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Sadighara P, Ghanbari R, Mahmudiono T, Kavousi P, Limam I, Fakhri Y. Concentration and probabilistic health risk assessment of benzo(a)pyrene in extra virgin olive oils supplied in Tehran, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:238-247. [PMID: 36371808 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2144629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One hundred and sixteen samples of extra virgin olive oils (VOOs) from markets of Tehran were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect the amount of benzo (a)pyrene. The values of LOD and LOQ were calculated as 0.03 and 0.05 µg/kg, respectively. The concentration of benzo (a) pyrene was from 0.03 to 0.95 µg/kg. The results indicate that the levels of benzo (a) pyrene are lower than the limits approved. Target Hazard quotient (THQ) and Margin of Exposure (MOE) were estimated. The mean of THQ for adults and children was 0.0006 and 0.0028 and also mean of MOE for adults and children was 43,503 and 9438, respectively. The probabilistic health risk shows that THQ is less than 1 value; hence consumers are not at non-cancer risk. The mean of MOE value for adults was more than 10,000 but for children was less than 10,000. Hence, children are at health risk borderline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Intissar Limam
- Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis, Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet; and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Cai C, Chang G, Zhao M, Wu P, Hu Z, Jiang D. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Traditional Chinese Medicine Raw Material, Extracts, and Health Food Products. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061809. [PMID: 35335172 PMCID: PMC8955089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon markers (PAH4) of benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are indicators showing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination levels in Chinese medicine raw materials (CMRMs), extracts and health food products; Samples of herbal medicine, herbal extracts, and food supplements were extracted with n-hexane, then cleaned up sequentially on Florisil and EUPAH solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon markers in Chinese medicine raw material, extracts, and health food products was established; In spiked-recovery experiments, the average recovery was about 78.6-107.6% with a precision of 2.3-10.5%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of the PAH4 markers in this method were 2.0 μg/kg and 0.7 μg/kg, respectively. When the developed method was utilized to determine PAH4 contents in 12 locally available health food products, 3 samples contained over 10.0 μg/kg BaP, and 5 samples contained over 50.0 μg/kg PAH4. The European Union (EU) limits for BaP and PAH4 are 10 and 50.0 μg/kg, respectively; therefore, more attention must be drawn to the exposure risk of BaP and PAH4 in CMRMs, their extracts, and health food products. According to the risk assessment based on the Margin of Exposure (MOE) method, it is recognized that the products mentioned in this study pose a low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Cai
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (C.C.); (G.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Guoli Chang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (C.C.); (G.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (C.C.); (G.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Pinggu Wu
- Zhejiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China;
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (D.J.); Tel.: +86-0571-8711-5263 (P.W.); +86-010-5216-5580 (D.J.)
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Zhejiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China;
| | - Dingguo Jiang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (D.J.); Tel.: +86-0571-8711-5263 (P.W.); +86-010-5216-5580 (D.J.)
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Sánchez‐Arévalo CM, Olmo‐García L, Fernández‐Sánchez JF, Carrasco‐Pancorbo A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils: An overview on sample preparation, determination strategies, and relative abundance of prevalent compounds. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3528-3573. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Olmo‐García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Granada Granada Spain
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Tarawneh IN, Najjar AA, Salameh FF, Bani Issa RS. Multi-residue analysis of organochlorine pesticides and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jordanian olive oil using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1817071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad A. Najjar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia University, Jerash, Jordan
| | - Fayda F. Salameh
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
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Khani R, Ghalibafan M, Farrokhi A. Performance of metal-organic framework as an excellent sorbent for highly efficient and sensitive trace determination of anthracene in water and food samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26305-26314. [PMID: 32358759 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of highly toxic and unremitting organic pollutants that are widely distributed in the natural environment. In this work, a metal-organic framework (MOF) designated as HKUST-1 [Cu3(BTC)2] was synthesized, characterized, and applied as a solid-phase extraction sorbent for the determination of a trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, anthracene (Ant) as model compound, in various real samples by spectrofluorimetry. The synthesized MOF exhibited large surface areas and high extraction ability, making it excellent candidate as sorbent for enrichment of trace anthracene. The effects of influential parameters on the performance of the dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (Dμ-SPE) process, such as the initial anthracene concentration, pH, sorbent dosage, and shaking time, were investigated and optimized by the experiment design method. Under the optimized experimental conditions, good linearity in the range of 3-85 ng mL-1 with correlation coefficient 0.997 and good sensitivity with low detection limit 0.5 ng mL-1 for Ant was achieved. The method has been validated in the analysis of real tap water, soft drink, and vegetable juice samples with recoveries in the range of 86.33-103.00% and relative standard deviations in the range of 1.94-3.77%. The as-prepared HKUST-1 was used for at least four times without any obvious decline of extraction capability. The results of this study show the great potential of MOFs as sorbents in Dμ-SPE procedures for the separation and determination of trace Ant in complicated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Khani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97179-414, Iran.
