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Lijalem YG, Gab-Allah MA, Yu H, Choi K, Kim B. Development of a corn flour certified reference material for the accurate determination of zearalenone. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3173-3183. [PMID: 38568232 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A certified reference material (CRM, KRISS 108-01-002) for zearalenone in corn flour was developed to assure reliable and accurate measurements in testing laboratories. Commercially available corn flour underwent freeze-drying, pulverization, sieving, and homogenization. The final product was packed in amber bottles, approximately 14 g per unit, and preserved at -70 °C. 13C18-Zearalenone was used as an internal standard (IS) for the certification of zearalenone by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC‒MS/MS) and for the analysis of α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and zearalanone by LC‒MS/MS. The prepared CRM was sufficiently homogeneous, as the among-unit relative standard deviation for each mycotoxin ranged from 2.2 to 5.7 %. Additionally, the stability of the mycotoxins in the CRM was evaluated under different temperature conditions and scheduled test periods, including storage at -70°C, -20°C, and 4°C and room temperature for up to 12 months, 6 months, and 1 month, respectively. The content of each target mycotoxin in the CRM remained stable throughout the monitoring period at each temperature. Zearalenone content (153.6 ± 8.0 µg/kg) was assigned as the certified value. Meanwhile, the contents of α-zearalenol (1.30 ± 0.17 µg/kg), β-zearalenol (4.75 ± 0.33 µg/kg), and zearalanone (2.09 ± 0.16 µg/kg) were provided as informative values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Getachew Lijalem
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- National Metrology Institute of Ethiopia, P. O. Box: 5722, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed A Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, Tersa St, Haram, P. O. Box: 136, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hyeonwoo Yu
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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Vidal JK, Simões CT, Mallmann AO, Tyska D, Pereira HV, Mallmann CA. A Three-Year Study on the Nutritional Composition and Occurrence of Mycotoxins of Corn Varieties with Different Transgenic Events Focusing on Poultry Nutrition. Vet Sci 2024; 11:97. [PMID: 38393115 PMCID: PMC10892366 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Corn is one of the most produced cereals in the world and plays a major role in poultry nutrition. As there is limited scientific information regarding the impact of transgenic technology on the quality and nutrient composition of the grains, this study investigated the effect of three major transgenic corn varieties-VT PRO3®, PowerCore® ULTRA, and Agrisure® Viptera 3-on the field traits, nutrient composition, and mycotoxin contamination of corn grains cultivated in southern Brazil during three consecutive harvests. VT PRO3®, while demonstrating superior crop yield, showed susceptibility to mycotoxins, particularly fumonisins. In contrast, PowerCore® ULTRA, with the lowest yield, consistently exhibited lower levels of fumonisins. VT PRO3® had higher AMEn than the other varieties, while PowerCore® ULTRA had the highest total and digestible amino acid contents over the three years. The study's comprehensive analysis reveals the distinct impact of transgenic corn technologies on both productivity and nutritional levels. Balancing the crops yield, mycotoxin resistance, and nutritional content of corn is crucial to meet the demands of the poultry feed industry. Such insights are essential for decision-making, ensuring sustainability and efficiency in agricultural production as well as meeting the demands of the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Kobs Vidal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (J.K.V.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Cristina Tonial Simões
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (J.K.V.); (C.T.S.)
| | | | - Denize Tyska
- Pegasus Science, Santa Maria 97105-030, RS, Brazil; (A.O.M.); (D.T.)
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (J.K.V.); (C.T.S.)
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Tonial Simões C, Kobs Vidal J, da Rosa da Silva C, Alves Sarturi J, Fabris Laber I, Madalosso T, Mallmann CA. A two-year study on the occurrence and concentration of mycotoxins in corn varieties with different endosperm textures. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7199-7206. [PMID: 37347847 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxin monitoring in cereal grains has great importance in the food and feed industries. This study evaluated mycotoxin contamination in corns with different endosperm textures in 2 years of cultivation. Samples of dent, semi-dent, flint and semi-flint corns from field experiments were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Occurrences of fumonisins B1 (FB1 ) and B2 (FB2 ) in 2020 were 45.72% (mean 270 μg kg-1 ) and 35.89% (94.97 μg kg-1 ), respectively, and 68.98% (446 μg kg-1 ) and 45.83% (152 μg kg-1 ) in 2021. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 was 11.96% (0.16 μg kg-1 ) in 2020 and 11.11% (0.13 μg kg-1 ) in 2021. In 2020, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenona (ZEA) presented occurrences of 1.28% and 1.70%, with means of 4.08 and 2.45 μg kg-1 , respectively. In 2021, results were 8.33% (31.00 μg kg-1 ) for DON and 8.79% (4.38 μg kg-1 ) for ZEA. Citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X did not occur in 2020 but presented 1.66%, 0.83%, and 2.50% positive rates in 2021, respectively. In 2020, flint corn presented the lowest concentration of FB1 whereas dent corn presented the highest concentration of FB1 and FB2 (P < 0.05). In 2021, dent corn presented the highest means of FB1 , FB2 and diacetoxyscirpenol (P < 0.05). Dent and semi-dent presented the highest concentration of nivalenol (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The endosperm texture influenced mycotoxin contamination in corn grains, especially FB1 and FB2 , which had the highest concentration in dent corn in the 2 years of this study. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tonial Simões
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliano Kobs Vidal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Janine Alves Sarturi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Isadora Fabris Laber
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tiago Madalosso
- Centro de Pesquisa Agrícola, Cooperativa Agroindustrial Consolata, Cafelândia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Manjula N, Pulikkutty S, Chen SM. 3D flower-like ceria silver co-doped zinc oxide catalyst assembled by nanorod for electrochemical sensing of zearalenone in food samples. Food Chem 2023; 416:135777. [PMID: 36893646 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
To ensure food safety and quality, the development of rapid detection of mycotoxins using sensitive and accurate methods is essential. Zearalenone is one of the mycotoxins found in cereals, and its toxicity poses a serious risk to humans. For this concern, a simple ceria silver co doped zinc oxide (Ce-Ag/ZnO) catalyst was prepared by coprecipitation approach. The physical properties of the catalyst were characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, FESEM, and TEM. The Ce-Ag/ZnO catalyst was used as an electrode material for the detection of ZEN in food samples due to its synergistic effect and high catalytic activity. The sensor exhibits good catalytic performance with a detection limit of 0.26 µg/mL. Moreover, the efficiency of the prepared sensor was confirmed by selectivity in interference studies and real-time analysis in food samples. Our research is an essential technique for using trimetallic heterostructures to study the construction of sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natesan Manjula
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East 8 Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Subramaniyan Pulikkutty
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East 8 Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East 8 Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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Wang X, Wang D, Zhang S, Zhu M, Yang Q, Dong J, Zhang Q, Feng P. Research Progress Related to Aflatoxin Contamination and Prevention and Control of Soils. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:475. [PMID: 37624232 PMCID: PMC10467090 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic compounds, mainly produced by fungi species of the genus Aspergillus in the soil. Because of their stability, they are difficult to remove completely, even under extreme conditions. Aflatoxin contamination is one of the main causes of safety in peanuts, maize, wheat and other agricultural products. Aflatoxin contamination originates from the soil. Through the investigation of soil properties and soil microbial distribution, the sources of aflatoxin are identified, aflatoxin contamination is classified and analysed, and post-harvest crop detoxification and corresponding contamination prevention measures are identified. This includes the team's recent development of the biofungicide ARC-BBBE (Aflatoxin Rhizobia Couple-B. amyloliquefaciens, B. laterosporu, B. mucilaginosus, E. ludwiggi) for field application and nanomaterials for post-production detoxification of cereals and oilseed crops, providing an effective and feasible approach for the prevention and control of aflatoxin contamination. Finally, it is hoped that effective preventive and control measures can be applied to a large number of cereal and oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441057, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (Q.Y.); (J.D.); (P.F.)
