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Pisaniello L, Watson F, Siebert T, Francis L, Hixson JL. The Varietal Influence of Flavour Precursors from Grape Marc on Monoterpene and C 13-Norisoprenoid Profiles in Wine as Determined by Membrane-Assisted Solvent Extraction (MASE) GC-MS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072046. [PMID: 35408445 PMCID: PMC9000514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The winemaking by-product grape marc (syn. pomace) contains significant quantities of latent flavour in the form of flavour precursors which can be extracted and used to modulate the volatile composition of wine via chemical hydrolysis. Varietal differences in grapes are widely known with respect to their monoterpene content, and this work aimed to extend this knowledge into differences due to cultivar in volatiles derived from marc precursors following wine-like storage conditions. Marc extracts were produced from floral and non-floral grape lots on a laboratory-scale and from Muscat Gordo Blanco marc on a winery -scale, added to a base white wine for storage over five to six months, before being assessed using a newly developed membrane-assisted solvent extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The geraniol glucoside content of the marc extracts was higher than that of juices produced from each grape lot. In all wines with added marc extract from a floral variety, geraniol glucoside concentration increased by around 150–200%, with increases also observed for non-floral varieties. The relative volatile profile from extracts of the floral varieties was similar but had varied absolute concentrations. In summary, while varietally pure extracts would provide the greatest control over flavour outcomes when used in winemaking, aggregated marc parcels from floral cultivars may provide a mechanism to simplify the production logistics of latent flavour extracts for use in the wine sector.
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2
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Wiśnik-Sawka M, Budzyńska E, Puton J. Application of Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Permeability Studies of Organic Substances through Polymeric Materials. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25132983. [PMID: 32610631 PMCID: PMC7411691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drift tube ion mobility spectrometers (DT IMS) allow the concentration of different organic compounds to be measured. This gives the opportunity to use these detectors in measuring the penetration of various substances through polymer membranes. Permeation measurements of two substances (2-heptanone and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP)) through a cylindrical silicone rubber membrane were carried out. The membrane separated the aqueous solution from the air. The analyte was introduced into water, and then its concentration in air on the opposite side of the membrane was recorded. Based on the dynamics of detector signal changes, the diffusion coefficients for both tested substances were determined. Determination of permeability coefficients was based on precise quantitative measurements, which took into account the non-linearity of the detector characteristics and the effect of water on detection sensitivity. The analysis of measurement results was based on a mathematical description of diffusion process.
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Havlikova M, Cabala R, Pacakova V, Bosakova Z. Critical evaluation of microextraction pretreatment techniques-Part 2: Membrane-supported and homogenous phase based techniques. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:303-318. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Havlikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Cabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Toxicology Department; Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vera Pacakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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4
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Development of a single format membrane assisted solvent extraction-molecularly imprinted polymer technique for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry determination. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Oleate functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as sorbent for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in juices. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Shi X, Tang Z, Sun A, Zhou L, Zhao J, Li D, Chen J, Pan D. Simultaneous analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in seawater samples by membrane-assisted solvent extraction combined with gas chromatography–electron capture detector and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Determination of organic priority pollutants in the low nanogram-per-litre range in water by solid-phase extraction disk combined with large-volume injection/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5215-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Salgueiro-González N, Turnes-Carou I, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Membrane assisted solvent extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of alkylphenols in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Chongcharoenyanon B, Yamashita N, Igura N, Noma S, Shimoda M. Extraction of volatile flavour compounds from butter oil in a low-density polyethylene membrane pouch. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nami Yamashita
- Kyushu University; 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku; Fufuoka; 812-8581; Japan
| | - Noriyuki Igura
- Kyushu University; 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku; Fufuoka; 812-8581; Japan
| | - Seiji Noma
- Kyushu University; 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku; Fufuoka; 812-8581; Japan
| | - Mitsuya Shimoda
- Kyushu University; 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku; Fufuoka; 812-8581; Japan
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10
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Determination of pesticide residues in wine by membrane-assisted solvent extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1731-41. [PMID: 22538775 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The determination of pesticides in food products is an essential issue to guarantee food safety and minimise health risks of consumers. A protocol based on membrane-assisted solvent extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) that allows the determination of 18 pesticides in red wine at minimum labour effort for sample preparation was developed and validated. Ten millilitres of wine were extracted using 100 μL of toluene filled in a non-porous polyethylene membrane bag which is immersed in the wine sample. After 150 min extraction under stirring, an aliquot of the extraction solution is analysed using HPLC-MS/MS. The limits of quantification ranged from 3 ng/L for Pirimicarb to 1.33 μg/L for Imidacloprid. Quantification by matrix-matched calibration provided relative standard deviations ≤16 % for most of the target pesticides. The linearity of calibration was given over three to four orders of magnitude, which enables the reliable measurement of a broad range of pesticide concentrations, and for each target pesticide, the sensitivity of the protocol meets the maximum residue levels set by legislations at least for wine grapes. Good agreement of results was found when the new method was compared with a standard liquid-liquid extraction protocol. In five wine samples analysed, Carbendazim and Metalaxyl were determined at micrograms per litre concentrations, even in some of the organic wines. Tebuconazol and Cyprodinitril were determined at lower abundance and concentration, followed by Spiroxamin and Diuron.