| | - Maryam Ghalibafan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97179-414, Iran
| | - Alireza Farrokhi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97179-414, Iran
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6
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Optimization of extraction conditions for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination in smoked rice using the high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Akdoğan A, Gürsoy O. Determination of four priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (4PAHs) by GC-MS in traditional Turkish yoghurts. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:391-400. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1707293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Akdoğan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Gürsoy
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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Badibostan H, Feizy J, Daraei B, Shoeibi S, Rajabnejad SH, Asili J, Taghizadeh SF, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in infant formulae, follow-on formulae, and baby foods in Iran: An assessment of risk. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110640. [PMID: 31233871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven samples of infant formulae and follow-on formulae and fifteen samples of baby food from Iranian markets were analyzed for concentrations of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) determined by use of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry. An assessment of risks posed to infants and toddlers was conducted by calculating the margin of exposure and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) by use of the Monte Carlo Simulation Method. Benzo (a) anthracene, was not detected in any of the samples, while approximately 64.3% samples contained detectable amounts of benzo (a) pyrene, while chrysene was observed in three samples and benzo (b) fluoranthene was detected in one sample. One of the samples contained 1.43 μg PAH4/kg, which was greater than the maximum tolerable limit (MTL; 1 μg/kg) stated in Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1125. Accordingly, the 95% ILCRs in the infants/toddlers due to ingestion of milk powder and baby foods were determined to be 1.3 × 10-6 and 7.3 × 10-7, respectively. Also, the 95th centiles of the MOEs, due to ingesting milk powder or baby foods by infants/toddlers were estimated to be 3.6 × 104 and 7.2 × 104, respectively. In Iran, infants and toddlers are not at serious health risk (MOE ≥ 1 × 104 and ILCR < 1 × 10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Badibostan
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Javad Feizy
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratories Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran; Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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9
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Rascón AJ, Azzouz A, Ballesteros E. Multiresidue determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils by liquid-liquid extraction–solid-phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Bansal V, Kumar P, Kwon EE, Kim KH. Review of the quantification techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:3297-3312. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1116970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Bansal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Knowledge City, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eilhann E. Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in camellia oil via vortex-assisted extraction using the UPLC-FLD method. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:15-19. [PMID: 30263504 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, vortex-assisted extraction using the ultraperformance liquid chromatography analysis method was performed to determine benzo[a]pyrene in camellia oil. Optimum results were obtained when 0.5 g of oil sample was used followed by vortex-assisted extraction for 10 min with 25 mL of acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1mm×100mm, particle size 1.8 μm). The optimum mobile phase comprised 70% acetone and 30% water. The detection limit of benzo[a]pyrene was 0.2 μg/kg. The recoveries were in the range of 81.0-97.0%. The proposed method was simple and fast, and it provided high throughput in the determination of benzo[a]pyrene in an oil matrix sample.
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12
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Li T, Choi YH, Shin YB, Kim HJ, Kim MG. A fluorescence enhancement-based label-free homogeneous immunoassay of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in aqueous solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:407-413. [PMID: 26796590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence enhancement-based immunoassay has been developed for the detection of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), in aqueous solutions. The results of this study show that BaP, which inefficiently fluoresces in aqueous solution, displays enhanced fluorescence when bound to the anti-BaP antibody (anti-BaP), as part of a label-free immunoassay system. Binding to anti-BaP results in a 3.12-fold increase in the fluorescence intensity of BaP, which emits at 435 nm when excited at 280 nm, due to the hydrophobic interaction and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between antibody and antigen. As result of this phenomenon, the antibody-based fluorescence immunoassay system can be used to detect BaP specifically with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 ng mL(-1). Finally, extraction recoveries of BaP from spiked wheat and barley samples were found to be in the range of 80.5-87.0% and 92.9-92.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihua Li
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210-037, China
| | - Yo Han Choi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Shin
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea; Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea.
