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Peng WB, Tan JL, Huang DD, Ding XP. On-Line HPLC with Biochemical Detection for Screening Bioactive Compounds in Complex Matrixes. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kampe T, König A, Schroeder H, Hengstler JG, Niemeyer CM. Modular Microfluidic System for Emulation of Human Phase I/Phase II Metabolism. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3068-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kampe
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto Hahn Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anna König
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto Hahn Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schroeder
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto Hahn Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Chimera
Biotec GmbH, Emil-Figge-Str.
76 A, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz-Institut
für Arbeitsforschung (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto Hahn Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces
(IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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The use of immobilized cytochrome P4502C9 in PMMA-based plug flow bioreactors for the production of drug metabolites. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1293-306. [PMID: 24166101 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a key role in the metabolism of pharmaceutical agents. To determine metabolite toxicity, it is necessary to obtain P450 metabolites from various pharmaceutical agents. Here, we describe a bioreactor that is made by immobilizing cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) to a poly(methyl methacrylate) surface and, as an alternative to traditional chemical synthesis, can be used to biosynthesize P450 metabolites in a plug flow bioreactor. As part of the development of the CYP2C9 bioreactor, we have studied two different methods of attachment: (1) coupling via the N-terminus using N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide and (2) using the Ni(II) chelator 1-acetato-4-benzyl-triazacyclononane to coordinate the enzyme to the surface using a C-terminal histidine tag. Additionally, the propensity for metabolite production of the CYP2C9 proof-of-concept bioreactors as a function of enzyme attachment conditions (e.g., time and enzyme concentration) was examined. Our results show that the immobilization of CYP2C9 enzymes to a PMMA surface represents a viable and alternative approach to the preparation of CYP2C9 metabolites for toxicity testing. Furthermore, the basic approach can be adapted to any cytochrome P450 enzyme and in a high-throughput, automated process.
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Development of on-line high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-biochemical detection methods as tools in the identification of bioactives. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3101-3133. [PMID: 22489144 PMCID: PMC3317705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical detection (BCD) methods are commonly used to screen plant extracts for specific biological activities in batch assays. Traditionally, bioactives in the most active extracts were identified through time-consuming bio-assay guided fractionation until single active compounds could be isolated. Not only are isolation procedures often tedious, but they could also lead to artifact formation. On-line coupling of BCD assays to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is gaining ground as a high resolution screening technique to overcome problems associated with pre-isolation by measuring the effects of compounds post-column directly after separation. To date, several on-line HPLC-BCD assays, applied to whole plant extracts and mixtures, have been published. In this review the focus will fall on enzyme-based, receptor-based and antioxidant assays.
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van Midwoud PM, Janssen J, Merema MT, de Graaf IAM, Groothuis GMM, Verpoorte E. On-line HPLC analysis system for metabolism and inhibition studies in precision-cut liver slices. Anal Chem 2010; 83:84-91. [PMID: 21128611 DOI: 10.1021/ac1018638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for on-line monitoring of drug metabolism in continuously perifused, precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) in a microfluidic system has been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV). In this approach, PCLS are incubated in a microfluidic device made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) by continuous, single-pass perifusion with fresh medium. Two syringe pumps are incorporated into the system to infuse substrates or inhibitors at varying concentrations into the perfusion medium just before the chip entrance. The medium containing the metabolites produced by the PCLS is directed toward an injection loop. Once filled, the content of this injection loop is automatically injected onto an HPLC for analysis. The on-line analysis of metabolites was tested by using the substrate, 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC). Rapid switching between substrate and solvent control was possible, and a direct metabolic response of the liver slice to perifusion with substrate was detected. Very stable phase II metabolism over a period of 24 h was observed. The inhibitory effect of phloxine B on the formation of 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide (phase II product of 7-HC) was also investigated. Phloxine B was injected into the incubation medium in increasing concentrations varying from 0 to 200 μM. The results showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of 7-HC glucuronide formation and allowed the calculation of an IC50 value (concentration in which 50% of the enzyme is inhibited) of ∼85 μM using one single liver slice. On-line detection was also shown to be advantageous for the detection of unstable metabolites. This was demonstrated by determination of the metabolites of the drug diclofenac. The reactive metabolite, acyl glucuronide, was detected at relatively high concentrations which remained very constant over a period of 4 h. In contrast, only low and decreasing amounts of diclofenac acyl glucuronide could be measured in the conventional well-plate incubation system. The advantages of this novel on-line analysis system for PCLS include the capability to obtain direct information about tissue function, assess the concentration dependence of drug-drug interactions in one single slice, and detect unstable metabolites. The system also enables fast analysis without the need to store samples, thus eliminating the associated freeze-thaw problems, and allows the simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M van Midwoud