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Dun Wang
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441057, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (Q.Y.); (J.D.); (P.F.)
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institution, Wenzhou 325000, China;
| | - Mengjie Zhu
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441057, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (Q.Y.); (J.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Qing Yang
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441057, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (Q.Y.); (J.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Jing Dong
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441057, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (Q.Y.); (J.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441057, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (Q.Y.); (J.D.); (P.F.)
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Zhang J, Liu X, Su Y, Li T. An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10012. [PMID: 35928103 PMCID: PMC9344027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally produced secondary metabolites or low molecular organic compounds produced by fungus with high diversification, which cause mycotoxicosis (food contamination) in humans and animals. T-2 toxin is simply one of the metabolites belonging to fungi trichothecene mycotoxin. Specifically, Trichothecenes-2 (T-2) mycotoxin of genus fusarium is considered one of the most hotspot agricultural commodities and carcinogenic compounds worldwide. There are well-known examples of salmonellosis in mice and pigs, necrotic enteritis in chickens, catfish enteric septicemia and colibacillosis in pigs as T-2 toxic agent. On the other hand, it has shown a significant reduction in the Salmonella population's aptitude in the pig intestinal tract. Although the impact of the excess Fusarium contaminants on humans in creating infectious illness is less well-known, some toxins are harmful; for example, salmonellosis and colibacillosis have been frequently observed in humans. More than 20 different metabolites are synthesized and excreted after ingestion, but the T-2 toxin is one of the most protuberant metabolites. Less absorption of mycotoxins in intestinal tract results in biotransformation of toxic metabolites into less toxic variants. In addition to these, effects of microbiota on harmful mycotoxins are not limited to intestinal tract, it may harm the other human vital organs. However, detoxification of microbiota is considered as an alternative way to decontaminate the feed for both animals and humans. These transformations of toxic metabolites depend upon the formation of metabolites. This study is complete in all perspectives regarding interactions between microbiota and mycotoxins, their mechanism and practical applications based on experimental studies.
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Dey DK, Kang JI, Bajpai VK, Kim K, Lee H, Sonwal S, Simal-Gandara J, Xiao J, Ali S, Huh YS, Han YK, Shukla S. Mycotoxins in food and feed: toxicity, preventive challenges, and advanced detection techniques for associated diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8489-8510. [PMID: 35445609 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2059650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced primarily as secondary fungal metabolites. Mycotoxins are toxic in nature and naturally produced by various species of fungi, which usually contaminate food and feed ingredients. The growth of these harmful fungi depends on several environmental factors, such as pH, humidity, and temperature; therefore, the mycotoxin distribution also varies among global geographical areas. Various rules and regulations regarding mycotoxins are imposed by the government bodies of each country, which are responsible for addressing global food and health security concerns. Despite this legislation, the incidence of mycotoxin contamination is continuously increasing. In this review, we discuss the geographical regulatory guidelines and recommendations that are implemented around the world to control mycotoxin contamination of food and feed products. Researchers and inventors from various parts of the world have reported several innovations for controlling mycotoxin-associated health consequences. Unfortunately, most of these techniques are restricted to laboratory scales and cannot reach users. Consequently, to date, no single device has been commercialized that can detect all mycotoxins that are naturally available in the environment. Therefore, in this study, we describe severe health hazards that are associated with mycotoxin exposure, their molecular signaling pathways and processes of toxicity, and their genotoxic and cytotoxic effects toward humans and animals. We also discuss recent developments in the construction of a sensitive and specific device that effectively implements mycotoxin identification and detection methods. In addition, our study comprehensively examines the recent advancements in the field for mitigating the health consequences and links them with the molecular and signaling pathways that are activated upon mycotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ji In Kang
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoomin Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonam Sonwal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shruti Shukla
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Gab-Allah MA, Tahoun IF, Yamani RN, Rend EA, Shehata AB. Eco-friendly and sensitive analytical method for determination of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in cereal products using UPLC-MS/MS. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mallmann C, Simões CT, Vidal JK, da Silva CR, de Lima Schlösser L, de Almeida CA. Occurrence and concentration of mycotoxins in maize dried distillers’ grains produced in Brazil. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS), a by-product of bioethanol production from maize, has been a matter of concern due to the increasing global utilisation of this ingredient in animal feed. In this study, 186 samples of maize DDGS produced in Brazil were analysed for the presence of major mycotoxins: aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), fumonisins (B1 and B2), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Samples were provided by the local industry between January 2017 and October 2020, and mycotoxins were quantified by LC-MS/MS. More than 98% of the analysed samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, from which 59.9% had a single mycotoxin, 29.9% two mycotoxins, and 9.1% more than two mycotoxins. The most prevalent metabolites were fumonisin B1 and B2, being detected in 98.8% (mean 3,207 μg/kg) and 97.6% (mean 1,243 μg/kg) of the samples, respectively; aflatoxin B1 had the third highest positivity, with 32.3% (mean 1.47 μg/kg), followed by ZEN, with 18.01% (mean 18.2 μg/kg), DON, with 12.9% (mean 59.6 μg/kg), and OTA was not detected. Co-occurrence of total aflatoxins (AFT = aflatoxin B1+B2+G1+G2) and total fumonisins (FBT = fumonisin B1+B2) was observed in 32.07% of the samples analysed for these mycotoxins. Co-occurrence of AFT and ZEN was found in 7.84% of the samples analysed for such mycotoxins, while FBT and DON co-occurred at 13.01%. AFT, FBT, DON and ZEN co-occurred in only one sample (0.84%). Except for FBT, a considerable number of samples presented the evaluated mycotoxins below their respective limit of quantification (LOQ) with percentages of 67.61% for AFT, 81.99% for ZEN, 87.07% for DON and 100% for OTA. Since the production of bioethanol and its by-products is growing worldwide, including in Brazil, mycotoxicological monitoring of maize DDGS is crucial to identify the effects of mycotoxins occurrence in animal feed formulated with this ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Mallmann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C. Tonial Simões