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Yebra-Pimentel I, Fernández-González R, Martínez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. A Critical Review about the Health Risk Assessment of PAHs and Their Metabolites in Foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1383-405. [PMID: 24915328 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.697497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of toxicants that are ubiquitous in the environment. These contaminants generate considerable interest, because some of them are highly carcinogenic in laboratory animals and have been implicated in breast, lung, and colon cancers in humans. Dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Factors affecting the accumulation of PAHs in the diet, their absorption following ingestion, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to these hydrocarbons following ingestion have received very little attention. This review, therefore, focuses on concentrations of PAHs in widely consumed dietary ingredients along with gastrointestinal absorption rates in humans. Metabolism and bioavailability of PAHs in animal models and the processes, which influence the disposition of these chemicals, are discussed. Finally, based on intake, disposition, and tumorigenesis data, the exposure risk to PAHs from diet is presented. This information is expected to provide a framework for refinements in risk assessment of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Yebra-Pimentel
- a Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology , University of Vigo , Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense , Spain
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Akdoğan A, Buttinger G, Wenzl T. Single-laboratory validation of a saponification method for the determination of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils by HPLC-fluorescence detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:215-24. [PMID: 26634339 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1127430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method is reported for the determination of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) and chrysene (CHR)) in edible oils (sesame, maize, sunflower and olive oil) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Sample preparation is based on three steps including saponification, liquid-liquid partitioning and, finally, clean-up by solid phase extraction on 2 g of silica. Guidance on single-laboratory validation of the proposed analysis method was taken from the second edition of the Eurachem guide on method validation. The lower level of the working range of the method was determined by the limits of quantification of the individual analytes, and the upper level was equal to 5.0 µg kg(-1). The limits of detection and quantification of the four PAHs ranged from 0.06 to 0.12 µg kg(-1) and from 0.13 to 0.24 µg kg(-1). Recoveries of more than 84.8% were achieved for all four PAHs at two concentration levels (2.5 and 5.0 µg kg(-1)), and expanded relative measurement uncertainties were below 20%. The performance of the validated method was in all aspects compliant with provisions set in European Union legislation for the performance of analytical methods employed in the official control of food. The applicability of the method to routine samples was evaluated based on a limited number of commercial edible oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Akdoğan
- a Pamukkale University , Vocational High School of Technical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , 20070 Kinikli , Denizli , Turkey.,b European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements , Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel , Belgium
| | - Gerhard Buttinger
- b European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements , Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel , Belgium
| | - Thomas Wenzl
- b European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements , Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel , Belgium
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Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Olive and Refined Pomace Olive Oils with Modified Low Temperature and Ultrasound-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method Followed by the HPLC/FLD. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Stenerson KK, Shimelis O, Halpenny MR, Espenschied K, Ye MM. Analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in olive oil after solid-phase extraction using a dual-layer sorbent cartridge followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4933-4939. [PMID: 25938777 DOI: 10.1021/jf506299f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple and easy direct solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in olive oil using a dual-layer cartridge containing activated Florisil and a mixture of octadecyl (C18)-bonded and zirconia-coated silicas. Undiluted olive oil was applied directly to the SPE cartridge, and the sample was eluted with acetonitrile solvent. Background in the extract was found to be low enough for either gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) analysis. Average recoveries for 16 different PAHs from spiked olive oil replicates were >75%, with intraday precisions of <20% relative standard deviation (% RSD). Detection limits ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 μg/kg and, specifically for the PAHs listed in EC Regulation 835/2011, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene, were from 0.3 to 0.7 μg/kg. The method was then applied to determine the PAH content present in commercial samples of refined versus extra-virgin olive oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Stenerson
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Olga Shimelis
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Michael R Halpenny
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Ken Espenschied
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Maochun M Ye
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
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17
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Pschenitza M, Hackenberg R, Niessner R, Knopp D. Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in vegetable oils using molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) coupled with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SENSORS 2014; 14:9720-37. [PMID: 24887045 PMCID: PMC4118365 DOI: 10.3390/s140609720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid phase extraction (MISPE) method coupled with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of the PAH benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in vegetable oils. Different molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared using non-covalent 4-vinylpyridine/divinylbenzene co-polymerization at different ratios and dichloromethane as porogen. Imprinting was done with a template mixture of phenanthrene and pyrene yielding a broad-specific polymer for PAHs with a maximum binding capacity (Q) of ~32 μg B[a]P per 50 mg of polymer. The vegetable oil/n-hexane mixture (1:1, (v/v)) was pre-extracted with acetonitrile, the solvent evaporated, the residue reconstituted in n-hexane and subjected to MISPE. The successive washing with n-hexane and isopropanol revealed most suitable to remove lipid matrix constituents. After elution of bound PAHs from MISPE column with dichloromethane, the solvent was evaporated, the residue reconstituted with dimethyl sulfoxide and diluted 100-fold with methanol/water (10:90, (v/v)) for analysis of B[a]P equivalents with an ELISA. The B[a]P recovery rates in spiked vegetable oil samples of different fatty acid composition were determined between 63% and 114%. The presence of multiple PAHs in the oil sample, because of MIP selectivity and cross-reactivity of the ELISA, could yield overestimated B[a]P values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pschenitza
