1
|
Ciślak M, Kruszelnicka I, Zembrzuska J, Ginter-Kramarczyk D. Estrogen pollution of the European aquatic environment: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119413. [PMID: 36470046 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the plethora of chemicals released into the environment, much attention is paid to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Natural estrogens, such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) are excreted by humans as well as animals, and can enter the environment as a result of discharging domestic sewage and animal waste. These compounds can cause deleterious effects such as feminization, infertility and hermaphroditism in organisms that inhabit water bodies. This study provides an overview of the level of estrogen exposures in surface waters, groundwater and river sediments in European countries. The conducted review shows that estrogen concentrations were within the range of 0.1 ng L - 10 ng /L in the majority of the tested environmental samples. However, the authors of the study point out that there are still many unexplored areas and a limited amount of data that mainly concerns Eastern European countries. The study also analysed the factors that influence the increased emissions of estrogens to the environment, which may be helpful for identifying particularly polluted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ciślak
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland.
| | - Izabela Kruszelnicka
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembrzuska
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan
| | - Dobrochna Ginter-Kramarczyk
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Odinga ES, Zhou X, Mbao EO, Ali Q, Waigi MG, Shiraku ML, Ling W. Distribution, ecological fate, and risks of steroid estrogens in environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136370. [PMID: 36113656 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, steroidal estrogens (SEs) such as 17α-ethylestradiol (EE2), 17β-estradiol (E2),17α-estradiol (17α-E2), estriol (E3) and estrone (E1) have elicited worldwide attention due to their potentially harmful effects on human health and aquatic organisms even at low concentration ng/L. Natural steroidal estrogens exhibit greater endocrine disruption potency due to their high binding effect on nuclear estrogen receptors (ER). However, less has been explored regarding their associated environmental risks and fate. A comprehensive bibliometric study of the current research status of SEs was conducted using the Web of Science to assess the development trends and current knowledge of SEs in the last two decades, from 2001 to 2021 October. The number of publications has tremendously increased from 2003 to 2021. We summarized the contamination status and the associated ecological risks of SEs in different environmental compartments. The results revealed that SEs are ubiquitous in surface waters and natural SEs are most studied. We further carried out an in-depth evaluation and synthesis of major research hotspots and the dominant SEs in the matrices were E1, 17β-E2, 17α-E2, E3 and EE2. Nonetheless, investigations of SEs in soils, groundwater, and sediments remain scarce. This study elucidates SEs distribution, toxicological risks, ecological fate and mitigation measures, which will be beneficial for future monitoring, management, and risk assessment. Further studies are recommended to assess the toxicological risks of different SEs in complex environmental matrices to pursue a more precise and holistic quantitative estimation of estrogenic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen Odinga
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Evance Omondi Mbao
- Department of Geosciences and the Environment, The Technical University of Kenya, PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Margaret L Shiraku
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhong R, Zou H, Gao J, Wang T, Bu Q, Wang ZL, Hu M, Wang Z. A critical review on the distribution and ecological risk assessment of steroid hormones in the environment in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147452. [PMID: 33975111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During past two decades, steroid hormones have raised significant public concerns due to their potential adverse effects on the hormonal functions of aquatic organisms and humans. Considering China being a big producer and consumer of steroid hormones, we summarize the current contamination status of steroid hormones in different environmental compartments in China, and preliminarily assess the associated risks to ecological systems. The results show that steroid hormones are ubiquitously present in Chinese surface waters where estrogens are the most studied steroids compared with androgens, progestogens and glucocorticoids. Estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) and estriol (E3) are generally the dominant steroid estrogens in Chinese surface waters, whereas for the other steroids, androsterone (ADR), epi-androsterone (EADR), progesterone (PGT), cortisol (CRL) and cortisone (CRN) have relatively large contributions. Meanwhile, the investigations for the other environmental media such as particles, sediments, soils and groundwater have been limited, as well as for steroid conjugates and metabolites. The median risk quotients of most steroid hormones in surface waters and sediments are lower than 1, indicating low to moderate risks to local organisms. This review provides a full picture of steroid distribution and ecological risks in China, which may be useful for future monitoring and risk assessment. More studies may focus on the analysis of steroid conjugates, metabolites, solid phase fractions, analytical method development and acute/chronic toxicities in different matrices to pursue a more precise and holistic risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Jian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Zhong-Liang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Meng Hu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 55 Wenhua Street, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee B, Kullman SW, Yost EE, Worley-Davis L, Reckhow KH. An object-oriented Bayesian network approach for establishing swine manure-borne natural estrogenic compounds budget. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:815-825. [PMID: 29803052 PMCID: PMC8033785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A facility-wide estrogen budget model was developed to assess the excretion of natural estrogens by swine in a commercial swine farrowing concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) in North Carolina, using an object-oriented Bayesian network (OOBN) approach. The OOBN model is the combination of twelve objects of Bayesian network models, which characterize the estrogen budget flows based on the sow reproductive cycle (i.e., pre-estrus, estrus, and lactation) for the three natural estrogen types [estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3)] within each barn. This OOBN model provides a mechanism to quantify the levels of the natural estrogens and their probabilistic distributions with regard to estrogen type, waste sources such as urine, feces, and recycling lagoon slurry, and animal reproductive status. Moreover, the OOBN model allows us to assess the overall contribution of natural estrogen compounds from each operational unit of the CAFO, while accounting for the uncertainties. Results from the OOBN model indicate a rank order of lactating sows > gestating sows > breeding sows in terms of contribution of estrogen loads to the total natural estrogen budget. As to estrogen type, E1 was found as the major estrogen metabolite with the summed concentrations of urine, feces, and flushing slurry wastes exceeding 3000 ng/l > 90% of the time. As to waste sources, the flushing slurry waste was found to be a major contributor of the estrogen budget compared with urine and feces wastes from barn animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boknam Lee
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Seth W Kullman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Erin E Yost
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lynn Worley-Davis
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kenneth H Reckhow
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Llorens-Blanch G, Parladé E, Martinez-Alonso M, Gaju N, Caminal G, Blánquez P. A comparison between biostimulation and bioaugmentation in a solid treatment of anaerobic sludge: Drug content and microbial evaluation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 72:206-217. [PMID: 29132777 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants can reach the environment through the sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants. In this work, the use of Trametes versicolor in biopiles at lab-scale was studied, evaluating its capacity to remove the most hydrophobic Pharmaceuticals and assessing the evolution of the biopiles microbial communities. The total removal of drugs at real concentrations from sewage sludge was assessed for non-inoculated and fungal inoculated biopiles, testing if the re-inoculation of the biopiles after 22 days of treatment would improve the removal yields. It was found that 2 out of the 15 initially detected pharmaceuticals were totally degraded after 22 days, and re-inoculated fungal biopiles achieved higher removal rates than non-re-inoculated fungal biopiles for single compounds and for all the drugs simultaneously: 66.45% and 49.18% re-inoculated and non-re-inoculated biopiles, respectively. Finally, the study of the bacterial and fungal communities revealed that fungal inoculated and non-inoculated biopiles evolved to similar communities adapted to the presence of those drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Llorens-Blanch
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Parladé
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Martinez-Alonso
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Gaju
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC) CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Blánquez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma L, Yates SR, Ashworth D. Parent and conjugated estrogens and progestagens in surface water of the Santa Ana River: Determination, occurrence, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2657-2664. [PMID: 27061433 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence of 13 parent and conjugated estrogens and progestagens in surface water of the Santa Ana River. With the exception of the synthetic hormones 17α-ethynylestradiol and mestranol, other compounds were detected at least twice at 10 representative sites, with the ubiquitous estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate as the dominant compounds quantified (0.24-6.37 ng/L and 0.49-9.25 ng/L, respectively). Sites near dairy farms exhibited high levels of conjugates, whereas those close to a sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent outlet displayed relatively high concentrations of E1. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression revealed dairy farms and the STP as the 2 significant contamination sources, accounting for 69.9% and 31.1% of the total hormone burden, respectively. Risk assessment results suggested E1 and 17β-estradiol (E2) as the 2 hormones with the largest risks to aquatic organisms, and which combined, contributed >90% of the total estrogenicity. Most of the sites investigated showed that E1 and E2 posed a medium risk (0.1 < risk quotient < 1), whereas each induced a high risk (risk quotient >1) at sites severely impacted by the STP and dairy farms. These results suggest that river health would benefit from effective treatment of waste at the STP and dairy farms prior to discharge. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2657-2664. © 2016 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, USA.
