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Rodrigues TB, Cunha RL, Barci PEP, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Lanças FM. Analysis of human biological samples using porous graphitic carbon columns and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:5233-5253. [PMID: 39158631 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for analyzing complex biological samples. Among various chromatographic stationary phases, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns have attracted significant attention due to their unique properties-such as the ability to separate both polar and non-polar compounds and their stability through all pH ranges and to high temperatures-besides the compatibility with LC-MS. This review discusses the applicability of PGC for SPE and separation in LC-MS-based analyses of human biological samples, highlighting the diverse applications of PGC-LC-MS in analyzing endogenous metabolites, pharmaceuticals, and biomarkers, such as glycans, proteins, oligosaccharides, sugar phosphates, and nucleotides. Additionally, the fundamental principles underlying PGC column chemistry and its advantages, challenges, and advances in method development are explored. This comprehensive review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a valuable resource for understanding the capabilities and limitations of PGC columns in LC-MS-based analysis of human biological samples, thereby facilitating advancements in analytical methodologies and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Betoni Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Leal Cunha
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Scientific Police, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Emílio Pereira Barci
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Álvaro José Santos-Neto
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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El Deeb S. Enhancing Sustainable Analytical Chemistry in Liquid Chromatography: Guideline for Transferring Classical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Methods into Greener, Bluer, and Whiter Methods. Molecules 2024; 29:3205. [PMID: 38999157 PMCID: PMC11243568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review is dedicated to sustainable practices in liquid chromatography. HPLC and UHPLC methods contribute significantly to routine analytical techniques. Therefore, the transfer of classical liquid chromatographic methods into sustainable ones is of utmost importance in moving toward sustainable development goals. Among other principles to render a liquid chromatographic method green, the substitution of the organic solvent component in the mobile phase with a greener one received great attention. This review concentrates on choosing the best alternative green organic solvent to replace the classical solvent in the mobile phase for easy, rapid transfer to a more sustainable normal phase or reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The main focus of this review will be on describing the transfer of non-green to green and white chromatographic methods in an effort to elevate sustainability best practices in analytical chemistry. The greenness properties and greenness ranking, in addition to the chromatographic suitability of seventeen organic solvents for liquid chromatography, are mentioned to have a clear insight into the issue of rapidly choosing the appropriate solvent to transfer a classical HPLC or UHPLC method into a more sustainable one. A simple guide is proposed for making the liquid chromatographic method more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Bocian S, Dembek M, Kalisz O. Exploring the green frontier: Subcritical water chromatography for sustainable analytical practices. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300873. [PMID: 38801758 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Water in the subcritical state is characterized by properties significantly different from water under standard conditions. These include low viscosity, low surface tension, and a much lower dielectric constant, increasing the solubility of nonpolar substances. For this reason, it can provide an alternative solvent and be used in chromatographic techniques-subcritical water chromatography (SBWC). SBWC appears to be one of the greenest analytical techniques until we unravel chromatography with pure water at room temperature. The versatility of SBWC is explored through its applications in the separation and analysis of a wide range of compounds, including pharmaceuticals, natural products, etc. The use of subcritical water as a mobile phase requires suitable stable stationary phases and special apparatus. Still, it makes it possible to conduct analyses without using organic solvents. When using this technique, it is important to remember that it suits the analysis of thermally stable substances. The following work is a critical review of developments in SBWC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Bocian
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Dembek
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Oktawia Kalisz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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Pilařová V, Socas-Rodríguez B, Nováková L, Essén S, Holm C, Turner C, Sandahl M. Analysis of vitamin D and its metabolites in biological samples - Part I: Optimization and comparison of UHPSFC-MS/MS and UHPLC-MS/MS methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124087. [PMID: 38513431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Fat-soluble vitamin D is an essential bioactive compound important for human health. Insufficient vitamin D levels can result not only in bone disease but also in other disorders, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and diseases related to poor immune function. The current methods commonly used for vitamin D analysis are often applied to determine the levels of the most abundant metabolite in plasma, i.e., 25-OH-D2/D3. These methods do not consider the presence of other hydroxylated and esterified metabolites, including isomers and epimers, which are typically found in low concentrations. In this study, we developed a fast and selective ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC) method using a 150 mm long 1-amino anthracene (1-AA) column and a mobile phase consisting of carbon dioxide and methanol/isopropanol (1/1, v/v) mixed with 8 % water. After thorough optimization of column temperature and back pressure, the separation of four vitamin D3 esters, vitamin D3 and D2, and eight mono- and di-hydroxylated metabolites, including three groups of isomers, was achieved in 10 min. Two ion sources, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization optimized within this study, were compared in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. No significant sensitivity differences were observed. Subsequently, the same 1-AA column chemistry was examined in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) as the stationary phase that could hypothetically bring different selectivity in the separation of vitamin D and its metabolites. However, this hypothesis was rejected, and C18 was used as a stationary phase in the final optimized UHPLC-MS/MS method. Despite detailed optimization, the final 15 min UHPLC method was not able to separate di-hydroxylated isomers of vitamin D3, while it enabled better resolution of esterified forms compared to UHPSFC. Optimized methods provided similar repeatability of retention times and peak areas, with RSD < 2 % and 10 %, respectively. The lowest limits of quantification were in the range of 1.2 - 4.9 ng/mL for UHPSFC-APCI-MS/MS, while for UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS, they were typically in the range of 2.6 - 9.6 ng/mL. Based on the obtained results, the UHPSFC-APCI-MS/MS method was the most promising approach for fast, selective, and sensitive analysis that could be applied in the analysis of biological samples with emphasis on the separation of both hydroxylated and esterified metabolites, including isomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pilařová
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden; University of La Laguna, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Essén
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Holm
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden.
