1
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Serras-Malillos A, Perez-Martinez BB, Iriondo A, Acha E, Lopez-Urionabarrenechea A, Caballero BM. Quantification of the composition of pyrolysis oils of complex plastic waste by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9892-9911. [PMID: 38528926 PMCID: PMC10961955 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Waste valorisation through pyrolysis generates solid, liquid and gaseous fractions that need to be deeply characterised in order to try to recover secondary raw materials or chemicals. Depending on the waste and the process conditions, the liquid fraction obtained (so-called pyrolysis oil) can be very complex. This work proposes a method to quantitatively measure the composition of pyrolysis oils coming from three types of polymeric waste: (1) plastic packaging from sorting plants of municipal solid waste, (2) plastic rich fractions rejected from sorting plants of waste of electrical and electronic equipment and (3) end-of-life carbon/glass fibre reinforced thermoset polymers. The proposed methodology uses a gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometer detector (MS) analytical technique, a certified saturated alkanes' mix, an internal standard and fourteen model compounds. Validation of the methodology concluded that the average relative error was between -59 wt% and +62 wt% (with standard deviations between 0 wt% and 13 wt%). Considering that the state-of-the-art scenario to quantify complex plastic pyrolysis oils as a whole is almost none and that they are usually evaluated only qualitatively based on the area percentage of the GC-MS chromatograms, the presented quantification methodology implies a clear step forward towards complex pyrolysis oil compositional quantification in a cost-effective way. Besides, this quantification methodology enables determining what proportion is being detected by GC-MS with respect to the total oil. Finally, the presented work includes all the Kováts RI for complex temperature-program gas chromatography of all the signals identified in the analysed pyrolysis oils, to be readily available to other researchers towards the identification of chemical compounds in their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serras-Malillos
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 1 48013-Bilbao Spain
| | - B B Perez-Martinez
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 1 48013-Bilbao Spain
| | - A Iriondo
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 1 48013-Bilbao Spain
| | - E Acha
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 1 48013-Bilbao Spain
| | - A Lopez-Urionabarrenechea
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 1 48013-Bilbao Spain
| | - B M Caballero
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 1 48013-Bilbao Spain
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2
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Kusenberg M, Eschenbacher A, Djokic MR, Zayoud A, Ragaert K, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:83-115. [PMID: 34871884 PMCID: PMC8769047 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis followed by a minimal amount of upgrading and steam cracking is expected to be the dominant chemical recycling technology in the coming decade. However, there are substantial safety and operational risks when using plastic waste pyrolysis oils instead of conventional fossil-based feedstocks. This is due to the fact that plastic waste pyrolysis oils contain a vast amount of contaminants which are the main drivers for corrosion, fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning in industrial steam cracking plants. Contaminants are therefore crucial to evaluate the steam cracking feasibility of these alternative feedstocks. Indeed, current plastic waste pyrolysis oils exceed typical feedstock specifications for numerous known contaminants, e.g. nitrogen (∼1650 vs. 100 ppm max.), oxygen (∼1250 vs. 100 ppm max.), chlorine (∼1460vs. 3 ppm max.), iron (∼33 vs. 0.001 ppm max.), sodium (∼0.8 vs. 0.125 ppm max.)and calcium (∼17vs. 0.5 ppm max.). Pyrolysis oils produced from post-consumer plastic waste can only meet the current specifications set for industrial steam cracker feedstocks if they are upgraded, with hydrogen based technologies being the most effective, in combination with an effective pre-treatment of the plastic waste such as dehalogenation. Moreover, steam crackers are reliant on a stable and predictable feedstock quality and quantity representing a challenge with plastic waste being largely influenced by consumer behavior, seasonal changes and local sorting efficiencies. Nevertheless, with standardization of sorting plants this is expected to become less problematic in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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3
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Abstract
The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the marine sector were around 2.6% of world GHG emissions in 2015 and are expected to increase 50%–250% to 2050 under a “business as usual” scenario, making the decarbonization of this fossil fuel-intensive sector an urgent priority. Biofuels, which come in various forms, are one of the most promising options to replace existing marine fuels for accomplishing this in the short to medium term. Some unique challenges, however, impede biofuels penetration in the shipping sector, including the low cost of the existing fuels, the extensive present-day refueling infrastructure, and the exclusion of the sector from the Paris climate agreement. To address this, it is necessary to first identify those biofuels best suited for deployment as marine fuel. In this work, the long list of possible biofuel candidates has been narrowed down to four high-potential options—bio-methanol, bio-dimethyl ether, bio-liquefied natural gas, and bio-oil. These options are further evaluated based on six criteria—cost, potential availability, present technology status, GHG mitigation potential, infrastructure compatibility, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) compatibility—via both an extensive literature review and stakeholder discussions. These four candidates turn out to be relatively evenly matched overall, but each possesses certain strengths and shortcomings that could favor that fuel under specific circumstances, such as if compatibility with existing shipping infrastructure or with CCS deployment become pivotal requirements. Furthermore, we pay particular attention to the possibility of integrating deployment of these biofuels with CCS to further reduce marine sector emissions. It is shown that this aspect is presently not on the radar of the industry stakeholders but is likely to grow in importance as CCS acceptability increases in the broader green energy sector.