| | - Scott R Yates
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Daniel Ashworth
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Contaminant Fate and Transport Unit, Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matić Bujagić I, Grujić S, Jauković Z, Laušević M. Sterol ratios as a tool for sewage pollution assessment of river sediments in Serbia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:76-83. [PMID: 26874877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, source pollution tracing of the sediments of the Danube River and its tributaries in Serbia was performed using sterol ratios. Improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, which enabled complete chromatographic separation of four analytes with identical fragmentation reactions (epicoprostanol, coprostanol, epicholestanol and cholestanol), was applied for the determination of steroid compounds (hormones, human/animal and plant sterols). A widespread occurrence of sterols was identified in all analyzed samples, whereas the only detected hormones were mestranol and 17α-estradiol. A human-sourced sewage marker coprostanol was detected at the highest concentration (up to 1939 ng g(-1)). The ratios between the key sterol biomarkers, as well as the percentage of coprostanol relative to the total sterol amount, were applied with the aim of selecting the most reliable for distinction between human-sourced pollution and the sterols originated from the natural sources in river sediments. The coprostanol/(cholesterol + cholestanol) and coprostanol/epicoprostanol ratios do not distinguish between human and natural sources of sterols in the river sediments in Serbia. The most reliable sterol ratios for the sewage pollution assessment of river sediments in the studied area were found to be coprostanol/(coprostanol + cholestanol), coprostanol/cholesterol and epicoprostanol/coprostanol. For the majority of sediments, human-derived pollution was determined. Two sediment samples were identified as influenced by a combination of human and natural biogenic sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Matić Bujagić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Grujić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zorica Jauković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mila Laušević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Multiresidue analysis of endocrine-disrupting compounds and perfluorinated sulfates and carboxylic acids in sediments by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1438:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
9
|
Kumirska J, Migowska N, Caban M, Łukaszewicz P, Stepnowski P. Simultaneous determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oestrogenic hormones in environmental solid samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:498-505. [PMID: 25522321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are continually being released into the environment. Because of their physical and chemical properties, many of them or their bioactive metabolites can accumulate in sediments, sludge and soils, and induce adverse effects in terrestrial organisms. However, due to the very limited methods permitting the detection of these low-level concentration compounds in such complex matrices, their concentrations in natural solids remain largely unknown. In this paper, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of thirteen pharmaceuticals (eight non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and five oestrogenic hormones) in solid matrices was developed. The proposed MAE-SPE-GC-MS(SIM) method has been successfully validated providing a linear response over a concentration range of 1(17)-1000(1200)ng/g, depending on the pharmaceuticals, with correlation coefficients above 0.991. The method detection limits were in the range of 0.3-5.7 ng/g, absolute recoveries above 50%, except estrone. The developed method was applied in the analysis of the target compounds in sediment, sludge and soils collected in Poland giving primary data on their concentrations in such matrices in Poland. The obtained results confirmed that the proposed method can be successfully used in the analysis of real environmental solid samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kumirska
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Natalia Migowska
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Łukaszewicz
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trace analysis of selected hormones and sterols in river sediments by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:117-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Wang J, Wang Y, Wang T, Cui K, Wang L, Ji R. Synthesis and characterization of 14C-labelled sulfate conjugates of steroid oestrogens. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:470-6. [PMID: 24912940 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Steroid oestrogens are typical endocrine-disrupting compounds in the environment and are excreted from the human and animals mainly as conjugates, including sulfate and glucuronide salts. The oestrogen conjugates are largely biologically inactive, but they can be de-conjugated and release free oestrogens, which usually exhibit strong oestrogenicity. Therefore, it is important to study the fate of oestrogen conjugates in the environment. However, because of the complexity of environmental matrixes, time-consuming pre-treatments of samples are usually required to reduce the interference of the matrixes. (14)C radioisotope can trace target substances and their degradation products at low concentrations in complex environmental samples and is therefore essential in such studies. We synthesized three oestrogen sulfates with (14)C-labelling at the ring, i.e. [3-(14)C]-estrone-3-sulfate ammonium salt, [3-(14)C]-17β-estradiol-17-sulfate ammonium salt, and [3-(14)C]-17β-estradiol-3,17-disulfate diammonium salt with radiochemical purities of >98% by sulfation of [3-(14)C]-labelled estrone and 17β-estradiol in dry pyridine with SO3 -triethylamine at room temperature or 90-95 °C, followed by hydrolysis with KOH-methanol solution and purification by preparative thin-layer chromatography on silica gel using an ammonia-containing eluent. The products were characterized by mass spectrometry and (13)C and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, using their corresponding non-labelled compounds. The (14)C-labelled oestrogen conjugates provide possibilities for studying their fate in soil and sediment environments as well as in the animal manure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kozłowska-Tylingo K, Konieczka P, Gustaw E, Wasik A, Namieśnik J. Comparison of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods with Different Detectors for Determination of Steroid Hormones in Aqueous Matrices. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.874014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Bartelt-Hunt SL, Devivo S, Johnson L, Snow DD, Kranz WL, Mader TL, Shapiro CA, van Donk SJ, Shelton DP, Tarkalson DD, Zhang TC. Effect of composting on the fate of steroids in beef cattle manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2013; 42:1159-1166. [PMID: 24216367 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.01.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the fate of steroid hormones in beef cattle manure composting is evaluated. The fate of 16 steroids and metabolites was evaluated in composted manure from beef cattle administered growth promotants and from beef cattle with no steroid hormone implants. The fate of estrogens (primary detected as estrone), androgens, progesterone, and the fusarium metabolite and implant α-zearalanol was monitored in manure compost piles. First-order decay rates were calculated for steroid half-lives in compost and ranged from 8 d for androsterone to 69 d for 4-androstenedione. Other steroid concentration data could not be fit to first-order decay models, which may indicate that microbial processes may result in steroid production or synthesis in composting systems. We demonstrate that composting is an effective strategy to remove steroid hormones from manure. Total steroid hormone removal in composted beef cattle manure ranged from 79 to 87%.
Collapse
|
14
|
Analytical methodologies for the determination of endocrine disrupting compounds in biological and environmental samples. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:674838. [PMID: 23738329 PMCID: PMC3662172 DOI: 10.1155/2013/674838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disruptor compounds (EDCs) can mimic natural hormones and produce adverse effects in the endocrine functions by interacting with estrogen receptors. EDCs include both natural and synthetic chemicals, such as hormones, personal care products, surfactants, and flame retardants, among others. EDCs are characterised by their ubiquitous presence at trace-level concentrations and their wide diversity. Since the discovery of the adverse effects of these pollutants on wildlife and human health, analytical methods have been developed for their qualitative and quantitative determination. In particular, mass-based analytical methods show excellent sensitivity and precision for their quantification. This paper reviews recently published analytical methodologies for the sample preparation and for the determination of these compounds in different environmental and biological matrices by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The various sample preparation techniques are compared and discussed. In addition, recent developments and advances in this field are presented.
Collapse
|
15
|
Analysis of natural-occurring and synthetic sexual hormones in sludge-amended soils by matrix solid-phase dispersion and isotope dilution gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1283:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
16
|
New Developments in Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Micropollutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/748989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The combination of liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS) in the environmental field has appeared as a valuable tool for the determination of micropollutants. Several groups of compounds have been considered as particularly relevant (e.g., pharmaceuticals, hormones and other endocrine-disrupting, personal care products and their metabolites, flame retardants, surfactants, and plasticizers, among others) since the same ones are continuously being released in the environment mainly as a result of the manufacturing processes, the disposal of unused or expired products, and the excreta. Because these micropollutants are not completely removed in the environment, very specific and sensitive analytical procedures are needed for their identification and quantification. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (or LC-MS2) and especially time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS), has allowed that many environmental contaminants that are highly polar or nonvolatile or have a high molecular weight to be analyzed or identified. In this work we present an overview focused on the developments of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of the main classes of micropollutants in aqueous and solid environmental samples. Various aspects of methodologies based on these techniques, including sample preparation (extraction/preconcentration) and matrix effects, are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Snow DD, Damon-Powell T, Onanong S, Cassada DA. Sensitive and simplified analysis of natural and synthetic steroids in water and solids using on-line solid-phase extraction and microwave-assisted solvent extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure photoionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Guillén D, Ginebreda A, Farré M, Darbra RM, Petrovic M, Gros M, Barceló D. Prioritization of chemicals in the aquatic environment based on risk assessment: analytical, modeling and regulatory perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 440:236-52. [PMID: 22809786 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The extensive and intensive use of chemicals in our developed, highly technological society