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Hackenberg
- Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Standort Marienfelde, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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18
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The application of multistep extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for analysis of azaarenes in edible oil samples. J Food Compost Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Oh MS, Lee SH, Moon MH, Lee DS, Park HM. Simultaneous analysis of phthalates, adipate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils using isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 7:168-75. [PMID: 25029399 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.869770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for simultaneous determination of 12 priority phthalates, adipate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible oils by isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-MS) was developed for fast, accurate and trace analysis. The extraction and clean-up procedures were optimised, and using stable isotope-labelled internal standards for each analyte, relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.92-10.6% and spiked sample recoveries of 80.6-97.8% were obtained. Limits of detection for PAHs were in the range of 0.15-0.77 µg/kg and those for phthalates were in the range of 4.6-10.0 µg/kg. The calibration curves exhibited good linearities with regression coefficients of R(2) ≥ 0.99. Twelve edible oils were examined to evaluate the efficiency of this method. Among the 12 analytes, dibutyl phthalates (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalates (DEHP), diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA), benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A), chrysene (Chry) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F) were detected in the range of 1.17-806 µg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Oh
- a Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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20
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Drabova L, Tomaniova M, Kalachova K, Kocourek V, Hajslova J, Pulkrabova J. Application of solid phase extraction and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for fast analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction coupled to fast gas chromatography mass spectrometry as a purification step for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination in olive oil. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1307:166-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Ergönül PG, Sánchez S. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in different types of olive and olive pomace oils produced in Turkey and Spain. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastián Sánchez
- Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department; Jaén University; Jaén; Spain
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23
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Demirci A, Alver E. DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN CIGARETTE FILTER TAR BY MEANS OF HOLLOW-FIBER LIQUID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION-HPLC-UV SYSTEM. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.673203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Demirci
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Kırıkkale University , Kırıkkale , Turkey
| | - Erol Alver
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Kırıkkale University , Kırıkkale , Turkey
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24
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Yebra-Pimentel I, Martínez-Carballo E, Regueiro J, Simal-Gándara J. The potential of solvent-minimized extraction methods in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish oils. Food Chem 2013; 139:1036-43. [PMID: 23561207 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil has been identified as one of the most important contributors to the level of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in feed products. The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish oils is complicated due to the fat matrix, which affects both extraction efficiency and analytical quality. This article reviews and addresses two of the most relevant analytical methods for determining 11 mutagenic and carcinogenic PAHs, as well as two EPA indicator PAHs in fish oils. We discuss and critically evaluate two different extraction procedures, such as ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (USAE) and ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction (USAEME). Clean-up of extracts was performed by solid-phase extraction using C18 and glass columns containing silica gel and florisil for USAE or only C18 for USAEME. Detection of the selected PAHs was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection for determination. Optimization of the variables affecting extraction by the selected extraction techniques was conducted and recoveries ranged from 70% to 100% by USAE and from 70% to 108% by USAEME with estimated quantification limits between 0.020 and 2.6 μg/kg were achieved. Moreover, the applicability of the selected methods was evaluated by the analysis of real samples. To our knowledge, this is the first time that USAEME has been applied to the determination of PAHs in food matrices, such as oil fish samples. The methods proposed were applied to the determination of the target PAHs in fish samples from different countries, and it was found that the low PAH contamination of the selected fish oils could mainly occur by atmospheric sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Yebra-Pimentel
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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25
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Gupta A, Sarkar J, Kumar A. High throughput analysis and capture of benzo[a]pyrene using supermacroporous poly(4-vinyl pyridine-co-divinyl benzene) cryogel matrix. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1278:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS. Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence, legislation and innovative determination in foods. Talanta 2012; 105:292-305. [PMID: 23598022 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous compounds, well-known to be carcinogenic, which can reach the food in different ways. Thus the analysis of such compounds has always been of great importance. The aim of the present review, is not only to give an overview of the most recent sample preparation and analytical approaches (such as pressurized liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, supercritical fluid extraction, etc.), but also to introduce such a topic to researchers who want to approach it for the first time; therefore, the most significant references related to general aspects, such as formation, toxicity, risk assessment, occurrence in food, are reported and briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2A, Udine 33100, Italy.
