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Muhammad N, Hussain I, Ali A, Noureen L, He Q, Subhani Q, Khan NA, Cui H, Zhu Y. Ion chromatography: A comprehensive review of sample preparation methods for analysis of halogens and allied nonmetals in critically challenging inorganic matrices. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1734:465311. [PMID: 39226749 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The inorganic matrices such as metal concentrates, steel, cement, glass, clay, coal, graphite, rocks and sediments, ores etc. play a pivotal role in infrastructure development, transportation, and energy. The presence of non-metallic elements particularly halogens influence their quality, processing cost, and environment dynamics. The analysis of non-metals in such matrices is critically challenging due to their hardness, rigidity, and non-digestibility. This comprehensive review provides a critical comparison of various sample preparation methods in conjunction with pros and cons of advanced techniques for the detection of non-metals in complex matrices, particularly focusing on ion chromatography. Moreover, the review also addresses the challenges related to the enrichment and automation of non-metals analysis. In addition, the previous literature on non-metals determination in diverse range of inorganic matrices has been tabulated for the first time. These insights are intended to guide researchers, quality control analysts, environmental scientists, and policymakers in enhancing pollution monitoring and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Muhammad
- School of life sciences, Wuchang University of technology, Wuhan, 430223, China; Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China; Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China; Faculty of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore,Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China
| | - Laila Noureen
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Biocolloids Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Qing He
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qamar Subhani
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China
| | - Niaz Ali Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hairong Cui
- School of life sciences, Wuchang University of technology, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China.
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Huang Y, Pang J, Zhang S, Huang W. Pretreatment methods in ion chromatography: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465162. [PMID: 39018738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
As an advanced analytical technology, Ion Chromatography (IC) has been widely used in various fields. At present, it is faced with the challenges of sample complexity and instrument precision. It is necessary to select appropriate pretreatment methods to achieve sample preparation and protect the instruments. Therefore, this paper reviews several commonly used sample pretreatment technologies in IC, focusing on sample digestion and purification techniques. Additionally, we introduce some advanced IC technologies and automatic sample processing devices. We provide a comprehensive summary of the basic principles, primary applications and the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Pretreatment methods should be carefully selected and optimized on the specific characteristics of the sample and the ions to be measured, in order to achieve better analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, China
| | - Jiafeng Pang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- College of Water Hydraulic and Architectural Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430078, China; College of Water Hydraulic and Architectural Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer, China.
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3
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Kamp J, Dierkes G, Schweyen PN, Wick A, Ternes TA. Quantification of Poly(vinyl chloride) Microplastics via Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Combustion Ion Chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4806-4812. [PMID: 36917996 PMCID: PMC10061920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A reliable analytical method has been developed to quantify poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in environmental samples. Quantification was conducted via combustion ion chromatography (C-IC). Hydrogen chloride (HCl) was quantitatively released from PVC during thermal decomposition and trapped in an absorption solution. Selectivity of the marker HCl in complex environmental samples was ensured using cleanup via pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with methanol at 100 °C (discarded) and tetrahydrofuran at 185 °C (collected). Using this method, recoveries of 85.5 ± 11.5% and a limit of quantification down to 8.3 μg/g were achieved. A variety of hard and soft PVC products could be successfully analyzed via C-IC with recoveries exceeding >95%. Furthermore, no measurable overdetermination was found for various organic and inorganic matrix ingredients, such as sodium chloride, sucralose, hydroxychloroquine, diclofenac, chloramphenicol, triclosan, or polychlorinated biphenyls. In addition, sediments and suspended particular matter showed PVC concentrations ranging up to 16.0 and 220 μg/g, respectively. However, the gap between determined polymer mass and particle masses could be significant since soft PVC products contain plasticizers up to 50 wt %. Hence, the results of the described method represent a sum of all chlorine-containing polymers, which are extractable under the chosen conditions.