includes more than 100,000 chemical substances. Significant scientific evidence has lead to the recognition that their improper use and release may result in undesirable and harmful side-effects on both the human and ecosystem health. To cope with them, appropriate risk assessment processes and related prioritization schemes have been developed in order to provide the necessary scientific support for regulatory procedures. In the present paper, two of the elements that constitute the core of risk assessment, namely occurrence and hazard effects, have been discussed. Recent advances in analytical chemistry (sample pre-treatment and instrumental equipment, etc.) have allowed for more comprehensive monitoring of environmental pollution reaching limits of detection up to sub ng L(-1). Alternative to analytical measurements, occurrence models can provide risk managers with a very interesting approach for estimating environmental concentrations from real or hypothetical scenarios. The most representative prioritization schemes used for issuing lists of concerning chemicals have also been examined and put in the context of existing environmental policies for protection strategies and regulations. Finally, new challenges in the field of risk-assessment have been outlined, including those posed by new materials (i.e., nanomaterials), transformation products, multi-chemical exposure, or extension of the risk assessment process to the whole ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Guillén
- IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08024 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hamid H, Eskicioglu C. Fate of estrogenic hormones in wastewater and sludge treatment: A review of properties and analytical detection techniques in sludge matrix. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:5813-33. [PMID: 22939851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic hormones (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)) are the major contributor to the total estrogenicity in waterways. Presence of these compounds in biosolids is also causing concern in terms of their use as soil amendment. In comparison with wastewater treatment, removal of estrogenic compounds in sewage sludge has received less attention. This paper presents a literature review regarding the source and occurrence of these pollutants in our environment. The removal pathways of estrogenic compounds in engineered systems, such as full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), are also discussed. Review of the fate studies revealed that activated sludge system with nutrient removal shows very high (>90%) removal of estrogenic hormones in most of the cases. Although, aerobic digestion showed better attenuation of estrogenic compounds, anaerobic digestion increased the overall estrogenicity of biosolids. Finally, this paper highlights the challenges involved in analytical determination of these compounds in sewage sludge matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hamid
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Ave., Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
AbstractSpreading sewage sludge on agricultural lands has been actively promoted by national authorities as an economic way of recycling. However, as by-product of wastewater treatment, sewage sludge may contain toxic substances, which could be incorporated into agricultural products or be distributed in the environment. Moreover, sediments can be contaminated by the discharge of wastewater effluents into rivers. This article reviews the determination of emerging contaminants (surfactants, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products) in environmental solid samples (sludge, soil and sediment). Sample preparation, including extraction and clean-up, as well as the subsequent instrumental determination of contaminants are discussed. Recent applications of extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, microwave assisted extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion to the analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental solid samples are reviewed. Determination of these contaminants, generally carried out by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, especially mass spectrometry for the identification and quantification of residues, is also summarised and discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Azzouz A, Ballesteros E. Combined microwave-assisted extraction and continuous solid-phase extraction prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and hormones in soils, sediments and sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 419:208-215. [PMID: 22285085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a sensitive analytical method based on microwave-assisted extraction and continuous solid-phase extraction (SPE), followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for the simultaneous determination of residues of 18 pharmaceuticals (analgesics, antibacterials, anti-epileptics, β-blockers, lipid regulators and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories), one personal care product and 3 hormones in soils, sediments and sludge. The analytes are extracted with 3:2 methanol/water under the action of microwave energy and the resulting extract is passed through a SPE column to clean up the sample matrix and preconcentrate the analytes. Then, the analytes, trapped on Oasis-HLB sorbent, are eluted with ethyl acetate, silylated and determined by GC-MS. The proposed method provides a linear response over the concentration range 2.5-20,000 ng/kg with correlation coefficients higher than 0.994 in all cases. Also, it features low limits of detection (0.8-5.1 ng/kg), good precision (within- and between-day relative standard deviation less than 7%) and recoveries ranging from 91 to 101%. The method was successfully applied to agricultural soils, river and pond sediments, and sewage sludge. All samples contained some target analyte and sludge contained most -some at considerably high concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmonaim Azzouz