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27
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Cleaning sorbents used in matrix solid-phase dispersion with sonication: Application to the estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at ng/g levels in marine sediments. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Alarcón F, Báez ME, Bravo M, Richter P, Fuentes E. Screening of edible oils for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using microwave-assisted liquid-liquid and solid phase extraction coupled to one- to three-way fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Talanta 2012; 100:439-46. [PMID: 23141362 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential of microwave-assisted liquid-liquid and solid phase extraction coupled with fluorescence spectroscopy and employing one- to three-way spectral data was assessed in terms of their capacity for the rapid detection of heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in olive and sunflower oils. Tocopherols and pigments groups (chlorophyll and pheophytin) present in oil matrices were the main interference compounds in the detection of PAHs using fluorescence spectroscopy. Partial spectral overlap and inner-filter effects were observed in the emission range of the analytes. The effectiveness of removing these interferences using solid phase extraction (silica, C18 and graphitized carbon black) was examined. Solid phase extraction with silica was the most effective method for the removal of pigments and tocopherol and allowed for the detection of PAHs in edible oils using fluorescence spectroscopy. The limit of detection was observed to depend on the use of one-, two- or three-way fluorescence spectral data in the range of 0.8 to 7.0 μg kg(-1). The individual recoveries of PAHs following the microwave-assisted L-L extraction and SPE with silica were assessed using HPLC-FD with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Alarcón
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Casilla 233, Chile
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29
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Corredera L, Bayarri S, Pérez-Arquillué C, Lázaro R, Molino F, Herrera A. Multiresidue determination of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in honey by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1692-9. [PMID: 22004817 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure based on solid-phase extraction, using ethyl acetate as the elution solvent, and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and diode array detection was developed for the identification and quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in honey. The method has been optimized and validated in accordance with Commission Regulation 333/2007 and Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. This method allows the identification of the 15 PAHs that should be monitored in food matrices, as proposed in 2002 by the Scientific Committee on Food and later by the European Union in the Commission Recommendation 2005/108/EC, because of their genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. The results of the validation study were in agreement with quality criteria described in European legislation in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and ruggedness, and the method was applied to the analysis of 42 honey samples (21 from Spain and 21 from other regions). The honey samples were not contaminated by PAHs at detectable levels and thus could be marketed without health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Corredera
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Veterinaria, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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30
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Yardım Y, Levent A, Keskin E, Şentürk Z. Voltammetric behavior of benzo[a]pyrene at boron-doped diamond electrode: A study of its determination by adsorptive transfer stripping voltammetry based on the enhancement effect of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate. Talanta 2011; 85:441-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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New tools to assess toxicity, bioaccessibility and uptake of chemical contaminants in meat and seafood. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Portet-Koltalo F, Preterre D, Dionnet F. A new analytical methodology for a fast evaluation of semi-volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the vapor phase downstream of a diesel engine particulate filter. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:981-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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33
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Escuderos ME. Olive Oil Aroma Evaluation By Gas Chromatographic Method: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.533939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Plaza-Bolaños P, Frenich AG, Vidal JLM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and beverages. Analytical methods and trends. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6303-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Jin J, Zhang Z, Wang J, Qi P, Chen J. Magnesium oxide microspheres as a novel solid-phase extraction sorbent for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene in environmental water samples. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1836-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Keskin E, Yardım Y, Şentürk Z. Voltammetry of Benzo[a]pyrene in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Media: Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination at Pencil Graphite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Cruz-Hernandez C, Destaillats F. Recent Advances in Fast Gas-Chromatography: Application to the Separation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Yang Y, Dong X, Jin M, Ren Q. Rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in natural tocopherols by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Food Chem 2008; 110:226-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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40