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Che Hussian CHA, Leong WY. Factors affecting therapeutic protein purity and yield during chromatographic purification. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:150-158. [PMID: 37233514 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2217507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are recombinant proteins generated through recombinant DNA technology and have attracted a great deal of interest in numerous applications, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic, human and animal health, agriculture, food, and bioremediation. Producing therapeutic proteins on a large scale, mainly in the pharmaceutical industry, necessitates a cost-effective, straightforward, and adequate manufacturing process. In industry, a protein separation technique based mainly on protein characteristics and modes of chromatography will be applied to optimize the purification process. Typically, the downstream process of biopharmaceutical operations may involve multiple chromatography phases that require the use of large columns pre-packed with resins that must be inspected before use. Approximately 20% of the proteins are assumed to be lost at each purification stage during the production of biotherapeutic products. Hence, to produce a high quality product, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, the correct approach and understanding of the factors influencing purity and yield during purification are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Yie Leong
- INTI International University & Colleges, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Miyagi M, Nakazawa T. Significance of Histidine Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry in Protein Structural Biology. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:37. [PMID: 38248468 PMCID: PMC10813008 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Histidine residues play crucial roles in shaping the function and structure of proteins due to their unique ability to act as both acids and bases. In other words, they can serve as proton donors and acceptors at physiological pH. This exceptional property is attributed to the side-chain imidazole ring of histidine residues. Consequently, determining the acid-base dissociation constant (Ka) of histidine imidazole rings in proteins often yields valuable insights into protein functions. Significant efforts have been dedicated to measuring the pKa values of histidine residues in various proteins, with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy being the most commonly used technique. However, NMR-based methods encounter challenges in assigning signals to individual imidazole rings and require a substantial amount of proteins. To address these issues associated with NMR-based approaches, a mass-spectrometry-based method known as histidine hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (His-HDX-MS) has been developed. This technique not only determines the pKa values of histidine imidazole groups but also quantifies their solvent accessibility. His-HDX-MS has proven effective across diverse proteins, showcasing its utility. This review aims to clarify the fundamental principles of His-HDX-MS, detail the experimental workflow, explain data analysis procedures and provide guidance for interpreting the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4988, USA
| | - Takashi Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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Guillarme D, Rouvière F, Heinisch S. Theoretical and practical comparison of RPLC and RPLC × RPLC: how to consider dilution effects and sensitivity in addition to separation power? Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:2357-2369. [PMID: 36323885 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to provide an unbiased comparison of one-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1D-RPLC) and comprehensive two-dimensional RPLC (RPLC × RPLC), through calculations and experimental verifications. For this purpose, various quality descriptors were evaluated, including peak capacity, analysis time, dilution factor, number of runs in the second dimension, and injection volume. The same strategy was applied to small pharmaceuticals and peptides. Whatever the analysis time between 30 and 200 min, short columns of only 30 × 2.1 mm packed with sub-2-µm particles should be selected in both dimensions of the 2D-LC setup to obtain the best compromise in terms of peak capacity and sensitivity. The peak capacity in RPLC × RPLC vs. RPLC was significantly improved for analysis times beyond 5 min. However, extra-column volume located after the second-dimension column was found to be particularly critical for peptides, and up to 50% lower peak capacity was observed with MS vs. UV detection. Contrary to common belief, higher dilution is not always observed in RPLC × RPLC. With adequate analytical conditions, better sensitivity (in theory fivefold and in practice three- to fivefold) could be achieved in RPLC × RPLC compared to 1D-RPLC, regardless of the analysis time.