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, EPS of Linares, University of Jaén, 23700 Linares, Jaén, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, Kranz WL, Mader TL, Shapiro CA, Donk SJV, Shelton DP, Tarkalson DD, Zhang TC. Effect of growth promotants on the occurrence of endogenous and synthetic steroid hormones on feedlot soils and in runoff from beef cattle feeding operations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1352-1360. [PMID: 22242694 DOI: 10.1021/es202680q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Supplements and growth promotants containing steroid hormones are routinely administered to beef cattle to improve feeding efficiency, reduce behavioral problems, and enhance production. As a result, beef cattle manure will contain both synthetic steroids as well as a range of endogenous steroids including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. A two-year controlled study was conducted in which beef cattle were administered steroid hormones via subcutaneous implants and feed additives and the occurrence of 16 endogenous and synthetic steroid hormones and metabolites was evaluated in runoff from beef cattle feedlots and in manure and soil collected from feedlot surfaces. Samples were extracted and analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometryfor metabolites of the synthetic androgen trenbolone acetate, 17α-trenbolone, 17β-trenbolone, for the nonsteroidal semisynthetic estrogen agonist, α-zearalanol, and the synthetic progesterone melengesterol acetate, as well as a wide range of endogeneous estrogens, androgens, and fusarium metabolites. Synthetic steroids including trenbolone metabolites and melengestrol acetate were detected in fresh manure and in feedlot surface soils from cattle administered synthetic steroids at concentrations up to 55 ± 22 ng/g dry weight (dw) (17α-trenbolone) and 6.5 ± 0.4 ng/g dw (melengesterol acetate). Melengesterol acetate was detected in 6% of runoff samples from feedlots holding cattle administered synthetic steroids at concentrations ranging up to 115 ng/L. The presence of melengesterol acetate in runoff from beef cattle feeding operations has not been previously reported. Synthetic steroids were not detected in manure or runoff from control cattle. A wide range of endogenous hormones were detected in runoff and feedlot surface soils and manure from cattle given synthetic steroids and from control cattle, with no statistically significant differences in concentration. These results indicate that runoff from confined animal production facilities is of environmental and public health concern regardless of the use of growth promotants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0178, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Andaluri G, Suri RPS, Kumar K. Occurrence of estrogen hormones in biosolids, animal manure and mushroom compost. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1197-205. [PMID: 21472385 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of natural estrogen hormones as trace concentrations in the environment has been reported by many researchers and is of growing concern due to its possible adverse effects on the ecosystem. In this study, municipal biosolids, poultry manure (PM) and cow manure (CM), and spent mushroom compost (SMC) were analyzed for the presence of seven estrogen hormones. 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, 17α-dihydroequilin, and estrone were detected in the sampled biosolids and manures at concentrations ranging from 6 to 462 ng/g of dry solids. 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, and estrone were also detected in SMC at concentrations ranging from 4 to 28 ng/g of dry solids. Desorption experiments were simulated in the laboratory using deionized water (milli-Q), and the aqueous phase was examined for the presence of estrogen hormones to determine their desorption potential. Very low desorption of 0.4% and 0.2% estrogen hormones was observed from municipal biosolids and SMC, respectively. An estimate of total estrogen contribution from different solid waste sources is reported. Animal manures (PM and CM) contribute to a significant load of estrogen hormones in the natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhar Andaluri
- NSF Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Advances in the analysis of steroid hormone drugs in pharmaceuticals and environmental samples (2004–2010). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:728-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
25
|
Kozlík P, Bosáková Z, Tesařová E, Coufal P, Čabala R. Development of a solid-phase extraction with capillary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of estrogens in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
Matějíček D. On-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric determination of estrogens in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2292-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
27
|
A systematic investigation to optimize simultaneous extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of estrogens and their conjugated metabolites in milk. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4784-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Microwave-assisted extraction: Application to the determination of emerging pollutants in solid samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2390-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
29
|
