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Jovanovic M, Schober S, Mittelbach M. GC Analysis of Primary Fatty Acid Amides in Animal Fat. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Jovanovic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Sigurd Schober
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Martin Mittelbach
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 Graz 8010 Austria
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2
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Ni R, Bhandari S, Mitchell PR, Suarez G, Patel NB, Lamb K, Bisht KS, Merkler DJ. Synthesis, Quantification, and Characterization of Fatty Acid Amides from In Vitro and In Vivo Sources. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092543. [PMID: 33925418 PMCID: PMC8123904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amides are a diverse family of underappreciated, biologically occurring lipids. Herein, the methods for the chemical synthesis and subsequent characterization of specific members of the fatty acid amide family are described. The synthetically prepared fatty acid amides and those obtained commercially are used as standards for the characterization and quantification of the fatty acid amides produced by biological systems, a fatty acid amidome. The fatty acid amidomes from mouse N18TG2 cells, sheep choroid plexus cells, Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Apis mellifera, and Tribolium castaneum are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirpal S. Bisht
- Correspondence: (K.S.B.); (D.J.M.); Tel.: +1-813-974-0350 (K.S.B.); +1-813-974-3579 (D.J.M.)
| | - David J. Merkler
- Correspondence: (K.S.B.); (D.J.M.); Tel.: +1-813-974-0350 (K.S.B.); +1-813-974-3579 (D.J.M.)
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3
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Davic A, Cascio M. Development of a Microfluidic Platform for Trace Lipid Analysis. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030130. [PMID: 33668377 PMCID: PMC7996208 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent trace quantity of primary fatty acid amides found in biological systems presents challenges for analytical analysis and quantitation, requiring a highly sensitive detection system. The use of microfluidics provides a green sample preparation and analysis technique through small-volume fluidic flow through micron-sized channels embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device. Microfluidics provides the potential of having a micro total analysis system where chromatographic separation, fluorescent tagging reactions, and detection are accomplished with no added sample handling. This study describes the development and the optimization of a microfluidic-laser induced fluorescence (LIF) analysis and detection system that can be used for the detection of ultra-trace levels of fluorescently tagged primary fatty acid amines. A PDMS microfluidic device was designed and fabricated to incorporate droplet-based flow. Droplet microfluidics have enabled on-chip fluorescent tagging reactions to be performed quickly and efficiently, with no additional sample handling. An optimized LIF optical detection system provided fluorescently tagged primary fatty acid amine detection at sub-fmol levels (436 amol). The use of this LIF detection provides unparalleled sensitivity, with detection limits several orders of magnitude lower than currently employed LC-MS techniques, and might be easily adapted for use as a complementary quantification platform for parallel MS-based omics studies.
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Anderson RL, Wallis DJ, Aguirre A, Holliday D, Merkler DJ. Knockdown of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase-like 2 in Drosophila melanogaster. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21608. [PMID: 31385627 PMCID: PMC6834884 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster produces fatty acid amides, and thus, provides a model to unravel the pathways for their biosynthesis. We previously demonstrated that arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase-like 2 (AANATL2) from D. melanogaster will catalyze the formation of long-chain N-acylserotonins and N-acyldopamines in vitro. Generating silencing RNA via the UAS/GAL4 bipartite approach for targeted gene expression effectively decreased the endogenous levels of the AANATL2 transcripts in D. melanogaster, as shown by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Consistent with these data, western blot analysis of the offspring of the AANATL2 knockdown flies using an anti-AANATL2 antibody revealed a significant reduction in the expression of the AANATL2 protein. Reduced expression of AANATL2 decreased the cellular levels of N-palmitoyldopamine (PALDA), providing strong evidence that AANATL2 is responsible for the biosynthesis of PALDA in vivo. This is the first time that the expression of an AANAT has been reduced in D. melanogaster to link one of these enzymes to the in vivo production of an N-acylarylalkylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Dylan J Wallis
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Alexander Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Dean Holliday
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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5