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Theory of separation performance and peak width in gradient elution liquid chromatography: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1218:339962. [PMID: 35701036 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Separation performance in chromatography has been extensively studied since the dawn of the technique. Although the basic principles of band broadening and the resulting separation performance in isocratic elution are in general well known and understood, this is much less the case for gradient separations. In this tutorial, first the basic principles, concepts and parameters that determine separation performance, peak width and variance and analysis time in isocratic separations are reviewed. This is subsequently used to discuss the parameters that affect peak width in gradient elution, together with the concepts of plate count and plate height in this elution mode. In addition, the effect of peak compression in gradient elution is elaborated. Finally, the effect of extra-column dispersion on separation performance in gradient elution is discussed, and an overview of how these contributions can be experimentally evaluated is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
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9
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Stationary Phases for Green Liquid Chromatography. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020419. [PMID: 35057141 PMCID: PMC8778826 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Industrial research, including pharmaceutical research, is increasingly using liquid chromatography techniques. This involves the production of large quantities of hazardous and toxic organic waste. Therefore, it is essential at this point to focus interest on solutions proposed by so-called “green chemistry”. One such solution is the search for new methods or the use of new materials that will reduce waste. One of the most promising ideas is to perform chromatographic separation using pure water, without organic solvents, as a mobile phase. Such an approach requires novel stationary phases or specific chromatographic conditions, such as an elevated separation temperature. The following review paper aims to gather information on stationary phases used for separation under purely aqueous conditions at various temperatures.
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Sadriaj D, Desmet G, Cabooter D. Taylor-Aris methodology for the experimental determination of molecular diffusion coefficients: Tutorial with focus on large biomolecules. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1664:462787. [PMID: 35033789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a key technique in the evaluation of biopharmaceuticals. To improve the separation of biopharmaceuticals, it is crucial to improve the fundamental understanding of the parameters governing their band broadening behavior. This can be obtained by a detailed assessment of the individual contributions to their mass transfer. For this purpose, a precise knowledge of the molecular diffusion coefficient (Dm) of biopharmaceuticals is required. Only little experimental data is available for the Dm-values of biopharmaceuticals under HPLC relevant conditions. Furthermore, none of the available equations that can be used to calculate Dm-values, allows to account for any conformational changes that might occur. The Taylor-Aris method is a very simple and absolute method that is often employed to determine Dm-coefficients. The Taylor-Aris method measures the band broadening of an analyte in an open tube under laminar conditions, wherein (1) longitudinal diffusion can be ignored, (2) the sample is fully radially equilibrated and (3) the contribution of the extra-column variance to the total variance is negligible. Moreover, since the open tubes are typically coiled for practical reasons, (4) the influence of secondary flows on the band broadening should be insignificant. In this tutorial paper, the impact of the four conditions mentioned above on the accuracy of the obtained Dm values is revisited. For this purpose, Dm values are measured for two representative compounds (Bovine Serum Albumin and Thiourea), and the obtained values are compared with literature data and theoretical recommendations. Based on these observations, a set of 'rules' for accurate and fast Dm measurements is put forward. Finally, an Interactive Tool (IT), combining these rules in a comprehensive way, is introduced and can be used to set up TA experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatela Sadriaj
- KU Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
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Takano T, Aoyama C, Terasaki Y, Suzuki K, Ando A, Song Y, Tsunoda M. Ion-pair Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Oligonucleotides. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1811-1814. [PMID: 34897180 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides have recently been approved in the United States, the EU, and Japan. Hence, the analysis of oligonucleotides is an important topic in drug development. Liquid chromatographic techniques are commonly used for purity verification and the determination of oligonucleotides. In ion-pair reversed-phase separation, several parameters, such as the pore size of the stationary phase, mobile phase additives, and column temperature, were investigated using three types of oligonucleotides (18, 19, and 20 mer). All of the investigated parameters could influence the separation, and they are expected to be useful for optimizing oligonucleotide separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanting Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University
| | - Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo
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Lateefa A. Al-Khateeb. An Eco-Friendly RP-HPLC Method for the Separation and Trace Determination of Selected Food Colorant Residues in Foodstuffs Utilizing Superheated Water. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821070029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Al-Khateeb LA, Dahas FA. Green method development approach of superheated water liquid chromatography for separation and trace determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds in pharmaceutical and water samples and their extraction. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Borges MS, Zanatta AC, Souza OA, Pelissari JH, Camargo JGS, Carneiro RL, Funari CS, Bolzani VS, Rinaldo D. A green and sustainable method for monitoring the chemical composition of soybean: an alternative for quality control. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:562-574. [PMID: 33118221 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world, an important source of isoflavones, and used to treat various chronic diseases. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), associated with multivariate experiments and green solvents, is increasingly used to develop comprehensive elution methods for quality control of plants and derivatives. OBJECTIVE The work aims to establish a HPLC fingerprinting method for soybean seeds employing Green Chemistry Principles, a sustainable solvent with low toxicity, and a comprehensive experimental design that reduces the number of experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fingerprinting method was optimised through Design of Experiments by evaluating seven chromatographic variables: initial percentage of ethanol (X1), final percentage of ethanol (X2), temperature (X3), percentage of acetic acid in water (X4), flow rate (X5), run time (X6), and stationary phase (X7). The dependent variable was the number of peaks (n). RESULTS An initial factorial design for screening purposes indicated that the most significant quantitative parameters to separate soybean metabolites were X1 and X3. The conditions were optimised by a Doehlert design, to obtain a HPLC-PAD (photodiode array detector) fingerprinting of the polar extract of soybean seeds with the markers identified by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The optimum fingerprinting method was determined as 5-55% of ethanol in 30 min, at 35°C, and flow rate of 1 mL/min, by employing a phenyl-hexyl column (150 mm × 4.6 mm). CONCLUSION The developed green method enabled markers of soybean to be separated and identified and could be an eco-friendlier alternative for soybean quality control that covered seven Green Analytical Chemistry Principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara S Borges
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Zanatta
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Otávio A Souza
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - João H Pelissari
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio G S Camargo
- School of Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, UFSCar - Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano S Funari
- School of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan S Bolzani
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rinaldo
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- School of Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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15
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Opuni KFM, Boadu JA, Amponsah SK, Okai CA. High performance liquid chromatography: A versatile tool for assaying antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122750. [PMID: 34237479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a recurrent long-term illness occurring in approximately 1.0% of the world's population. There are currently about 29 approved antiepileptic drugs for the management of epilepsy. Due to narrow therapeutic indices of most antiepileptic drugs, clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics and therapeutic drug monitoring of these drugs are imperative. The objectives of this review were to identify common chromatographic principles, requirements and/or conditions for high-performance liquid chromatography as applied to assay of antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. The review was conducted using 66 peer reviewed articles (1990 to 2020) from 29 journals that were sought via PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. In all, 29 antiepileptic drugs were assayed from 6 different biological matrices. Forty-three of the reviewed articles estimated the concentration of only one antiepileptic drug, whilst 23 articles focused on simultaneous determination of two or more antiepileptic drugs. Thirty-four, 20, and 14 articles reported using liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, or solid phase extraction for sample clean up, respectively. The ratio of reversed-phase to normal phase, LC-UV to LC-MS and isocratic elution to gradient elution were 61:3, 43:7 and 55:11, respectively. With the exception of one article the reported recoveries ranged from 60.3% to 109.6%. It is noteworthy, that, the performance metrics of high-performance liquid chromatography are better compared to other assays of antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. This review describes the relevant liquid chromatographic method conditions over the past 30 years for the analysis of this class of drugs, which provides a basis for further method development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena F M Opuni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Ghana.
| | - Joseph A Boadu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Seth K Amponsah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Charles A Okai
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Bennett R, Makey D, Shchurik V, Lhotka H, Mann BF, McClain R, Lu T, Hua X, Strulson CA, Loughney JW, Mangion I, Makarov AA, Regalado EL. In silico method development for the reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation of proteins using chaotropic mobile phase modifiers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122587. [PMID: 33845343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomedical and pharmaceutical processes has enabled a notable increase of protein- and peptide-based drug therapies and vaccines that often contain a higher-order structure critical to their efficacy. Hyphenation of chromatographic and spectrometric techniques is at the center of all facets of biopharmaceutical analysis, purification and chemical characterization. Although computer-assisted chromatographic modeling of small molecules has reached a mature stage across the pharmaceutical industry, software-based method optimization approaches for large molecules has yet to see the same revitalization. Conformational changes of biomolecules under chromatographic conditions have been identified as the major culprit in terms of sub-optimal modeling outcomes. In order to circumvent these challenges, we herein investigate the outcomes generated via computer-assisted modeling from using different chaotropic and denaturing mobile phases (trifluoroacetic acid, sodium perchlorate and guanidine hydrochloride in acetonitrile/water-based eluents). Linear and polynomial regression retention models using ACD/Labs software were built as a function of gradient slope, column temperature and mobile phase buffer for eight different model proteins ranging from 12 to 670 kDa (holo-transferrin, cytochrome C, apomyoglobin, ribonuclease A, ribonuclease A type I-A, albumin, y-globulin and thyroglobulin bovine). Correlation between experimental and modeled outputs was substantially improved by using strong chaotropic and denaturing modifiers in the mobile phase, even when using linear regression modeling as typically observed for small molecules. On the contrary, the use of conventional TFA buffer concentrations at low column temperatures required the used of polynomial regression modeling indicating potential conformational structure changes of proteins upon chromatographic conditions. In addition, we illustrate the power of modern computer-assisted chromatography modeling combined with chaotropic agents in the developing of new RPLC assays for protein-based therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Raffeal Bennett
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Devin Makey
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Hayley Lhotka
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin F Mann
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ray McClain
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Tian Lu
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Hua
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - John W Loughney
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Alexey A Makarov
