1
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Saha S, Khanppnavar B, Maharana J, Kim H, Carino CMC, Daly C, Houston S, Sharma S, Zaidi N, Dalal A, Mishra S, Ganguly M, Tiwari D, Kumari P, Jhingan GD, Yadav PN, Plouffe B, Inoue A, Chung KY, Banerjee R, Korkhov VM, Shukla AK. Molecular mechanism of distinct chemokine engagement and functional divergence of the human Duffy antigen receptor. Cell 2024; 187:4751-4769.e25. [PMID: 39089252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
The Duffy antigen receptor is a seven-transmembrane (7TM) protein expressed primarily at the surface of red blood cells and displays strikingly promiscuous binding to multiple inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines. It serves as the basis of the Duffy blood group system in humans and also acts as the primary attachment site for malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax and pore-forming toxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we comprehensively profile transducer coupling of this receptor, discover potential non-canonical signaling pathways, and determine the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure in complex with the chemokine CCL7. The structure reveals a distinct binding mode of chemokines, as reflected by relatively superficial binding and a partially formed orthosteric binding pocket. We also observe a dramatic shortening of TM5 and 6 on the intracellular side, which precludes the formation of the docking site for canonical signal transducers, thereby providing a possible explanation for the distinct pharmacological and functional phenotype of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsha Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Basavraj Khanppnavar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jagannath Maharana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Heeryung Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlo Marion C Carino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Carole Daly
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Shane Houston
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Nashrah Zaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Annu Dalal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sudha Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Manisankar Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Divyanshu Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Prem N Yadav
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramanuj Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Volodymyr M Korkhov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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2
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Kim SO, Park I, Vernet T, Moreau C, Hong S, Park TH. Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) Nanodisc-Based Biosensor for Detection of Staphylococcal Bicomponent Pore-Forming Leukocidins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37390-37400. [PMID: 39007843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic infectious pathogen, which causes a high mortality rate during bloodstream infections. The early detection of virulent strains in patients' blood samples is of medical interest for rapid diagnosis. The main virulent factors identified in patient isolates include leukocidins that bind to specific membrane receptors and lyse immune cells and erythrocytes. Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) on the surface of specific cells is a main target of leukocidins such as gamma-hemolysin AB (HlgAB) and leukocidin ED (LukED). Among them, HlgAB is a conserved and critical leukocidin that binds to DARC and forms pores on the cell membranes, leading to cell lysis. Current methods are based on ELISA or bacterial culture, which takes hours to days. For detecting HlgAB with faster response and higher sensitivity, we developed a biosensor that combines single-walled carbon nanotube field effect transistors (swCNT-FETs) with immobilized DARC receptors as biosensing elements. DARC was purified from a bacterial expression system and successfully reconstituted into nanodiscs that preserve binding capability for HlgAB. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an increase of the DARC-containing nanodisc size in the presence of HlgAB, indicating the formation of HlgAB prepore or pore complexes. We demonstrate that this sensor can specifically detect the leukocidins HlgA and HlgAB in a quantitative manner within the dynamic range of 1 fM to 100 pM with an LOD of 0.122 fM and an LOQ of 0.441 fM. The sensor was challenged with human serum spiked with HlgAB as simulated clinical samples. After dilution for decreasing nonspecific binding, it selectively detected the toxin with a similar detection range and apparent dissociation constant as in the buffer. This biosensor was demonstrated with remarkable sensitivity to detect HlgAB rapidly and has the potential as a tool for fundamental research and clinical applications, although this sensor cannot differentiate between HlgAB and LukED as both have the same receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ong Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyoung Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Thierry Vernet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | | | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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3