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Castillo-Peinado L, López-Bascón M, Mena-Bravo A, Luque de Castro M, Priego-Capote F. Determination of primary fatty acid amides in different biological fluids by LC–MS/MS in MRM mode with synthetic deuterated standards: Influence of biofluid matrix on sample preparation. Talanta 2019; 193:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Anderson RL, Battistini MR, Wallis DJ, Shoji C, O'Flynn BG, Dillashaw JE, Merkler DJ. Bm-iAANAT and its potential role in fatty acid amide biosynthesis in Bombyx mori. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:10-17. [PMID: 30103920 PMCID: PMC6093294 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to unravel the substrate specificity and kinetic properties of an insect arylalkylamine N-acyltransferase from Bombyx mori (Bm-iAANAT) and to determine if this enzyme will catalyze the formation of long chain N-acylarylalkylamides in vitro. However, the determination of substrates and products for Bm-iAANAT in vitro is no guarantee that these same molecules are substrates and products for the enzyme in the organism. Therefore, RT-PCR was performed to detect the Bm-iAANAT transcripts and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) analysis was performed on purified lipid extracts from B. mori larvae (fourth instar, Bmi4) to determine if long chain fatty acid amides are produced in B. mori. Ultimately, we found that recombinant Bm-iAANAT will utilize long-chain acyl-CoA thioesters as substrates and identified Bm-iAANAT transcripts and long-chain fatty acid amides in Bmi4. Together, these data show Bm-iAANAT will catalyze the formation of long-chain N-acylarylalkylamides in vitro and provide evidence demonstrating that Bm-iAANAT has a role in fatty acid amide biosynthesis in B. mori, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Dylan J Wallis
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Christopher Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Brian G O'Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - John E Dillashaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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7
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Divito EB, Kroniser KM, Cascio M. Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Bioactive Fatty Acyl Derivatives. Front Physiol 2016; 7:608. [PMID: 28018237 PMCID: PMC5156705 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of the contributions of lipids to cellular physiology, both as structural components of the membrane and as modulatory ligands for membrane proteins, has increased in recent years with the development of the biophysical and biochemical tools to examine these effects. Their modulatory roles in ion channels and transporters function have been extensively characterized, with the molecular mechanisms of these activities being the subject of intense scrutiny. The physiological significance of lipids in biochemistry is expanding as numerous fatty acyls are discovered to possess signaling properties. These bioactive lipids are often found in quantities of pmol/g of tissue and are co-extracted with numerous lipophilic molecules, making their detection and identification challenging. Common analytical methodologies involve chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric techniques; however, a single chromatographic step is typically ineffective due to the complexity of the biological samples. It is, therefore, essential to develop approaches that incorporate multiple dimensions of separation. Described in this manuscript are normal phase and reversed phase separation strategies for lipids that include detection of the bioactive primary fatty acid amides and N-acyl glycines via tandem mass spectrometry. Concerted utilization of these approaches are then used to separate and sensitively identify primary fatty acid amides extracted from homogenized tissue, using mouse brains as a test case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Cascio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne UniversityPittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Atypical cleavage of protonated N-fatty acyl amino acids derived from aspartic acid evidenced by sequential MS 3 experiments. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2717-2729. [PMID: 27565657 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics calls for information on detected lipids and conjugates whose structural elucidation by mass spectrometry requires to rationalization of their gas phase dissociations toward collision-induced dissociation (CID) processes. This study focused on activated dissociations of two lipoamino acid (LAA) systems composed of N-palmitoyl acyl coupled with aspartic and glutamic acid mono ethyl esters (as LAA(*D) and LAA(*E)). Although in MS/MS, their CID spectra show similar trends, e.g., release of water and ethanol, the [(LAA(*D/*E)+H)-C2H5OH]+ product ions dissociate via distinct pathways in sequential MS3 experiments. The formation of all the product ions is rationalized by charge-promoted cleavages often involving stepwise processes with ion isomerization into ion-dipole prior to dissociation. The latter explains the maleic anhydride or ketene neutral losses from N-palmitoyl acyl aspartate and glutamate anhydride fragment ions, respectively. Consequently, protonated palmitoyl acid amide is generated from LAA(*D), whereas LAA(*E) leads to the [*E+H-H2O]+ anhydride. The former releases ammonia to provide acylium, which gives the C n H(2n-1) and C n H(2n-3) carbenium series. This should offer structural information, e.g., to locate either unsaturation(s) or alkyl group branching present on the various fatty acyl moieties of lipo-aspartic acid in further studies based on MS n experiments.
