The A3-adenosine receptor (A3AR) has recently emerged as a key regulator of neutrophil behaviour. Using a fluorescent A3AR ligand, we show that A3ARs aggregate in highly polarized immunomodulatory microdomains on human neutrophil membranes. In addition to regulating chemotaxis, A3ARs promote the formation of filipodia-like projections (cytonemes) that can extend up to 100 μm to tether and ‘reel in' pathogens. Exposure to bacteria or an A3AR agonist stimulates the formation of these projections and bacterial phagocytosis, whereas an A3AR-selective antagonist inhibits cytoneme formation. Our results shed new light on the behaviour of neutrophils and identify the A3AR as a potential target for modulating their function.
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