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4
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Akhade SA, Singh N, Gutiérrez OY, Lopez-Ruiz J, Wang H, Holladay JD, Liu Y, Karkamkar A, Weber RS, Padmaperuma AB, Lee MS, Whyatt GA, Elliott M, Holladay JE, Male JL, Lercher JA, Rousseau R, Glezakou VA. Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Biomass-Derived Organics: A Review. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11370-11419. [PMID: 32941005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable energy generation calls for a shift away from centralized, high-temperature, energy-intensive processes to decentralized, low-temperature conversions that can be powered by electricity produced from renewable sources. Electrocatalytic conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks would allow carbon recycling of distributed, energy-poor resources in the absence of sinks and sources of high-grade heat. Selective, efficient electrocatalysts that operate at low temperatures are needed for electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) to upgrade the feedstocks. For effective generation of energy-dense chemicals and fuels, two design criteria must be met: (i) a high H:C ratio via ECH to allow for high-quality fuels and blends and (ii) a lower O:C ratio in the target molecules via electrochemical decarboxylation/deoxygenation to improve the stability of fuels and chemicals. The goal of this review is to determine whether the following questions have been sufficiently answered in the open literature, and if not, what additional information is required:(1)What organic functionalities are accessible for electrocatalytic hydrogenation under a set of reaction conditions? How do substitutions and functionalities impact the activity and selectivity of ECH?(2)What material properties cause an electrocatalyst to be active for ECH? Can general trends in ECH be formulated based on the type of electrocatalyst?(3)What are the impacts of reaction conditions (electrolyte concentration, pH, operating potential) and reactor types?
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha A Akhade
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Nirala Singh
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | - Oliver Y Gutiérrez
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Juan Lopez-Ruiz
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Huamin Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jamie D Holladay
- TU München, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-84747 Garching, Germany
| | - Yue Liu
- TU München, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-84747 Garching, Germany
| | - Abhijeet Karkamkar
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Robert S Weber
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Asanga B Padmaperuma
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Greg A Whyatt
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Michael Elliott
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Johnathan E Holladay
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jonathan L Male
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,TU München, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-84747 Garching, Germany
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Mommers J, van der Wal S. Column Selection and Optimization for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:183-202. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1707643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Mommers
- DSM Material Science Center, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd van der Wal
- Polymer-Analysis Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Catalytic Hydrotreatment of the Pyrolytic Sugar and Pyrolytic Lignin Fractions of Fast Pyrolysis Liquids Using Nickel Based Catalysts. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13010285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrotreatment is recognized as an efficient method to improve the properties of pyrolysis liquids (PO) to allow co-feeding with fossil fuels in conventional refinery units. The promising catalyst recipes identified so far are catalysts with high nickel contents (38 to 57 wt.%), promoted by Cu, Pd, Mo and/or a combination, and supported by SiO2, SiO2-ZrO2, SiO2-ZrO2-La2O3 or SiO2-Al2O3. To gain insights into the reactivity of the pyrolytic sugar (PS) and pyrolytic lignin (PL) fraction of PO, hydrotreatment studies (350 °C, 120 bar H2 pressure (RT) for 4 h) were performed in a batch autoclave. Catalyst performance was evaluated by considering the product properties (H/C ratio, the charring tendency (TGA) and molecular weight distribution (GPC)) and the results were compared with a benchmark Ru/C catalyst. All Ni based catalysts gave products oils with a higher H/C compared to Ru/C. The Mo promoted catalyst performed best, giving a product with the highest H/C ratio (1.54) and the lowest TG residue (0.8 wt.% compared to 12 wt.% for the fresh PS). The results further revealed that the PS fraction is highly reactive and full conversion was achieved at 350 °C. In contrast, the PL fraction was rather inert, and only part of the PL fraction was converted. The fresh and spent catalysts after the hydrotreatment of the PS and PL fractions were characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM-EDX). The results revealed that the use of PS as the feed leads to higher amounts of coke deposits on the catalysts, and higher levels of Ni agglomeration when compared to experiments with PL and pure PO. This proofs that proper catalyst selection for the PS fraction is of higher importance than for the PL fraction. The Mo promoted Ni catalysts showed the lowest amount of coke and the lowest tendency for Ni nanoparticle agglomeration compared to the monometallic Ni and bimetallic Ni-Cu catalysts.