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11
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Chimuka L, Cukrowska E, Michel M, Buszewski B. Advances in sample preparation using membrane-based liquid-phase microextraction techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Advantages of a programmed temperature vaporizer inlet and parallel factor analysis in the determination of triazines in the presence of non-intentionally added substances by gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 403:1131-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Liu L, Cheng J, Matsadiq G, Li JK. Novel polymer monolith microextraction using a poly-(methyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith and its application to the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in water samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1307-1312. [PMID: 21514621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel and simple method based on polymer monolith microextraction (PMME) coupled to gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) was developed for the determination of six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in water samples. The proposed method used poly-(methyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (MMA-co-EDMA) monolith as extraction media. Several factors affecting experiments such as sample flow rate, sample volume, the type of eluent, eluent volume, eluent flow rate, effect of salt addition and carry over effect were investigated and optimized systematically. The limits of detection (LODs) for six PCBs were 0.028-0.043 ng mL(-1) in water samples. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (R.S.D.) were less than 9.2% and 9.6%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of six PCBs in tap water, lake water and industrial waste water and the trueness has been evaluated by recovery experiments. The obtained relative recoveries were in the range of 63.3-105.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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14
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Ozcan S. Analyses of polychlorinated biphenyls in waters and wastewaters using vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:574-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Sgorbini B, Budziak D, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Sandra P, Bicchi C. Solvent-enhanced headspace sorptive extraction in the analysis of the volatile fraction of matrices of vegetable origin. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2191-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Vincelet C, Roussel JM, Benanou D. Experimental designs dedicated to the evaluation of a membrane extraction method: membrane-assisted solvent extraction for compounds having different polarities by means of gas chromatography–mass detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2285-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Szekeres Z, Eke Z, Rikker T, Torkos K. Analysis of hydrocarbon contamination with membrane-assisted solvent extraction: Comparison of agitation and sonication methods. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6964-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Alcudia-León MC, Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Stir Membrane Extraction: A Useful Approach for Liquid Sample Pretreatment. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8957-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9016192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Alcudia-León
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - R. Lucena
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - S. Cárdenas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M. Valcárcel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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19
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Non-porous membrane-assisted liquid–liquid extraction of UV filter compounds from water samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4887-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Li Y, Whitaker JS, McCarty CL. New Advances in Large-Volume Injection Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- a Underwriters Laboratories Inc. , South Bend, Indiana, USA
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21
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Hyötyläinen T. Critical evaluation of sample pretreatment techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:743-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Koning S, Janssen HG, Brinkman UAT. Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Simultaneous preconcentration of a wide variety of organic pollutants in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Hoh E, Mastovska K. Large volume injection techniques in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Barri T, Jönsson JÅ. Advances and developments in membrane extraction for gas chromatography: Techniques and applications. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:16-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Hyötyläinen T, Riekkola ML. Sorbent- and liquid-phase microextraction techniques and membrane-assisted extraction in combination with gas chromatographic analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 614:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Rodil R, Schellin M, Popp P. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and beverages using membrane-assisted solvent extraction in combination with large volume injection–gas chromatography–mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1163:288-97. [PMID: 17631299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) in combination with large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LVI-GC-MS) was applied for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aqueous samples. The MASE conditions were optimized for achieving high enrichment of the analytes from aqueous samples, in terms of extraction conditions (shaking speed, extraction temperature and time), extraction solvent and composition (ionic strength, sample pH and presence of organic solvent). Parameters like linearity and reproducibility of the procedure were determined. The extraction efficiency was above 65% for all the analytes and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for five consecutive extractions ranged from 6 to 18%. At optimized conditions detection limits at the ng/L level were achieved. The effectiveness of the method was tested by analyzing real samples, such as river water, apple juice, red wine and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Rodil
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Demeestere K, Dewulf J, De Witte B, Van Langenhove H. Sample preparation for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in air and water matrices. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:130-44. [PMID: 17258752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes literature data from the past 5 years on new developments and/or applications of sample preparation methods for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC), mainly in air and water matrices. Novel trends in the optimization and application of well-established airborne VOC enrichment techniques are discussed, like the implementation of advanced cooling systems in cryogenic trapping and miniaturization in adsorptive enrichment techniques. Next, focus is put on current tendencies in integrated sampling-extraction-sample introduction methods such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) and novel in-needle trapping devices. Particular attention is paid to emerging membrane extraction techniques such as membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and membrane extraction with a sorbent interface (MESI). For VOC enrichment out of water, recent evolutions in direct aqueous injection (DAI) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) are highlighted, with main focus on miniaturized solvent extraction methods such as single drop microextraction (SDME) and liquid phase microextraction (LPME). Next, solvent-free sorptive enrichment receives major attention, with particular interest for innovative techniques such as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE). Finally, recent trends in membrane extraction are reviewed. Applications in both immersion and headspace mode are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Chapter 2.5 Analysis of acidic drugs by gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(07)50006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Einsle T, Paschke H, Bruns K, Schrader S, Popp P, Moeder M. Membrane-assisted liquid–liquid extraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of selected polycyclic musk compounds and drugs in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:196-204. [PMID: 16870197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selected polycyclic musk compounds and drugs were extracted from water samples by membrane-assisted micro liquid-liquid extraction. The two-phase extraction system consisted of polyethylene membrane bags filled with an organic solvent. Chloroform proved to be most suited as acceptor phase to extract caffeine, Galaxolide, Tonalide, phenazone and carbamazepine from aqueous samples. The compounds were enriched from 50 mL sample into a volume of 500 microL of chloroform. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for analysis. The extraction procedure was optimised in regard to membrane material, extraction time and temperature. The evaluation of the entire analysis protocol found limits of detection that ranged from 20 to 200 ng/L. The linear range of calibration covered one magnitude with standard deviations between 4 and 12%. Method comparison with standard analysis techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with GC-MS as well as LC-MS-MS confirmed this method as an easy and reliable protocol, even for the monitoring of matrix-loaded wastewater. The analysis of real samples established the feasibility of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Einsle
- UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the Helmholtz Association, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Quintana JB, Reemtsma T. Potential of membrane-assisted solvent extraction for the determination of phosphoric acid triesters in wastewater samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:22-8. [PMID: 16647073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) method is presented for the extraction of several non-ionic organophosphorus chemicals from wastewaters samples followed by LC-MS/MS determination. The method was developed for a variety of chlorinated phosphates (trichloroethyl, tichloropropyl) and non-chlorinated phosphates (triphenyl, tributyl) used as flame retardants and for plasticizers such as triethylhexyl and tris-butoxyethyl phosphate. Parameters such as extracting solvent, sample volume and ionic strength, extraction temperature and time were optimized. The final method provides good quantification limits (1-25 ng L(-1)) and linearity (R2>0.9978). Method precision was also good at high concentrations (5% mean RSD at the 500 ng L(-1) level) but decreased at lower concentrations (20% mean RSD at the 20 ng L(-1) level). MASE yields lower matrix effects than SPE in a successive LC-MS/MS analysis of these compounds, avoiding the need for standard addition for quantification. When applied to wastewater samples comparable results were obtained using either MASE with internal standard calibration or SPE with standard addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Zuin VG, Schellin M, Montero L, Yariwake JH, Augusto F, Popp P. Comparison of stir bar sorptive extraction and membrane-assisted solvent extraction as enrichment techniques for the determination of pesticide and benzo[a]pyrene residues in Brazilian sugarcane juice. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1114:180-7. [PMID: 16597442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work compares two modern and environmentally friendly enrichment techniques, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) for the determination of 18 organic contaminant residues in Brazilian sugarcane juice. Stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption coupled to capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using the selected ion monitoring mode [SBSE-TD-GC-MS(SIM)] and membrane-assisted solvent extraction combined with large volume injection [MASE-LVI-GC-MS(SIM)] methods were assessed taking into account the time of extraction [SBSE (3h) and MASE (30min)], the recoveries [SBSE (0.2-55.3%) and MASE (13.6-103.1%)], the repeatability [SBSE (0.3-19.2%) and MASE (2.6-18.4%)] and the limits of detection [SBSE (0.002-0.71 microgL(-1)) and MASE (0.004-0.56 microgL(-1))] of the selected triazine, organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides as well as benzo[a]pyrene in sugarcane juice. In general, faster analyses and much better analyte recovery results were achieved with MASE, whereas greater sensitivity and repeatability were obtained with SBSE. SBSE and MASE procedures were applied to the analysis of six sugarcane juice samples from the city São Carlos, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A comparison of the results of the pesticide and benzo[a]pyrene residues at microgL(-1) level obtained by the two methods showed good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Gomes Zuin
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Barri T, Bergström S, Hussen A, Norberg J, Jönsson JA. Extracting Syringe for determination of organochlorine pesticides in leachate water and soil-water slurry: a novel technology for environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1111:11-20. [PMID: 16472821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2005] [Revised: 01/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Extracting Syringe (ESy), a novel membrane-based sample preparation technique directly coupled as an autosampler to gas chromatography, has been employed for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in raw leachate water. The ESy has also been applied for extraction of OCPs from contaminated soil samples and its performance has been compared to liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Extraction of 3-mL leachate sample at the optimised conditions resulted in enrichment factors from 32 (Endrin aldehyde) to 242 (Endrin) and detection limits from 1 to 20 ng/L. The inter-day and intra-day repeatability (% RSD) at 100 and 500 ng/L were <6% and <24%, respectively. The relative recovery at 100 and 500 ng/L ranged from 68% (Aldrin) to 116% (Endrin aldehyde); except Heptachlor that showed 51 and 60%, respectively. The ESy extraction of the slurry-made soil samples revealed occurrence of Endosulfan I (18.2 microg/g soil), 4,4'-DDE (2.6 ng/g soil), Endosulfan II (8.7 microg/g soil) and Endosulfan sulfate (1.1 microg/g soil); showing good agreement with LSE results. The total ESy consumption of organic solvents was 4.2 mL from which only 0.6 mL n-undecane was used during the extraction step (7 microL for the extraction per se), while in the LSE and ASE, it was 420 and 18.1 mL, respectively. The ESy extraction time (0.5 h) was comparable to the ASE time (0.6 h); and the time required for the LSE was 3.75 h. To sum up, the ESy has shown its competency to LSE and ASE technologies, demonstrating its applicability for environmental analysis of organic pollutants, towards green techniques for green environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaer Barri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden.
