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Redman ZC, Robine S, Burkhead J, Tomco PL. Non-target analysis of crude oil photooxidation products at high latitudes and their biological effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141794. [PMID: 38579945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
With new oil and gas lease sales in high-latitude regions, there exists a need to better understand the chemical fate of spilled oil and its effects on biological life. To address this need, laboratory simulations of crude oil spills under sub-Arctic conditions were conducted using artificial seawater and exposure to solar irradiation to create Hydrocarbon Oxidation Products (HOPs). HOPs characterization and their biological effects were assessed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with high resolution mass Orbitrap spectrometry and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) chemically activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) assay. Non-target UHPLC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis identified 251 HOPs that were in greater abundance in light-exposed samples than dark controls. Oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also detected, including phenanthrene quinone, anthraquinone, hydroxyanthraquinone, and 9-fluoreneone. The composition of HOPs were consistent with photo-products of alkylated two to four ring PAHs, primarily compounds between 1 and 3 aromatic rings and 1-3 oxygens. The HOP mixture formed during photochemical weathering of Cook Inlet crude oil induced greater AhR activity than parent petroleum products solubilized in dark controls, indicating that HOPs, as a complex mixture, may contribute to petroleum toxicity more than the parent petroleum compounds. These non-targeted approaches provide the most comprehensive analysis of hydrocarbon oxidation products to date, highlighting the diversity of the complex mixture resulting from the photooxidation of crude oil and the limitations of targeted analyses for adequately monitoring HOPs in the environment. Taken together, these data identify a critical "blind spot" in environmental monitoring and spill clean-up strategies as there is a diverse pool of HOPs that may negatively impact human and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Redman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
| | - Sage Robine
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Jason Burkhead
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Patrick L Tomco
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
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2
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Dong Y, Liu R, Xie L, Pan X, Sun Y, Wu L, Wang Z. Development of an automatic measurement system using atmospheric pressure photoionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and application for on-line analysis of particulate matter. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:516-530. [PMID: 38135417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
On-line chemical characterization of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with soft ionization technique and ultrahigh-resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHRMS) provides molecular information of organic constituents in real time. Here we describe the development and application of an automatic measurement system that incorporates PM2.5 sampling, thermal desorption, atmospheric pressure photoionization, and UHRMS analysis. Molecular formulas of detected organic compounds were deducted from the accurate (±10 ppm) molecular weights obtained at a mass resolution of 100,000, allowing the identification of small organic compounds in PM2.5. Detection efficiencies of 28 standard compounds were determined and we found a high sensitivity and selectivity towards organic amines with limits of detection below 10 pg. As a proof of principle, PM2.5 samples collected off-line in winter in the urban area of Beijing were analyzed using the Ionization Module and HRMS of the system. The automatic system was then applied to conduct on-line measurements during the summer time at a time resolution of 2 hr. The detected organic compounds comprised mainly CHON and CHN compounds below 350 m/z. Pronounced seasonal variations in elemental composition were observed with shorter carbon backbones and higher O/C ratios in summer than that in winter. This result is consistent with stronger photochemical reactions and thus a higher oxidation state of organics in summer. Diurnal variation in signal intensity of each formula provides crucial information to reveal its source and formation pathway. In summary, the automatic measurement system serves as an important tool for the on-line characterization and identification of organic species in PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ling Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Urban Environment, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Urban Environment, Xiamen 361021, China
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3
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Méndez García M, García de Llasera MP. A review on the enzymes and metabolites identified by mass spectrometry from bacteria and microalgae involved in the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149035. [PMID: 34303250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) are dangerous pollutants widely distributed in the environment. The use of microorganisms represents an important tool for HMW PAHs bioremediation, so, the understanding of their biochemical pathways facilitates the development of biodegradation strategies. For this reason, the potential role of species of microalgae, bacteria, and microalga-bacteria consortia in the degradation of HMW PAHs is discussed. The identification of their metabolites, mostly by GC-MS and LC-MS, allows a better approach to the enzymes involved in the key steps of the metabolic pathways of HMW PAHs biodegradation. So, this review intends to address the proteomic research on enzyme activities and their involvement in regulating essential biochemical functions that help bacteria and microalgae in the biodegradation processes of HMW PAHs. It is noteworthy that, given that to the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focused on the mass spectrometry identification of the HMW PAHs metabolites; whereby and due to the great concern of the presence of HMW PAHs in the environment, this material could help the urgency of developing new bioremediation methods. The elucidation of the metabolic pathways of persistent pollutant degrading microorganisms should lead to a better knowledge of the enzymes involved, which could contribute to a very ecological route to the control of environmental contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez García
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F. 04510, Mexico.