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Barber MF, Fitzgerald JR. Mechanisms of host adaptation by bacterial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae019. [PMID: 39003250 PMCID: PMC11308195 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new infectious diseases poses a major threat to humans, animals, and broader ecosystems. Defining factors that govern the ability of pathogens to adapt to new host species is therefore a crucial research imperative. Pathogenic bacteria are of particular concern, given dwindling treatment options amid the continued expansion of antimicrobial resistance. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in the understanding of bacterial host species adaptation, with an emphasis on pathogens of humans and related mammals. We focus particularly on molecular mechanisms underlying key steps of bacterial host adaptation including colonization, nutrient acquisition, and immune evasion, as well as suggest key areas for future investigation. By developing a greater understanding of the mechanisms of host adaptation in pathogenic bacteria, we may uncover new strategies to target these microbes for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in humans, animals, and the broader environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Barber
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
| | - J Ross Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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4
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Popoff MR. Overview of Bacterial Protein Toxins from Pathogenic Bacteria: Mode of Action and Insights into Evolution. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:182. [PMID: 38668607 PMCID: PMC11054074 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial protein toxins are secreted by certain bacteria and are responsible for mild to severe diseases in humans and animals. They are among the most potent molecules known, which are active at very low concentrations. Bacterial protein toxins exhibit a wide diversity based on size, structure, and mode of action. Upon recognition of a cell surface receptor (protein, glycoprotein, and glycolipid), they are active either at the cell surface (signal transduction, membrane damage by pore formation, or hydrolysis of membrane compound(s)) or intracellularly. Various bacterial protein toxins have the ability to enter cells, most often using an endocytosis mechanism, and to deliver the effector domain into the cytosol, where it interacts with an intracellular target(s). According to the nature of the intracellular target(s) and type of modification, various cellular effects are induced (cell death, homeostasis modification, cytoskeleton alteration, blockade of exocytosis, etc.). The various modes of action of bacterial protein toxins are illustrated with representative examples. Insights in toxin evolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 2001 INSERM U1306, F-75015 Paris, France
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5
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Ilmain JK, Perelman SS, Panepinto MC, Irnov I, Coudray N, Samhadaneh N, Pironti A, Ueberheide B, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Torres VJ. Unlatching of the stem domains in the Staphylococcus aureus pore-forming leukocidin LukAB influences toxin oligomerization. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105321. [PMID: 37802313 PMCID: PMC10665946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a serious global pathogen that causes a diverse range of invasive diseases. S. aureus utilizes a family of pore-forming toxins, known as bi-component leukocidins, to evade the host immune response and promote infection. Among these is LukAB (leukocidin A/leukocidin B), a toxin that assembles into an octameric β-barrel pore in the target cell membrane, resulting in host cell death. The established cellular receptor for LukAB is CD11b of the Mac-1 complex. Here, we show that hydrogen voltage-gated channel 1 is also required for the cytotoxicity of all major LukAB variants. We demonstrate that while each receptor is sufficient to recruit LukAB to the plasma membrane, both receptors are required for maximal lytic activity. Why LukAB requires two receptors, and how each of these receptors contributes to pore-formation remains unknown. To begin to resolve this, we performed an alanine scanning mutagenesis screen to identify mutations that allow LukAB to maintain cytotoxicity without CD11b. We discovered 30 mutations primarily localized in the stem domains of LukA and LukB that enable LukAB to exhibit full cytotoxicity in the absence of CD11b. Using crosslinking, electron microscopy, and hydroxyl radical protein footprinting, we show these mutations increase the solvent accessibility of the stem domain, priming LukAB for oligomerization. Together, our data support a model in which CD11b binding unlatches the membrane penetrating stem domains of LukAB, and this change in flexibility promotes toxin oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana K Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sofya S Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria C Panepinto
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irnov Irnov
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Coudray
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nora Samhadaneh
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damian C Ekiert