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Li J, Li B, Pan H, Wei Y, Yang Y, Xu N, Chen B, Mohseni M, Esfahani EB. Total organic fluorine (TOF) analysis by completely converting TOF into fluoride with vacuum ultraviolet. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128389. [PMID: 35236042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying total organic fluorine (TOF) in water is vital in monitoring the occurrence and persistence of all fluorine-containing organic compounds in the environment, while currently most studies focus on analyzing individual fluorine-containing organic compounds. To fill the technology gap, we herein proposed to convert TOF completely into fluoride with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis, followed by analysis of fluoride with ion chromatography. Results showed that the tailored VUV photoreactor achieved satisfying recoveries of fluorine from ten model TOF compounds not only in ultrapure water (83.9 ± 2.0% to 109.4 ± 0.8%) but also in real water samples (92.1 ± 1.0%-106.2 ± 15.7%). Unlike other ultraviolet-based processes that favor alkaline conditions, this VUV process preferred either neutral or acidic conditions to defluorinate selected compounds. While the mechanisms remain to be explored in the future, it has been evidenced that the photo-degradation and photo-defluorination rates of these TOF compounds varied significantly among compounds and operation conditions. The method obtained a method detection limit (MDL) of 0.15 μg-F/L, which is lower than the MDLs of many other TOF analytical methods, along with excellent calibration curves for concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10.0 mg-F/L. Notably, minimizing fluoride in sample prior to photoconversion was necessary to avoid subtraction-induced errors for TOF measurement, especially when the fluoride/TOF ratio was high. The robust VUV is also green for sample pretreatment due to its unreliance of chemicals or additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huimei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yiya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ehsan Banayan Esfahani
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Vozhdaeva MY, Kholova AR, Melnitskiy IA, Beloliptsev II, Vozhdaeva YS, Kantor EA, Lebedev AT. Monitoring and Statistical Analysis of Formation of Organochlorine and Organobromine Compounds in Drinking Water of Different Water Intakes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071852. [PMID: 33805994 PMCID: PMC8036628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main drawback of drinking water chlorination involves the formation of quite hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs), represented mainly by halogenated species. Based on the authors’ monitoring data since 2002, the prevalence of chlorine over bromine in the composition of volatile DBPs was shown for the drinking water in Ufa (Russia). However, the situation was completely reversed in the case of semi-volatile DBPs. The principal goal of the present study involved rationalization of the results of the long-term monitoring. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile DBPs. Identification of semi-volatile compounds was carried out with GC-MS, while gas chromatography with an atomic emission detector (GC-AED) was used for their quantification. A significant contribution of oxygen to the composition of semi-volatile compounds proves the decisive role of the dissolved organic matter oxidative destructive processes. Statistical analysis revealed notable linear correlations for trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation vs. chlorine dose. On the contrary, halogenated semi-volatile products do not demonstrate any correlations with the water quality parameters or chlorine dose. Principal component analysis (PCA) placed them into separate groups. The results allow for proposing that formation of the organohalogenated species involved the fast penetration of bromine into the humic matter molecules and, further, their oxidative destruction by active chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Yu. Vozhdaeva
- State Unitary Enterprise “Ufavodokanal”, Water Treatment Station, Rossiyskaya St. 157/2, Ufa 450098, Russia; (A.R.K.); (I.A.M.)
- Department of Petrochemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Physics, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Kosmonavtov St. 1, Ufa 450000, Russia;
- Correspondence: (M.Y.V.); (A.T.L.)
| | - Alfiya R. Kholova
- State Unitary Enterprise “Ufavodokanal”, Water Treatment Station, Rossiyskaya St. 157/2, Ufa 450098, Russia; (A.R.K.); (I.A.M.)
| | - Igor A. Melnitskiy
- State Unitary Enterprise “Ufavodokanal”, Water Treatment Station, Rossiyskaya St. 157/2, Ufa 450098, Russia; (A.R.K.); (I.A.M.)
| | - Ilya I. Beloliptsev
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ufa Branch, Financial University, Mustaia Karima St. 69/1, Ufa 450015, Russia;
| | - Yulia S. Vozhdaeva
- Department of Mechanics and Mathematics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaia Emb. 7/9, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Evgeniy A. Kantor
- Department of Petrochemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Physics, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Kosmonavtov St. 1, Ufa 450000, Russia;
| | - Albert T. Lebedev
- Organic Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gori 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.Y.V.); (A.T.L.)