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4
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Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part II: Instrumental analysis and occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Giorio C, Bortolini C, Kourtchev I, Tapparo A, Bogialli S, Kalberer M. Direct target and non-target analysis of urban aerosol sample extracts using atmospheric pressure photoionisation high-resolution mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:786-795. [PMID: 30851530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants of high concern for public health. In the atmosphere they undergo oxidation, mainly through reactions with ·OH and NOx to produce nitro- and oxygenated (oxy-) derivatives. In this study, we developed a new method for the detection of particle-bound PAHs, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs using direct infusion into an atmospheric pressure photoionisation high-resolution mass spectrometer (APPI-HRMS). Method optimisation was done by testing different source temperatures, gas flow rates, mobile phases and dopants. Samples were extracted with methanol, concentrated by evaporation and directly infused in the APPI source after adding toluene as dopant. Acquisition was performed in both polarity modes. The method was applied to target analysis of seasonal PM2.5 samples from an urban background site in Padua (Italy), in the Po Valley, in which a series of PAHs, nitro- and oxy-PAHs were detected. APPI-HRMS was then used for non-target analysis of seasonal PM2.5 samples and results compared with nano-electrospray ionisation (nanoESI) HRMS. The results showed that, when samples were characterised by highly oxidised organic compounds, including S-containing compounds, like in summer samples, APPI did not bring any additional information with respect to nanoESI in negative polarity (nanoESI(-)). Conversely, for winter samples, APPI(-) could detect a series of aromatic and poly-aromatic compounds, mainly oxidised and nitrogenated aromatics, that were not otherwise detected with nanoESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy.
| | - Claudio Bortolini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Rozentale I, Zacs D, Bartkevics V. Application of Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Photoionisation HPLC-MS Method for the Sensitive Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dark Chocolate. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:220-229. [PMID: 30395170 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple food research studies have shown that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) are frequently found in processed cocoa products and chocolate. In a present study a method based on dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionisation (DA-APPI) combined with a liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometer (HPLC-HRMS) for high-sensitivity analysis of four EU marker PAHs in dark chocolate samples was developed and fully validated according to the performance criteria set in EU guidelines. PAHs detection was achieved by HRMS in positive electrospray ionization mode with toluene used as a dopant to enhance the ionization efficiency of non-polar PAHs. The on-column instrument detection limits ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 pg for all four marker compounds. The method detection limits ranged from 0.016 to 0.024 μg kg-1 expressed on fat basis. The elaborated method was successfully applied to the analysis of four EU marker PAHs in dark chocolate samples. The presence of benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and chrysene revealed at detectable levels in 100% of the samples, while benzo[a]pyrene was revealed in 77% of the samples, with its content ranging from 0.08 to 2.90 μg kg-1 fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Rozentale
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, Latvia
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7
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Schemeth D, Nielsen NJ, Christensen JH. SPE-LC-MS investigations for the isolation and fractionation of acidic oil degradation products. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1038:182-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Gys C, Kovačič A, Huber C, Lai FY, Heath E, Covaci A. Suspect and untargeted screening of bisphenol S metabolites produced by in vitro human liver metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Tian Z, Gold A, Nakamura J, Zhang Z, Vila J, Singleton DR, Collins LB, Aitken MD. Nontarget Analysis Reveals a Bacterial Metabolite of Pyrene Implicated in the Genotoxicity of Contaminated Soil after Bioremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7091-7100. [PMID: 28510420 PMCID: PMC6309544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation is an accepted technology for cleanup of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but it can increase the genotoxicity of the soil despite removal of the regulated PAHs. Although polar biotransformation products have been implicated as causative genotoxic agents, no specific product has been identified. We pursued a nontarget analytical approach combining effect-directed analysis (EDA) and metabolite profiling to compare extracts of PAH-contaminated soil from a former