Sellin MK, Snow DD, Kolok AS. Reductions in hepatic vitellogenin and estrogen receptor alpha expression by sediments from an agriculturally impacted waterway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 96:103-108. [PMID: 19880200 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported alterations in the endocrine function of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) collected and deployed in the Elkhorn River. The goal of the current study was to determine whether sediment from the Elkhorn River watershed could act as a source of endocrine-active compounds. To accomplish this, four aquaria containing sexually mature fathead minnows and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were established. The aquaria contained either: (1) laboratory water only, (2) Elkhorn River water only, (3) laboratory water and Elkhorn River sediment or (4) Elkhorn River water and Elkhorn River sediment. Steroid hormones were not detected in the extracts of POCIS or sediment. Pesticides were detected in POCIS extracts from tanks containing Elkhorn River water, but were not detected in the extracts of sediment or POCIS suspended in the tank containing laboratory water and Elkhorn River sediment suggesting that sediments do not act as a significant source of the 14 steroid hormones or 24 pesticides that were analyzed for in the current study. The hepatic mRNA expression of vitellogenin (vtg) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in fathead minnows from each group was assessed. Female minnows exposed simultaneously to sediment and water collected from the Elkhorn River experienced defeminization as indicated by significant reductions in both vtg and ERalpha expression. Significant reductions in vtg mRNA expression were also observed in females exposed to laboratory water and Elkhorn River sediment, but not in females exposed to Elkhorn River water only. This finding suggests that exposures to sediments, rather than water, collected from the Elkhorn River lead to the defeminization of females. However, the compound(s) responsible for this effect have yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlo K Sellin
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gabet-Giraud V, Miege C, Herbreteau B, Hernandez-Raquet G, Coquery M. Development and validation of an analytical method by LC-MS/MS for the quantification of estrogens in sewage sludge. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:1841-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
31
|
Kinani S, Bouchonnet S, Creusot N, Bourcier S, Balaguer P, Porcher JM, Aït-Aïssa S. Bioanalytical characterisation of multiple endocrine- and dioxin-like activities in sediments from reference and impacted small rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:74-83. [PMID: 19765868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive evaluation of organic contamination was performed in sediments sampled in two reference and three impacted small streams where endocrine disruptive (ED) effects in fish have been evidenced. The approach combined quantitative chemical analyses of more than 50 ED chemicals (EDCs) and a battery of in vitro bioassays allowing the quantification of receptor-mediated activities, namely estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), dioxin (AhR) and pregnane X (PXR) receptors. At the most impacted sites, chemical analyses showed the presence of natural estrogens, organochlorine pesticides, parabens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs), bisphenol A and alkylphenols, while synthetic steroids, myco-estrogens and phyto-estrogens were not detected. Determination of toxic-equivalent amounts showed that 28-96% of estrogenic activities in bioassays (0.2-6.3 ng/g 17beta-estradiol equivalents) were explained by 17beta-estradiol and estrone. PAHs were major contributors (20-60%) to the total dioxin-like activities. Interestingly, high PXR and (anti)AR activities were detected; however, the targeted analysed compounds could not explain the measured biological activities. This study highlighted the presence of multiple organic EDCs in French river sediments subjected to mixed diffuse pollution, and argues for the need to further identify AR and PXR active compounds in the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, BP2, F-60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou Y, Zhou J, Xu Y, Zha J, Ma M, Wang Z. An alternative method for the determination of estrogens in surface water and wastewater treatment plant effluent using pre-column trimethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 158:35-49. [PMID: 18937040 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A procedure using pre-column trimethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed and applied in determining trace estrogens in complex matrix. Main conditions were optimized, including pH value, salinity of water sample, elution reagents, clean procedure, derivative solvent and temperature. The optimized method was used to determine steroid estrogens in surface water and effluents of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Low detection limits of 0.01, 0.03, 0.03, 0.07, 0.09 and 0.13 ng/l for DES, E1, E2, EE2, E3 and E(V), respectively were obtained under optimism condition. No apparent interferences appeared in chromatography in comparison with ultrapure water blank. Mean recovery ranged from 72.6% to 111.0% with relative standard deviation of 1.1-4.6% for spiked surface water, and from 66.6% to 121.1% with relative standard deviation of 1.5-4.7% for spiked effluent of WWTP. The results suggested that the optimized method provides a robust solution for the determination of trace steroid estrogens in complex matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu ZH, Kanjo Y, Mizutani S. Urinary excretion rates of natural estrogens and androgens from humans, and their occurrence and fate in the environment: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4975-85. [PMID: 19559467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are pollutants with estrogenic or androgenic activities at very low concentrations and are emerging as a major concern for water quality. For sewage of municipal wastewater treatment plants in cities, one of the most important sources of EDCs are natural estrogens and natural androgens (NEAs) excreted from humans. Therefore, estrogenic/androgenic potencies or relative binding affinity of the NEAs were first outlined from different sources, and data of urinary excretion rates of NEAs were summarized. To evaluate their estrogenic activities, their excretion rates of estrogen equivalent (EEQ) or testosterone (T) equivalent (TEQ) were also calculated. Based on our summary, the total excretion rates of EEQ by estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) only accounted for 66-82% of the total excretion rate of EEQ among four different groups, and the other corresponding natural estrogens contributed 18-34%, which meant that some of the other natural estrogens may also exist in wastewater with high estrogenic activities. Based on the contribution ratio of individual androgens to the total excretion rate of TEQ, five out of 12 natural androgens, T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androsterone (AD), 5beta-androstanediol (beta-ADL), and androstenediol (ANL) were evaluated as the priority natural androgens, which may exist in wastewater with high androgenic activities. Published data on occurrence and fate of the NEAs including natural estrogen conjugates in the environment were also summarized here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Liu