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Pauwels J, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A. Application of carbon nanotubes for in-capillary incubations with cytochrome P450 enzymes. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3867-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rabe KS, Spengler M, Erkelenz M, Müller J, Gandubert VJ, Hayen H, Niemeyer CM. Screening for cytochrome p450 reactivity by harnessing catalase as reporter enzyme. Chembiochem 2009; 10:751-7. [PMID: 19241405 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are known to catalyze a variety of reactions that are difficult to perform by standard organic synthesis, such as the oxidation of unactivated C--C bonds. Cytochrome P450 enzymes can also be used in artificial systems in which organic peroxides act as cosubstrates. To find substrates that are converted by a certain P450 catalyst in the presence of an organic peroxide, various screening assays have been established, however, most of them are limited to one or only a few specific substrates. Here, we report a simple and rapid screening assay that works independently of the nature of the substrate and utilizes a previously undescribed reactivity of catalase as reporter enzyme. In an initial demonstration of this assay, we screened 180 enzyme/peroxide/substrate combinations for potential bioconversions. As shown by subsequent verification of the screening results with liquid chromatography/multistage mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)), we were able to identify three new substrates for the enzyme CYP152A1 and at least two previously undescribed conversions by the enzyme CYP119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S Rabe
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Strasse 6, Dortmund, Germany
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Development of immobilized enzyme reactors based on human recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes for phase I drug metabolism studies. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1206:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rabe KS, Gandubert VJ, Spengler M, Erkelenz M, Niemeyer CM. Engineering and assaying of cytochrome P450 biocatalysts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:1059-73. [PMID: 18622752 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s constitute a highly fascinating superfamily of enzymes which catalyze a broad range of reactions. They are essential for drug metabolism and promise industrial applications in biotechnology and biosensing. The constant search for cytochrome P450 enzymes with enhanced catalytic performances has generated a large body of research. This review will concentrate on two key aspects related to the identification and improvement of cytochrome P450 biocatalysts, namely the engineering and assaying of these enzymes. To this end, recent advances in cytochrome P450 development are reported and commonly used screening methods are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S Rabe
- Fakultät für Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strabetae 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Van Liempd SM, Kool J, Meerman JH, Irth H, Vermeulen NP. Metabolic Profiling of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds by On-Line Cytochrome P450 Bioreaction Coupled to On-Line Receptor Affinity Screening. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1825-32. [DOI: 10.1021/tx7000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan M. Van Liempd
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John H. Meerman
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus Irth
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P. Vermeulen
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kool J, van Liempd SM, van Rossum H, van Elswijk DA, Irth H, Commandeur JNM, Vermeulen NPE. Development of three parallel cytochrome P450 enzyme affinity detection systems coupled on-line to gradient high-performance liquid chromatography. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:640-8. [PMID: 17251308 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.012245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A high resolution screening (HRS) technology is described, in which gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is connected on-line to three parallel placed bioaffinity detection systems containing mammalian cytochromes P450 (P450s). The three so-called enzyme affinity detection (EAD) systems contained, respectively, liver microsomes from rats induced by beta-naphthoflavone (CYP1A activity), phenobarbital (CYP2B activity), and dexamethasone (CYP3A activity). Each P450-EAD system was optimized for enzyme, substrate, and organic modifier (isopropyl alcohol, methanol, and acetonitrile) in flow injection analysis mode. Characteristic P450 ligands were used to validate the P450-EAD systems. IC(50) values of the ligands were measured and found to be similar to those obtained with conventional microtiter plate reader assays. Detection limits (n = 3; signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of potent inhibitors ranged from 1 to 3 pmol for CYP1A activity, 4 to 17 pmol for CYP2B activity, and 4 to 15 pmol for CYP3A activity. The three optimized P450-EAD systems were subsequently coupled to gradient HPLC and used to screen compound mixtures for individual ligands. Finally, to increase analysis efficiency, a HRS system was constructed in which all three P450-EAD systems were coupled on-line and in parallel to gradient HPLC. The triple parallelized P450-EAD system was shown to enable rapid profiling of individual components in complex mixtures for inhibitory activity to three different P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Kool
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Pharmacochemistry, LACDR-Division of Molecular Toxicology, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Liempd SM, Kool J, Niessen WMA, van Elswijk DE, Irth H, Vermeulen NPE. On-line Formation, Separation, and Estrogen Receptor Affinity Screening of Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1640-9. [PMID: 16790557 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a fully automated bioreactor coupled to an on-line receptor affinity detection system. This analytical system provides detailed information on pharmacologically active metabolites of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) generated by cytochromes P450 (P450s). We demonstrated this novel concept by investigating the metabolic activation of tamoxifen and raloxifene by P450-containing pig and rat liver microsomes. The high resolution screening (HRS) system is based on the coupling of a P450-bioreactor to an HPLC-based estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) affinity assay. P450-derived metabolites of the SERMs were generated in the bioreactor, subsequently trapped on-line with solid phase extraction, and finally separated with gradient HPLC. Upon elution, the metabolites were screened on affinity for ERalpha with an on-line HRS assay. With this HRS system, we were able to follow, in a time-dependent manner, the formation of ERalpha-binding metabolites of tamoxifen and raloxifene. By analyzing the bioaffinity chromatograms with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, structural information of the pharmacologically active metabolites was obtained as well. For tamoxifen, 15 active and 6 nonactive metabolites were observed, of which 5 were of primary, 10 of secondary, and 6 of an as yet unknown order of metabolism. Raloxifene was biotransformed in three primary and three secondary metabolites. MS/MS analysis revealed that three of the observed active metabolites of raloxifene were not described before. The present automated on-line HRS system coupled to a P450-containing bioreactor and an ERalpha-affinity detector proved very efficient, sensitive, and selective in metabolic profiling of SERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Liempd
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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