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7
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Reymond C, Dubuis A, Le Masle A, Colas C, Chahen L, Destandau E, Charon N. Characterization of liquid–liquid extraction fractions from lignocellulosic biomass by high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Off-line comprehensive size exclusion chromatography × reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of lignocellulosic biomass products. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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A rational strategy based on experimental designs to optimize parameters of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of complex matrices. Talanta 2019; 205:120063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Luong J, Hua Y, Gras R, Shellie RA. Uniformity and Sensitivity Improvements in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Using Flame Ionization Detection with Post-Column Reaction. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11223-11230. [PMID: 31393704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 3D-printed microreactor for post-column reactions was successfully integrated with comprehensive two -dimensional gas chromatography. A two-stage post-column reaction provided a carbon-independent response, enhanced the flame ionization detection uniformity, and improved the detector sensitivity. These enhancements are critical to overcome challenges in analyses using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and flame ionization detection, which aim to separate and quantify multiple components. Post-column reaction flame ionization detection eliminated the requirement of multilevel and multicompound calibration, it enabled the determination of target analytes with a single-carbon-containing calibration compound with an accuracy of ±10%, and it improved the sensitivity for compounds that were not efficiently ionized by flame ionization detection. Extra column band-broadening caused by the incorporation of the 3D-printed microreactor was minimized using optimized reactor operating parameters and intercolumn connectivity. Chromatographic fidelity was in the practical domain of comprehensive 2D gas chromatography. Typical peak widths at half-height using the described approach ranged from 165 to 235 ms for probe compounds with retention factors spanning 5 < k < 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Luong
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC , Highway 15 , Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta T8L 2P4 , Canada.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Yujuan Hua
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC , Highway 15 , Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta T8L 2P4 , Canada
| | - Ronda Gras
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC , Highway 15 , Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta T8L 2P4 , Canada.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Robert A Shellie
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science (CASS), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Deakin University , Burwood Highway , Burwood , Victoria 3125 , Australia
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11
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Lange J. Lignocellulose Liquefaction to Biocrude: A Tutorial Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:997-1014. [PMID: 29364569 PMCID: PMC5900959 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201702362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
After 40 years of research and development, liquefaction technologies are now being demonstrated at 200-3000 tons per year scale to convert lignocellulosic biomass to biocrudes for use as heavy fuel or for upgrading to biofuels. This Review attempts to present the various facets of the liquefaction process in a tutorial manner. Emphasis is placed on liquefaction in high-boiling solvents, with regular reference to liquefaction in subcritical water or other light-boiling solvents. Reaction chemistry, solvent selection, role of optional catalyst as well as biocrude composition and properties are discussed in depth. Challenges in biomass feeding and options for biocrude-solvent separation are addressed. Process concepts are reviewed and demonstration/commercialization efforts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Paul Lange
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V.Shell Technology Centre AmsterdamGrasweg 311031HWAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Sustainable Process Technology GroupFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TwentePO Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
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12
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Detailed characterization of bio-oil from pyrolysis of non-edible seed-cakes by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1058:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Crepier J, Le Masle A, Charon N, Albrieux F, Heinisch S. Development of a supercritical fluid chromatography method with ultraviolet and mass spectrometry detection for the characterization of biomass fast pyrolysis bio oils. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1510:73-81. [PMID: 28666530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of complex mixtures is a challenging issue for the development of innovative processes dedicated to biofuels and bio-products production. The huge number of compounds present in biomass fast pyrolysis oils combined with the large diversity of chemical functions represent a bottleneck as regards analytical technique development. For the extensive characterization of complex samples, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) can be alternative to usual separation techniques such as gas (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC). In this study, an approach is proposed to define the best conditions for the SFC separation of a fast pyrolysis bio-oil. This approach was based on SFC data obtained directly from the bio-oil itself instead of selecting model compounds as usually done. SFC conditions were optimized by using three specific, easy-to-use and quantitative criteria aiming at maximizing the separation power. Polar stationary phases (ethylpyridine bonded silica) associated to a mix of acetonitrile and water as polarity modifier provided the best results, with more than 120 peaks detected in SFC-UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Crepier
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Agnès Le Masle
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France.