manufactured-gas plant site before and after treatment in a laboratory-scale aerobic bioreactor. A compound with the composition C15H8O2 and four methylated homologues were shown to accumulate as a result of bioreactor treatment, and the C15H8O2 compound purified from soil extracts was determined to be genotoxic. Its structure was established by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy as a heretofore unidentified α,β-unsaturated lactone derived from dioxygenation of pyrene at an apical ring, 2H-naphtho[2,1,8-def]chromen-2-one (NCO), which was confirmed by synthesis. The concentration of NCO in the bioreactor was 11 μg g-1 dry soil, corresponding to 13% of the pyrene removed. It also accumulated in aerobically incubated soil from two additional PAH-contaminated sites and was formed from pyrene by two pyrene-degrading bacterial cultures known to be geographically widespread, underscoring its potential environmental significance.
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10
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Hayakawa K, Tang N, Toriba A. Recent analytical methods for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Japan
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11
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Determination of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by HPLC-photoionization tandem mass spectrometry in wood smoke particles and soil samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4523-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Methods for characterization of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:5877-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Asahi M, Kawai M, Toyama T, Kumagai Y, Chuesaard T, Tang N, Kameda T, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Identification and Quantification of in Vivo Metabolites of 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone in Human Urine Associated with Producing Reactive Oxygen Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:76-85. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400338t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Asahi
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mio Kawai
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Thanyarat Chuesaard
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Graduate
School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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An analytical investigation of 24 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) using liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8885-96. [PMID: 24005604 PMCID: PMC3824841 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed two independent approaches for separation and quantitation of 24 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) using both liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (LC-APCI/MS) and gas chromatography-electron impact/mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS). Building on previous OPAH research, we examined laboratory stability of OPAHs, improved existing method parameters, and compared quantification strategies using standard addition and an internal standard on an environmental sample. Of 24 OPAHs targeted in this research, 19 compounds are shared between methods, with 3 uniquely quantitated by GC-EI/MS and 2 by LC-APCI/MS. Using calibration standards, all GC-EI/MS OPAHs were within 15 % of the true value and had less than 15 % relative standard deviations (RSDs) for interday variability. Similarly, all LC-APCI/MS OPAHs were within 20 % of the true value and had less than 15 % RSDs for interday variability. Instrument limits of detection ranged from 0.18 to 36 ng mL−1 on the GC-EI/MS and 2.6 to 26 ng mL−1 on the LC-APCI/MS. Four standard reference materials were analyzed with each method, and we report some compounds not previously published in these materials, such as perinaphthenone and xanthone. Finally, an environmental passive sampling extract from Portland Harbor Superfund, OR was analyzed by each method using both internal standard and standard addition to compensate for potential matrix effects. Internal standard quantitation resulted in increased precision with similar accuracy to standard addition for most OPAHs using 2-fluoro-fluorenone-13C as an internal standard. Overall, this work improves upon OPAH analytical methods and provides some considerations and strategies for OPAHs as focus continues to expand on this emerging chemical class. OPAH chromatograms from GC-EI/MS and LC-APCI/MS methods for NIST SRM 1650b (diesel particulate matter) ![]()