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - J. Kobs Vidal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C. Rosa da Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - L.M. de Lima Schlösser
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C.A. Araújo de Almeida
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Tyska D, Mallmann A, Gressler LT, Mallmann CA. Near-infrared spectroscopy as a tool for rapid screening of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour and its applicability in the industry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1958-1968. [PMID: 34334116 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1954699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and efficiency of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) by using dispersive NIR and Fourier Transform NIR to analyse 267 samples of Brazilian wheat flour contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). For this, Partial Least-squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Principal Component Analysis-Linear Discriminant Analysis (PC-LDA) were used as discriminatory methods. Next, the samples were classified according to the maximum tolerated limits (MTL) for DON in Brazil, 750 μg kg-1, and two groups were established for the calibration set: category A (≤450 μg kg-1), non-contaminated or below the MTL; and category B (>450 μg kg-1), contaminated or above the MTL. Validation samples through PLS-DA showed correct classification rates in the range of 85-87.5% and presented a 10-15% error; for PC-LDA, the hit rate was over 85% with an error of 10-15%. The present findings demonstrate that NIR is an excellent alternative method to classify wheat flour samples according to DON content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize Tyska
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
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González-Jartín JM, Rodríguez-Cañás I, Alfonso A, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Gomes A, Ramos I, Botana LM. Multianalyte method for the determination of regulated, emerging and modified mycotoxins in milk: QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Food Chem 2021; 356:129647. [PMID: 33813202 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the quantification of 40 mycotoxins in milk was developed. This method is based on a QuEChERS extraction followed by the ultra-high liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection, and allows the simultaneous analysis of regulated, emerging, and modified mycotoxins. A sample treatment procedure was optimized to include a concentration step for the analysis of some compounds such as aflatoxin M1. The method was in-house validated in terms of limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), linearity, recoveries, and precision. LOQs lower than 10 ng/mL were obtained, and recoveries ranged from 61% to 120% with a precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation, lower than 15%. Therefore, acceptable performance characteristics were obtained fulfilling European regulations. The method was successfully applied for the quantification of mycotoxins in raw milk. It can be highlighted high occurrence of beauvericin and enniatins were found in low amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Inés Rodríguez-Cañás
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - María J Sainz
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Proyectos de Ingeniería, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Ana Gomes
- Cooperativa Agrícola de Vila do Conde, R. da Lapa 293, 4480-848 Vila do Conde, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Ramos
- Cooperativa Agrícola de Vila do Conde, R. da Lapa 293, 4480-848 Vila do Conde, Portugal.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Zhang H, Ahima J, Yang Q, Zhao L, Zhang X, Zheng X. A review on citrinin: Its occurrence, risk implications, analytical techniques, biosynthesis, physiochemical properties and control. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Current role of modern chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of mycotoxins in food. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Polak-Śliwińska M, Paszczyk B. Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2021; 26:454. [PMID: 33467103 PMCID: PMC7830705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011-2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
- Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Direct and Competitive Optical Grating Immunosensors for Determination of Fusarium Mycotoxin Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010043. [PMID: 33430121 PMCID: PMC7827007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS)-based immunosensor formats were developed for label-free detection of Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON). To achieve low limits of detection (LODs), both immobilised antibody-based (direct) and immobilised antigen-based (competitive) assay setups were applied. Immunoreagents were immobilised on epoxy-, amino-, and carboxyl-functionalised sensor surfaces, and by optimising the immobilisation methods, standard sigmoid curves were obtained in both sensor formats. An outstanding LOD of 0.002 pg/mL was obtained for ZON in the competitive immunosensor setup with a dynamic detection range between 0.01 and 1 pg/mL ZON concentrations, depending on the covalent immobilisation method applied. This corresponds to a five orders of magnitude improvement in detectability of ZON relative to the previously developed enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The selectivity of the immunosensor for ZON was demonstrated with structural analogues (α-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol) and structurally unrelated mycotoxins. The method was found to be applicable in maize extract using acetonitrile as the organic solvent, upon a dilution rate of 1:10,000 in buffer. Thus, the OWLS immunosensor method developed appears to be suitable for the quantitative determination of ZON in aqueous medium. The new technique can widen the range of sensoric detection methods of ZON for surveys in food and environmental safety assessment.