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9
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Jeffries KA, Dempsey DR, Farrell EK, Anderson RL, Garbade GJ, Gurina TS, Gruhonjic I, Gunderson CA, Merkler DJ. Glycine N-acyltransferase-like 3 is responsible for long-chain N-acylglycine formation in N18TG2 cells. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:781-90. [PMID: 27016726 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acid amides are signaling lipids found in mammals and other organisms; however, details of the metabolic pathways for the N-acylglycines and primary fatty acid amides (PFAMs) have remained elusive. Heavy-labeled precursor and subtraction lipidomic experiments in mouse neuroblastoma N18TG2 cells, a model cell line for the study of fatty acid amide metabolism, establish the biosynthetic pathways for the N-acylglycines and the PFAMs. We provide evidence that the N-acylglycines are formed by a long-chain specific glycine-conjugating enzyme, glycine N-acyltransferase-like 3 (GLYATL3). siRNA knockdown of GLYATL3 in the N18TG2 cells resulted in a decrease in the levels of the N-acylglycines and the PFAMs. This is the first report of an enzyme responsible for long-chain N-acylglycine production in cellula. The production of the PFAMs in N18TG2 cells was reported to occur by the oxidative cleavage of the N-acylglycines, as catalyzed by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). siRNA knockdown of PAM resulted in an accumulation of [(13)C18]N-oleoylglycine and decreased levels of [(13)C18]oleamide when the N18TG2 cells were grown in the presence of [(13)C18]oleic acid. The addition of [1-(13)C]palmitate to the N18TG2 cell growth media led to the production of a family of [1-(13)C]palmitoylated fatty acid amides, consistent with the biosynthetic pathways detailed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Emma K Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Ryan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | | | - Tatyana S Gurina
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Imran Gruhonjic
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Carly A Gunderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
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10
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Ano Y, Ozawa M, Kutsukake T, Sugiyama S, Uchida K, Yoshida A, Nakayama H. Preventive effects of a fermented dairy product against Alzheimer's disease and identification of a novel oleamide with enhanced microglial phagocytosis and anti-inflammatory activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118512. [PMID: 25760987 PMCID: PMC4356537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ever-increasing number of patients with dementia worldwide, fundamental therapeutic approaches to this condition have not been established. Epidemiological studies suggest that intake of fermented dairy products prevents cognitive decline in the elderly. However, the active compounds responsible for the effect remain to be elucidated. The present study aims to elucidate the preventive effects of dairy products on Alzheimer’s disease and to identify the responsible component. Here, in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (5xFAD), intake of a dairy product fermented with Penicillium candidum had preventive effects on the disease by reducing the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and hippocampal inflammation (TNF-α and MIP-1α production), and enhancing hippocampal neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF). A search for preventive substances in the fermented dairy product identified oleamide as a novel dual-active component that enhanced microglial Aβ phagocytosis and anti-inflammatory activity towards LPS stimulation in vitro and in vivo. During the fermentation, oleamide was synthesized from oleic acid, which is an abundant component of general dairy products owing to lipase enzymatic amidation. The present study has demonstrated the preventive effect of dairy products on Alzheimer’s disease, which was previously reported only epidemiologically. Moreover, oleamide has been identified as an active component of dairy products that is considered to reduce Aβ accumulation via enhanced microglial phagocytosis, and to suppress microglial inflammation after Aβ deposition. Because fermented dairy products such as camembert cheese are easy to ingest safely as a daily meal, their consumption might represent a preventive strategy for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Ano
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., 1–13–5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236–0004, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Makiko Ozawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kutsukake
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., 1–13–5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236–0004, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugiyama
- Koiwai Dairy Products Co., Ltd., 36–1 Maruyachi, Shizukuishi-cho, Iwate, 020–0507, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
| | - Aruto Yoshida
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., 1–13–5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236–0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
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11
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Divito EB, Cascio M. Metabolism, physiology, and analyses of primary fatty acid amides. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7343-53. [PMID: 23927536 DOI: 10.1021/cr300363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Divito
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University , 308 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, United States
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12
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Divito EB, Davic AP, Johnson ME, Cascio M. Electrospray ionization and collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry of primary fatty acid amides. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2388-94. [PMID: 22283789 DOI: 10.1021/ac203158u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary fatty acid amides are a group of bioactive lipids that have been linked with a variety of biological processes such as sleep regulation and modulation of monoaminergic systems. As novel forms of these molecules continue to be discovered, more emphasis will be placed on selective, trace detection. Currently, there is no published experimental determination of collision induced dissociation of PFAMs. A select group of PFAM standards, 12 to 22 length carbon chains, were directly infused into an electrospray ionization source Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer. All standards were monitored in positive mode using the [M + H](+) peak. Mass Hunter Qualitative Analysis software was used to calculate empirical formulas of the product ions. All PFAMs showed losses of 14 m/z indicative of an acyl chain, while the monounsaturated group displayed neutral losses corresponding to H(2)O and NH(3). The resulting spectra were used to propose fragmentation mechanisms. Isotopically labeled PFAMs were used to validate the proposed mechanisms. Patterns of saturated versus unsaturated standards were distinctive, allowing for simple differentiation. This determination will allow for fast, qualitative identification of PFAMs. Additionally, it will provide a method development tool for selection of unique product ions when analyzed in multiple reaction monitoring mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Divito