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Rajab M, Greco G, Heim C, Helmreich B, Letzel T. Serial coupling of RP and zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction LC-MS: suspects screening of diclofenac transformation products by oxidation with a boron-doped diamond electrode. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3011-8. [PMID: 23857646 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of pollutants and their transformation products (TPs) in the water system is a big concern because of possible adverse effects on the aquatic environment. Their identification is still a challenge that requires the combination of different chromatographic techniques. In the current research, serial coupling of RPLC and zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction LC with TOF-MS was investigated as a single separation technique for the screening of suspected TPs from electrochemical oxidation of diclofenac using a boron-doped diamond electrode. Diclofenac oxidation was performed in three water matrices in order to study its transformation in different chemical contexts. 47 TPs resulting from similar oxidation methods were selected from the literature. As in most cases standards were not available, an identification procedure based on accurate mass data and chromatographic behavior was proposed. According to this procedure, 11 suspected TPs, previously analyzed by LC, GC, or ion chromatography, were detected in a single injection. The method was proved to be reliable and versatile and it could be efficiently employed as a comprehensive analytical tool for the simultaneous analysis of compounds in a wide polarity range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Rajab
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Garching, Germany
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16
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Ariya PA, Kos G, Mortazavi R, Hudson ED, Kanthasamy V, Eltouny N, Sun J, Wilde C. Bio-organic materials in the atmosphere and snow: measurement and characterization. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 339:145-99. [PMID: 23832685 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bio-organic chemicals are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere and at air-snow interfaces, as well as in aerosols and in clouds. It has been known for centuries that airborne biological matter plays various roles in the transmission of disease in humans and in ecosystems. The implication of chemical compounds of biological origins in cloud condensation and in ice nucleation processes has also been studied during the last few decades, and implications have been suggested in the reduction of visibility, in the influence on oxidative potential of the atmosphere and transformation of compounds in the atmosphere, in the formation of haze, change of snow-ice albedo, in agricultural processes, and bio-hazards and bio-terrorism. In this review we critically examine existing observation data on bio-organic compounds in the atmosphere and in snow. We also review both conventional and cutting-edge analytical techniques and methods for measurement and characterisation of bio-organic compounds and specifically for microbial communities, in the atmosphere and snow. We also explore the link between biological compounds and nucleation processes. Due to increased interest in decreasing emissions of carbon-containing compounds, we also briefly review (in an Appendix) methods and techniques that are currently deployed for bio-organic remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ariya
- Departments of Chemistry, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, Canada,
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17
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Qiao L, Dou A, Shi X, Li H, Shan Y, Lu X, Xu G. Development and evaluation of new imidazolium-based zwitterionic stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1286:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Greco G, Grosse S, Letzel T. Study of the retention behavior in zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography of isomeric hydroxy- and aminobenzoic acids. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1235:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Ghislain T, Faure P, Michels R. Detection and monitoring of PAH and oxy-PAHs by high resolution mass spectrometry: comparison of ESI, APCI and APPI source detection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:530-536. [PMID: 22281813 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to compare direct infusion in a Q-TOF mass spectrometer through three different atmospheric pressure sources, electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) coupled to a high resolution Q-TOF mass spectrometer. A complex mixture of PAH and oxy-PAHs, obtained after the air oxidation of fluoranthene on mineral substrates, was used to compare the different ionization abilities of these sources. Here, we propose analytical methods for the use of all sources. Final goal was to provide background to the choice of the most appropriate source in order to analyze complex organic mixtures as those encountered in polluted soils, water, sediments, as well as in petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Ghislain