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Schellin M, Popp P. Miniaturized membrane-assisted solvent extraction combined with gas chromatography/electron-capture detection applied to the analysis of volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:211-8. [PMID: 16325836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new module of membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) with miniaturized membrane bags was applied to the determination of seven volatile organic compounds (VOCs): chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with boiling points between 61 and 147 degrees C in aqueous samples. Different from the known procedure the new, shortened membrane bags were filled with 100 microl of an organic solvent. The membrane bags were placed in a 20 ml headspace vial and filled with 15 ml of the aqueous sample. The vial was transferred into an autosampler where it was stirred for a definite time at elevated temperature. After the extraction, 1 microl of the organic extract was transferred into the spilt/splitless injector of a GC system equipped with an electron-capture detector. This work included optimization of the membrane device, the determination of the optimized extraction conditions such as stirring rate, extraction time and the impact of salt addition. The validation of the method involved repeatability, recovery and detection limit studies, followed of its application towards real water samples. The repeatability, expressed as the relative standard deviation of the peak areas of six extractions was below 10%. The detection limits (LODs) were between 5 ng/l (tetrachloroethene) and 50 ng/l (chloroform). Calibration was performed in a range from 5 ng/l to 150 microg/l, since the concentration in the aqueous samples was expected quite various in this concentration range. Five river water samples of Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany were analyzed with miniaturized-MASE and the results were compared with those obtained with Headspace-Analysis. The method can be fully automated and moreover, it allows the simultaneous determination of volatile and semi volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schellin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Jánská M, Lehotay SJ, Mastovská K, Hajslová J, Alon T, Amirav A. A simple and inexpensive “solvent in silicone tube extraction” approach and its evaluation in the gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:66-80. [PMID: 16485711 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel, simple, and inexpensive approach to sorptive extraction, which we call solvent in silicone tube extraction (SiSTEx), was applied to pesticide residue analysis and its effectiveness and efficiency were evaluated. In SiSTEx, which is a form of open tubular sorptive extraction, a piece of silicone tubing (4 cm long, 1.47 mm ID, 1.96 mm OD in this study) is attached to the cap of a 20 mL glass vial that contains the aqueous sample. The tubing is plugged at the end dangling in the sample solution, and MeCN (e.g., 40 microL) added by syringe to the inner tube volume through a septum in the cap. A stir-bar is used to mix the sample for a certain time (e.g., 60 min), which allows chemicals to partition into the tubing where they diffuse across the silicone and partition into the MeCN. The final MeCN extract is then analyzed for the concentrated analytes. In this study, the SiSTEx approach was evaluated for the analysis of organophosphorus (OP) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides in fruits and vegetables using GC/pulsed flame photometric (PFPD) and halogen specific (XSD) detectors for analysis. The produced samples were initially extracted by a rapid MeCN procedure, and 5 mL of the initial extract was diluted four-fold with water to undergo sorptive extraction for 60 min. The final extract was analyzed by GC/PFPD + XSD for 14 OP and 22 OC pesticides. This simple approach was able to detect 26 of the 36 pesticides at 10 ng/g or less original equivalent sample concentration with average reproducibility of 11% RSD. For those 26 pesticides, a 44-fold lower detection limit on average was achieved in matrix extracts using SiSTEx despite the four-fold dilution with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Jánská
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Popp P, Keil P, Montero L, Rückert M. Optimized method for the determination of 25 polychlorinated biphenyls in water samples using stir bar sorptive extraction followed by thermodesorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1071:155-62. [PMID: 15865188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An optimized method using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) for the determination of 25 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from water samples among them three of the most toxic coplanar PCBs (PCB 77, PCB 126 and PCB 169) was developed. Since the investigated PCBs comprise all steps of chlorination (from PCB 1 as monochlorobiphenyl to PCB 209 as decachlorobiphenyl) the results should be representative for the total class of the 209 PCB congeners. For 8 ml spiked water samples with 2 ml methanol addition and 2 h exposure time of stir bars recoveries between 28% (PCB 209) and 93% (PCB 1, PCB 52, PCB 77) were found. Detection limits between 0.05 ng/l and 0.15 ng/l were calculated for the combination of SBSE and thermodesorption-GC/MS. The procedure was applied to the investigation of groundwater and river water samples from the industrial region of Bitterfeld northern Leipzig, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Popp
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