| | - Nadège Charon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Florian Albrieux
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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14
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Engelhardt J, Lyu P, Nachtigall P, Schüth F, García ÁM. The Influence of Water on the Performance of Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts in Hydrodeoxygenation Reactions: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Engelhardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 D-45470 Mülheim Germany
| | - Pengbo Lyu
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Hlavova 2030 Prague 2 12840 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigall
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Hlavova 2030 Prague 2 12840 Czech Republic
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 D-45470 Mülheim Germany
| | - Ángel Morales García
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Hlavova 2030 Prague 2 12840 Czech Republic
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15
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Agarwal S, Chowdari RK, Hita I, Heeres HJ. Experimental Studies on the Hydrotreatment of Kraft Lignin to Aromatics and Alkylphenolics Using Economically Viable Fe-Based Catalysts. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2017; 5:2668-2678. [PMID: 28413733 PMCID: PMC5390507 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Limonite, a low-cost iron ore, was investigated as a potential hydrotreatment catalyst for kraft lignin without the use of an external solvent (batch reactor, initial H2 pressure of 100 bar, 4 h). The best results were obtained at 450 °C resulting in 34 wt % of liquefied kraft lignin (lignin oil) on lignin intake. The composition of the lignin oil was determined in detail (elemental composition, GC-MS, GC×GC-FID, and GPC). The total GC-detectable monomeric species amounts up to 31 wt % on lignin intake, indicating that 92 wt % of the products in the lignin oil are volatile and thus of low molecular weight. The lignin oil was rich in low-molecular-weight alkylphenolics (17 wt % on lignin) and aromatics (8 wt % on lignin). Performance of the limonite catalyst was compared to other Fe-based catalysts (goethite and iron disulfide) and limonite was shown to give the highest yields of alkylphenolics and aromatics. The limonite catalyst before and after reaction was characterized using XRD, TEM, and nitrogen physisorption to determine changes in structure during reaction. Catalyst recycling tests were performed and show that the catalyst is active after reuse, despite the fact that the morphology changed and that the surface area of the catalyst particles was decreased. Our results clearly reveal that cheap limonite catalysts have the potential to be used for the depolymerization/hydrodeoxygenation of kraft lignin for the production of valuable biobased phenolics and aromatics.
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16
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Negahdar L, Gonzalez-Quiroga A, Otyuskaya D, Toraman HE, Liu L, Jastrzebski JBH, Van Geem KM, Marin GB, Thybaut JW, Weckhuysen BM. Characterization and Comparison of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oils from Pinewood, Rapeseed Cake, and Wheat Straw Using 13C NMR and Comprehensive GC × GC. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2016; 4:4974-4985. [PMID: 27668136 PMCID: PMC5027642 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis bio-oils are feasible energy carriers and a potential source of chemicals. Detailed characterization of bio-oils is essential to further develop its potential use. In this study, quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) was used to characterize fast pyrolysis bio-oils originated from pinewood, wheat straw, and rapeseed cake. The combination of both techniques provided new information on the chemical composition of bio-oils for further upgrading. 13C NMR analysis indicated that pinewood-based bio-oil contained mostly methoxy/hydroxyl (≈30%) and carbohydrate (≈27%) carbons; wheat straw bio-oil showed to have high amount of alkyl (≈35%) and aromatic (≈30%) carbons, while rapeseed cake-based bio-oil had great portions of alkyl carbons (≈82%). More than 200 compounds were identified and quantified using GC × GC coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) and a time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Nonaromatics were the most abundant and comprised about 50% of the total mass of compounds identified and quantified via GC × GC. In addition, this analytical approach allowed the quantification of high value-added phenolic compounds, as well as of low molecular weight carboxylic acids and aldehydes, which exacerbate the unstable and corrosive character of the bio-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Negahdar
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arturo Gonzalez-Quiroga
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daria Otyuskaya
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilal E. Toraman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- School of Energy Science
and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Johann
T. B. H. Jastrzebski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin. M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris W. Thybaut
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Alam MS, Harrison RM. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3968-3977. [PMID: 30155039 PMCID: PMC6013788 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gas chromatography has huge power for separating complex mixtures. The principles of the technique are outlined together with an overview of detection methods applicable to GC × GC column effluent with a focus on selectivity. Applications of GC × GC techniques in the analysis of petroleum-related and airborne particulate matter samples are reviewed. Mass spectrometric detection can be used alongside spectral libraries to identify eluted compounds, but in complex petroleum-related and atmospheric samples, when used conventionally at high ionisation energies, may not allow differentiation of structural isomers. Available low energy ionisation methods are reviewed and an example given of the additional structural information which can be extracted by measuring mass spectra at both low and high ionisation energies, hence greatly enhancing the selectivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