- G2R, Nancy-Université, CNRS, B.P. 239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Pratt KA, Prather KA. Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols--recent developments and applications. Part I: Off-line mass spectrometry techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:1-16. [PMID: 21442634 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with a fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part I of this two-part review, we concentrate on off-line mass spectrometry techniques, which require sample collection on filters but can provide detailed molecular speciation. In particular, off-line mass spectrometry techniques utilizing tandem mass spectrometry experiments and high resolution mass analyzers provide improved insight into secondary organic aerosol formation and heterogeneous reaction pathways through detailed structural elucidation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Selective accurate-mass-based analysis of 11 oxy-PAHs on atmospheric particulate matter by pressurized liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography and magnetic sector mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1697-711. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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BEDNÁRIKOVÁ ALENA, SKLÁRŠOVÁ BOŽENA, KOLEK EMIL, POLOVKA MARTIN, ŠIMKO PETER. New Rapid HPLC Method for Separation and Determination of Benzo[A]Pyrene Hydroxyderivatives. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2011.621505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Layshock JA, Wilson G, Anderson KA. Ketone and quinone-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussel tissue, sediment, urban dust, and diesel particulate matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2450-60. [PMID: 20830751 PMCID: PMC4113342 DOI: 10.1002/etc.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) substituted with a ketone or quinone functionality (OPAHs) may be important environmental contaminants. The OPAHs from environmental samples have demonstrated toxicity and may be more harmful than PAHs. Knowledge gaps concerning the occurrence of OPAHs in the total environment arise from analytical difficulties, as well as limited standards and methodologies. An optimized method was developed to quantify five ketone and four quinone OPAHs from matrices ranging from biological tissue to diesel particulates. Five National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) were analyzed. This is the first report of OPAH quantitation in SRM 2977 (mussel tissue), SRM 1944 (New York/New Jersey, USA waterway sediment), SRM 1975 (diesel extract), and SRM 1650b (diesel particulate matter) and among the few to report concentrations from SRM 1649 (urban dust). Furthermore, this is one of the first reports of OPAHs in biological tissue. Σ₉OPAHs were 374 ± 59 mg/kg (mussel tissue), 5.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg (sediment), 16.9 ± 1.6 mg/kg (urban dust), 33.4 ± 0.4 mg/kg (diesel extract), and 150 ± 43 mg/kg (diesel particulate matter). In all SRMs, the levels of OPAHs were similar to or exceeded levels of PAHs. Of the OPAHs tested, the most frequently occurring in the environmental matrices were 9-fluorenone, 9,10-anthraquinone, benzofluorenone, and 7,12-benz[a]anthracenequinone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim A. Anderson
- Corresponding Author: Kim A. Anderson, 1127 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, PH: 541-737-8501, Fax: 541-737-0497
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Bataineh M, Lübcke-von Varel U, Hayen H, Brack W. HPLC/APCI-FTICR-MS as a tool for identification of partial polar mutagenic compounds in effect-directed analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1016-1027. [PMID: 20236837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Identification of unknown compounds remains one of the biggest challenges for the assignment of adverse effects of sediment contamination and other complex environmental mixtures to responsible toxicants by effect-directed analysis (EDA). The identification depends on information gained from biotesting, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometric detection. Thus, a methodology is provided for non-target identification of partial polar mutagenic polyaromatic compounds in sediment extracts by using polymeric reversed-phase HPLC column, high-resolution mass spectrometry and PubChem database. After visualization and processing the chromatogram constituents by using deconvolution software, the unambiguous elemental compositions generated were used as input in PubChem database to find a possible identity for the suspected species. The retrieved structures from the database search were refined by characterized chromatographic and mass spectrometric classifiers based on 55 model compounds comprising eight different classes representing mutagenic substructures. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by positive and tentative identification of constituents of mutagenic sediment fractions similar to selected model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Bataineh
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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25
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Ehrenhauser FS, Wornat MJ, Valsaraj KT, Rodriguez P. Design and evaluation of a dopant-delivery system for an orthogonal atmospheric-pressure photoionization source and its performance in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1351-1357. [PMID: 20391608 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric-pressure photoionization (APPI) mass spectrometry benefits from the addition of an ionization-enhancing dopant such as benzene. A passive dopant-delivery system has therefore been designed for use with the orthogonal APPI source within a commercial liquid chromatographic instrument with mass spectrometric detector. By providing the dopant in the gas phase, the newly designed equipment avoids mixing problems and other difficulties associated with liquid dopant addition. The