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Losacco GL, Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Investigating the use of unconventional temperatures in supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1134:84-95. [PMID: 33059869 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of unorthodox temperatures, ranging from -5 °C up to 80 °C, have been thoroughly investigated in supercritical fluid chromatography. To this purpose, an initial evaluation of the kinetic and thermodynamic performance has been made with a set of 4 analytes eluting at different percentages of organic co-solvent in the mobile phase (3%-10% - 45%-80%). The van Deemter plots have demonstrated how, at low organic modifier presence, the use of low temperatures did not necessarily translate into worse performance, while high temperatures could pose more issues due to the poor handling of the super/subcritical mobile phase by the chromatographic system. With important percentages of co-solvent, however, high temperatures were fundamental in ensuring better profiles of the van Deemter plots, compared to low temperatures. Pressure plots have demonstrated that gradients reaching elevated percentages of organic modifiers can also be used on stationary phases packed with sub 2 μm silica particles if high temperatures are employed. The thermodynamic evaluation, made via the analysis of van't Hoff plots, indicates the presence of three retention behaviors happening in UHPSFC when switching from high to low temperatures, depending on the co-solvent percentage needed to elute one analyte. Finally, an assessment of the stationary phase stability at high temperatures was performed: the retention times variabilities recorded were minimal (RSD < 2.5%), as well as the peak widths and inlet column pressures were somewhat constant throughout the analyses. In the second part of this study, a focus on potential applications benefiting from such unconventional temperatures has been made. A series of challenging analytes have experienced better chromatographic resolution at either high or low temperatures, providing therefore a potentially interesting tool to analysts during the chromatographic method development process. In conclusion, the UV sensitivity at different temperatures was also taken into consideration, with no significant impact on the quality of the UV signal under any condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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19
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Guo J, Tu H, Rao B M, Chillara AK, Chang E, Atouf F. More comprehensive standards for monitoring glycosylation. Anal Biochem 2020; 612:113896. [PMID: 32818506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biologics manufacturers must continually monitor the attachment of carbohydrates, called glycans, to their products, because any variability can impact safety and efficacy. To help the industry meet this challenge, the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) offers glycan reference standards and validated methods for glycoprofiling using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The industry has recently adopted more advanced technologies for glycan analysis, including ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and mass spectrometry. In this study, we confirm that USP's glycan reference standards are compatible with UHPLC by demonstrating comparable peak separation and glycan identification to HPLC methods. The improved resolving power and shorter run-times of UHPLC also allowed us to identify many of the minor glycan components present in USP's glycan reference standards. These more comprehensively characterized glycan reference standards will enable manufacturers to assess the micro-heterogeneity that can negatively impact the safety and efficacy of biological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhong Guo
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Huiping Tu
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Maheswara Rao B
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | | | - Edith Chang
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Fouad Atouf
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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20
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21
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Tsizin GI, Statkus MA, Zolotov YA. Preconcentration of Organic Substances on Low-Polar Adsorbents in the Flow Systems of Analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Predictive kinetic optimisation of hydrophilic interaction chromatography × reversed phase liquid chromatography separations: Experimental verification and application to phenolic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:107-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Shojaeimehr T, Rahimpour F, Schwarze M, Repke JU, Godini HR, Wozny G. Use of RSM for the multivariate, simultaneous multiobjective optimization of the operating conditions of aliphatic carboxylic acids ion-exclusion chromatography column: Quantitative study of hydrodynamic, isotherm, and thermodynamic behavior. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:146-159. [PMID: 29547804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the capability of ion exclusion chromatography (IEC) of short chain aliphatic carboxylic acids using a cation exchange column (8% sulfonated cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer) in different experimental conditions. Since one of the prerequisites to the development of an efficient carboxylic acid separation process is to obtain the optimum operational conditions, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop an approach to evaluate carboxylic acids separation process in IEC columns. The effect of the operating conditions such as column temperature, sulfuric acid concentration as the mobile phase, and the flow rate was studied using Central Composite Face (CCF) design. The optimum operating conditions for the separate injection of lactic acid and acetic acid is temperature of 75 °C, sulfuric acid concentration of 0.003 N for both acids and flow rate of 0.916 (0.886) mL/min for acetic acid (lactic acid). Likewise, the optimum conditions for the simultaneous injection of acetic and lactic acid mixture are the column temperature of 68 °C, sulfuric acid concentration of 0.0003 N, and flow rate of 0.777 mL/min. In the next step, the adsorption equilibria of acetic acid and lactic acid on the stationary phase were investigated through a series of Frontal Analysis (FA), Frontal Analysis by Characteristic Points (FACP), and using Langmuir isotherm model. The results showed an excellent agreement between the model and experimental data. Finally, the results of thermodynamic studies proved that the IEC process for separation of acetic and lactic acid is a spontaneous, feasible, exothermic, and random process with a physical adsorption mechanism. The results of the current paper can be a valuable information in the stages of designing IEC columns for separation of aliphatic carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Shojaeimehr
- Biotechnology Research Lab., Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah 67149-67346, Iran
| | - Farshad Rahimpour
- Biotechnology Research Lab., Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah 67149-67346, Iran.