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18
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Wang Y, Agarwal S, Kloekhorst A, Heeres HJ. Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Humins in Mixtures of Formic Acid/2-Propanol with Supported Ruthenium Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:951-61. [PMID: 26836970 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic hydrotreatment of humins, which are the solid byproducts from the conversion of C6 sugars (glucose, fructose) into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA), by using supported ruthenium catalysts has been investigated. Reactions were carried out in a batch setup at elevated temperatures (400 °C) by using a hydrogen donor (formic acid (FA) in isopropanol (IPA) or hydrogen gas), with humins obtained from d-glucose. Humin conversions of up to 69 % were achieved with Ru/C and FA, whereas the performance for Ru on alumina was slightly poorer (59 % humin conversion). Humin oils were characterized by using a range of analytical techniques (GC, GC-MS, GCxGC, gel permeation chromatography) and were shown to consist of monomers, mainly alkyl phenolics (>45 % based on compounds detectable by GC) and higher oligomers. A reaction network for the reaction is proposed based on structural proposals for humins and the main reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehu Wang
- Chemical Engineering Department, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shilpa Agarwal
- Chemical Engineering Department, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Kloekhorst
- Chemical Engineering Department, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hero Jan Heeres
- Chemical Engineering Department, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Kloekhorst A, Heeres HJ. Catalytic hydrotreatment of Alcell lignin fractions using a Ru/C catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00523c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We here report the catalytic hydrotreatment of three different Alcell lignin fractions using a Ru/C catalyst in a batch reactor set-up (400 °C, 4 h, 100 bar H2 intake, 5 wt% catalyst on lignin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Kloekhorst
- University of Groningen
- Chemical Engineering
- ENTEG
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Hero Jan Heeres
- University of Groningen
- Chemical Engineering
- ENTEG
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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20
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Yin W, Kloekhorst A, Venderbosch RH, Bykova MV, Khromova SA, Yakovlev VA, Heeres HJ. Catalytic hydrotreatment of fast pyrolysis liquids in batch and continuous set-ups using a bimetallic Ni–Cu catalyst with a high metal content. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00503a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of process conditions on catalyst performance and product properties are reported in both batch and continuous set-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Kloekhorst
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Hero J. Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
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21
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Assessing the chemical composition of bio-oils using FT-ICR mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Kloekhorst A, Wildschut J, Heeres HJ. Catalytic hydrotreatment of pyrolytic lignins to give alkylphenolics and aromatics using a supported Ru catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00242c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Le Masle A, Angot D, Gouin C, D’Attoma A, Ponthus J, Quignard A, Heinisch S. Development of on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography method for the separation of biomass compounds. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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da Cunha ME, Schneider JK, Brasil MC, Cardoso CA, Monteiro LR, Mendes FL, Pinho A, Jacques RA, Machado ME, Freitas LS, Caramão EB. Analysis of fractions and bio-oil of sugar cane straw by one-dimensional and two-dimensional gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC×GC/qMS). Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Almeida TM, Bispo MD, Cardoso ART, Migliorini MV, Schena T, de Campos MCV, Machado ME, López JA, Krause LC, Caramão EB. Preliminary studies of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of coconut fibers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6812-6821. [PMID: 23815555 DOI: 10.1021/jf401379s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work studied fast pyrolysis as a way to use the residual fiber obtained from the shells of coconut ( Cocos nucifera L. var. Dwarf, from Aracaju, northeastern Brazil). The bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis and the aqueous phase (formed during the pyrolysis) were characterized by GC/qMS and GC×GC/TOF-MS. Many oxygenated compounds such as phenols, aldehydes, and ketones were identified in the extracts obtained in both phases, with a high predominance of phenolic compounds, mainly alkylphenols. Eighty-one compounds were identified in the bio-oil and 42 in the aqueous phase using GC/qMS, and 95 and 68 in the same samples were identified by GC×GC/TOF-MS. The better performance of GC×GC/TOF-MS was due to the possibility of resolving some coeluted peaks in the one-dimension gas chromatography. Semiquantitative analysis of the samples verified that 59% of the area on the chromatogram of bio-oil is composed by phenols and 12% by aldehydes, mainly furfural. Using the same criterion, 77% of the organic compounds in the aqueous phase are phenols. Therefore, this preliminary assessment indicates that coconut fibers have the potential to be a cost-effective and promising alternative to obtain new products and minimize environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarciana M Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Industrial/Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Universidade Tiradentes, Farolândia, Aracaju, Brazi