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Schellin M, Popp P. Membrane-assisted solvent extraction of seven phenols combined with large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1072:37-43. [PMID: 15881457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) was applied for the determination of seven phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) with log Kow (octanol-water-partition-coefficient) between 1.46 (phenol) and 5.12 (pentachlorophenol) in water. The extraction solvents cyclohexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform were tested and ethyl acetate proved to be the best choice. The optimisation of extraction conditions showed the necessity of adding 5 g of sodium chloride to each aqueous sample to give a saturated solution (333 g/L). The pH-value of the sample was adjusted to 2 in order to convert all compounds into their neutral form. An extraction time of 60 min was found to be optimal. Under these conditions the recovery of phenol, the most polar compound, was 11%. The recoveries of the other analytes ranged between 42% (2-chlorophenol) and 98% (2,4-dichlorophenol). Calibration was performed using large volume injection (100 microL injection volume). At optimised conditions the limits of detection were between 0.01 and 0.6 microg/L and the relative standard deviation (n = 3) was on average about 10%. After the method optimisation with reagent water membrane-assisted solvent extraction was applied to two contaminated ground water samples from the region of Bitterfeld in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The results demonstrate the good applicability of membrane-assisted solvent extraction for polar analytes like phenols, without the necessity of derivatisation or a difficult and time-consuming sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schellin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Jakubowska N, Polkowska Ż, Namieśnik J, Przyjazny A. Analytical Applications of Membrane Extraction for Biomedical and Environmental Liquid Sample Preparation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340500304032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schellin M, Hauser B, Popp P. Determination of organophosphorus pesticides using membrane-assisted solvent extraction combined with large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1040:251-8. [PMID: 15230532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eight organophosphorus pesticides (parathion-methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, fenthion, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, fenamiphos and ethion) in aqueous samples were analysed by means of membrane-assisted solvent extraction. First a 20 ml extraction vial was filled with 15 ml of aqueous sample. Then the membrane bag consisting of nonporous polypropylene was put into the vial and filled with 800 microl of organic solvent. The analytes were separated from the aqueous layer by transporting them through the membrane material into the small amount of solvent. The technique was fully automated and successfully combinable with large volume extraction and GC-MS. To achieve an optimum performance several extraction conditions were investigated. Cyclohexane was chosen as acceptor phase. Then the impact of salt, methanol, pH value, as well as working parameters like stirring rate of the agitator and extraction time, were studied. Moreover, the influence of matrix effects was examined by adding different concentrations of humic acid sodium salt. Detection limits in the ng/l level were achieved using large volume injection with the injecting volume of 100 microl. The recovery values ranged from 47 to 100% and the relative standard deviation for three standard measurements was between 4 and 12% (except for bromophos-ethyl: 22%). The linear dynamic range was between 0.001 and 70 microg/l. The applicability of the method to real samples was tested by spiking the eight organophosphorus pesticides to red wine, white wine and apple juice samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schellin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Bailey R. Injectors for capillary gas chromatography and their application to environmental analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:1054-8. [PMID: 16252052 DOI: 10.1039/b508334f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of different injectors in capillary gas chromatography (GC) analysis of semi-volatile organic contaminants in environmental samples prepared in organic solvents is reviewed. The injectors examined include a split/splitless injector in splitless mode (SS), cold on-column (COC), and programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) and adaptations of these injector designs. Key issues when selecting an injector include properties of the analyte, such as potential for thermal degradation or discrimination of high boiling point compounds within the injector, and the ability of the GC systems to handle large volume injections (LVI) primarily to lower detection limits and allow direct coupling with sample preparation techniques such as at-line or on-line solid phase extraction (SPE). LVI also require consideration of matrix interference issues. This review examines only injector chamber modifications that are feasible with a standard GC configuration, however some modifications to the chromatographic system to extend the range of applicability of gas chromatography analysis for environmental samples are also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Bailey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, USA
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Hauser B, Schellin M, Popp P. Membrane-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Triazines, Organochlorine, and Organophosphorus Compounds in Complex Samples Combined with Large-Volume Injection-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Detection. Anal Chem 2004; 76:6029-38. [PMID: 15481950 DOI: 10.1021/ac0492923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the fully automated membrane-assisted solvent extraction was investigated for 47 environmental contaminants (among them 30 organochlorine compounds, 9 organophosphorus compounds, and 7 triazines). The extraction took place in a 20-mL headspace vial filled with the aqueous sample and containing a polypropylene membrane bag with 1 mL of cyclohexane as extractant. This device was handled by a multipurpose sampler, which enabled the sample to be mixed at a defined temperature with subsequent large-volume injection of the organic extract taken out of the membrane bag. After optimization of extraction parameters, the method was validated for the three compound classes, triazines and organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds, using spiked distilled water. Then, the extraction yield of these analytes from several complex samples such as a natural and a synthetic wastewater, a bacterial culture, and orange juice was determined and compared to a conventional liquid-liquid extraction. Furthermore, the possibility of reducing matrix interference by adding salt, methanol, or detergent during membrane-assisted solvent extraction was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hauser
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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