| | - Michael Schwarze
- Institutfür Prozess- und Verfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Berlin, Str. D. 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Repke
- Chair of Process Dynamics and Operation, Technische Universität Berlin, Str. d. 17. Juni 135/KWT-9, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hamid Reza Godini
- Chair of Process Dynamics and Operation, Technische Universität Berlin, Str. d. 17. Juni 135/KWT-9, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Günter Wozny
- Chair of Process Dynamics and Operation, Technische Universität Berlin, Str. d. 17. Juni 135/KWT-9, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Methodologies to determine b-term coefficients revisited. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1532:124-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Groskreutz SR, Horner AR, Weber SG. Development of a 1.0 mm inside diameter temperature-assisted focusing precolumn for use with 2.1 mm inside diameter columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Muscat Galea C, Slosse A, Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Investigation of the effect of column temperature and back-pressure in achiral supercritical fluid chromatography within the context of drug impurity profiling. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1518:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Borisova DR, Statkus MA, Tsizin GI, Zolotov YA. Subcritical water: Use in chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817080044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Applications of the solvation parameter model in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1486:2-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Groskreutz SR, Weber SG. Temperature-assisted solute focusing with sequential trap/release zones in isocratic and gradient capillary liquid chromatography: Simulation and experiment. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1474:95-108. [PMID: 27836226 PMCID: PMC5115952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work we characterize the development of a method to enhance temperature-assisted on-column solute focusing (TASF) called two-stage TASF. A new instrument was built to implement two-stage TASF consisting of a linear array of three independent, electronically controlled Peltier devices (thermoelectric coolers, TECs). Samples are loaded onto the chromatographic column with the first two TECs, TEC A and TEC B, cold. In the two-stage TASF approach TECs A and B are cooled during injection. TEC A is heated following sample loading. At some time following TEC A's temperature rise, TEC B's temperature is increased from the focusing temperature to a temperature matching that of TEC A. Injection bands are focused twice on-column, first on the initial TEC, e.g. single-stage TASF, then refocused on the second, cold TEC. Our goal is to understand the two-stage TASF approach in detail. We have developed a simple yet powerful digital simulation procedure to model the effect of changing temperature in the two focusing zones on retention, band shape and band spreading. The simulation can predict experimental chromatograms resulting from spatial and temporal temperature programs in combination with isocratic and solvent gradient elution. To assess the two-stage TASF method and the accuracy of the simulation well characterized solutes are needed. Thus, retention factors were measured at six temperatures (25-75°C) at each of twelve mobile phases compositions (0.05-0.60 acetonitrile/water) for homologs of n-alkyl hydroxylbenzoate esters and n-alkyl p-hydroxyphenones. Simulations accurately reflect experimental results in showing that the two-stage approach improves separation quality. For example, two-stage TASF increased sensitivity for a low retention solute by a factor of 2.2 relative to single-stage TASF and 8.8 relative to isothermal conditions using isocratic elution. Gradient elution results for two-stage TASF were more encouraging. Application of two-stage TASF increased peak height for the least retained solute in the test mixture by a factor of 3.2 relative to single-stage TASF and 22.3 compared to isothermal conditions for an injection four-times the column volume. TASF improved resolution and increased peak capacity; for a 12-min separation peak capacity increased from 75 under isothermal conditions to 146 using single-stage TASF, and 185 for two-stage TASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Groskreutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, United States
| | - Stephen G Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, United States.