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26
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Tessarolo NS, dos Santos LR, Silva RS, Azevedo DA. Chemical characterization of bio-oils using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1279:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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28
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Kanaujia PK, Sharma Y, Agrawal U, Garg M. Analytical approaches to characterizing pyrolysis oil from biomass. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Omais B, Crepier J, Charon N, Courtiade M, Quignard A, Thiébaut D. Oxygen speciation in upgraded fast pyrolysis bio-oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Analyst 2013; 138:2258-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35597c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Djokic MR, Dijkmans T, Yildiz G, Prins W, Van Geem KM. Quantitative analysis of crude and stabilized bio-oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Meng J, Park J, Tilotta D, Park S. The effect of torrefaction on the chemistry of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 111:439-446. [PMID: 22370230 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis was performed on torrefied loblolly pine and the collected bio-oils were analyzed to compare the effect of the torrefaction treatment on their quality. The results of the analyses show that bio-oils produced from torrefied wood have improved oxygen-to-carbon ratios compared to those from the original wood with the penalty of a decrease in bio-oil yield. The extent of this improvement depends on the torrefaction severity. Based on the GC/MS analysis of the pyrolysis bio-oils, bio-oils produced from torrefied biomass show different compositions compared to that from the original wood. Specifically, the former becomes more concentrated in pyrolytic lignin with less water content than the latter. It was considered that torrefaction could be a potential upgrading method to improve the quality of bio-oil, which might be a useful feedstock for phenolic-based chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Meng
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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32
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Šťávová J, Stahl DC, Seames WS, Kubátová A. Method development for the characterization of biofuel intermediate products using gas chromatography with simultaneous mass spectrometric and flame ionization detections. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1224:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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33
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34
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Möller M, Nilges P, Harnisch F, Schröder U. Subcritical water as reaction environment: fundamentals of hydrothermal biomass transformation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:566-579. [PMID: 21322117 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Subcritical water, that is, water above the boiling and below critical point, is a unique and sustainable reaction medium. Based on its solvent properties, in combination with the often considerable intrinsic water content of natural biomass, it is often considered as a potential solvent for biomass processing. Current knowledge on biomass transformation in subcritical water is, however, still rather scattered without providing a consistent picture. Concentrating on fundamental physical and chemical aspects, this review summarizes the current state of knowledge of hydrothermal biomass conversion in subcritical water. After briefly introducing subcritical water as a reaction medium, its advantages for biomass processing compared to other thermal processes are highlighted. Subsequently, the physical-chemical properties of subcritical water are discussed in the light of their impact on the occurring chemical reactions. The influence of major operational parameters, including temperature, pressure, and reactant concentration on hydrothermal biomass transformation processes are illustrated for selected carbohydrates. Major emphasis is put on the nature of the carbohydrate monomers, since the conversion of the respective polymers is analogous with the additional prior step of hydrolytic depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Möller
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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35
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Pyl SP, Schietekat CM, Van Geem KM, Reyniers MF, Vercammen J, Beens J, Marin GB. Rapeseed oil methyl ester pyrolysis: On-line product analysis using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Bykova MV, Bulavchenko OA, Ermakov DY, Lebedev MY, Yakovlev VA, Parmon VN. Guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation in the presence of Ni-containing catalysts. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050411010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Vapors with Nano Metal Oxides: An Analytical Py-GC/MS Study. ENERGIES 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/en3111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Sfetsas T, Michailof C, Lappas A, Li Q, Kneale B. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pyrolysis oil by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:3317-25. [PMID: 21036362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolysis oils have attracted a lot of interest, as they are liquid energy carriers and general sources of chemicals. In this work, gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) techniques were used to provide both qualitative and quantitative results of the analysis of three different pyrolysis oils. The chromatographic methods and parameters were optimized and solvent choice and separation restrictions are discussed. Pyrolysis oil samples were diluted in suitable organic solvent and were analyzed by GC×GC-TOFMS. An average of 300 compounds were detected and identified in all three samples using the ChromaToF (Leco) software. The deconvoluted spectra were compared with the NIST software library for correct matching. Group type classification was performed by use of the ChromaToF software. The quantification of 11 selected compounds was performed by means of a multiple-point external calibration curve. Afterwards, the pyrolysis oils were extracted with water, and the aqueous phase was analyzed both by GC-FID and, after proper change of solvent, by GC×GC-TOFMS. As previously, the selected compounds were quantified by both techniques, by means of multiple point external calibration curves. The parameters of the calibration curves were calculated by weighted linear regression analysis. The limit of detection, limit of quantitation and linearity range for each standard compound with each method are presented. The potency of GC×GC-TOFMS for an efficient mapping of the pyrolysis oil is undisputable, and the possibility of using it for quantification as well has been demonstrated. On the other hand, the GC-FID analysis provides reliable results that allow for a rapid screening of the pyrolysis oil. To the best of our knowledge, very few papers have been reported with quantification attempts on pyrolysis oil samples using GC×GC-TOFMS most of which make use of the internal standard method. This work provides the ground for further analysis of pyrolysis oils of diverse sources for a rational design of both their production and utilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themistoklis Sfetsas
- Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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39
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Lu Q, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Zhu XF. Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Vapors with Pd/SBA-15 Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie901198s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xi-feng Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
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40
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Nerín C, Canellas E, Aznar M, Silcock P. Analytical methods for the screening of potential volatile migrants from acrylic-base adhesives used in food-contact materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:1592-601. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903161572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Wildschut J, Mahfud FH, Venderbosch RH, Heeres HJ. Hydrotreatment of Fast Pyrolysis Oil Using Heterogeneous Noble-Metal Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie9006003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Wildschut
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology and Management, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands, and BTG Biomass Technology Group B.V., Josink Esweg 34, 7545 PN Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Farchad H. Mahfud
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology and Management, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands, and BTG Biomass Technology Group B.V., Josink Esweg 34, 7545 PN Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robbie H. Venderbosch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology and Management, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands, and BTG Biomass Technology Group B.V., Josink Esweg 34, 7545 PN Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology and Management, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands, and BTG Biomass Technology Group B.V., Josink Esweg 34, 7545 PN Enschede, The Netherlands
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42
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Gutierrez A, Kaila R, Honkela M, Slioor R, Krause A. Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol on noble metal catalysts. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2008.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Cortes HJ, Winniford B, Luong J, Pursch M. Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography review. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:883-904. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Chapter 2 Basic Instrumentation for GC×GC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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45
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Simple calibration procedure for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:264-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Cochran J. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of pesticides in tobacco. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:202-10. [PMID: 18261736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) with fast acquisition time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to analyze a tobacco extract for pesticides. The emphasis was on qualitative characterization of the sample, using automated peak find and spectral deconvolution software to identify 14 pesticides in the extract. Two additional pesticides were located based on manual review of the data. Matrix-matched standards of tobacco extract spiked with 2.5 to 50 ng/mL concentrations of numerous organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were used to demonstrate linearity and the GC x GC benefit of eliminating interferences that might contribute to quantification bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cochran
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA.
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47
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Recent developments in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:67-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Marsman J, Wildschut J, Evers P, de Koning S, Heeres H. Identification and classification of components in flash pyrolysis oil and hydrodeoxygenated oils by two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Extending the molecular application range of gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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