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Alfano DN, Miller MJ, Bubeck Wardenburg J. Endothelial ADAM10 utilization defines a molecular pathway of vascular injury in mice with bacterial sepsis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e168450. [PMID: 37788087 PMCID: PMC10688991 DOI: 10.1172/jci168450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a critical role in the host response to infection and has been a focus of investigation in sepsis. While it is appreciated that intravascular thrombus formation, severe inflammation, and loss of endothelial integrity impair tissue oxygenation during sepsis, the precise molecular mechanisms that lead to endothelial injury remain poorly understood. We demonstrate here that endothelial ADAM10 was essential for the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis, contributing to α-toxin-mediated (Hla-mediated) microvascular thrombus formation and lethality. As ADAM10 is essential for endothelial development and homeostasis, we examined whether other major human sepsis pathogens also rely on ADAM10-dependent pathways in pathogenesis. Mice harboring an endothelium-specific knockout of ADAM10 were protected against lethal Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis, yet remained fully susceptible to group B streptococci and Candida albicans sepsis. These studies illustrate a previously unknown role for ADAM10 in sepsis-associated endothelial injury and suggest that understanding pathogen-specific divergent host pathways in sepsis may enable more precise targeting of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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7
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Loredan DG, Devlin JC, Lacey KA, Howard N, Chen Z, Zwack EE, Lin JD, Ruggles KV, Khanna KM, Torres VJ, Loke P. Single-Cell Analysis of CX3CR1+ Cells Reveals a Pathogenic Role for BIRC5+ Myeloid Proliferating Cells Driven by Staphylococcus aureus Leukotoxins. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:836-843. [PMID: 37466391 PMCID: PMC10450158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies identified a population of stem cell-like proliferating myeloid cells within inflamed tissues that could serve as a reservoir for tissue macrophages to adopt different activation states depending on the microenvironment. By lineage-tracing cells derived from CX3CR1+ precursors in mice during infection and profiling by single-cell RNA sequencing, in this study, we identify a cluster of BIRC5+ myeloid cells that expanded in the liver during chronic infection with either the parasite Schistosoma mansoni or the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. In the absence of tissue-damaging toxins, S. aureus infection does not elicit these BIRC5+ cells. Moreover, deletion of BIRC5 from CX3CR1-expressing cells results in improved survival during S. aureus infection. Hence the combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and genetic fate-mapping CX3CR1+ cells revealed a toxin-dependent pathogenic role for BIRC5 in myeloid cells during S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis G. Loredan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Nina Howard
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jian-Da Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Center for Computational and Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kelly V. Ruggles
- Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Division of Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kamal M. Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - P’ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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8
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Buckley PT, Chan R, Fernandez J, Luo J, Lacey KA, DuMont AL, O'Malley A, Brezski RJ, Zheng S, Malia T, Whitaker B, Zwolak A, Payne A, Clark D, Sigg M, Lacy ER, Kornilova A, Kwok D, McCarthy S, Wu B, Morrow B, Nemeth-Seay J, Petley T, Wu S, Strohl WR, Lynch AS, Torres VJ. Multivalent human antibody-centyrin fusion protein to prevent and treat Staphylococcus aureus infections. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:751-765.e11. [PMID: 37098341 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Treating and preventing infections by antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens is a worldwide problem. Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus produce an array of virulence determinants, making it difficult to identify single targets for the development of vaccines or monoclonal therapies. We described a human-derived anti-S. aureus monoclonal antibody (mAb)-centyrin fusion protein ("mAbtyrin") that simultaneously targets multiple bacterial adhesins, resists proteolysis by bacterial protease GluV8, avoids Fc engagement by S. aureus IgG-binding proteins SpA and Sbi, and neutralizes pore-forming leukocidins via fusion with anti-toxin centyrins, while maintaining Fc- and complement-mediated functions. Compared with the parental mAb, mAbtyrin protected human phagocytes and boosted phagocyte-mediated killing. The mAbtyrin also reduced pathology, reduced bacterial burden, and protected from different types of infections in preclinical animal models. Finally, mAbtyrin synergized with vancomycin, enhancing pathogen clearance in an animal model of bacteremia. Altogether, these data establish the potential of multivalent mAbs for treating and preventing S. aureus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Buckley
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeffrey Fernandez
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Jinquan Luo
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ashley L DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aidan O'Malley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Randall J Brezski
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Songmao Zheng
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Malia
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Whitaker
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Adam Zwolak
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Angela Payne
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Desmond Clark
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Martin Sigg
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Eilyn R Lacy
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Anna Kornilova
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Debra Kwok
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Steve McCarthy