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García-López M, Canosa P, Rodríguez I. Trends and recent applications of matrix solid-phase dispersion. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:963-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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41
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Barker SA. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Hu X, Zhao X, Hwang HM. Comparative study of immobilized Trametes versicolor laccase on nanoparticles and kaolinite. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:1618-26. [PMID: 16979219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Laccase from Trametes versicolor was immobilized on nanoparticles and kaolinite by physical adsorption or chemical covalence in which the supporters were activated by cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Thermal and pH stabilities of immobilized laccase on these different supporters were compared. The degradation efficiencies of these immobilized laccases on oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were also compared. The results showed that the immobilized laccases on nanoparticles were more stable in resisting pH and thermal changes. After 48h oxidation, laccase immobilized on kaolinite using the covalent coupling method showed a higher efficiency of oxidation with the BaP residue of 23% in the presence of 1mM HBT and with BaP residue of 37% in 1mM ABTS as the mediator. The results also exhibited a significant inhibition by 1% surfactant Tween 80. According to the HPLC analysis, the oxidation products including 1,6-benzo[a]pyrene quinone, 3,6-benzo[a]pyrene quinone and 6,12-benzo[a]pyrene quinone were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Hu
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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43
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van der Wielen JCA, Jansen JTA, Martena MJ, De Groot HN, In't Veld PH. Determination of the level of benzo[a]pyrene in fatty foods and food supplements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:709-14. [PMID: 16751148 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600631869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A routine method was developed for the quantification of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in edible oils and food supplements. BaP is often taken as an indicator of the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The method consists of on-line liquid chromatography clean-up followed by injection to an HPLC system with fluorescence detection. The method has good performance characteristics and gave good results in proficiency tests. From 2002 to 2004, about 1350 samples of oils and food supplements were analysed using this method to test the level of BaP. About 20% of the edible oils contained more than 1.2 microg kg-1 BaP (which is the limit applied by the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority until 1 April 2005, and includes measurement uncertainty). In the case of food supplements, more then 30% contained too high levels of BaP, ranging from 1.2 to 135 microg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C A van der Wielen
- Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA)--Region South, V. Montgomerylaan 500, PO Box 2168, NL-5600 CD Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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44
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Ballesteros E, García Sánchez A, Ramos Martos N. Simultaneous multidetermination of residues of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive and olive-pomace oils by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1111:89-96. [PMID: 16480730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method for determining major pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in olive oils in a single injection by use of gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) is proposed. Samples are previously extracted with an acetonitrile/n-hexane mixture and cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography. Electron ionization and chemical ionization allow pesticides and PAHs to be determined in a single analysis. The precision obtained was quite satisfactory (relative standard deviations ranged from 3 to 7.8%), and so were recoveries (84-110%). The linear relation was observed from 1 to 500 microg/kg for pesticides and 0.3 to 200 microg/kg for PAHs; also, the determination coefficient, R(2), was better than 0.995 in all instances. The proposed method was applied to the routine analysis of PAH and pesticide residues in virgin and refined olive oil and olive-pomace oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ballesteros
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, EPS of Linares, University of Jaén, Alfonso X, Linares, Spain.
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45
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Pensado L, Casais MC, Mejuto MC, Cela R. Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion in the analysis of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish samples. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1077:103-9. [PMID: 16001545 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The performance of matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish tissue is described. The suitability of different solid supports was tested as well as the influence on the extraction efficiency of the natural fat content in samples. Under optimal conditions 0.6-0.8 g of tissue sample, are dispersed with 2 g of octadecylsiloxane (C18) and 0.5 g of anhydrous sodium sulphate and transferred to the top of a polyethylene solid-phase extraction cartridge which already contains 2 g of florisil and 1 g of C18. Cartridges were eluted with acetonitrile. The analysis of the extracts was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection. The proposed method provides detection limits between 0.04 and 0.32 ng/g for the different considered PAHs, below the maximum levels established by the some regulatory bodies for the six PAHs after recent oil spill episodes and European Union regulations. Recoveries over 80% were obtained for all compounds. Accuracy validation was carried out using the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SRM 2977 reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pensado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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