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16
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Tyska D, Mallmann AO, Vidal JK, de Almeida CAA, Gressler LT, Mallmann CA. Multivariate method for prediction of fumonisins B1 and B2 and zearalenone in Brazilian maize using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244957. [PMID: 33412558 PMCID: PMC7790530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins which occur naturally in grains and cereals, especially maize, causing negative effects on animals and humans. Along with the need for constant monitoring, there is a growing demand for rapid, non-destructive methods. Among these, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has made great headway for being an easy-to-use technology. NIR was applied in the present research to quantify the contamination level of total FBs, i.e., fumonisin B1+fumonisin B2 (FB1+FB2), and ZEN in Brazilian maize. From a total of six hundred and seventy-six samples, 236 were analyzed for FBs and 440 for ZEN. Three regression models were defined: one with 18 principal components (PCs) for FB1, one with 10 PCs for FB2, and one with 7 PCs for ZEN. Partial least square regression algorithm with full cross-validation was applied as internal validation. External validation was performed with 200 unknown samples (100 for FBs and 100 for ZEN). Correlation coefficient (R), determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), standard error of prediction (SEP) and residual prediction deviation (RPD) for FBs and ZEN were, respectively: 0.809 and 0.991; 0.899 and 0.984; 659 and 69.4; 682 and 69.8; and 3.33 and 2.71. No significant difference was observed between predicted values using NIR and reference values obtained by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), thus indicating the suitability of NIR to rapidly analyze a large numbers of maize samples for FBs and ZEN contamination. The external validation confirmed a fair potential of the model in predicting FB1+FB2 and ZEN concentration. This is the first study providing scientific knowledge on the determination of FBs and ZEN in Brazilian maize samples using NIR, which is confirmed as a reliable alternative methodology for the analysis of such toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize Tyska
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Kobs Vidal
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Araújo de Almeida
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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17
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Delaunay N, Combès A, Pichon V. Immunoaffinity Extraction and Alternative Approaches for the Analysis of Toxins in Environmental, Food or Biological Matrices. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120795. [PMID: 33322240 PMCID: PMC7764248 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of instrumentation in terms of separation and detection allowed a real improvement of the sensitivity and analysis time. However, the analysis of ultra-traces of toxins in complex samples requires often a step of purification and even preconcentration before their chromatographic analysis. Therefore, immunoaffinity sorbents based on specific antibodies thus providing a molecular recognition mechanism appear as powerful tools for the selective extraction of a target molecule and its structural analogs to obtain more reliable and sensitive quantitative analysis in environmental, food or biological matrices. This review focuses on immunosorbents that have proven their efficiency in selectively extracting various types of toxins of various sizes (from small mycotoxins to large proteins) and physicochemical properties. Immunosorbents are now commercially available, and their use has been validated for numerous applications. The wide variety of samples to be analyzed, as well as extraction conditions and their impact on extraction yields, is discussed. In addition, their potential for purification and thus suppression of matrix effects, responsible for quantification problems especially in mass spectrometry, is presented. Due to their similar properties, molecularly imprinted polymers and aptamer-based sorbents that appear to be an interesting alternative to antibodies are also briefly addressed by comparing their potential with that of immunosorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Delaunay
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), CBI ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (N.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Audrey Combès
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), CBI ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (N.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), CBI ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (N.D.); (A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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18
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Mycotoxins Analysis in Cereals and Related Foodstuffs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8888117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the entire world, cereals and related foodstuffs are used as an important source of energy, minerals, and vitamins. Nevertheless, their contamination with mycotoxins kept special attention due to harmful effects on human health. The present paper was conducted to evaluate published studies regarding the identification and characterization of mycotoxins in cereals and related foodstuffs by liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. For sample preparation, published studies based on the development of extraction and clean-up strategies including solid-phase extraction, solid-liquid extraction, and immunoaffinity columns, as well as on methods based on minimum clean-up (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)) technology, are examined. LC-MS/MS has become the golden method for the simultaneous multimycotoxin analysis, with different sample preparation approaches, due to the range of different physicochemical properties of these toxic products. Therefore, this new strategy can be an alternative for fast, simple, and accurate determination of multiclass mycotoxins in complex cereal samples.
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19
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Ouakhssase A, Ait Addi E. Mycotoxins in food: a review on liquid chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry and their experimental designs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2606-2626. [PMID: 33287555 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1856034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of a multi-mycotoxins method using LC-MS/MS is necessary and it is clear that the development of such method involves many compromises in the choice of the different parameters. This review summarizes applications using conventional experimental designs and some recent studies using response surface methodology (RSM) as a mathematical modeling tool for the optimization of extraction procedures. The authors also discuss pros and cons of the different procedures. To our knowledge, it is the first review on experimental design for the development of multi-mycotoxin methods. This review could be useful in the development and optimization of LC-MS/MS methods with the aim of describing experimental design and variables (factors) that are likely to affect sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Ouakhssase
- Research group: Génie des procédés et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Elhabib Ait Addi
- Research group: Génie des procédés et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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20
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Nomura M, Shidara K, Yasuda I, Aoyama K, Takahashi A, Ishibashi T. Development of a simultaneous quantification method for ten trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in feed. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:353-360. [PMID: 32653989 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the simultaneous quantitation of ten trichothecenes of type A (HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and neosolaniol) and type B (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, nivalenol, and fusarenon-X) in feed has been developed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Mycotoxins extracted twice from samples using aqueous acetonitrile were purified using a multifunctional clean-up column, followed by a phospholipid removal column. Trichothecenes were analysed using liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiency of the mycotoxins and the repeatability of some were improved by repeated extractions. Ionization enhancement (signal enhancement) of some mycotoxins was improved by using the phospholipid removal column at the clean-up step. Spike and recovery tests of trichothecenes were conducted on maize, barley, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and formula feeds (for starting broiler chicks, suckling pigs, and beef cattle). The mean recovery values were 70.6-119% with relative standard deviations < 17%. The limit of quantification and the limit of detection of our method were 20 and 6 μg/kg, respectively, for 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; 10 and 3 μg/kg, respectively, for T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, and fusarenon-X; and 5 and 2 μg/kg, respectively, for nivalenol and the remaining mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Nomura
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan.
| | - Kenji Shidara
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan
| | - Iyo Yasuda
- Sendai Regional Center, Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Sendai National Government Building III, 1-3-15, Gorin, Miyagino-Ku, Sendai-Shi, Miyagi, 983-0842, Japan
| | - Koji Aoyama
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishibashi
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building, Shintoshin 2-1, Chuo-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 330-9731, Japan