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Bingyuan Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Morrow
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Ted Petley
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sam Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - William R Strohl
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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9
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Mishra S, Roy A, Dutta S. Cryo-EM-based structural insights into supramolecular assemblies of γ-hemolysin from S. aureus reveal the pore formation mechanism. Structure 2023:S0969-2126(23)00085-0. [PMID: 37019111 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Hemolysin (γ-HL) is a hemolytic and leukotoxic bicomponent β-pore-forming toxin (β-PFT), a potent virulence factor from the Staphylococcus aureus Newman strain. In this study, we performed single-particle cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) of γ-HL in a lipid environment. We observed clustering and square lattice packing of octameric HlgAB pores on the membrane bilayer and an octahedral superassembly of octameric pore complexes that we resolved at resolution of 3.5 Å. Our atomic model further demonstrated the key residues involved in hydrophobic zipping between the rim domains of adjacent octameric complexes, providing additional structural stability in PFTs post oligomerization. We also observed extra densities at the octahedral and octameric interfaces, providing insights into the plausible lipid-binding residues involved for HlgA and HlgB components. Furthermore, the hitherto elusive N-terminal region of HlgA was also resolved in our cryo-EM map, and an overall mechanism of pore formation for bicomponent β-PFTs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mishra
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Anupam Roy
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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10
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Crawford KS, Volkman BF. Prospects for targeting ACKR1 in cancer and other diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111960. [PMID: 37006247 PMCID: PMC10050359 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine network is comprised of a family of signal proteins that encode messages for cells displaying chemokine G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The diversity of effects on cellular functions, particularly directed migration of different cell types to sites of inflammation, is enabled by different combinations of chemokines activating signal transduction cascades on cells displaying a combination of receptors. These signals can contribute to autoimmune disease or be hijacked in cancer to stimulate cancer progression and metastatic migration. Thus far, three chemokine receptor-targeting drugs have been approved for clinical use: Maraviroc for HIV, Plerixafor for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, and Mogalizumab for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Numerous compounds have been developed to inhibit specific chemokine GPCRs, but the complexity of the chemokine network has precluded more widespread clinical implementation, particularly as anti-neoplastic and anti-metastatic agents. Drugs that block a single signaling axis may be rendered ineffective or cause adverse reactions because each chemokine and receptor often have multiple context-specific functions. The chemokine network is tightly regulated at multiple levels, including by atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) that control chemokine gradients independently of G-proteins. ACKRs have numerous functions linked to chemokine immobilization, movement through and within cells, and recruitment of alternate effectors like β-arrestins. Atypical chemokine receptor 1 (ACKR1), previously known as the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), is a key regulator that binds chemokines involved in inflammatory responses and cancer proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Understanding more about ACKR1 in different diseases and populations may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the chemokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyler S. Crawford
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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11
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Loredan DG, Devlin JC, Lacey KA, Howard N, Chen Z, Zwack EE, Lin JD, Ruggles KV, Khanna KM, Torres VJ, Loke PN. Single-cell analysis of CX3CR1 + cells reveal a pathogenic role for BIRC5 + myeloid proliferating cells driven by Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.529760. [PMID: 36909517 PMCID: PMC10002671 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.529760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies identified a population of stem cell-like proliferating myeloid cells within inflamed tissues that could serve as a reservoir for tissue macrophages to adopt different activation states depending on the microenvironment. By lineage tracing cells derived from CX3CR1 + precursors in mice during infection and profiling by scRNA-seq, here we identify a cluster of BIRC5 + myeloid cells that expanded in the liver during either chronic infection with the parasite Schistosoma mansoni or the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus . In the absence of tissue damaging toxins, S. aureus infection does not elicit these BIRC5 + cells. Moreover, deletion of BIRC5 from CX3CR1 expressing cells results in improved survival during S. aureus infection. Hence, the combination of scRNA-Seq and genetic fate mapping CX3CR1 + cells revealed a toxin dependent pathogenic role for BIRC5 in myeloid cells during S. aureus infection.