system is a simple and durable design that can reliably deliver virtually any dopant with sufficient vapor pressure in the temperature range of 20 to 120 degrees C. At the optimum dopant flow rate (10% of the mobile phase flow rate) for high-performance liquid chromatography with narrow-bore (2.1 mm) columns, the system allows for uninterrupted routine analysis for up to two weeks. The performance of the device has been evaluated with benzene as dopant and with a test mixture consisting of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): naphthalene, 9H-fluorene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. All four PAH can be detected with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio in the scanning mode and a limit of detection down to 0.42 ng on column (51 pg in single-ion monitoring mode). The concentration calibration curves are linear over a range of three orders of magnitude, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The utilization of benzene as dopant not only increases the sensitivity significantly - 20-fold, compared with dopant-free operation - but the low m/z values of the background ions observed also allow for the effective quantitative and qualitative analysis of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz S Ehrenhauser
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Mirivel G, Riffault V, Galloo JC. Simultaneous determination by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of nitrated and oxygenated PAHs found in air and soot particles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:243-256. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Adelhelm C, Niessner R, Pöschl U, Letzel T. Analysis of large oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed under simulated diesel engine exhaust conditions (by compound fingerprints with SPE/LC-API-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2599-608. [PMID: 18560812 PMCID: PMC2490728 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of organic compounds in combustion exhaust particles and the chemical transformation of soot by nitrogen oxides are key aspects of assessment and mitigation of the climate and health effects of aerosol emissions from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. In this study we present experimental and analytical techniques for efficient investigation of oxygenated and nitrated derivatives of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can be regarded as well-defined soot model substances. For coronene and hexabenzocoronene exposed to nitrogen dioxide under simulated diesel exhaust conditions, several reaction products with high molecular mass could be characterized by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical (and photo) ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS and LC-APPI-MS). The main products of coronene contained odd numbers of nitrogen atoms (m/z 282, 256, 338), whereas one of the main products of hexabenzocoronene exhibited an even number of nitrogen atoms (m/z 391). Various reaction products containing carbonyl and nitro groups could be tentatively identified by combining chromatographic and mass spectrometric information, and changes of their relative abundance were observed to depend on the reaction conditions. This analytical strategy should highlight a relatively young technique for the characterization of various soot-contained, semi-volatile, and semi-polar reaction products of large PAHs. LC-APCI-MS analysis of nitrated coronene (and HBC): Total-Ion-Chromatogram (TIC), Extracted Ion Chromatograms (EICs) and corresponding mass spectrum (top). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Adelhelm
- Institute for Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Fitch WL, He L, Tu YP, Alexandrova L. Application of polarity switching in the identification of the metabolites of RO9237. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1661-8. [PMID: 17465015 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polarity switching mass spectrometry is an efficient way to collect structural data on drug metabolites. The value of this approach is illustrated with the in vitro metabolism of RO9237. Metabolites are identified by positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) full scan mass spectrometry, MS/MS and MS(3) using unlabelled and (14)C-radiolabelled versions of the drug. Comparison of the relative detectability of these metabolites by +ESI and -ESI shows that neither ESI mode is universal. It is advantageous to screen for metabolites using both positive and negative ionization modes. This is especially true for phase II metabolism which tends to make molecules more polar and often more acidic. Identification of phase II metabolites also benefits greatly from MS(3) experiments because the conjugating groups typically are cleaved in MS/MS and information on the core structure is only obtained in MS(3). A special case of phase II metabolism is the generation of glutathione (GSH) conjugates from reactive metabolites. The detection of GSH conjugates also benefits from generating both positive and negative ESI mass spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Fitch
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Roche Palo Alto, LLC, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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