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Scherr FF, Sarmah AK, Di HJ, Cameron KC. Degradation and metabolite formation of 17beta-estradiol-3-sulphate in New Zealand pasture soils. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:291-297. [PMID: 18694598 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens-sulphates such as 17beta-estradiol-3-sulphate and estrone-3-sulphate are excreted by livestock in the urine. These conjugates are precursors to the free counterparts 17beta-estradiol and estrone, which are endocrine disrupting chemicals. In this study microcosm laboratory experiments were conducted in three pasture soils from New Zealand to study the aerobic degradation and metabolite formation kinetics of 17beta-estradiol-3-sulphate at three different incubation temperatures. The degradation of 17beta-estradiol-3-sulphate followed a first-order kinetic and the temperature dependence of the rate constants was sufficiently described by the Arrhenius equation. Degradation was different between the three investigated soils and the rate constants across the soils were significantly correlated to the arylsulphatase activity at 7.5 and 15 degrees C. Estrone-3-sulphate and 17beta-estradiol were identified as primary metabolites and estrone as a secondary metabolite. Results suggest arylsulphatase activity originating from soil microbial biomass is the main driver for the degradation of 17beta-estradiol-3-sulphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank F Scherr
- Landcare Research Ltd, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Determination of natural and synthetic estrogens and their conjugates in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1213:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
36
|
Scherr FF, Sarmah AK, Di HJ, Cameron KC. Modeling degradation and metabolite formation kinetics of estrone-3-sulfate in agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8388-8394. [PMID: 19068822 DOI: 10.1021/es801850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Estrone-3-sulfate (E1-3S), formed in the kidneys of pregnant cattle, can act as a precursor to the free hormone estrone (E1) known for its endocrine disrupting potential in wildlife. Laboratory microcosm studies were conducted to investigate the aerobic degradation of E1-3S in three contrasting pasture soils at 7.5, 15, and 25 degrees C. Deconjugation of E1-3S resulted in the formation of the metabolite E1. Two kinetic models-a single first-order and a biexponential kinetic model-were applied to fit the observed degradation dynamics and to derive degradation end-points (DT50 and DT90) for the parent compound and the metabolite for each condition. Model selection and evaluation of their performance were based on a suit of statistical measures (one-way ANOVA, AIC(c), R2(adj), chi2 error-%, and SRMSE). The results showed rapid initial degradation of E1-3S, followed by a much slower decline with time, and rate of degradation was temperature dependent. The DT50 and DT90 values of E1-3S ranged from a few hours to several days, while the formation of the major metabolite (E1) was concomitant with E1-3S degradation in all nonsterile soils. The parent compound degradation and formation and subsequent dissipation of metabolite were successfully predicted by both models, however, the nonlinear biexponential model improved the goodness-of-fit parameters in most cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank F Scherr
- Landcare Research New Zealand Limited, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kinani S, Bouchonnet S, Bourcier S, Creusot N, Porcher JM, Aït-Aïssa S. Extraction and purification procedures for simultaneous quantification of phenolic xenoestrogens and steroid estrogens in river sediment by gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3651-3661. [PMID: 18946862 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and simple method based on ultrasonication extraction with a hexane/acetone (2:1, v/v) mixture, followed by clean up of the extract by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) detection, has been developed and validated for the analysis of 20 estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EEDCs) including phenolic xenoestrogens, synthetic and natural estrogens in river sediment. After extraction and purification, analytes are derivatised with a BSTFA/TMCS/pyridine (49:1:50, v/v/v) mixture and quantified by GC/MS. The GC/MS method involves switching between electron ionisation (EI) and chemical ionisation (CI); it also switches between selected ion storage and tandem mass spectrometry detection. The applicability of the method has been demonstrated by analysing extracts of French river sediments for which bioanalytical tests (in vitro) had already shown that they were impacted by estrogenic endocrine disrupters. The biological contribution of all the products detected in each sediment extract was compared to the estrogenic activity measured by bioassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Département de Chimie des Mécanismes Réactionnels (DCMR), Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Matějíček D, Kubáň V. Enhancing sensitivity of liquid chromatographic/ion-trap tandem mass spectrometric determination of estrogens by on-line pre-column derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:248-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|