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12
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Haag AF, Liljeroos L, Donato P, Pozzi C, Brignoli T, Bottomley MJ, Bagnoli F, Delany I. In Vivo Gene Expression Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus during Infection Informs Design of Stemless Leukocidins LukE and -D as Detoxified Vaccine Candidates. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0257422. [PMID: 36688711 PMCID: PMC9927290 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important bacterial pathogen that has become resistant to treatment with most routinely used antibiotics. Alternative strategies, such as vaccination and phage therapy, are therefore actively being investigated to prevent or combat staphylococcal infections. Vaccination requires that vaccine targets are expressed at sufficient quantities during infection so that they can be targeted by the host's immune system. While our knowledge of in vitro expression levels of putative vaccine candidates is comprehensive, crucial in vivo expression data are scarce and promising vaccine candidates during in vitro assessment often prove ineffective in preventing S. aureus infection. Here, we show how a newly developed high-throughput quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay monitoring the expression of 84 staphylococcal genes encoding mostly virulence factors can inform the selection and design of effective vaccine candidates against staphylococcal infections. We show that this assay can accurately quantify mRNA expression levels of these genes in several host organs relying only on very limited amounts of bacterial mRNA in each sample. We selected two highly expressed genes, lukE and lukD, encoding pore-forming leukotoxins, to inform the design of detoxified recombinant proteins and showed that immunization with recombinant genetically detoxified LukED antigens conferred protection against staphylococcal skin infection in mice. Consequently, knowledge of in vivo-expressed virulence determinants can be successfully deployed to identify and select promising candidates for optimized design of effective vaccine antigens against S. aureus. Notably, this approach should be broadly applicable to numerous other pathogens. IMPORTANCE Vaccination is an attractive strategy for preventing bacterial infections in an age of increased antimicrobial resistance. However, vaccine development frequently suffers significant setbacks when candidate antigens that show promising results in in vitro experimentation fail to protect from disease. An alluring strategy is to focus resources on developing bacterial virulence factors that are expressed during disease establishment or maintenance and are critical for bacterial in-host survival as vaccine targets. While expression profiles of many virulence factors have been characterized in detail in vitro, our knowledge of their in vivo expression profiles is still scarce. Here, using a high-throughput qRT-PCR approach, we identified two highly expressed leukotoxins in a murine infection model and showed that genetically detoxified derivatives of these elicited a protective immune response in a murine skin infection model. Therefore, in vivo gene expression can inform the selection of promising candidates for the design of effective vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. Haag
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Tarcisio Brignoli
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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13
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Guo X, Khosraviani N, Raju S, Singh J, Farahani NZ, Abramian M, Torres VJ, Howe KL, Fish JE, Kapus A, Lee WL. Endothelial ACKR1 is induced by neutrophil contact and down-regulated by secretion in extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181016. [PMID: 37153544 PMCID: PMC10160463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor-1 (ACKR1), previously known as the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines, is a widely conserved cell surface protein that is expressed on erythrocytes and the endothelium of post-capillary venules. In addition to being the receptor for the parasite causing malaria, ACKR1 has been postulated to regulate innate immunity by displaying and trafficking chemokines. Intriguingly, a common mutation in its promoter leads to loss of the erythrocyte protein but leaves endothelial expression unaffected. Study of endothelial ACKR1 has been limited by the rapid down-regulation of both transcript and protein when endothelial cells are extracted and cultured from tissue. Thus, to date the study of endothelial ACKR1 has been limited to heterologous over-expression models or the use of transgenic mice. Here we report that exposure to whole blood induces ACKR1 mRNA and protein expression in cultured primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells. We found that contact with neutrophils is required for this effect. We show that NF-κB regulates ACKR1 expression and that upon removal of blood, the protein is rapidly secreted by extracellular vesicles. Finally, we confirm that endogenous ACKR1 does not signal upon stimulation with IL-8 or CXCL1. Our observations define a simple method for inducing endogenous endothelial ACKR1 protein that will facilitate further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Guo
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Negar Khosraviani
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sneha Raju
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joshya Singh
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Madlene Abramian