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Singh J, Mehta A. Rapid and sensitive detection of mycotoxins by advanced and emerging analytical methods: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2183-2204. [PMID: 32405376 PMCID: PMC7215233 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of mycotoxins in foodstuffs is extremely difficult as a limited amount of toxins are known to be presented in the food samples. Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites, made primarily by fungal species, contaminating feeds and foods. Due to the presence in globally used grains, it is an unpreventable problem that causes various acute and chronic impacts on human and animal health. Over the previous few years, however, progress has been made in mycotoxin analysis studies. Easier techniques of sample cleanup and advanced chromatographic approaches have been developed, primarily high-performance liquid chromatography. Few extremely sophisticated and adaptable tools such as high-resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem MS/MS have become more important. In addition, Immunoassay, Advanced quantitative techniques are now globally accepted for mycotoxin analysis. Thus, this review summarizes these traditional and highly advance methods and their characteristics for evaluating mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh
- Department of Integrative BiologySchool of Biosciences and TechnologyVellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreIndia
| | - Alka Mehta
- Department of Integrative BiologySchool of Biosciences and TechnologyVellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreIndia
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Leite M, Freitas A, Silva AS, Barbosa J, Ramos F. Maize (Zea mays L.) and mycotoxins: A review on optimization and validation of analytical methods by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mallmann CA, Tyska D, Almeida CAA, Oliveira MS, Gressler LT. Mycotoxicological monitoring of breakfast and infant cereals marketed in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 331:108628. [PMID: 32535523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A mycotoxicological survey was conducted in breakfast (n = 172) and infant (n = 43) cereals commercialized in Brazil. Samples were collected in 2018 for analyses of: aflatoxins (AFs) B1 (AFB1), B2, G1 and G2; fumonisins (FBs) B1 (FB1) and B2; zearalenone (ZEN); the trichothecenes (TRCs) deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, fusarenon X, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol; and ochratoxin A. FB1 was the most prevalent metabolite in breakfast cereals, being detected in 26.7% of the samples (mean 105 μg/kg); ZEN had the second highest positivity, 14.8% (mean 17 μg/kg), followed by DON with 10% (mean 44 μg/kg). In infant cereals, FB1 also had the highest incidence, 27.8% (mean 55 μg/kg), followed by DON with 10.3% (mean 36 μg/kg) and ZEN with 6.9% (mean 3 μg/kg). Mycotoxins contamination was found in 31.4% (n = 54) of the breakfast cereals and in 18.6% (n = 8) of the infant cereals. In these positive samples, co-occurrence of two or three mycotoxins was detected in 31.5% (n = 17) of the breakfast cereals and in 25% (n = 2) of the infant cereals. The mycotoxins found co-contaminating the breakfast cereals belong to the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium; ZEN, followed by AFB1, were the most prevalent ones. As for the infant cereals, the associated fungal metabolites are produced by the genus Fusarium; the highest incidence was seen for ZEN. Low contamination and positivity of mycotoxins were found herein; nonetheless, in some samples these substances were present at levels which transgress those preconized in the Brazilian legislation. Therefore, mycotoxicological monitoring of this type of product throughout the nation is crucial in order to identify the potential risk to which the Brazilian population is exposed, particularly the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Mallmann
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratório de Análises Micotoxicológicas (LAMIC), CEP 97105 900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Denize Tyska
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratório de Análises Micotoxicológicas (LAMIC), CEP 97105 900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos A A Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratório de Análises Micotoxicológicas (LAMIC), CEP 97105 900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Oliveira
- Soluções Analíticas Microbiológicas e Tecnológicas (SAMITEC), CEP 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciane T Gressler
- Independent Veterinary Researcher, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Mallmann A, Dilkin P, Vidal J, Meinerz G, Oliveira M, Mallmann C. Influência da qualidade micotoxicológica e nutricional de híbridos de milho no custo da ração de frangos de corte. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Dilkin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - J.K. Vidal
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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Coloma Z, Oliveira M, Dilkin P, Mallmann A, Almeida C, Mallmann C. Mycotoxin occurrence in Peruvian purple maize. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in 82 samples of Peruvian purple maize was determined by LC-MS/MS methods. Samples were collected from local commercial establishments in Peru from December 2015 to March 2016, and from March 2017 to April 2017. Aflatoxins (AF) (64.6%) and fumonisins (FB) (63.4%) were the most common mycotoxins, with average values of 2.1 (1-17) and 2,586 (125-27,490) μg/kg, respectively. Zearalenone (ZEA) was identified in a single sample at 24.4 μg/kg. Co-occurrence of AF and FB was confirmed in 45.1% of the samples (n=37), which presented significant (P<0.05) Spearman correlation (ρ=0.59) between these mycotoxins. Co-occurrence of AF, FB and ZEA was found in one sample and ZEA was found in one sample. Ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone X, diacetoxyscirpenol, 3-acetyldeoxinivalenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin were not detected. Water activity (Aw) of these samples exceeded 0.73; there was no correlation between Aw and the levels of mycotoxins. This is the first study to evaluate the occurrence of mycotoxins in Peruvian purple maize, and it ascertained that this variety may pose a risk to public health. Therefore, there is a need to control this grain supply chain in order to determine the factors involved in the presence of these toxins, and to establish regulatory limits or guidelines for maximum tolerated levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.N. Coloma
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M.S. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - P. Dilkin
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A.O. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A.A. Almeida
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Scarpino V, Reyneri A, Blandino M. Development and Comparison of Two Multiresidue Methods for the Determination of 17 Aspergillus and Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereals Using HPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:361. [PMID: 30886605 PMCID: PMC6409351 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals can be contaminated by several mycotoxins, whose co-presence may represent an undervalued risk for humans and animals. Maize and wheat are the most contaminated cereals and in temperate areas could be affected in field conditions by several Fusarium and Aspergillus infections. To date, only B-fumonisins (FBs), aflatoxins (AFs), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 and HT-2 toxins have been regulated in cereals in European Union. The other fungal metabolites, are commonly referred to as "emerging" and "masked" mycotoxins, and more information on their occurrence in combination with the regulated mycotoxins, are needed to design combined toxicological and exposure assessments. This research intends to develop and compare two multiresidue HPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS methods for the simultaneous determination of the main regulated, emerging and masked mycotoxins in maize and wheat, among which: FB1, FB2, DON, ZEA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, moniliformin (MON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-G), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), enniatins A, A1, B, B1 (ENNA, ENNA1, ENNB, ENNB1). The extraction was performed for both methods using a mixture of CH3CN/H2O/CH3COOH (79/20/1, v/v/v), while the dilution/purification was carried out through two different procedures: (1) by the "dilute-and-shoot" technique diluting 1:2 the filtered extract with CH3CN/H2O/CH3COOH (20/79/1, v/v/v) to reduce the matrix effect; (2) using the Oasis® PRiME HLB clean-up columns. The analysis was carried out using CH3OH and H2O both acidified with 0.1% of CH3COOH as eluents. The injection volume was 20 μL and the flow rate 200 μL min-1. The analysis of two reference material (maize and wheat), was performed to evaluate the trueness and precision of the two methods by matrix-matched calibration curves. For all the regulated mycotoxins analyzed by both methods, the range of recovery percentage established by the Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006 was respected, except for ZEA by using the Oasis® PRiME HLB clean-up columns. Nevertheless, the results suggest that the Oasis® PRiME HLB clean-up columns, could be a valid alternative to the dilute-and-shoot method, although an additional cost for the clean-up has to be considered. In conclusion, both two analytical methods considerably reduce the analytical time and costs and therefore result to be promising and applicable for high-throughput routine multi-mycotoxins analysis by the use of a TQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo Blandino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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González-Jartín JM, Alfonso A, Rodríguez I, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. A QuEChERS based extraction procedure coupled to UPLC-MS/MS detection for mycotoxins analysis in beer. Food Chem 2019; 275:703-710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Mishra S, Srivastava S, Dewangan J, Divakar A, Kumar Rath S. Global occurrence of deoxynivalenol in food commodities and exposure risk assessment in humans in the last decade: a survey. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1346-1374. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1571479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Mishra