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30
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Groskreutz SR, Weber SG. Graphical Method for Choosing Optimized Conditions Given a Pump Pressure and a Particle Diameter in Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11742-11749. [PMID: 27790917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The general limitations on liquid chromatographic performance in isocratic and gradient elution are now well understood. Many workers have contributed to this understanding and to developing graphical methods, or plots, to illustrate the capabilities of chromatographic systems over a wide range of values of operational parameters. These have been invaluable in getting a picture, in broad strokes, about the value of changing an operational parameter or the value of one separation approach over another. Here we present a plotting approach more appropriate for determining how to use chromatography most efficiently in one's own laboratory. The axes are linear: column length vertical and mobile phase velocity horizontal. In this coordinate system, straight lines with intercept zero correspond to different values of t0. Hyperbolas correspond to values of pressure as the product of length and velocity is proportional to pressure. For a given relationship between theoretical plate height and velocity (e.g., van Deemter), the number of theoretical plates as a function of column length and mobile phase velocity is a surface (z direction) to the x and y of velocity and length. By representing the surface as contours, a two-dimensional plot results. Any point along a constant pressure hyperbola represents the best one can do given the particle diameter, solute diffusion coefficient, and temperature. The user can quickly see how to use the pressure for speed or for more theoretical plates. Sets of such plots allow for comparisons among particle diameters or temperatures. Analogous plots of peak capacity for gradient elution are equally revealing. The plots lead instantly to understanding liquid chromatographic optimization at a practical level. They neatly illustrate the value (or not) of changing pump pressure, particle diameter, or temperature for fast or slow separations in either isocratic or gradient elution. They are illustrated with a focus on maximizing plate count with a given analysis time (isocratic), the effect of volume overload (isocratic), and separations of a limited number of peptides with a peak capacity coming from statistical peak overlap theory (gradient).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Groskreutz
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen G Weber
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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31
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Characterization of the Kinetic Performance of Silica Monolithic Columns for Reversed-Phase Chromatography Separations. ADVANCES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315370385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Hetzel T, Loeker D, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Characterization of the efficiency of microbore liquid chromatography columns by van Deemter and kinetic plot analysis. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3889-3897. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence Hetzel
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V; IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology); Bliersheimer Straße 58-60 Duisburg Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 5 Essen Germany
| | - Denise Loeker
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V; IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology); Bliersheimer Straße 58-60 Duisburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V; IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology); Bliersheimer Straße 58-60 Duisburg Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 5 Essen Germany
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33
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De Vos J, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Enhancing detection sensitivity in gradient liquid chromatography via post-column refocusing and strong-solvent remobilization. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1455:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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34
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Song H, Desmet G, Cabooter D. Evaluation of the Kinetic Performance Differences between Hydrophilic-Interaction Liquid Chromatography and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography under Conditions of Identical Packing Structure. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12331-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Song
- Department
for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Department
for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Sarrut M, D’Attoma A, Heinisch S. Optimization of conditions in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography. Experimental comparison with one-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography for the separation of peptides. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Selectivity screening and subsequent data evaluation strategies in liquid chromatography: the example of 12 antineoplastic drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8475-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Nazario CED, Silva MR, Franco MS, Lanças FM. Evolution in miniaturized column liquid chromatography instrumentation and applications: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:18-37. [PMID: 26381569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to underline the miniaturized LC instrumental system and describe the evolution of commercially available systems by discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Nowadays, there are already many miniaturized LC systems available with a great variety of pump design, interface and detectors as well as efficient columns technologies and reduced connections devices. The solvent delivery systems are able to drive the mobile phase without flow splitters and promote gradient elution using either dual piston reciprocating or syringe-type pumps. The mass spectrometry as detection system is the most widely used detection system; among many alternative ionization sources direct-EI LC-MS is a promising alternative to APCI. In addition, capillary columns are now available showing many possibilities of stationary phases, inner diameters and hardware materials. This review provides a discussion about miniaturized LC demonstrating fundamentals and instrumentals' aspects of the commercially available miniaturized LC instrumental system mainly nano and micro LC formats. This review also covers the recent developments and trends in instrumentation, capillary and nano columns, and several applications of this very important and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meire R Silva
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maraíssa S Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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38
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Gagliardi LG, Tascon M, Castells CB. Effect of temperature on acid–base equilibria in separation techniques. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 889:35-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Organic solvent and temperature-enhanced ion chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of low molecular weight organic and inorganic anions. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 865:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Borges EM, Volmer DA. Silica, Hybrid Silica, Hydride Silica and Non-Silica Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography. Part II: Chemical and Thermal Stability. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1107-22. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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41
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Shaaban H, Górecki T. Current trends in green liquid chromatography for the analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environmental water compartments. Talanta 2015; 132:739-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Pauw RD, Shoykhet (Choikhet) K, Desmet G, Broeckhoven K. Exploring the speed-resolution limits of supercritical fluid chromatography at ultra-high pressures. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:247-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Thermodynamics Study of Solvent Adsorption on Octadecyl-Modified Silica. Chromatographia 2014; 78:21-30. [PMID: 25568463 PMCID: PMC4281355 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Elution and solvation processes in liquid chromatography may be controlled by temperature changes. In the case of solvent adsorption, the temperature influences the amount of adsorbed solvent as well as the enthalpy and entropy of the solvation process. In this work, the thermodynamic parameters of organic solvents used as organic modifiers in the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography elution process were determined. The changes of enthalpy and entropy in a series of chemically bonded stationary phases were measured to determine the effects of the temperature and surface coverage density of octadecyl ligands on the thermodynamic parameters of the solvation. For both the enthalpy and entropy a parabolic trend was observed with the minimum for medium surface coverage. The correlation of solvent adsorption values with the enthalpy of solvation was also investigated. The highest influence of the temperature on solvation process was observed for stationary phases with high surface coverage.