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Howe
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason E. Fish
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Warren L. Lee
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Warren L. Lee, ;
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14
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Boulouis C, Leeansyah E, Mairpady Shambat S, Norrby-Teglund A, Sandberg JK. Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cell Hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus Leukocidin ED and Its Modulation by Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1170-1179. [PMID: 35140134 PMCID: PMC9012079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize bacterial riboflavin metabolite Ags presented by MHC class Ib-related protein (MR1) and play important roles in immune control of microbes that synthesize riboflavin. This includes the pathobiont Staphylococcus aureus, which can also express a range of virulence factors, including the secreted toxin leukocidin ED (LukED). In this study, we found that human MAIT cells are hypersensitive to LukED-mediated lysis and lost on exposure to the toxin, leaving a T cell population devoid of MAIT cells. The cytolytic effect of LukED on MAIT cells was rapid and occurred at toxin concentrations lower than those required for toxicity against conventional T cells. Furthermore, this coincided with high MAIT cell expression of CCR5, and loss of these cells was efficiently inhibited by the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc. Interestingly, exposure and preactivation of MAIT cells with IL-12 and IL-18, or activation via TCR triggering, partially protected from LukED toxicity. Furthermore, analysis of NK cells indicated that LukED targeted the mature cytotoxic CD57+ NK cell subset in a CCR5-independent manner. Overall, these results indicate that LukED efficiently eliminates immune cells that can respond rapidly to S. aureus in an innate fashion without the need for clonal expansion, and that MAIT cells are exceptionally vulnerable to this toxin. Thus, the findings support a model where LukED secretion may allow S. aureus to avoid recognition by the rapid cell-mediated responses mediated by MAIT cells and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Boulouis
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China; and
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
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15
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Single-Chain Fragment Variables Targeting Leukocidin ED Can Alleviate the Inflammation of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Mastitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010334. [PMID: 35008761 PMCID: PMC8745144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a vital bovine mastitis pathogen causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. In our previous studies, leukotoxin ED (LukED) was detected in most S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis. Here, four single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) (ZL8 and ZL42 targeting LukE, ZL22 and ZL23 targeting LukD) were obtained using purified LukE and LukD proteins as the antigens after five rounds of bio-panning. The complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the VH domain of these scFvs exhibited significant diversities. In vitro, the scFvs significantly decreased LukED-induced cell killing by inhibiting the binding of LukED to chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR2) and reduced the death rates of bovine neutrophils and MAC-T cells caused by LukED and S. aureus (p < 0.05). In an S. aureus-induced mouse mastitis model, histopathology and MPO results revealed that scFvs ameliorated the histopathological damages and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells (p < 0.05). The ELISA and qPCR assays showed that scFvs reduced the transcription and expression levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8 and IL-18 (p < 0.05). The overall results demonstrated the protective anti-inflammatory effect of scFvs in vitro and in vivo, enlightening the potential role of scFvs in the prevention and treatment of S. aureus-induced mastitis.
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16
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Molecular insights into mechanisms of GPCR hijacking by Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108856118. [PMID: 34663701 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108856118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor 1 (ACKR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) targeted by Staphylococcus aureus bicomponent pore-forming leukotoxins to promote bacterial growth and immune evasion. Here, we have developed an integrative molecular pharmacology and structural biology approach in order to characterize the effect of leukotoxins HlgA and HlgB on ACKR1 structure and function. Interestingly, using cell-based assays and native mass spectrometry, we found that both components HlgA and HlgB compete with endogenous chemokines through a direct binding with the extracellular domain of ACKR1. Unexpectedly, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis revealed that toxin binding allosterically modulates the intracellular G protein-binding domain of the receptor, resulting in dissociation and/or changes in the architecture of ACKR1-Gαi1 protein complexes observed in living cells. Altogether, our study brings important molecular insights into the initial steps of leukotoxins targeting a host GPCR.