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayant Dewangan
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aman Divakar
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Reinholds I, Pugajeva I, Bogdanova E, Jaunbergs J, Bartkevics V. Recent applications of carbonaceous nanosorbents for the analysis of mycotoxins in food by liquid chromatography: a short review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbonaceous nanomaterials (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene, and graphene oxide (GO)) have attracted attention over the last decade as adsorbents suitable for the analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants. In the present paper we review methods of mycotoxin analysis that involve sample extraction with carbonaceous nanosorbents, reported from 2011 onwards. Recent studies have highlighted the advantages of magnetically modified MWCNTs and GO in mycotoxin analysis, which may enable sample isolation through magnetic separation, reduce the interaction of nanoparticles, and enhance the recovery of analytes. The papers covered in this review point to promising applications of functionalised carbonaceous nanosorbents in mycotoxin analysis. While GO based sorbents can be effective for the adsorption of relatively polar aflatoxins, MWCNTs with high specific surface area and reduced agglomeration achieved through modification with silica and magnetic particles are preferred for the extraction of less polar mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Reinholds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Lejupes iela 3, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - I. Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Lejupes iela 3, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - E. Bogdanova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Lejupes iela 3, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - J. Jaunbergs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Lejupes iela 3, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - V. Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Lejupes iela 3, Riga 1076, Latvia
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga 1004, Latvia
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Mallmann A, Oliveira M, Dilkin P, Vidal J, Meinerz G, Almeida C, Mallmann C. Assessment of mycotoxin contamination in maize and wheat stored in silos using two sampling processes. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of stored cereals often occurs in a highly heterogeneous manner, necessitating the use of representative sampling to minimise analytical errors. The objective of this study was to compare mycotoxin analysis in stored maize and wheat using two sampling processes. Samples were obtained from four maize silos and two wheat silos. A pneumatic probe was introduced in the centre and at the four central points of each quadrant, from the top to the bottom of the silo (12 m). For sampling process A, this was divided into three samples (upper third, middle third and lower third of the silo height). No sample subdivision took place for sampling process B. LC-MS/MS was used for analysis of aflatoxins (AF), fumonisins (FB), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in maize and DON and ZEA in wheat. Sampling procedures were compared with respect to the variability of the collected data. AF, FB, ZEA and DON were detected in 77.5, 100.0, 56.7 and 0.0% of the maize samples, respectively, and the mean concentration differed significantly between silos. In wheat, 100.0 and 97.5% of the samples were contaminated with DON and ZEA, respectively, and there was no significantly difference in mean concentration between silos. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the coefficients of variation (CVs) of AF (54.9 and 58.6%), FB (19.4 and 27.3%) and ZEA (68.9 and 85.5%) between sampling processes A and B in maize silos. The DON CV in sampling process A (10.1%) was lower (P<0.05) than the CV in sampling process B (22.2%) in wheat silos. Overall, the two sampling processes provided analytical results with the same variability in maize and different variability for DON in wheat, where process A yielded results with lower variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M.S. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - P. Dilkin
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J.K. Vidal
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G.R. Meinerz
- Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Southern Border (UFFS), 97900-000 Cerro Largo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A.A. Almeida
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Ultrasensitive detection of T-2 toxin in food based on bio-barcode and rolling circle amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1043:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube for One-Step Cleanup of 21 Mycotoxins in Corn and Wheat Prior to Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography⁻Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100409. [PMID: 30308981 PMCID: PMC6215200 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One-step solid-phase extraction (SPE) using a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) for simultaneous analysis of 21 mycotoxins, including nine trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives, four aflatoxins, and two ochratoxins, in corn and wheat was developed. Several key parameters affecting the performance of the one-step SPE procedure—types of MWCNT, combinations with five sorbents (octadecylsilyl (C18), hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB), mixed-mode cationic exchange (MCX), silica gel, and amino-propyl (NH2)), and filling amounts of the MWCNTs—were thoroughly investigated. The combination of 20 mg carboxylic MWCNT and 200 mg C18 was proven to be the most effective, allowing the quantification of all analyzed mycotoxins in corn and wheat. Under the optimized cleanup procedure prior to ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis, the method was validated by analyzing samples spiked at the limit of quantification (LOQ), two-times LOQ, and 10-times LOQ. Satisfactory linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9910), high sensitivity (LOQ in different ranges of 0.5–25 μg L−1), good recovery (75.6–110.3%), and acceptable precision (relative standard deviation (RSD), 0.3–10.7%) were obtained. The applicability of the method was further confirmed using raw samples of corn and wheat. In conclusion, the established method was rapid, simple and reliable for simultaneous analysis of 21 mycotoxins in corn and wheat.
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Parent-Massin D, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Colombo P, Horváth Z, Levorato S, Edler L. Risk to human and animal health related to the presence of 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol in food and feed. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05367. [PMID: 32626015 PMCID: PMC7009455 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
4,15‐Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi and occurring predominantly in cereal grains. As requested by the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) assessed the risk of DAS to human and animal health related to its presence in food and feed. Very limited information was available on toxicity and on toxicokinetics in experimental and farm animals. Due to the limitations in the available data set, human acute and chronic health‐based guidance values (HBGV) were established based on data obtained in clinical trials of DAS as an anticancer agent (anguidine) after intravenous administration to cancer patients. The CONTAM Panel considered these data as informative for the hazard characterisation of DAS after oral exposure. The main adverse effects after acute and repeated exposure were emesis, with a no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL) of 32 μg DAS/kg body weight (bw), and haematotoxicity, with a NOAEL of 65 μg DAS/kg bw, respectively. An acute reference dose (ARfD) of 3.2 μg DAS/kg bw and a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.65 μg DAS/kg bw were established. Based on over 15,000 occurrence data, the highest acute and chronic dietary exposures were estimated to be 0.8 and 0.49 μg DAS/kg bw per day, respectively, and were not of health concern for humans. The limited information for poultry, pigs and dogs indicated a low risk for these animals at the estimated DAS exposure levels under current feeding practices, with the possible exception of fattening chicken. Assuming similar or lower sensitivity than for poultry, the risk was considered overall low for other farm and companion animal species for which no toxicity data were available. In consideration of the similarities of several trichothecenes and the likelihood of co‐exposure via food and feed, it could be appropriate to perform a cumulative risk assessment for this group of substances.
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Levasseur-Garcia C. Updated Overview of Infrared Spectroscopy Methods for Detecting Mycotoxins on Cereals (Corn, Wheat, and Barley). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E38. [PMID: 29320435 PMCID: PMC5793125 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, mycotoxins cause economic losses of several billion US dollars worldwide. Consequently, methods must be developed, for producers and cereal manufacturers, to detect these toxins and to comply with regulations. Chromatographic reference methods are time consuming and costly. Thus, alternative methods such as infrared spectroscopy are being increasingly developed to provide simple, rapid, and nondestructive methods to detect mycotoxins. This article reviews research conducted over the last eight years into the use of near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy to monitor mycotoxins in corn, wheat, and barley. More specifically, we focus on the Fusarium species and on the main fusariotoxins of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and fumonisin B1 and B2. Quantification models are insufficiently precise to satisfy the legal requirements. Sorting models with cutoff levels are the most promising applications.