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Muhammad N, Zia-ul-Haq M, Ali A, Naeem S, Intisar A, Han D, Cui H, Zhu Y, Zhong JL, Rahman A, Wei B. Ion chromatography coupled with fluorescence/UV detector: A comprehensive review of its applications in pesticides and pharmaceutical drug analysis. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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De Silva AO, Armitage JM, Bruton TA, Dassuncao C, Heiger-Bernays W, Hu XC, Kärrman A, Kelly B, Ng C, Robuck A, Sun M, Webster TF, Sunderland EM. PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:631-657. [PMID: 33201517 PMCID: PMC7906948 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human and wildlife exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most human exposure assessments have focused on 2 to 5 legacy PFAS, and wildlife assessments are typically limited to targeted PFAS (up to ~30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production are occurring rapidly, and targeted methods for detecting PFAS have not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry are thus emerging as essential tools for PFAS exposure assessment. Such methods enable researchers to better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal perfluoroalkyl acids. Available data suggest that diet is the major human exposure pathway for some PFAS, but there is large variability across populations and PFAS compounds. Additional data on total fluorine in exposure media and the fraction of unidentified organofluorine are needed. Drinking water has been established as the major exposure source in contaminated communities. As water supplies are remediated, for the general population, exposures from dust, personal care products, indoor environments, and other sources may be more important. A major challenge for exposure assessments is the lack of statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between PFAS and neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation of traditional bioaccumulation metrics. There is evidence that both phospholipids and proteins are important for the tissue partitioning and accumulation of PFAS. New mechanistic models for PFAS bioaccumulation are being developed that will assist in wildlife risk evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:631-657. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Ng
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Robuck
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI USA
| | - Mei Sun
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC USA
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8
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Efficient Determination of Trace Thionyl Chloride in the Antiepileptic Levetiracetam by Pyrolysis Combined with Ion Chromatography. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Mukai K, Fujimori T, Shiota K, Takaoka M. Quantitative speciation of insoluble chlorine in E-waste open burning soil: Implications of the presence of unidentified aromatic-Cl and insoluble chlorides. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:493-502. [PMID: 31185333 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Open burning of electronic waste (E-waste) produces numerous organochlorine compounds (OCs). Although the presence of unidentified OCs has been suggested, the mass balance of identified and unidentified OCs in E-waste open burning soils (EOBSs) still remains unknown. In this study, the concentrations of Cl bonded with aromatic carbon (aromatic-Cl) and aliphatic carbon (aliphatic-Cl), and inorganic Cl in EOBSs were determined by focusing on chlorine (Cl) in water-insoluble fractions (insoluble Cl) and applying Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy in conjunction with combustion ion chromatography. The concentrations of identified Cl (Cl in five individual OCs: polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated benzenes) were calculated from the concentrations previously reported for the same samples. The proportions of identified Cl were less than 1% to aromatic-Cl, indicating the abundance of unidentified OCs. The concentrations of both aromatic-Cl and identified Cl were highest in the sample collected from the site in Vietnam (VN), where wires and cables were mainly burned, suggesting that unidentified aromatic-Cl were produced through pathways similar to those of identified OCs, and the pathway could be related to burning of wires and cables. Further, insoluble Cu (II) compound, Cu2(OH)3Cl were assumed to be present in EOBSs and the concentration was highest in VN, implying that insoluble inorganic chlorides could be related to the formation of aromatic-Cl and identified Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Mukai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan; Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Kenji Shiota
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan; Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
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Kinani A, Salhi H, Bouchonnet S, Kinani S. Determination of adsorbable organic halogens in surface water samples by combustion–microcoulometry versus combustion–ion chromatography titration. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1539:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Feng X, Böhme B, Bobnar M, Simon P, Carrillo-Cabrera W, Burkhardt U, Schmidt M, Schwarz U, Baitinger M, Straßner T, Grin Y. An Amorphous Phase of Zinc and Silicon at Composition Zn2Si5(:H, OH). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjuan Feng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Bodo Böhme
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Matej Bobnar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Paul Simon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Wilder Carrillo-Cabrera
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Ulrich Burkhardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Baitinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Straßner
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Professur für Physikalische Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
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12
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Liu JM, Liu CC, Fang GZ, Wang S. Advanced analytical methods and sample preparation for ion chromatography techniques. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently developed advanced ion chromatography techniques and the various sample preparation methods have been summarized in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Guo-Zhen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
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Ortuño N, Moltó J, Conesa JA, Font R. Formation of brominated pollutants during the pyrolysis and combustion of tetrabromobisphenol A at different temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 191:31-37. [PMID: 24792882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most widely used brominated flame retardant worldwide. A detailed examination of the degradation products emitted during thermal decomposition of TBBPA is presented in the study. Runs were performed in a laboratory furnace at different temperatures (650 and 800 °C) and in different atmospheres (nitrogen and air). More than one hundred semivolatile compounds have been identified by GC/MS, with special interest in brominated ones. Presence of HBr and brominated light hydrocarbons increased with temperature and in the presence of oxygen. Maximum formation of PAHs is observed at pyrolytic condition at the higher temperature. High levels of 2,4-, 2,6- and 2,4,6- bromophenols were found. The levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans have been detected in the ppm range. The most abundant isomers are 2,4,6,8-TeBDF in pyrolysis and 1,2,3,7,8-PeBDF in combustion. These results should be considered in the assessment of thermal treatment of materials containing brominated flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Ortuño
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Julia Moltó
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan A Conesa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Rafael Font
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Jung JH, Lee YK, Myung SW, Cheong NY. Determination of PFOS in LDPE and the Result for Proficiency Testing. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2013.57.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Müller ALH, Müller CC, Antes FG, Barin JS, Dressler VL, Flores EMM, Müller EI. Determination of Bromide, Chloride, and Fluoride in Cigarette Tobacco by Ion Chromatography after Microwave-Induced Combustion. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.670800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Lim HS, Lee BR, Lee SG. Analysis of heavy metal in polymer materials by combustion ICP-AES Method. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2010.23.6.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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