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17
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Tam K, Lacey KA, Devlin JC, Coffre M, Sommerfield A, Chan R, O'Malley A, Koralov SB, Loke P, Torres VJ. Targeting leukocidin-mediated immune evasion protects mice from Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151907. [PMID: 32602902 PMCID: PMC7478724 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for various diseases in humans, and recurrent infections are commonly observed. S. aureus produces an array of bicomponent pore-forming toxins that target and kill leukocytes, known collectively as the leukocidins. The contribution of these leukocidins to impair the development of anti–S. aureus adaptive immunity and facilitate reinfection is unclear. Using a murine model of recurrent bacteremia, we demonstrate that infection with a leukocidin mutant results in increased levels of anti–S. aureus antibodies compared with mice infected with the WT parental strain, indicating that leukocidins negatively impact the generation of anti–S. aureus antibodies in vivo. We hypothesized that neutralizing leukocidin-mediated immune subversion by vaccination may shift this host-pathogen interaction in favor of the host. Leukocidin-immunized mice produce potent leukocidin-neutralizing antibodies and robust Th1 and Th17 responses, which collectively protect against bloodstream infections. Altogether, these results demonstrate that blocking leukocidin-mediated immune evasion can promote host protection against S. aureus bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayan Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joseph C Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Maryaline Coffre
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alexis Sommerfield
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Aidan O'Malley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
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18
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Vasquez MT, Lubkin A, Reyes-Robles T, Day CJ, Lacey KA, Jennings MP, Torres VJ. Identification of a domain critical for Staphylococcus aureus LukED receptor targeting and lysis of erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17241-17250. [PMID: 33051210 PMCID: PMC7863875 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocidin ED (LukED) is a pore-forming toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, which lyses host cells and promotes virulence of the bacteria. LukED enables S. aureus to acquire iron by lysing erythrocytes, which depends on targeting the host receptor Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC). The toxin also targets DARC on the endothelium, contributing to the lethality observed during bloodstream infection in mice. LukED is comprised of two monomers: LukE and LukD. LukE binds to DARC and facilitates hemolysis, but the closely related Panton-Valentine leukocidin S (LukS-PV) does not bind to DARC and is not hemolytic. The interaction of LukE with DARC and the role this plays in hemolysis are incompletely characterized. To determine the domain(s) of LukE that are critical for DARC binding, we studied the hemolytic function of LukE-LukS-PV chimeras, in which areas of sequence divergence (divergence regions, or DRs) were swapped between the toxins. We found that two regions of LukE's rim domain contribute to hemolysis, namely residues 57-75 (DR1) and residues 182-196 (DR4). Interestingly, LukE DR1 is sufficient to render LukS-PV capable of DARC binding and hemolysis. Further, LukE, by binding DARC through DR1, promotes the recruitment of LukD to erythrocytes, likely by facilitating LukED oligomer formation. Finally, we show that LukE targets murine Darc through DR1 in vivo to cause host lethality. These findings expand our biochemical understanding of the LukE-DARC interaction and the role that this toxin-receptor pair plays in S. aureus pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn T Vasquez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashira Lubkin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tamara Reyes-Robles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher J Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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19
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Vlaeminck J, Raafat D, Surmann K, Timbermont L, Normann N, Sellman B, van Wamel WJB, Malhotra-Kumar S. Exploring Virulence Factors and Alternative Therapies against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110721. [PMID: 33218049 PMCID: PMC7698915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is an acute pulmonary infection associated with high mortality and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen capable of inducing S. aureus pneumonia (SAP), with some lineages also showing multidrug resistance. Given the high level of antibiotic resistance, much research has been focused on targeting S. aureus virulence factors, including toxins and biofilm-associated proteins, in an attempt to develop effective SAP therapeutics. Despite several promising leads, many hurdles still remain for S. aureus vaccine research. Here, we review the state-of-the-art SAP therapeutics, highlight their pitfalls, and discuss alternative approaches of potential significance and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaeminck
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Leen Timbermont
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Nicole Normann
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
| | - Bret Sellman
- Microbiome Discovery, Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R & D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA;
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-27-52
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20