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35
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Malachová A, Stránská M, Václavíková M, Elliott CT, Black C, Meneely J, Hajšlová J, Ezekiel CN, Schuhmacher R, Krska R. Advanced LC-MS-based methods to study the co-occurrence and metabolization of multiple mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:801-825. [PMID: 29273904 PMCID: PMC5775372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used for the determination of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products. In addition to the regulated mycotoxins, for which official control is required, LC-MS is often used for the screening of a large range of mycotoxins and/or for the identification and characterization of novel metabolites. This review provides insight into the LC-MS methods used for the determination of co-occurring mycotoxins with special emphasis on multiple-analyte applications. The first part of the review is focused on targeted LC-MS approaches using cleanup methods such as solid-phase extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography, as well as on methods based on minimum cleanup (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe; QuEChERS) and dilute and shoot. The second part of the review deals with the untargeted determination of mycotoxins by LC coupled with high-resolution MS, which includes also metabolomics techniques to study the fate of mycotoxins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malachová
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Milena Stránská
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Václavíková
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Connor Black
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, 121103, Nigeria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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Amirahmadi M, Shoeibi S, Rastegar H, Elmi M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Simultaneous analysis of mycotoxins in corn flour using LC/MS-MS combined with a modified QuEChERS procedure. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1354306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amirahmadi
- Food and Drug Control Laboratory Reference Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Control Laboratory Reference Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Rastegar
- Food and Drug Control Laboratory Reference Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehdi Elmi
- Department of Basic Science, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SãoPaulo, Brazil
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Astoreca A, Ortega L, Fígoli C, Cardós M, Cavaglieri L, Bosch A, Alconada T. Analytical techniques for deoxynivalenol detection and quantification in wheat destined for the manufacture of commercial products. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The concern regarding toxicity from the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat that affects both economy and public health leads to the need to find appropriate detection methods for determining the degree of DON contamination in terms of the equipment available and the speed required for obtaining the incidence. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of two alternative analytical techniques for DON quantification for use in the food industry with a reference technique. Samples of wheat and the commercial by-products were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet detector as the reference method and the results compared with those obtained from a rapid lateral-flow immunochromatographic device (Reveal Q+) and of a Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technique. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the HPLC and Reveal-Q+ data (0.45), although significant (P<0.0003), was lower than that obtained between HPLC and the FTIR method (0.94, P<0.0001). Both methods were considered efficient in quantifying DON levels in wheat-flour samples. This study was aimed at assisting the producers in choosing an appropriate tool for the purpose of analysis and upon consideration of the available equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Astoreca
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), CONICET-Facultad de Ciencia, Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 47 y 115, B1900ASH La Plata, Argentina
| | - L. Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), CONICET-Facultad de Ciencia, Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 47 y 115, B1900ASH La Plata, Argentina
| | - C. Fígoli
- CINDEFI, CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Laboratorio de Bioespectroscopía, calle 47 y 115, B1900ASH La Plata, Argentina
| | - M. Cardós
- Molino Campodónico, calle 58 No. 331, B1900BPM La Plata, Argentina
| | - L. Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A. Bosch
- CINDEFI, CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Laboratorio de Bioespectroscopía, calle 47 y 115, B1900ASH La Plata, Argentina
| | - T. Alconada
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), CONICET-Facultad de Ciencia, Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 47 y 115, B1900ASH La Plata, Argentina
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Wang X, Wang Y, Qiu M, Sun L, Wang X, Li C, Xu D, Gooneratne R. Cytotoxicity of T-2 and modified T-2 toxins: induction of JAK/STAT pathway in RAW264.7 cells by hepatopancreas and muscle extracts of shrimp fed with T-2 toxin. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:144-151. [PMID: 30090484 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00392c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 can be biotransformed in animal tissues to modified T-2s (mT-2s). Food contaminated with T-2 and/or mT-2s is a hazard to both animals and humans, including the immune system. In this study, Litopenaeus vannamei were fed T-2 orally for 20 d, and hepatopancreas and muscle extracts, T-2, and T-2-glucuronide (T-2-GluA) were added to RAW264.7 in vitro and their effects on the JAK/STAT pathway were examined. STAT2 mRNA gene expression induced by hepatopancreas and muscle extracts was markedly higher compared with that of T-2 or T-2-GluA group. SCOSs, IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA gene expressions induced by hepatopancreas extract were greater than those induced by muscle extract. Muscle extract significantly activated STAT3 phosphorylation but inhibited STAT1 phosphorylation. Activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by hepatopancreas mT-2s was significantly higher than that by muscle extracts. Muscle and hepatopancreas extracts and T-2 also significantly induced IL-6 mRNA gene expression. With reference to phosphorylation levels, significant activation of JAK1 and STAT2 occurred with T-2 and JAK3 by muscle extract, JAK2 by hepatopancreas extract and STAT1 by T-2-GluA. This study showed that both T-2 and mT-2s are cytotoxic but the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in RAW264.7 cells by T-2 was greater than that by mT-2s in hepatopancreas and muscle extracts from T-2-fed Litopenaeus vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety , Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Yaling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety , Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Mei Qiu
- College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety , Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Zhanjiang 524088 , China.,National Marine Products Quality Supervision & Inspection Center , Zhanjiang 524000 , China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety , Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety , Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Caihong Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan , 523808 , China
| | - Defeng Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology , Guangdong Ocean University , Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety , Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution , Zhanjiang 524088 , China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation Centre for Food Research and Innovations , PO Box 85084 , Lincoln University , Lincoln 7647 , New Zealand
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Iron (II, III) oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite as solid-phase extraction sorbent followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of zearalenone and type A trichothecenes in Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Danshen). J Chromatogr A 2017; 1482:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Paschoal FN, de Azevedo Silva D, von Sperling de Souza R, de Oliveira MS, Pereira DAA, de Souza SVC. A Rapid Single-Extraction Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, Fumonisin B1, and Zearalenone in Corn Meal by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Determination of type A trichothecenes in coix seed by magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6823-31. [PMID: 27475443 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic solid-phase extraction (m-SPE) is a promising sample preparation approach due to its convenience, speed, and simplicity. For the first time, a rapid and reliable m-SPE approach using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (m-MWCNTs) as the adsorbent was proposed for purification of type A trichothecenes including T-2 toxins (T2), HT-2 toxins (HT-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and neosolaniol (NEO) in coix seed. The m-MWCNTs were synthesized by assembling the magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) with MWCNTs by sonication through an aggregation wrap mechanism, and characterized by transmission electron microscope. Several key parameters affecting the performance of the procedure were extensively investigated including extraction solutions, desorption solvents, and m-MWCNT amounts. Under the optimal sample preparation conditions followed by analysis with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), high sensitivity (limit of quantification in the range of 0.3-1.5 μg kg(-1)), good linearity (R (2) > 0.99), satisfactory recovery (73.6-90.6 %), and acceptable precision (≤2.5 %) were obtained. The analytical performance of the developed method has also been successfully evaluated in real coix seed samples. Graphical Abstract Flow chart of determination of type A trichothecenes in coix seed by magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