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De Vos J, Desmet G, Eeltink S. A generic approach to post-column refocusing in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:164-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Groskreutz SR, Weber SG. Temperature-assisted on-column solute focusing: a general method to reduce pre-column dispersion in capillary high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1354:65-74. [PMID: 24973805 PMCID: PMC4100596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solvent-based on-column focusing is a powerful and well known approach for reducing the impact of pre-column dispersion in liquid chromatography. Here we describe an orthogonal temperature-based approach to focusing called temperature-assisted on-column solute focusing (TASF). TASF is founded on the same principles as the more commonly used solvent-based method wherein transient conditions are created that lead to high solute retention at the column inlet. Combining the low thermal mass of capillary columns and the temperature dependence of solute retention TASF is used effectively to compress injection bands at the head of the column through the transient reduction in column temperature to 5°C for a defined 7mm segment of a 6cm long 150μm I.D. column. Following the 30s focusing time, the column temperature is increased rapidly to the separation temperature of 60°C releasing the focused band of analytes. We developed a model to simulate TASF separations based on solute retention enthalpies, focusing temperature, focusing time, and column parameters. This model guides the systematic study of the influence of sample injection volume on column performance. All samples have solvent compositions matching the mobile phase. Over the 45-1050nL injection volume range evaluated, TASF reduces the peak width for all solutes with k' greater than or equal to 2.5, relative to controls. Peak widths resulting from injection volumes up to 1.3 times the column fluid volume with TASF are less than 5% larger than peak widths from a 45nL injection without TASF (0.07 times the column liquid volume). The TASF approach reduced concentration detection limits by a factor of 12.5 relative to a small volume injection for low concentration samples. TASF is orthogonal to the solvent focusing method. Thus, it can be used where on-column focusing is required, but where implementation of solvent-based focusing is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Groskreutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Stephen G Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
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Droux S, Roy M, Félix G. Green chiral HPLC study of the stability of Chiralcel OD under high temperature liquid chromatography and subcritical water conditions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 968:22-5. [PMID: 24816048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report here the study of the stability under subcritical water conditions of one of the most popular polysaccharide chiral stationary phase (CSP): Chiralcel OD. This CSP was used under high temperature and reversed phase conditions with acetonitrile and 2-propanol as modifier, respectively. The evolution of selectivity and resolution was investigated both in normal and reversed mode conditions with five racemates after packing, heating at 150 °C and separations of some racemic compounds under different high temperatures and mobile phase conditions. The results show that after using at high temperature and subcritical water conditions the selectivity was only moderately affected while the resolution fell dramatically especially in reversed mode due to the creation of a void at the head of the columns which reflects the dissolution of the silica matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Droux
- KIRALYA, Parc Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - M Roy
- CINaM (CNRS UMR 7325), Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - G Félix
- CINaM (CNRS UMR 7325), Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
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47
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Cabooter D, Wuyts B, Desmet G, Van Schepdael A, Lynen F. Variable column length method development strategy for amino acid analysis in serum samples of neonates with metabolic disorders. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:229-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Fougère L, Elfakir C, Lafosse M. Evaluation of a liquid chromatography method for quality control of methylated cyclodextrins. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1277:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Kinetic performance comparison of fully and superficially porous particles with sizes ranging between 2.7 μm and 5 μm: Intrinsic evaluation and application to a pharmaceutical test compound. J Pharm Anal 2012; 3:313-323. [PMID: 29403833 PMCID: PMC5760962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The reintroduction of superficially porous particles has resulted in a leap forward for the separation performance in liquid chromatography. The underlying reasons for the higher efficiency of columns packed with these particles are discussed. The performance of the newly introduced 5 μm superficially porous particles is evaluated and compared to 2.7 μm superficially porous and 3.5 and 5 μm fully porous columns using typical test compounds (alkylphenones) and a relevant pharmaceutical compound (impurity of amoxicillin). The 5 μm superficially porous particles provide a superior kinetic performance compared to both the 3.5 and 5 μm fully porous particles over the entire relevant range of separation conditions. The performance of the superficially porous particles, however, appears to depend strongly on retention and analyte properties, emphasizing the importance of comparing different columns under realistic conditions (high enough k) and using the compound of interest.
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50
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Chester TL. Maximizing the speed of separations for industrial problems. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:69-77. [PMID: 22989488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvement efforts in chromatography have provided great improvements in the rate of plate production, but less attention has been spent on optimizing the kinds of problems that are most often encountered in industry. When factors are not independent in their effects on the responses of a chromatographic separation, all adjustable factors must be considered in concert in seeking the best or optimum condition that solves the problem. This requires careful attention to specifying the goals, the adjustable factors, and the constraints required to make sure the outcome can actually be implemented. Strategies for optimizing assay and screening methods in the context of industrial needs are presented. Expanding the factor space of the system being investigated can lead to better outcomes. The prospect of adding column-outlet pressure control and expanding the mobile phase composition to include condensed gases or supercritical fluids is explored. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography are contiguous with regard to mobile phase characteristics. Adjustment of selectivity through instrument-controlled factors can benefit method development. Opportunities obtained by blending modifiers, varying temperature and pressure with compressible mobile phases, and controlling pH are discussed in the context of optimizing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Chester
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
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