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 308 Mellon Hall of Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, USA
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13
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Farrell EK, Chen Y, Barazanji M, Jeffries KA, Cameroamortegui F, Merkler DJ. Primary fatty acid amide metabolism: conversion of fatty acids and an ethanolamine in N18TG2 and SCP cells. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:247-56. [PMID: 22095832 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m018606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary fatty acid amides (PFAM) are important signaling molecules in the mammalian nervous system, binding to many drug receptors and demonstrating control over sleep, locomotion, angiogenesis, and many other processes. Oleamide is the best-studied of the primary fatty acid amides, whereas the other known PFAMs are significantly less studied. Herein, quantitative assays were used to examine the endogenous amounts of a panel of PFAMs, as well as the amounts produced after incubation of mouse neuroblastoma N(18)TG(2) and sheep choroid plexus (SCP) cells with the corresponding fatty acids or N-tridecanoylethanolamine. Although five endogenous primary amides were discovered in the N(18)TG(2) and SCP cells, a different pattern of relative amounts were found between the two cell lines. Higher amounts of primary amides were found in SCP cells, and the conversion of N-tridecanoylethanolamine to tridecanamide was observed in the two cell lines. The data reported here show that the N(18)TG(2) and SCP cells are excellent model systems for the study of PFAM metabolism. Furthermore, the data support a role for the N-acylethanolamines as precursors for the PFAMs and provide valuable new kinetic results useful in modeling the metabolic flux through the pathways for PFAM biosynthesis and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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Lucanic M, Held JM, Vantipalli MC, Klang IM, Graham JB, Gibson BW, Lithgow GJ, Gill MS. N-acylethanolamine signalling mediates the effect of diet on lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 2011; 473:226-9. [PMID: 21562563 PMCID: PMC3093655 DOI: 10.1038/nature10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is a robust means of extending adult lifespan and postponing age-related disease in many species, including yeast, worms, flies and rodents1,2. Studies of the genetic requirements for lifespan extension by DR in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have implicated a number of key players in this process3–5, including the nutrient-sensing target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway6 and the Foxa transcription factor PHA-47. However, little is known about the metabolic signals that coordinate the organismal response to DR and maintain homeostasis when nutrients are limited. The endocannabinoid (EC) system is an excellent candidate to play such a role given its involvement in regulating nutrient intake and energy balance8. Despite this, a direct role for EC signaling in DR or lifespan determination has yet to be demonstrated, in part due to the apparent absence of EC signaling pathways in model organisms that are amenable to lifespan analysis9. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are lipid-derived signaling molecules, which include the mammalian EC arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA). Here we identify NAEs in C. elegans, show that NAE abundance is reduced under DR and that NAE deficiency is sufficient to extend lifespan through a DR mechanism requiring PHA-4. Conversely, dietary supplementation with the nematode NAE eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) not only inhibits DR-induced lifespan extension in wild type animals, but also suppresses lifespan extension in a TOR pathway mutant. This demonstrates a role for NAE signaling in aging and suggests that NAEs represent a signal that coordinates nutrient status with metabolic changes that ultimately determine lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lucanic
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, California 94945, USA
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15
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Jung HJ, Lee WY, Chung BC, Choi MH. Mass spectrometric profiling of saturated fatty acid esters of steroids separated by high-temperature gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:1463-8. [PMID: 19144339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient analytical method for simultaneous determination of 12 SFEs in serum is described. The method involves solid-phase extraction to isolate of SFEs from interfering species, especially cholesteryl esters, conversion to trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives for the direct analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a high temperature MXT-1 (Silcosteel-treated stainless steel) capillary column. All SFEs as their TMS derivatives were well separated with excellent peak shapes within 12 min. Overall recoveries ranged from 88% to 119%, with a detection limits for SFEs ranged from 2 to 30 microg L(-1). The linearity as correlation coefficient was higher than 0.99 except for pregnenolone-3-arachidate (r(2)=0.98) in the concentration range of 5-3000 microg L(-1). Ten serum samples obtained from volunteers were also analyzed and quantitatively determined of DHEA-3-palmitate and pregnenolone-3-stearate in 1.8-1195.8 microg L(-1) concentration. The devised high temperature GC-MS method could be useful for identification of SFEs in biological specimens including serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Jung
- Life Sciences Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolkok-dong, Seongbuk-ku, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
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16
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Mueller GP, Driscoll WJ. In vitro synthesis of oleoylglycine by cytochrome c points to a novel pathway for the production of lipid signaling molecules. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:22364-9. [PMID: 17537719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701801200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain fatty acyl glycines represent a new class of signaling molecules whose biosynthetic pathway is unknown. Here we report that cytochrome c catalyzes the formation of oleoylglycine from oleoyl-CoA and glycine, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The identity of oleoylglycine product was confirmed by isotope labeling and fragmentation mass spectrometry. Synthesis of oleoylglycine by cytochrome c was dependent upon substrate concentration and time. Other heme-containing proteins, myoglobin and hemoglobin, did not catalyze oleoylglycine synthesis. The functional properties of the reaction closely resemble those observed for the ability of cytochrome c to mediate the synthesis of oleamide from oleoyl-CoA and ammonia, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (Driscoll, W. J., Chaturvedi., S., and Mueller, G. P. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282). The ability of cytochrome c to catalyze the formation of oleoylglycine experimentally indicates the potential importance of cytochrome c as a novel mechanism for the generation of long chain fatty acyl glycine messengers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Mueller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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