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42
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Zhang H, Sun J, Zhang Y, Lu M, Sun L, Li W, Hu X, Wang B. Retention of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives during storage of wheat grain and flour. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Porricelli ACR, Lippolis V, Valenzano S, Cortese M, Suman M, Zanardi S, Pascale M. Optimization and Validation of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Cereals and Cereal-Based Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Bernhardt K, Valenta H, Kersten S, Humpf HU, Dänicke S. Determination of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and three other type A trichothecenes in layer feed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)—comparison of two sample preparation methods. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:89-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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García-Fonseca S, Rubio S. Restricted access supramolecular solvents for removal of matrix-induced ionization effects in mass spectrometry: Application to the determination of Fusarium toxins in cereals. Talanta 2016; 148:370-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Jettanajit A, Nhujak T. Determination of Mycotoxins in Brown Rice Using QuEChERS Sample Preparation and UHPLC-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:720-9. [PMID: 26796964 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
QuEChERS sample preparation was optimized and validated using solvent extraction with 10% (v/v) acetic acid-containing acetonitrile in the presence of four salts (anh. MgSO4, NaCl, sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate and sodium citrate dibasic sesquihydrate) and dispersive solid-phase extraction with mixed sorbents (octadecylsilane, primary and secondary amine and silica sorbents) for an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of nine mycotoxins in brown rice: aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and zearalenone (ZON). Our developed method allows for the determination of trace levels of mycotoxins with method detection limits in the range of 1.4-25 µg/kg, below the maximum limits of EU regulations, and with an acceptable accuracy and precision, and recoveries in the range of 81-101% with relative standard deviations of 5-19% over a mycotoxin concentration range of 5.0-1,000 µg/kg. Six out of fourteen real samples of brown rice were found to be contaminated with at least one of these mycotoxins, ranging from 2.49-5.41 µg/kg of FB1, 4.33 ± 0.04 µg/kg of FB2 and 6.10-14.88 µg/kg of ZON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adisorn Jettanajit
- Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thumnoon Nhujak
- Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Molecular Sensory Science Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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47
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Habler K, Rychlik M. Multi-mycotoxin stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method for Fusarium toxins in cereals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:307-17. [PMID: 26514672 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A multi-mycotoxin stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method was developed for 14 Fusarium toxins including modified mycotoxins in cereals (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, HT2-toxin, T2-toxin, enniatin B, enniatin B1, enniatin A1, enniatin A, beauvericin, fusarenone X, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, and zearalenone). The chromatographic separation of the toxins with particular focus on deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was achieved using a C18-hydrosphere column. An expedient sample preparation method was developed that uses solid-phase extraction for the purification of trichothecenes combined with zearalenone, enniatins, and beauvericin and provides excellent validation data. Linearity, intra-day precision, inter-day precision, and recoveries were ≥0.9982, 1-6%, 5-12%, and 79-117%, respectively. Method accuracy was verified by analyzing certified reference materials for deoxynivalenol, HT2-toxin, and T2-toxin with deviations below 7%. The results of this method found barley malt samples from 2012, 2013, and 2014 frequently contaminated with high concentrations of enniatin B, deoxynivalenol, and its modified mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside. Samples from 2012 were especially contaminated. Fusarenone X was not detected in any of the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Habler
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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48
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Arroyo-Manzanares N, Diana Di Mavungu J, Uka V, Malysheva SV, Cary JW, Ehrlich KC, Vanhaecke L, Bhatnagar D, De Saeger S. Use of UHPLC high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry to investigate the genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites inAspergillus flavus. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1656-73. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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49
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Tamura M, Mochizuki N, Nagatomi Y, Harayama K, Toriba A, Hayakawa K. A method for simultaneous determination of 20 Fusarium toxins in cereals by high-resolution liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry with a pentafluorophenyl column. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1664-82. [PMID: 26008230 PMCID: PMC4448167 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-resolution liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of 20 Fusarium toxins (nivalenol, fusarenon-X, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, fumonisin B3, fumonisin A1, fumonisin A2, fumonisin A3, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol) in cereals. The separation of 20 Fusarium toxins with good peak shapes was achieved using a pentafluorophenyl column, and Orbitrap MS was able to detect accurately from cereal matrix components within ±0.77 ppm. The samples were prepared using a QuEChERS kit for extraction and a multifunctional cartridge for purification. The linearity, repeatability, and recovery of the method were >0.9964, 0.8%-14.7%, and 71%-106%, respectively. Using this method, an analysis of 34 commercially available cereals detected the presence of deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, fumonisin B3, fumonisn A1, fumonisin A2, fumonisin A3, and zearalenone in corn samples with high concentration and frequency. Trichothecenes was detected from wheat samples with high frequency; in particular, the concentration of deoxynivalenol was high. Conversely, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol were not detected in any of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tamura
- Research Laboratories for Food Safety Chemistry, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Research & Development Center, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Nagatomi
- Research Laboratories for Food Safety Chemistry, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan.
| | - Koichi Harayama
- Research Laboratories for Food Safety Chemistry, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan.
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
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50
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Malhotra BD, Srivastava S, Augustine S. Biosensors for Food Toxin Detection: Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1557/opl.2015.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThere is increased interest towards the application of carbon based nanomaterials to biosensors since these can be used to quickly detect presence of the toxins in food, agricultural and environmental systems. The accurate, faster and early detection of food toxins is presently very important for ensuring safety and shelf life of agricultural commodities resulting from food contamination. The carbon materials (CNTs) and recently discovered graphene have been predicted to be promising candidates in the development of electrochemical biosensor owing to their exceptionally large surface area and interesting electrochemical properties. We focus on some of the recent results obtained in our laboratories pertaining to the development of biosensors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene for mycotoxin(aflatoxin ) detection.
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