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Bennett MR, Thomsen IP. Epidemiological and Clinical Evidence for the Role of Toxins in S. aureus Human Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060408. [PMID: 32575633 PMCID: PMC7354447 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes approximately 30–50% of the population and is a leading cause of bacteremia, bone/joint infections, and skin infections in the US. S. aureus has become a major public health threat due to antibiotic resistance and an increasing number of failed vaccine attempts. To develop new anti-staphylococcal preventive therapies, it will take a more thorough understanding of the current role S. aureus virulence factors play in contributing to human disease. This review focuses on the clinical association of individual toxins with S. aureus infection as well as attempted treatment options. Further understanding of these associations will increase understanding of toxins and their importance to S. aureus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R. Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Isaac P. Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Bruggisser J, Tarek B, Wyder M, Müller P, von Ballmoos C, Witz G, Enzmann G, Deutsch U, Engelhardt B, Posthaus H. CD31 (PECAM-1) Serves as the Endothelial Cell-Specific Receptor of Clostridium perfringens β-Toxin. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:69-78.e6. [PMID: 32497498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens β-toxin (CPB) is a highly active β-pore-forming toxin (β-PFT) and the essential virulence factor for fatal, necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in animals and humans. The molecular mechanisms involved in CPB's action on its target, the endothelium of small intestinal vessels, are poorly understood. Here, we identify platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31 or PECAM-1) as the specific membrane receptor for CPB on endothelial cells. CD31 expression corresponds with the cell-type specificity of CPB, and it is essential for toxicity in cultured cells and mice. Ectopic CD31 expression renders resistant cells and liposomes susceptible to CPB-induced membrane damage. Moreover, the extracellular Ig6 domain of mouse, human, and porcine CD31 is essential for the interaction with CPB. Hence, our results explain the cell-type specificity of CPB in vitro and in the natural disease caused by C. perfringens type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bruggisser
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Basma Tarek
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Wyder
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph von Ballmoos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Witz
- Microscopy Imaging Center (MIC) University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Science IT Support (ScITS), Mathematical Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; COMPATH, Vetsuisse-Faculty & Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Unbiased Identification of Immunogenic Staphylococcus aureus Leukotoxin B-Cell Epitopes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00785-19. [PMID: 32014894 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00785-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbiased identification of individual immunogenic B-cell epitopes in major antigens of a pathogen remains a technology challenge for vaccine discovery. We therefore developed a platform for rapid phage display screening of deep recombinant libraries consisting of as few as one major pathogen antigen. Using the bicomponent pore-forming leukocidin (Luk) exotoxins of the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus as a prototype, we randomly fragmented and separately ligated the hemolysin gamma A (HlgA) and LukS genes into a custom-built phage display system, termed pComb-Opti8. Deep sequence analysis of barcoded amplimers of the HlgA and LukS gene fragment libraries demonstrated that biopannng against a cross-reactive anti-Luk monoclonal antibody (MAb) recovered convergent molecular clones with short overlapping homologous sequences. We thereby identified an 11-amino-acid sequence that is highly conserved in four Luk toxin subunits and is ubiquitous in representation within S. aureus clinical isolates. The isolated 11-amino-acid peptide probe was predicted to retain the native three-dimensional (3D) conformation seen within the Luk holotoxin. Indeed, this peptide was recognized by the selecting anti-Luk MAb, and, using mutated peptides, we showed that a particular amino acid side chain was essential for these interactions. Furthermore, murine immunization with this peptide elicited IgG responses that were highly reactive with both the autologous synthetic peptide and the full-length Luk toxin homologues. Thus, using a gene fragment- and phage display-based pipeline, we have identified and validated immunogenic B-cell epitopes that are cross-reactive between members of the pore-forming leukocidin family. This approach could be harnessed to identify novel epitopes for a much-needed S. aureus-protective subunit vaccine.
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Alfano DN, Bubeck Wardenburg J. Another Score for the Pore: S. aureus Leukocidins Take a Shot on the Endothelium. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:351-353. [PMID: 30870619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex disease characterized by severe endothelial injury. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Lubkin et al. (2019) reveal that an interaction between Staphylococcus aureus leukocidins and their cellular receptor DARC on endothelial cells leads to vascular injury, shedding light on pathogen-driven contributions to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Alfano
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Juliane Bubeck Wardenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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